Tong Quan Ve CA Phe Tach Cafein

TR RNG I HC S PH K TH M HUT TP HCM P KH HOA C NG NGH HA HC V THC P H H PHM B MN C M NG NGH THC PHM H C
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GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi n h SVTH: n C Nguyn nh Chnh Phm nh Ln n Nguyn Cao Nh Minh n ht h Nguyn Thanh Phng n g ng Thanh T T m Trn B Thin
0811 16008 1 081 116032 081 116038 081 116050 081 116053 081 116059
TP H CH MINH, 4/20 H M 011
Tng quan v c ph tch cafein
GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi
MC LC
Li m u ........................................................................................ 4 1. Tng quan v cy c ph ................................................................ 5 1.1. Ngun gc cy c ph.................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Lch s cy c ph trn th gii ................................................ 5 1.1.2. Lch s v s pht trin ca cy c ph Vit Nam ............... .6 1.2 Phn loi. ...................................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Phn loi theo ging cy c ph. .............................................. 7 1.2.2. Phn loi theo ht c ph. ......................................................... 8 1.3. Phn loi theo cu trc ht c ph. .............................................. 9 1.4. Phn loi theo cch ch bin v bo qun c ph. ..................... 11 1.5. Mt s cch pha c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam. ................... 13 1.6. Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trn ton th gii v Vit Nam......... 19 1.7. Tnh hnh s dng c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam. ................ 20 1.7.1. Tnh hnh s dng c ph trn th gii. .................................. 20 1.7.2. Tnh hnh s dng c ph Vit Nam. ................................... 22 1.8. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph. ................................................ 26 1.8.1. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph trn th gii. ......................... 26 1.8.2. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph Vit Nam .......................... 27 2. Cc nghin cu v c ph tch cafein ........................................... 31 2.1. Tng quan v cafein .................................................................. 31 2.1.1. nh ngha .............................................................................. 31 2.1.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca cafein .................................................. 31 2.1.3. Tc dng dc l ca cafein ................................................... 32 2.2. C ph tch cafein l g ? ........................................................... 33
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2.3. Cc nghin cu v c ph c hm lng cafein thp................. 34 2.3.1. Th gii .................................................................................. 34 2.3.2. Vit Nam ................................................................................ 35 3. Quy trnh sn xut c ph ht tch cafein ..................................... 35 3.1. C s ca phng php ............................................................. 35 3.2. Quy trnh cng ngh .................................................................. 36 3.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh ............................................................... 37 3.3.1. Thu hi.................................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Tch tp cht, phn loi .......................................................... 37 3.3.3. Tch phn v v phn tht (xt ti)....................................... 38 3.3.4. Tch nht, ra nht ................................................................ 38 3.3.4.1.Cc phng php tch nht .................................................. 38 3.3.4.2. Ra nht .............................................................................. 39 3.3.5. Kh cafein .............................................................................. 40 3.3.5.1. Nhng phng php kh cafein ......................................... 40 3.3.5.1.1.Phng php kh cafein bng nc (Water Decafeination)40 3.3.5.1.2. Phng php kh cafein bng CO2 (Supercritical Carbon Dioxide decafeination) ..................................................................... 40 3.3.5.1.3. Phng php kh cafein bng dung mi (Solvent Decafeination) .................................................................................. 41 3.3.5.2. Cc qu trnh kh cafein .................................................... 41 3.3.5.2.1. Quy trnh dng dung mi kh cafein ................................ 41 3.3.5.2.2. Quy trnh kh cafein bng nc ....................................... 43 3.3.5.2.3. Quy trnh kh cafein bng CO2 ....................................... 44 3.3.6. Thu hi hng ........................................................................ 45 3.4. Kim tra nh gi ...................................................................... 45
3.4.1. Mc ch ................................................................................. 45 3.5. Cc phng php nh lng cafein trong c ph ..................... 45 3.5.1. Phng php trng lng ....................................................... 45 3.5.2. nh lng cafein bng phng php th tch....................... 48 4. M rng ........................................................................................ 50 4.1. ng dng cng ngh sinh hc (cng ngh t bo) trong nhn ging cy c ph Vit Nam v th gii. ........................................ 50 4.2. nh hng pht trin c ph cha hm lng cafein thp. ...... 53 Kt lun ............................................................................................ 56 Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................ 57
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Li m u
- C ph l mt c sn nhit i c gi tr kinh t trn th gii, mt mt hng c bun bn rng ri, giao lu nhiu vo loi th nh trong cng tc mu dch quc t. i vi nc ta, c ph cng chim mt phn quan trng trong cc mt hng xut khu c gi tr. - Nc ta c iu kin thin nhin tt pht trin loi cy cao cp ny. Nhiu vng t rt thch hp trng c ph nh cc tnh thuc ty nguyn nc ta (Daklak, Gia Lai, KonTum, Dak Nng, Lm ng), cc tnh thuc min trung (Qung Tr, H Tnh). - C ph mang li s tnh to, hng phn cho ngi s dng nhng bn cnh n cn mang li nhng bt li cho nhng ngi qu lm dng c ph, ngi b kch thch khi ung c ph cho d vi mt lng nh. N c th gy ra mt s triu chng nh tim hi hp, tng huyt p - Nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng trn l do mt loi ankaloid c tn l cafein. Cafein c nhng tc ng sinh l nht nh n c th. Trong y hc th ngi ta s dng c ph nh cht tr tim v thuc li tiu. Cafein cng c s dng nh mt cht kch thch nh, to s tnh to trong cng vic hng ngy. Tuy nhin, cafein cng gy ra mt s tc dng nh tng huyt p, tng nhp tim... C ngi li b d ng vi cafein. - Do , h khng th s dng c ph vi hm lng cafein cao c. Ngoi ra, c ph khng c cafein s gim c mt phn v ng. V nhu cu v c ph khng c cafein xut hin. Do , hin nay sn phm c ph khng c cafein ang c s ch ca ngi s dng v nhu cu th trng v loi sn phm ny cng tng. - Chnh v l , nhm chng ti mong mun tm hiu nhng phng php kh cafein c trong ht c ph sn xut loi thc ung bt ngun t c ph c hm lng cafein thp. ng thi xut phng php sn xut ph hp vi nc ta trong giai on hin nay.
