Sau hn 10 nm chnh thc kt ni Internet ton cu, Internet Vit Nam c bc pht trin nhanh chng v ng vai tr ngy

cng to ln trong isng x hi, mang li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng, cho doanh nghip vgp phn quan trng nng cao cht lng cuc sng ngi dn v pht trinkinh t x hi ca t nc Tuy nhin, s bng n ca Internet trong nhng nm gn y dn nngun ti nguyn a ch Internet IPv4 c tiu th mt cch nhanh chng.Vi tng s khong 4 t a ch IPV4, cng ng Internet ton cu ang ngtrc nguy c cn kit a ch IPV4 trong khong t 2 n 4 nm na (theo sliu cng b ca Trung tm Thng tin mng Chu Thi Bnh Dng). Vicchuyn sang s dng th h a ch mi IPv6 thay th cho IPv4 ang l mt yucu cp thitIETF bt u lm vic cho mt giao thc IP cp nht t nm 1990, l IPV6,cn gi l IPng (IP next generation), dng h tr cho tt c cc giao thcInternet khc .Tnh nng quan trng nht ca IPV6 l khng gian a ch ca n di hn. Ndi 128 bits nhiu hn IPV4 gp 4 ln. Nh v y no se cung c p u ia chi gan ia chi IP cho bt ky ng i nao va b t ky thit bi nao c ch p nh n trnhanh tinh ny.Thc trng trin khai IPV6 khi IPV4 ang cn kit ti Vit Nam. Theo Trungtm Internet Vit Nam (VNNIC), vic chuyn sang s dng th h a ch miIPv6 thay th IPv4 ang l mt yu cu cp thit, va nhm m bo s phttrin lin tc ca hot ng Internet, va pht huy li th vt tri v cngngh mi. Nhng trong khi nhiu nc trin khai cung cp dch v trn IPv6th ti Vit Nam, s lng ng k IPv6 hu nh khng c tin trin no. thc y s dng th h a ch mi, bt kp vi cng ngh, dch v hini, p ng nhu cu s dng trong thi gian ti v trin khai chnh ph int, B trng Thng tin truyn thng L Don Hp ch th cc c quan, tchc, doanh nghip thc hin mt s vic m trng tm l thnh lp Ban cngtc thc y pht trin IPv6 (IPv6 Task Force) lm u mi nghin cu hochnh chin lc pht trin v ng dng IPv6, xy dng k hoch, l trnh trinkhai vic chuyn i giao thc ny ti VN. Bn cnh l vic xy dng chnh sch h tr ti chnh cho cc doanh nghip. Da vo tnh trng thc t th chuyn i giao thc IPV4 sang IPV6 l mt vn cn thit cho cc doanh nghip hin nay nht l cc nh cung cp mng nhVNPT v VIETTEL.V em chn ti nghin cu v trin khai IPV6 cho cc doanh nghip lm ti cho lun vn tt nghip ca mnh.T r o n g t h i g i a n l m n e m x i n c h n t h n h c m n t h y L T T h a n h Khoa Khoa Hc My Tnh Trng C CNTT Hu Ngh Vit-Hn; tntnh gip em trong qu trnh hon thnh bo co tt nghip.Em xin chn thnh cm n

CHNG 1TNG QUAN V A CH IPV6 1.1 Gii Thiu V a Ch IPV6 : Trong IPv6 giao thc Internet c ci tin mt cch rng ln thch nghi cs pht trin khng bit trc c ca Internet. nh dng v di ca nhng a c h I P c n g c t h a y i v i n h n g g i n h d n g . N h n g g i a o t h c l i n quan, nh ICMP cng c ci tin. Nhng giao thc khc trong tng mng nhARP, RARP, IGMP hoc b xo hoc c trong giao thc ICMPv6. Nhng giaothc tm ng nh RIP, OSPF cng c ci tin kh nng thch nghi vi nhngthay i ny. Nhng chuyn gia truyn thng d on l IPv6 v nhng giao thclin quan vi n s nhanh chng thay th phin bn IP hin thi. 1.1.1 Cu Trc a Ch IPV6 : a ch th h mi ca internet l IPV6 c nhm chuyn trch v k thut IETFca hip hi INTERNET xut thc hin k tha trn cu trc v t chc