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1. Tng quan v cy c ph.

1.1 Ngun gc cy c ph. 1.1.1 Lch s cy c ph trn th gii.
- Lch s v c ph thc s cng a dng nh cch pha ch n. Quay li trn mt nghn nm trc, nhng cy c ph u tin c cho l xut hin t vng vnh ca Chu Phi trn b Bin . - Ban u, ht c ph c xem nh l thc phm ch khng phi l ung. Cc b lc pha ng chu Phi nghin qu c ph sau trn ln vi m ng vt, v li thnh nhng vin nh. Hn hp ny c truyn tng l cung cp cho cc chin binh rt nhiu nng lng cn thit cho chin tranh. Sau vo khong nm 1000 sau cng nguyn, ngi Ethiopia pha ch mt loi ru t nhng ht c ph bng cch ln men nhng ht c ph kh trong nc. Cy c ph cng mc t nhin bn o Ai Cp v t , trong sut th k 11, c ph c pht trin thnh mt dng ung nng.
Hnh 1: Ht c ph. - c bao ph trong s b n v kt hp vi cc thy tu v bc s nn khng c g ngc nhin khi c n hai truyn thuyt ni ting l gii v vic tm ra loi ht thn b ny. - Mt truyn thuyt k rng: Mt ngi chn d nhn thy rng n gia sc ca mnh tr nn nghch ngm hn bnh thng sau khi n nhng qu mu t bi cy c ph di. T m, anh ta nm th loi qu ny v anh ta thch th v s nh hng nh tip thm sinh lc ca n. V anh cn nhn thy mt nhm thy tu gn ang nhy cng nhng con d ca mnh. Khng lu sau nhng thy tu bt u un nhng nhng ht ny v s dng cht lng ny thc sut m trong cc l hi. - Cu chuyn khc li k v mt thy tu o Hi- ngi b kt ti bi k th ca mnh. Hnh pht l phi i lang thang trong sa mc v cui cng l cht i. Trong cn m sng, chng trai tr nghe thy m thanh hng dn mnh n nhng qu t cy c ph gn . Lng tng, anh ta c lm mm nhng ht qu bng nc v khi khng lm mm c anh ta ung ht ch nc.