ca ach IPV4. a ch IPv4 c cu trc 32 bit, trn l thuyt c th cung cp khnggian 232 = 4.294.967.296 a ch. i vi IPv6, a ch IPv6 c cu trc 128 bit,di gp 4 ln so vi cu trc ca a ch IPv4. Trn l thuyt, a ch IPv6 m rakhng gian2^128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,45 6 a ch. S ach ny nu tri u trn din tch 511,263 m 2 ca qu t, mi m 2 mt t sc cp 6655701018 a ch.y l mt khng gian a ch cc k ln, vi mc ch khng ch cho Internet mcn cho tt c cc mng my tnh, h thng vin thng, h thng iu khin vthm ch cn dnh cho tng vt dng trong gia nh. Ngi ta ni rng tng chicmyiu ha, t lnh trong gia nh u c th mang mt a ch IPv6 v chnhn can c th kt ni, ra lnh t xa. Vi nhu cu hin ti, ch c khong 15%khng gian a ch IPv6 c s dng, s cn li dnh d phng trong tng lai. 1.1.2 S Lc c im Ca IPV6: Khi pht trin phin bn mi, IPv6 hon ton da trn nn tng IPv4. Ngha ltt c nhng chc nng ca IPv4 u c tch hp vo IPv6. Tuy nhin, IPv6cng c mt vi c im khc bit. 1.1.2.1Tng kch thc ca tm a ch: IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch trong khi IPv4 ch s dng 32 bit; ngha l IPv6 cti 2128 a ch khc nhau; 3 bit u lun l 001 c dnh cho cc a ch khnh tuyn ton cu (Globally Routable Unicast GRU). Ngha l cn li

2125a ch. Mt con s khng l. iu c ngha l a ch IPv6 s cha 1028 tm a ch IPv4. 1.1.2.2Tng s phn cp a ch: IPv6 chia a ch thnh mt tp hp cc tm xc nh hay b o u n d a r y : 3 b i t u cho php bit c a ch c thuc a ch kh nng nh tuyn ton cu (GRU) haykhng, gip cc thit b nh tuyn c th x l nhanh hn. Top Level Aggregator (TLA) ID c s dng v 2 mc ch: th nht, n c s dng ch nh mtkhi a ch ln m t cc khi a ch nh hn c to ra cung cp s kt nicho nhng a ch no mun truy cp vo Internet; th hai, n c s dng phn bit mt ng (Route) n t u. Nu cc khi a ch ln c cp pht cho ccnh cung cp dch v v sau c cp pht cho khch hng th s d dng nhn racc mng chuyn tip m ng i qua cng nh mng m t Route xut pht. Vi IPv6, vic tm ra ngun ca 1 Route s rt d dng. Next Level Aggregator (NLA) l mt khi a ch c gn bn cnh khi TLA, nhng a ch ny ct m t t l i t h n h n h n g k h i T L A l n h n , k h i c h n g c t r a o i g i a c c n h cung cp dch v trong li Internet, ch li ca loi cu trc a ch ny l: Th nht,s n nh v nh tuyn, nu chng ta c 1 NLA v mun cung cp dch v cho cckhch hng, ta s c cung cp dch v y nht, tt nht. Th hai, chng ta cngmun cho php cc khch hng nhn c y bng nh tuyn nu h mun, to vic nh tuyn theo chnh sch, cn bng ti... thc hin vic ny chng ta phi mang tt c cc thng tin v ng i trong Backbone c th chuyn cho h. 1.1.2.3n gin ha vic t a ch Host: n gin cho vic cu hnh cc my trm, IPV6 h tr c vic t cu hnh ach statefull nh kh nng cu hnh server DHCP v t cu hnh a ch stateless(khng c server DHCP). Vi s cu hnh a ch dng stateless, cc my trmtrong lin kt t ng cu hnh chng vi a ch IPV6 ca lin kt (a ch cc b lin kt) v vi a ch rt ra t tin t c qung b vi router cc b. thmc h n u k h n g c r o u t e r , c c m y t r m t r n c n g m t l i n k t c t h c u h n h chng vi cc a ch cc b lin kt v giao tip vi nhau m khng phi thit lp th cng.IPv6 s dng 64 bit sau cho a ch Host, trong 64 bit c c 48 bit l a chMAC ca my, do , phi m vo mt s bit c nh ngha trc mcc thit b nh tuyn s bit c nhng bit ny trn subnet. Ngy nay, ta sdng chui 0xFF v 0xFE (:FF:FE: trong IPv6) m vo a ch MAC. Bngcch ny, mi Host s c mt Host ID duy nht trong mng. Sau ny nu sdng ht 48 bit MAC th c th s s dng lun 64 bit m khng cn m. 1 . 