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Nh mt s sp t ca Cha, anh ta sng st v kho mnh v quay li vi cng ng ca mnh, cng b rng ri kinh nghim v cng thc. - Vic trng c ph bt u ri rc t th k 15 v tip tc trong nhiu th k, tnh Yemen ca Ai Cp l ngun c ph u tin ca th gii. Nhu cu v c ph ca vng Trung ng l rt ln. Nhng ht c ph ri cng Yemeni ca Mocha bun bn vi Alexandria v Constantinople. - Trong thc t nhng cy ging tt khng c php mang khi t nc. Bt chp s cm on, nhng ngi o Hi hnh hng t khp th gii tm mi cch ly trm nhng cy c ph mang v qu hng mnh trong cc chuyn hnh hng v vng Mecca v sau nhng ma thu hoch c ph nhanh chng bt u t n . - C ph cng du nhp vo Chu u trong khon thi gian ny thng qua thnh ph Venice- ni c nhiu i tu bun nc hoa, tr, thuc nhum v vi vc vi cc thng gia Ai Cp. Th ung ny thm ch tr thnh ung ph bin khi m nhng ngi bn do nc chanh bt u bn thm n vo cc ung lnh. Rt nhiu thng gia chu u trong nhng chuyn cng tc ca mnh bit n c ph v quen vi vic ung c ph nn mua n mang v. - Vo gia th k 17, ngi H Lan chim c u th trong ngnh cng nghip tu bun v h gii thiu vic trng c ph cp rng ln ti cc thuc a ca h trn o Java, Sumatra, Sulaweisi v Bali Indonesia. - C ph n chu M La tinh sau nhiu thp k, khi mt ngi Php mua mt cnh c ph mang n Martinique. Brazil ni ln nh mt ni sn xut c ph ng u trn th gii v l danh hiu vn cn n hm nay. 1.1.2 Lch s v s pht trin ca cy c ph Vit Nam. - Cy c ph c a vo trng Vit Nam t nm 1857, trc ht l mt s nh th ti H Nam, Qung Bnh, Kontum... Song mi ti u th k hai mi tr i th cy c ph mi c trng trn quy m tng i ln ca cc ch n in ngi Php ti Ph Qu - Ngh An v sau l c Lc v Lm ng, nhng tng din tch khng qu vi ngn hecta. Sau cch mng thng 8, din tch c ph min Bc c pht trin thm ti mt s nng trng quc doanh v thi k c din tch cao nht l trn 10.000 ha vo nm 1963 - 1964. min Nam trc ngy gii phng, vo nm 1975 din tch c ph c khong 10.000 ha. Ti c Lc c khong 7.000 ha, Lm ng 1.700 ha v ng Nai 1.100 ha. C ph trng min Bc trong nhng nm trc y ch yu l c ph ch (Coffea arabica), nng sut thng t t 400 - 600 kg/ha, c mt s in hnh thm canh tt t trn 1 tn/ha. Hn ch ln nht i vi vic trng c ph ch min Bc l tc hi ca su bnh. Su c thn (Xylotrechus quadripes) v bnh g st c ph (Hemileia vastatrix), l hai i tng su bnh hi nguy him nht. Do iu kin sinh thi khng ph hp, c bit l c mt ma ng gi lnh ko di, v vy cy c ph vi kh c kh
nng pht trin min Bc, nhiu vng trng c ph vi sau phi hy b v km hiu qu. - Din tch trng c ph min Nam trc ngy gii phng ch yu l ging c ph vi (Canephora robusta), mt s din tch nh c ph ch c trng Lm ng. Nng sut c ph vi trong thi k ny thng t trn di 1 tn/ha, mt s n in c quy m va v nh cng t nng sut t 2 - 3 tn/ha. Ngy nay trong c ch qun l mi, c p dng ng b cc tin b k thut cho nn nng sut tng ln rt nhanh. Tnh n cui nm 1994, tng s din tch c ph nc ta c khong 150.000 ha v sn lng v nm 1993/1994 t trn 150.000 tn. V c ph nm 1994/1995 c t 180.000 tn. Nng sut bnh qun trn din tch c ph kinh doanh t trn 1,2 tn/ha, nhiu nng trng c quy m t 400 - 1500 ha t nng sut bnh qun t 2,5 - 3 tn/ha. nhiu vng lin khonh rng ti vi trm hecta, nhiu ch h nhn khon, nhiu vn c ph t nhn t c nng sut t 4 - 6 tn/ha, c bit c mt s in hnh t t 8 - 10 tn/ha. T mt vi nm gn y cy c ph ch c pht trin m rng mt s tnh min ni pha Bc vi tng din tch khong 7.000 ha bao gm: Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph, Lai Chu, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Yn Bi v.v... Do s dng ging mi c tn l Catimor nn hn ch c tc hi ca su bnh, mt s in hnh cho nng sut t t 1 - 2 tn/ha. Ti Vin nghin cu c ph t c trn 3 tn/ha. Theo ch trng ca Chnh ph v B Nng nghip mc tiu pht trin c ph Vit Nam ti nm sau 2000 l : C din tch trn 200.000 ha v tng sn lng hng nm t 250.000 tn. C ph Vit Nam s l mt mt hng nng sn quan trng trn th trng th gii v em v ngun ngoi t xng ng trong nn kinh t quc dn.
1.2 Phn loi. 1.2.1 Phn loi theo ging cy c ph.

C ba loi ging c ph: C ph ch: Coffea arabica. C ph vi: Coffea canephora. C ph mt: Coffea excelsa. - Mi ging c nhiu chng loi khc nhau nh trong c ph ch c cc chng: Typica, Bourbon, Moka, Mundonovo, Caturra, Catuai, Catimor... Trong c ph vi c rt nhiu chng loi khc nhau v kch thc l, gn sng ca phin l, mu sc l v qu, hnh dng qu, song chng loi c trng rt ph bin nhiu nc l Robusta. c trng ca c ph Typica l t non c mu nu tm, cn cc chng khc nh Bourbon, Mundonovo... th t non c mu xanh...
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- C ph Arabica c trng tt nht cao trn 3000 b (920 mt) so vi mt nc bin. cao ny, cht lng c ph rt l tuyt ho vi hng v v tnh cht c trng. C ph Arabica c t l cafein bng mt na lng cafeine trong c ph Robusta. Sn lng c ph Arabica chim khong 80% lng c ph c mua bn trn th gii. - C ph Arabica c trng tt nht cao trn 3000 b (920 mt) so vi mt nc bin. cao ny, cht lng c ph rt l tuyt ho vi hng v v tnh cht c trng. C ph Arabica c t l cafein bng mt na lng cafeine trong c ph Robusta. Sn lng c ph Arabica chim khong 80% lng c ph c mua bn trn th gii. - V mi v, c ph Arabica rt l phong ph, chng c mi t ngt nh cho n rt gt. Mi v ca chng khi cha rang i khi ging nh tri blueberry. Mi v sau khi rang th li thoang thong nc hoa vi mi tri cy v v ngt ca ng. - V iu kin trng trt th c ph Arabica thuc loi kh tnh, chng i hi kh hu nhit i mt m, nhiu m, t ai mu m, c bng rm v mt tr1. Chng d b tn cng bi dch bnh khc nhau v rt d b tn thng khi nhit qu lnh v chm sc khng k. - C Ph Robusta c trng nhng cao thp hn, d trng hn, cho sn lng cao hn v c sc khng mnh hn c ph Arabica. Cph Robusta c mi v hi gt ca g. C ph Robusta thng c dng cho nhng loi c ph c gi tng i v t l cafeine i hi cao. - V ca c ph Robusta nm trong khong t trung tnh cho n rt gt. V ca chng thng c din t l ging nh bt yn mch. Khi ngi c ph Robusta cha rang s thy mi ging nh u phng ti. Mi c ph Robusta rang chn s thoang thong mi cao su b t chy. - V iu kin trng trt th Robusta thuc loi khe v cng cp, chng c th trng c nhng cao thp, c sc khng cao i vi dch bnh. Do nhng c tnh trn m c ph Robusta c sn lng cao hn v gi thnh r hn. - Nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng c ph l : ht ging, cao, v tr trng, cht lng t, iu kin kh hu, phn bn, s chm sc, cch thu hoch v phng php ch bin. Tt c nhng yu t trn u c nhng tc ng rt quan trng n cht lng c ph.
1.2.2. Phn loi theo ht c ph.

- C ph chia ra nhiu loi ty theo cch rang. Rang c ph l cho bt m trong ht, du thm ta ra. Chng mt th k trc, c ph phi rang ti nh bng l than. Hin nay ngi ta rang bng gas hay bng in nhng c ni vn rang bng than, cho rng rang bng than ngon hn.
- Trong k ngh, c ph c rang vi s lng ln dng nhit cao trong mt thi gian nhanh (khong 204 n 2600 C trong vng 5 pht) ri lm ngui bng qut hi hay ry nc cho khi chy kht. Gn y nht, c ph c kim sot bng my tnh qua mi tin trnh. C ph nay c bn trong cc tim bch ha thng rang v xay ngay ti ch cho thm phn quyn r v bo m vi khch hng l sn phm cn ti nguyn mi ra l. - Ngi ta c th rang s si cn c gi di ci tn Cinnamon roast (thi gian khong 7 pht), rang va (medium roast) cn gi l full city hay brown (thi gian t 9 n 11 pht) hay rang k (full roast) tc l rang kiu Php thi gian t 12 n 13 pht. Nhng cch rang k nht n chy xm khin cho ht c ph bng nhy l kiu rang ca ngi i Li (espresso) th phi t 14 pht tr ln cho n khi bt u chy thnh than. - C ph cng phn bit theo cch xay, xay mn hay to ht ty theo cch pha. Trong khong mt trm nm tr li y, ngi ta ch bin ra loi c ph bt, ch cn b vo nc si l ung c. C ph bt c iu ch theo hai cch: lm kh bng cch ng lnh (freeze drying) hay lm kh bng cch phun (spray drying). C hai u phi c lc trc rt ht tinh cht ri phun ra thnh nhng ht li ti lm kh. Nhiu k thut mi c th nghim c ph bt khng b bin dng v mt mi. Tuy nhin nhng ngi kh tnh vn cho rng c ph bt khng th no bng c ph pha c
1.3. Cu trc ht c ph.

- Cy Coffea c ngun gc t chu Phi cn nhit i v pha Nam chu . N thuc v ging 10 loi ca nhng cy hoa ca h Rubiaceae. N l 1 cy bi lun xanh hoc cy nh c th cao ln ti 5m (16 ft) khi cha c ta bt. L ca n mu xanh m v bng long, thng di 10-15 cm (3.9-5.9 in) v rng 6.0 cm (2.4 in). N pht ra nhng b thm ngt, trong khi nhng bng hoa trng n ra cng mt lc. Tri ca cy hnh oval, di khong 1.5 cm (0.6 in), v c mu xanh l khi cha chn mui, nhng chn dn thnh mu vng, sau thm v tr thnh en l1. Mi tri thng c 2 ht nhng n 5-10% tri ch c 1; n c gi l peaberry. Tri n t 7-9 thng. * nh hng ca c ph. - C ph t lu c bit n vi cng dng kch thch s hng phn ca thn kinh di nh hng ca cafein. Nhng c nhng cng hiu ca c ph cn t c bit n. Chng hn nh c ph c tc dng an thn. Ngi ta chng minh c rng, nu i ng trong vng 15 pht sau khi ung c ph th gic ng s su hn, bi mu trong no c lu thng tt hn. Nhng nu tip tc chn ch th tc dng ny s mt dn i, v sau th cafein bt u pht huy hiu qu, chng ta s khng ng c na. Phng php an thn ny c s dng nhiu bnh vin, c bit i vi cc bnh nhn cao tui.