1 . 2 . 4 H e a d e r h p l : Header ca IPv6 n gin v hp l hn IPv4. IPv6 ch c 6 trng v 2 a ch,trong khi IPv4 cha 10 trng v 2 a ch. IPv6 Header c dng: Image Hnh 1 nh dng IPv4 Header v IPv6 Header

IPv6 cung cp cc n gin ha sau:- nh dng c n gin ha: IPv6 Header c kch thc c nh 40 octetvi t trng hn IPv4 nn gim c thi gian x l Header, tng linh hot.- Khng c Header checksum: Trng checksum ca IPv4 c b i v cclin kt ngy nay nhanh hn v c tin cy cao hn v vy ch cn cc Hosttnh checksum cn Router th khi cn.- Khng c s phn on theo tng hop: Trong IPv4, khi cc packet qu ln thRouter c th phn on n. Tuy nhin, vic ny s lm tng them Overheadcho packet. Trong IPv6 ch c Host ngun mi c th phn on mt packettheo cc gi tr thch hp da vo mt MTU path m n tm c. Do , htr Host th IPv6 cha mt hm gip tm ra MTU t ngun n ch. 1 . 1 . 2 . 5 B o m t : IPv6 tch hp tnh bo mt vo trong kin trc ca mnh bng cch gii thiu2 Header m rng ty chn: Authentication Header (AH) v E n c r y p t e d Security Payload (ESP) Header. Hai Header ny c th c s dng chunghay ring h tr nhiu chc nng bo mt.AH quan trng nht trong Header ny l trng Integriry Check Value (ICU).ICU c tnh bi ngun v c tnh li bi ch xc minh. Qu trnh nycung cp vic xc minh tnh ton vn v xc minh ngun gc ca d liu. AHcng cha c mt s th t nhn ra mt tn cng bng cc packet replaygip ngn cc gi tin c nhn bn. - ESP Header: ESP Header cha mttrng : Security Parameter Index (SPI) gip ch ca gi tin bit payloadc m ha nh th no. ESP Header c th c s dng khi tunneling,trong tunnelling th c Header v payload gc s c m ha v b vo mt E S P H e a d e r b c n g o i , k h i n g n c h t h c c g a t e w a y b o m t s b Header bc ngoi ra v gii m tm ra Header v payload gc. 1 . 1 . 2 . 6 H i u s u t : Gim c thi gian x l Header, gim Overhead v chuyn dch a ch: vtrong IPv4 c s dng private address trnh ht a ch, Do , xut hink thut NAT dch a ch, nn tng Overhead cho gi tin. Trong IPv6 dokhng thiu a ch nn khng cn private address, nn khng cn dch ach.G i m c t h i g i a n x l n h t u y n : n h i u k h i a c h I P v 4 c p h n pht cho cc user nhng li khng tm tt c, nn phi cn cc entry trong bng nh tuyn lm tng kch thc ca bng nh tuyn v thm Overheadcho qu trnh nh tuyn. Ngc li, cc a ch IPv6 c phn pht qua ccISP theo mt kiu phn cp a ch gip gim c Overhead.Tng n nh cho cc ng: trong IPv4, hin tng route flapping thngxy ra, trong IPv6, mt ISP c th tm tt cc route ca nhiu mng thnhmt mng n, ch qun l mng n v cho php hin tng flapping chnh hng n ni b ca mng b flapping.G i m Broadcast: trong IPv4 s dng nhiu Broadcast nh ARP, trong k h i IPv6 s dng Neighbor Discovery Protocol thc hin chc nng tng ttrong qu trnh t cu hnh m khng cn s dng Broadcast.