nhng ngi ny c ph s chng li s suy gim nhp th trong lc ng, khin cho gic ng ca h c tt hn. - Theo mt bi bo trong tp ch chuyn ngnh Sleep (Vol.27, Nr.3), tn dng c cng dng ca c ph trong vic kch thch s tp trung v hng phn th nn ung c ph nhiu ln trong ngy, mi ln mt ngm nh, thay v ung mt cc tht to vo bui sng. Cch ny c bit thch hp vi nhng ngi phi lm vic vo ban m: h s cm thy d thc khuya hn cng nh gi c s tp trung cao hn. - Tuy vy loi ung thm ngon ny cng c th c mt vi tc dng xu i vi sc khe. N lm tng t ngt lng insulin trong mu, lm mt thng bng c th cng nh nh hng khng tt ti tuyn tu. c bit i vi nhng ngi b vim tu th vic s dng c ph l iu cm tuyt i. Nhng bnh nhn b bnh tiu ng cng khng nn dng c ph, hoc nu c th ch c dng rt t. C ph nu dng qu nhiu cng c th lm sng mng nhy d dy. Quan nim cho rng ung c ph vi sa s lm gim bt nguy c ny l hon ton sai lm. Cafein s ho quyn vi cht bo trong sa v nh bm c mng d dy trong thi gian lu hn. - Nhng nghin cu ngy nay cng ch ra rng tc dng li niu ca c ph l khng r rng. nhiu nh hng ngi ta thng phc v mt ly nc km theo tch c ph, vi mc ch b p li lng nc tng nh s b mt ca c th. Nhng thc ra vic ung nc sau khi nhp mt ngm c ph ch c tc dng trng ming tip tc thng thc v ngon ca ngm tip theo, hoc ca cc n thc ung khc m thi. - Trung tm ung th quc gia Nht Bn Tokyo thc hin mt th nghim ko di 10 nm trn 100.000 ngi ung c ph v pht hin ra trong s h ch c 214 ngi mc phi chng ung th thn. Trong khi nhng ngi khng ung c ph, t l ny l 547/100.000, ngha l cao hn hai ln. T h rt ra kt lun rng cc cht chng xy ho (antioxidant) trong c ph c kh nng bo v cc t bo thn khi b n mn. Th nghim so snh cng ch ra rng tr xanh khng c tc dng bo v trn ging nh ca c ph. - Trc y c ph tng b coi l cht gy nghin v to ra chng bt lc. Tuy nhin vo nm 1923, qua mt th nghim ngi, nh nghin cu Amantea pht hin ra rng, cafein khng ch tng hng phn trong vic quan h tnh dc khc gii m cn tng kh nng t cc khoi cng nh tng s lng tinh trng n ng. - Gn y nht, khi ngi ta e ngi cafein trong c ph c th gy kch thch, v c hi cho sc khe nn tm cch rt cht ny ra gi l decafeinated coffee (hay vit tt l decaf).
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1.4. Cch ch bin v bo qun c ph.

- Phm cht v hng v c ph ph thuc vo my yu t chnh sau y: ging, kh hu, cao so vi mt bin, ph ca t v ch bn phn, chn khi thu hi, k thut ch bin v ch bo qun. Thng thng c hai phng php ch bin: + Phng php ch bin t. + Phng php ch bin kh. Ngoi ra, cn c phng php trung gian l na kh hay na t. - Phng php ch bin t gm cc cng on: st ti loi b phn v tht sau ln men hay st b lp v nht bm xung quanh v tru, ngm ra, ngm ra ri em phi. - Phng php ch bin kh: sau khi thu hoch em phi c qu trn sn, khng qua khu st ti. - Phng php na kh na t: C ph em st ti cn ln c v qu em phi khng qua cng on ln men v ngm ra. S ch bin v sn xut c ph nhn sng theo cc cng an di y: - Khi thu hoch ch hi nhng qu chn, khng hi c qu xanh, qu cn non. Mun c c ph nhn xut khu tt, t l qu chn khi thu hi phi t trn 95%. - Tt nht l c ph hi ngy no ch bin ngay trong ngy . Qu cn li khng thnh ng lu qu 24 gi. Ni nhn qu c ph ch bin phi sch s, khng ng nc. C ph thc hay qu c ph c th phi trn sn gch, sn xi mng, trn dn, nong, nia, ct. Thi gian u khng phi dy hn 5-7 cm. Hng ngy co o nhiu ln cho kh u. Ban m cn co li thnh tng lung c che y trnh sng t v ma. C ph khi kh a vo kho bo qun khi m trong ht khng qu 13%. Trong kho bo qun phi thng thong bng lung khng kh t nhin hay qut gi. Ngoi bin php ch yu phi kh c ph nc ta l s dng nh nng mt tri cn c th lm kh c ph qua cc l sy bng nhin liu ci t hay du. C ph ch nht thit phi c ch bin theo phng php t. - C ph l mt sn phm dng ch ra loi nc ung cao cp. cu to thnh nhn ca c ph theo nhng kt qu phn tch ngi ta thy c ti 670 hp cht hu c hp thnh trong c nhiu hp cht to nn hng thm ca c ph. Do vy, cc khu thu hi, ch bin, phi sy, bo qun c ph c mt v tr ht sc quan trng. Cc cng on trong thu hoch, ch bin, phi sy v bo qun c mi lin kt khng kht vi nhau. - Tt c cc cng on y u phi c thc hin mt cch nghim tc th mi c kh nng to ra mt hng thng phm c gi tr cao trn th trng
quc t. Cht lng cui cng qua khu ch bin s l bc quyt nh cho vic nng cao li tc ca nhng ngi sn xut kinh doanh c ph.
Hnh 2: S sn xut c ph nhn.
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1.5 Mt s cch pha c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam.

Italia
Hnh 3: Bt c ph
Caff latte kiu c ph sa ca , mt phn sa nng, mt phn espresso (xem c ph latte). Cappuccino mt phn ba l espresso, mt phn ba l sa nng v mt phn ba sa nh bng, thm bt cacao hoc bt qu (xem c ph cappuccino). Cappuccino con panna cappuccino dng kem sa nh c thay v sa si bt. Chocolaccino cappuccino thm scla nghin. Coretto c ph espresso vi ru mnh, v d nh Coretto con Grappa, Coretto con Fernet ... Doppio hai phn espresso. Espresso c ph cc c khng c sa hay ng, pha bng cch cho nc di p sut cao (9 n 15 bar) i qua bt c ph xay cc mn. Mt tch (mt phn) espresso khong 25 ml (xem c ph espresso). Lungo espresso vi lng nc nhiu gp i (xem espresso lungo). Latte Macchiato sa m si bt v rt cn thn espesso lungo vo (xem: latte macchiato). Mischio c ph pha vi cacao v kem sa nh c. Ristretto espresso vi lng nc rt t (15-20 ml thay v 25 ml) (xem espresso ristretto).
c

Eiskaffee c ph ngui thm kem vani. C ph Ireland mokka vi whisky, kem sa v ng (xem Irish coffee). Kaffee Hag c ph khng cha cafein (Hag l mt nhn hiu). Milchkaffee c ph pha qua giy lc, mt na sa, mt na c ph Mokka mt loi c ph c (xem c ph mokka). Phariser c ph en vi ru rum, ng v kem sa nh c. Rdesheimer Kaffee c ph pha vi ru brandy, kem sa nh c, ng vani, thm vn scla. Schwaten hay Schwatten c ph long, cho thm ng v 2 cl ru mnh lm t ng cc (ting c: Kornbrand) mi tch (c sn min bc c). Kaffee kiu Th c ph c trong m nh, km c b
Almkaffee c ph dng vi lng trng, ru hoa qu v kem sa. Biedermeier kiu o thm ru m v kem sa. Groer Brauner hai phn espresso vi sa, dng tch ln. Kleiner Brauner mt phn espresso vi sa, dng tch nh. Doppelmokka hai phn c ph c dng vi tch ln chuyn ung mokka. Einspnner mokka ng trong cc c quai, thm kem (c quai ngi nh xe nga va cm roi va c th ung c) (Wien). Eiskaffee kiu Anh mt phn ba c ph, mt phn ba kem, mt phn ba kem sa. Eiskaffee kiu o loi c ph c bao gm lng trng, c ph v kem sa nh c. Fiaker mt cc c ph en vi nhiu ng, thm mt lng ru Slibowitz (ru mnh lm t qu mn ta vng Balkan) hoc rum. Franziskaner c ph sa long vi kem sa v scla. Gebirgskaffee c ph vi lng trng, ru hoa qu mnh v kem sa.
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Gespritzter c ph en vi rum. Granita di Caff kem xay nhuyn ri rt c ph en c ng ln trn. Intermezzo mt lng mokka nh, thm scla nng v Creme de cacao, khuy ln ri thm kem sa nh bng cng vi ming scla.
Hnh 4: C ph latte.