Multicast c gii hn: trong IPv6, mt a ch Multicast c cha mt trngscope c th hn ch cc gi tin Multicast trong cc Node, trong cc link, haytrong mt t chc.Khng c checksum. 1.2PHN B A CH IPV6 1.2.1 C Ch Cp Pht Chung : Rt kinh nghim t vic phn b ca IPv4, cc nh thit k IPv6 xy dng 1c ch phn b a ch hon ton m, ngha l n khng ph thuc vo giai on ban u, hon ton c th thay i ty thuc vo nhng bin ng trong tnglai v vic cp pht v s dng a ch cc dch v, cc vng khc nhau. Mtkhc, nhng ngi thit k IPv6 d on trc nhng kh nng c th phisa i 1 vi im nh cu trc cc loi a ch, m rng 1 s loi a ch trong tng lai. iu ny l hon ton ng n i vi 1 giao thc ang tronggiai on xy dng v hon thin..Phn loi a ch IPv6 khng phi ch cung cp y cc dng khun muv dng tin t ca cc loi a ch khc nhau. Vic phn loi a ch theo ccdng tin t 1 mt cho php cc Host nhn dng ra cc loi a ch c dng tint FE80::/16 Host s nhn dng l a ch link-local ch kt ni cc Host trong cng 1 mng, hoc vi a ch c dng tin t 3FEE::/16 s hiu l ach ca mng 6Bone cung cp. Mt khc, vi nh dng cc a ch theo tin tcng cho php n gin trong cc bng nh tuyn v khi cc u vo ca cc bng Router s l nhng tin t n gin, chiu di ca n s bin i t 1 ti128 bit. Ch c ngoi l duy nht khi nhng a ch c lin quan l nhng a ch c b i t . C c H o s t v R o u t e r t h c s p h i n h n r a cc a ch munticast,nhng a ch ny khng th c s l g i n g n h c c a c h U n i c a s t v Anycast. Chng cng phi nhn ra cc a ch c bit, tiu biu nh a chlink-local. Ti liu cu trc cng dnh tin t cho cc a ch a l c s,c c a c h t n g thch vi NSAP ( a ch im truy nhp dch v m n g : Network service Access Point ).Bng cp pht a ch ch ra t l s dng ca cc loi a ch trong khnggian a ch. Phn chim khng gian a ch ln nht c s dng cho loi ach Global Unicast dnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v IPv6 provider based( phn theo nh cung cp ) nhng cng ch chim 1% ca tng khng gian ach. Tt c cn hn 70% khng gian cn li cha c cp pht, phn ny cth cung cp nhng c hi phong ph cho vic cp pht mi trong tng lai. 1.2.2 Cp Pht a Ch Theo Nh Cung Cp : Theo cu trc bng phn b a ch trn, 1 trong s nhng loi a ch IPv6quan trng nht l dng a ch Global Unicast, dng a ch ny cho php nhdanh 1 giao din trn mng Internet ( mng IPv6 ) c tnh duy nht trn toncu. ngha loi a ch ny cng ging nh a ch IPv4 nh danh 1 Hosttrong mng Internet hin nay. Khng gian ca dng

a ch Global Unicast lrt ln, qun l v phn b hp l cc nh thit k IPv6 a ra m hnh phn b a ch theo cp cc nh cung cp dch v Internet.Dng a ch ny gm 3 bit tin t 010 theo sau bi 5 thnh phn m mi thnh p h n n y c q u n l b i c c n h c u n g c p d c h v t h e o c c c p k h c nhau. Ty theo vic phn b a ch cc thnh phn ny c 1 chiu di bin i iu ny 1 ln na cho thy tnh ng trong vic cp pht v qun l IPv6 Image Hnh 2 Cu trc a ch IPV6 dng Global Unicast IPv6 cung cp cc n gin ha sau:- nh dng c n gin ha: IPv6 Header c kch thc c nh 40 octetvi t trng hn IPv4 nn gim c thi gian x l Header, tng linh hot.- Khng c Header checksum: Trng checksum ca IPv4 c b i v cclin kt ngy nay nhanh hn v c tin cy cao hn v vy ch cn cc Hosttnh checksum cn Router th khi cn.- Khng c s phn on theo tng hop: Trong IPv4, khi cc packet qu ln thRouter c th phn on n. Tuy nhin, vic ny s lm tng them Overheadcho packet. Trong IPv6 ch c Host ngun mi c th phn on mt packettheo cc gi tr thch hp da vo mt MTU path m n tm c. Do , htr Host th IPv6 cha mt hm gip tm ra MTU t ngun n ch. 1 . 1 . 2 . 