Kaffee Kirsch c ph vi nc anh o. Kaffee Obermeier c ph vi mng sa (Wien). Kaffee Verkehrt 2 phn sa, mt phn c ph (Wien) Kaisermelange mokka vi lng trng, thm mt ong hoc Cognac (Wien) Kapuziner c ph en vi mt lng nh sa (Wien). Katerkaffee c ph en c, thm ng, c mi chanh Konsul c ph en thm mt t kem sa nh c (Wien) Kosakenkaffee mt lng nh mokka vi ru vang , wodka v nc ng Maria Theresia mokka vi mt lng nh ru cam Marghiloman mokka vi Cognac Mazagran c ph lnh, ngt, thm vi mu kem, ru Maraschino hoc Cognac Melange na c ph, na sa Mokka gespritzt mokka vi cognac v rum Piccolo mt lng nh c ph en, lc u Groer Schwarzer (hay groer mokka) kiu o - hai phn espresso khng c sa, dng tch ln
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Kleiner Schwarzer (hay kleiner mokka) kiu o - mt phn espresso khng c sa, dng tch nh Othello scla nng vi espresso Sanca c ph khng c cafein (Sanca l mt nhn hiu) Schale(rl) Braun na c ph, na sa Schale(rl) Gold c ph sa, long hn Schale(rl) Braun (Wien) Separee C ph v sa c dng ring Sperbertrke kiu c ph Th Nh K, nhng nng gp i, thm ng Trkischer Kaffee passiert c ph Th Nh K, nguyn b berstrzte Neumann kem sa c c pht ln b mt mt ci bt, c "h tr" thm c ph nng Kaffee kiu Hungary c ph c c ng, thm , sau thm kem sa lnh v dng trong ly Verlngerter mt lng nh c ph en pha thm nhiu nc (Wien) hoc espresso thm nhiu nc Weier mit Haut c ph sa long thm sa nng Zarenkaffee espresso c, pha trn l lng trng nh bng, thm ng (loi c ph yu thch ca cc sa hong)
Thy S
Canard c ph vi Marc (ru mnh lm t nho): cho vo ming mt vin ng nhng ru, sau nhp tch c ph pha ru v kem sa Kaffee crme c ph vi kem sa Kaffee Melange c ph vi kem sa nh c, thng th kem sa c phc v ring trong mt tch nh Luzerner Kafi c ph long c mu tr, pha thm Trsch (mt loi ru mnh ca Thu S, lm t qu l, thnh thong c thm to) Schale c ph sa
Php
Caf au lait mt loi cappucino c vi mt t bt sa (xem c ph au lait)

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Caf Brulot Cognac pha ng v c ph Caf Crme c ph vi kem sa hoc sa nh bng Caf Filtre c ph pha phin, long hn espresso i cht Caf natur c ph en Caf Royal ging Caf Brulot
Ty Ban Nha
Hnh 5: C ph espresso T "c ph" Ty Ban Nha thng dng ch loi c ph espresso.

Caf solo en Cortado thm sa c c ng (seorita) v mt lng nh sa hay bt sa, thng dng tch, thnh thong dng ly (xem Cortado) Caf con leche c ph sa, mt na c ph, mt na sa (thng c nh bng) Caf americano c ph phin, cng ch loi caf solo pha long Caf con hielo mt ly ng vin, sau thm ng, cui cng l rt c ph vo Carajillo thm mt t ru mi, brandy hay rum. Cch lm: ng c khuy trong mt ly vi ru, sau t ln ri rt c ph pha m (c ph espresso) vo. Ht c ph v mt ming v chanh c cho vo ly trang tr.
B o Nha

Bica c ph en, c, dng tch nh Pingo (Bica Pingada) Bica thm mt t sa Galo c ph sa B o Nha, dng ly
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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein Hy Lp
Griechischer Kaffee c ph c c nu 2 hoc 3 ln, ging nh loi c ph Th Nh K Caf frapp c ph tan, thm
Iced coffee c ph c, nng, thm ng c rt vo mt ly ng
Nam M
Caff Americano espresso thm nc nng v spirituose (tn chung ca cc loi ru trn 20% cn nh vodka, gin, rum, tequila, cachaca..)
Vit Nam
Hnh 6: C ph sa pha bng fin Vit Nam
C ph en nng: B c ph xay vo fin c ph, nm cht c ph, ri ch nc si ln. Hng c ph r ra t di fin. C hoc khng thm ng ty gu. (fin=filtre, c ngun gc ting Php, hay filter trong ting Anh). Fin thng lm bng nhm, nhng ngy nay do nhu cu cao ca cuc sng, dch bnh lan trn cc loi phin nhm dn c thay th bng loi phin giy s dng mt ln ly c ph phin tin dng C ph sa nng: di y ly/cc c sn sa c (nhiu t ty ), c ph nng ri xung t fin (xem hnh bn), quy u. Theo thi quen, c ph nng v c ph sa nng thng ung vo bui sng sm trong/trc ba n sng. Nhiu ngi ung c ph nng/ c ph sa nng m khng cn n sng.