5 B o m t : IPv6 tch hp tnh bo mt vo trong kin trc ca mnh bng cch gii thiu2 Header m rng ty chn: Authentication Header (AH) v E n c r y p t e d Security Payload (ESP) Header. Hai Header ny c th c s dng chunghay ring h tr nhiu chc nng bo mt.AH quan trng nht trong Header ny l trng Integriry Check Value (ICU).ICU c tnh bi ngun v c tnh li bi ch xc minh. Qu trnh nycung cp vic xc minh tnh ton vn v xc minh ngun gc ca d liu. AHcng cha c mt s th t nhn ra mt tn cng bng cc packet replaygip ngn cc gi tin c nhn bn. - ESP Header: ESP Header cha mttrng : Security Parameter Index (SPI) gip ch ca gi tin bit payloadc m ha nh th no. ESP Header c th c s dng khi tunneling,trong tunnelling th c Header v payload gc s c m ha v b vo mt ESP Header bc ngoi, khi n gn ch th cc gateway b o m t s b Header bc ngoi ra v gii m tm ra Header v payload gc. 1 . 1 . 2 . 6 H i u s u t : Gim c thi gian x l Header, gim Overhead v chuyn dch a ch: vtrong IPv4 c s dng private address trnh ht a ch, Do ,

xut hink thut NAT dch a ch, nn tng Overhead cho gi tin. Trong IPv6 dokhng thiu a ch nn khng cn private address, nn khng cn dch ach.G i m c t h i g i a n x l n h t u y n : n h i u k h i a c h I P v 4 c p h n pht cho cc user nhng li khng tm tt c, nn phi cn cc entry trong bng nh tuyn lm tng kch thc ca bng nh tuyn v thm Overheadcho qu trnh nh tuyn. Ngc li, cc a ch IPv6 c phn pht qua ccISP theo mt kiu phn cp a ch gip gim c Overhead.Tng n nh cho cc ng: trong IPv4, hin tng route flapping thngxy ra, trong IPv6, mt ISP c th tm tt cc route ca nhiu mng thnhmt mng n, ch qun l mng n v cho php hin tng flapping chnh hng n ni b ca mng b flapping.G i m Broadcast: trong IPv4 s dng nhiu Broadcast nh ARP, trong k h i IPv6 s dng Neighbor Discovery Protocol thc hin chc nng tng ttrong qu trnh t cu hnh m khng cn s dng Broadcast.Multicast c gii hn: trong IPv6, mt a ch Multicast c cha mt trngscope c th hn ch cc gi tin Multicast trong cc Node, trong cc link, haytrong mt t chc.Khng c checksum. 1.2PHN B A CH IPV6 1.2.1 C Ch Cp Pht Chung : Rt kinh nghim t vic phn b ca IPv4, cc nh thit k IPv6 xy dng 1c ch phn b a ch hon ton m, ngha l n khng ph thuc vo giai on ban u, hon ton c th thay i ty thuc vo nhng bin ng trong tnglai v vic cp pht v s dng a ch cc dch v, cc vng khc nhau. Mtkhc, nhng ngi thit k IPv6 d on trc nhng kh nng c th phisa i 1 vi im nh cu trc cc loi a ch, m rng 1 s loi a ch trong tng lai. iu ny l hon ton ng n i vi 1 giao thc ang tronggiai on xy dng v hon thin..Phn loi a ch IPv6 khng phi ch cung cp y cc dng khun muv dng tin t ca cc loi a ch khc nhau. Vic phn loi a ch theo ccdng tin t 1 mt cho php cc Host nhn dng ra cc loi a ch c dng tint FE80::/16 Host s nhn dng l a ch link-local ch kt ni cc Host trong cng 1 mng, hoc vi a ch c dng tin t 3FEE::/16 s hiu l ach ca mng 6Bone cung cp. Mt khc, vi nh dng cc a ch theo tin tcng cho php n gin trong cc bng nh tuyn v khi cc u vo ca cc bng Router s l nhng tin t n gin, chiu di ca n s bin i t 1 ti128 bit. Ch c ngoi l duy nht khi nhng a ch c lin quan l nhng a ch c b i t . C c H o s t v R o u t e r t h c s p h i n h n r a cc a ch munticast,nhng a ch ny khng th c s l g i n g n h c c a c h U n i c a s t v Anycast. Chng cng phi nhn ra cc a ch c bit, tiu biu nh a chlink-local. Ti liu cu trc cng dnh tin t cho cc a ch a l c s,c c a c h t n g

thch vi NSAP ( a ch im truy nhp dch v m n g : Network service Access Point ).Bng cp pht a ch ch ra t l s dng ca cc loi a ch trong khnggian a ch. Phn chim khng gian a ch ln nht c s dng cho loi ach Global Unicast dnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v IPv6 provider based( phn theo nh cung cp ) nhng cng ch chim 1% ca tng khng gian ach. Tt c cn hn 70% khng gian cn li cha c cp pht, phn ny cth cung cp nhng c hi phong ph cho vic cp pht mi trong tng lai. 1.2.2 Cp Pht a Ch Theo Nh Cung Cp : Theo cu trc bng phn b a ch trn, 1 trong s nhng loi a ch IPv6quan trng nht l dng a ch Global Unicast, dng a ch ny cho php nhdanh 1 giao din trn mng Internet ( mng IPv6 ) c tnh duy nht trn toncu. ngha loi a ch ny cng ging nh a ch IPv4 nh danh 1 Hosttrong mng Internet hin nay. Khng gian ca dng a ch Global Unicast lrt ln, qun l v phn b hp l cc nh thit k IPv6 a ra m hnh phn b a ch theo cp cc nh cung cp dch v Internet.Dng a ch ny gm 3 bit tin t 010 theo sau bi 5 thnh phn m mi thnh p h n n y c q u n l b i c c n h c u n g c p d c h v t h e o c c c p k h c nhau. Ty theo vic phn b a ch cc thnh phn ny c 1 chiu di bin i iu ny 1 ln na cho thy tnh ng trong vic cp pht v qun l IPv6 Image : Hnh 2 Cu trc a ch IPV6 dng Global Unicast Thnh phn u tin l ID ca cc nh cung cp dch v hng u t i n T o p Level registry. Cng ging nh IPv4, c 3 t chc qun l vic cp pht ach IPv6. Cc t chc ny cp pht cc gi tr TLA ID u tin. C th nhsau:- Khu vc Bc M l Internet NIC ( network information center ) , t chc nyiu khin bi NSI di 1 hp ng vi U.S National Science Foundation.- Khu vc chu u l NCC ( network coordinoction center ) ca RIPE ( hiphi mng IP chu u ). - Khu vc chu v Thi Bnh Dng l t chc APINC.- Ngoi ra cn c 1 t chc chung c th cp pht a ch cho cc khu vc khcnhau l IANA.Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet IPv6 phi c 1 provides ID ( nhn dngn h c u n g c p ) t n h n g n g k t r n . T h e o k h o c h c p p h t a c h Provider ID l 1 s 16 bit, 8 bit tip theo s c cho bng 0 trong giai onu 8 bit ny cha s dng, c dnh cho cc m rng tng lai.Trong cu trc hin ti, nhng im ng k chnh c b xung bi 1 s lncc im ng k vng hoc quc gia, v d French NIC qun l bi INRIAcho cc mng ca Php. Nhng im ng k ny s khng c nhn dng bng 1 s ng k. Thay vo h s nhn c phm vi nhn dng ca ccnh cung cp t cc

c s ng k chnh.Vi cu trc a ch mi ny cho php khch hng ln c th c c cc nhd a n h n g n h n , v i u s c h o h k h n n g t h m v o c c l p m n g m i trong phn tng mng con ca h. Thc t cc khch hng ln cn c th ic chp nhn nh nh cung cp ca chnh h, v ly c ID nh cung cpt cc im ng k m khng phi l thuc vo nh cung cp dch v InternetISP. 1.3PHNG THC GN A CH IPV6 1.3.1 Cch nh a Ch IPV6 : a ch IPv6 chiu di 128 bit nn vn nh a ch l ht sc kh khn. Nuvit thng thng nh a ch IPv4 th mi a ch IPv6 chia lm 16 nhm theoc s 10. Do cc nh thit k chn cch vit 128 bit thnh 8 nhm theoc s 16, mi nhm ngn cch nhau bi du hai chm ( : ). V d: FE80:BA96:4367:BFFA:6784:3213:BAAC:ACDE. im thun li ca k hiu Hexa l gn gng v tng minh. Tuy nhin, cchv i t n y c n g g y k h n g t k h k h n c h o n h n g n h q u n t r m n g . Mt cch lm cho n gin hn l quy tc cho php vit tt. IPv6 trong giaion u pht trin, cc a ch IPv6 cha c s dng nhiu, nn phn lncc bit trong cu trc a ch l 0.Mt ci tin u tin l cho php b qua nhng s 0 ng trc mi thnh phnh 16, c th vit 0 thay v vit 0000 . V d: vi block 0008 , ta c th vit 8 .vi block 0800 , ta c th vit 800 . Q u a c c h v i t n y , t a c t h c c c h v i t ngn gn hn. V d: 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200c:417A . Ngoi ra cn c mt quy tc khc cho php rt gn, l quy c v cch vitdu hai chm i (Double-colon). Trong mt a ch, mt nhm lin tip cc s0 c t h c thay th bi du hai chm i. V d ta c th thay th nhm0 : 0 : 0 t r o n g V d t r c b i : : . T a c 1080::8:800:200c:417A.

.T a ch vit tt ny, ta c th vit li a ch chnh xc ban u nh quy tcsau: n tri cc s bn tri ca du :: trong a ch, sau cn phi tt c cc s b n t r i c a d u : : v u l y t t c b n g 0 . V d: FEDC:BA98::7654:3210 =>FEDC:BA98:0:0:0:0:7654:3210.FEDC:BA98:7654:3210::=>FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:0:0:0:0::F EDC:BA98:7654:3210=>0:0:0:0:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 Quy c v cch s dng du ::ch c dng duy nht mt ln trong mia ch IPv6.V d: 0:0:0:BA98:7654:0:0:0 c th c vit thnh ::BA98:7654:0:0:0 hoc 0:0:0:BA98:7654:: Trng hp ::BA98:7654:: l khng hp l v h thng skhng xc nh c a ch IPv6 chnh xc.C m t trng hp c bit cn lu . i vi loi a ch IPv4e m b e d d e d IPv6 c hnh thnh bng cch gn 96 bit 0 vo trc mt a ch IPv4. hn ch kh nng nhm ln trong vic chuyn i gia k hiu chm thp phntrong IPv4 vi chm thp lc phn trong IPv6. Cc nh thit k IPv6 cng thitlp mt c ch gii quyt vn ny.V d : v i m t a c h I P v 4 10.0.0.1 . a ch IPv4-embedded IPv6 c dng 0:0:0:0:0:0:A00:1 , t a v n c t h g i n g u y n c h m t h p p h n c a p h n c u i . Trong trng hp ny, vit a ch li di dng ::10.0.0.11.3.2 Phng Thc Gn a Ch IPV6 Theo c t ca giao thc IPv6, tt c cc loi a ch IPv6 c gn cho ccgiao din, khng gn cho cc Node ( khc so vi IPv4 ). Mt a ch IPv6 loiUnicast (gi tt l Unicast) c gn cho 1 giao din n. V mi giao din thuc v 1 Node n do vy, mi a ch Unicast nh danh 1 giao din s nhdanh 1 Node.Mt giao din n c th c gn nhiu a ch IPv6 ( cho php c 3 dng ach ng thi Unicast, Anycast, Multicast ). Nhng nht thit 1 giao din phic gn 1 a ch IPv6 dng Unicast link-local. thc hin cc kt ni Point- to Point gia cc giao din ngi ta thng gn cc a ch dng Unicastlink-local cho cc giao din thc hin kt ni. ng thi, IPv6 cn cho php 1a ch Unicast hoc 1 nhm a ch Unicast s dng nh danh 1 nhm ccgiao din. Vi phng thc gn a ch ny, 1 nhm giao din c hiunh l 1 giao din trong tng IP.T h e o t h i t k c a IPv6, 1 Host c th nh danh bi cc a ch sau:- M t a c h l i n k - l o c a l c h o m i g i a o d i n g n v i H o s t Mt a ch Unicast c c u n g c p b i c c n h c u n g c p d c h v - Mt a ch loopback - M t a c h M u l t i c a s t , m H o s t l t h n h v i n t r o n g

n h m c a c h Multicast .Mt Router nu h tr IPv6 s nhn bit c tt c cc loi a ch m Hostchp nhn k trn, ngoi ra n cn c th c gn cc loi a ch nh sau: Tt c cc a ch Multicast c gn trn Router - Tt c cc a ch Anycast c cu hnh trn Router