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C ph , nh c ph nng, nhng c ph pha c (nhiu bt c ph), ri thm lnh, c ngi thch b ng, c ngi khng, ty gu. C ph sa : Nh c ph sa nng, nhng pha tht c (nhiu c ph, nhiu sa), ri cho thm lnh, quy u. Bc xu (khng r ngun gc t ny, c th t ting Hoa? Ch ph bin trong min Nam): Nh c ph sa, nhng lng sa nhiu hn, v t c ph hn, thch hp cho n gii; c th thay sa c bng sa ti. C hai loi, bc su nng v bc xu . C ph trng c hai loi: 1. p mt qu trng sng vo mt tch c ph nng, thm ng, c hoc khng c sa; 2. Lng trng c nh bng thnh kem, pha di c mt lng nh c ph en.
C ph chn (hay gi theo ting Indonesia l Kopi Luwak) tng c mt Vit Nam t nhng nm u th k 20 v mt i cng vi vic loi chn (ng ra l cy) hay n ht c ph Ty Nguyn gn nh tuyt chng do b sn bt trn lan. C ph ti Vit Nam thng c thng thc qua cc phin c ph (gc l t filtre trong ting Php). Ht c ph thng c xay nh, nn vo trong cc phin v nc si c ln trn c lc vo mt ly, hay tch, ti bn di ca phin. C nhiu loi phin c ph m hai loi thng dng nht c lm bng nhm hay inox, ngoi ra cn c phin tin dng bng giy ch s dng mt ln. C tn l ly c ph phin tin dng sn phm do mt sinh vin trng y sng ch, u im v hot ng nh mt phin truyn thng c t xa xa. C ph mang i l dng c ph nhanh, dng cho nhng ngi bn rn v thng xuyn di chuyn. Dng c ph ny khng ngi li qun thng thc m c th mang i ung, rt tin li v mt thi gian v khng gian cho mi ng1. C ph mang i gm c nhiu loi t c ph Vit Nam cho n c ph Cappuccino ca nc ngoi. Hin nay ti th trng Vit Nam, c ph mang i cn kh mi m v cha tht s c ph bin rng ri. 1.6. Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trn ton th gii v Vit Nam. - Brazil l nc sn xut c ph ln nht trn th gii vi sn lng trn 1,7 triu tn hng nm, chim 25% th trng quc t. Cc nc xut khu ln khc l Vit Nam, Colombia, Indonesia, Cte d'Ivoire, Mexico, n , Guatemala, Ethiopia, Uganda, Costa Rica, Peru v El Salvador. Nhng nc tiu th c ph ln nht l Hoa K, c, Php, Nht Bn v .
Bng 1: thng k cc nc xut khu c ph. 10 nc xut khu c ph 2005 Sn lng ($1000 quc t) 1.781.684 809.384 622.986 558.050 254.148 224.829 212.566 177.084 155.860 152.066 Ch thch C C C C C C C C C C Ch thch
Nc
Sn lng (MT)
Brasil Vit Nam Indonesia Colombia Mexico n Ethiopia Guatemala Honduras Uganda
2.179.270 990.000 762.006 682.580 310.861 275.000 260.000 216.600 190.640 186.000 F F F F *
Khng biu tng = s liu chnh thc, F = c tnh ca FAO, * = s liu khng chnh thc, C = s liu tnh ton; Sn lng theo $1000 quc t c tnh da theo gi c quc t giai on 1999-2001 Ngun: FAO: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision 1.7. Tnh hnh s dng c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam. 1.7.1. Tnh hnh s dng c ph trn th gii. - T chc C ph Th gii (ICO) va a ra d bo v nhu cu c ph ca nm 2008 l 125 triu bao loi 60kg so vi 123 triu kg ca nm 2007. Nestor Osorio, gim c iu hnh ICO ni nm 2007 ton th gii tiu th 123 triu bao c ph. Trong nm nay, mc tiu dng tng cao, c bit l ti nhng nc
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xut khu hng u nh Braxin v n , khin tiu th c ph c th vt 125 triu bao. - Cng theo ng Osorio, mc d gi c ph arabica c xu hng gim trong thng 3 va qua, song nhu cu tiu th tng s h tr gi loi c ph ny vng hn trong thi gian cn li ca nm. - Nhu cu c ph th gii ang tng vi tc 1,5-2%/nm, v d bo s tip tc duy tr tc ny trong vi nm ti. Mc tng trng ny tr thnh mt xu hng t 3-4 nm nay. D kin, nhu cu c ph s tng nhanh chu ni m thu nhp v dn s ang gia tng. - Nht Bn l mt th trng c nhu cu tiu th c ph nhanh nht chu . Nm 1965, mc tiu th bnh qun ch khong 300 g/ngi/nm do ngi dn vn quen ung tr nhng hin c mc tiu th c ph tng i cao 3,17 kg/ngi/nm v d bo nhu cu nhp khu c ph vo Nht Bn s tng 2,5%/nm trong thp k ny. - Tip theo Nht Bn l th trng Trung Quc. Cng vi tc tng trng kinh t cao nht th gii trong nhiu nm qua v vic hnh thnh mt lot cc khu cng nghip ven bin Thi Bnh Dng, ngi dn Trung Quc dn chuyn t vn ho ung ch sang ung c ph vi mc tng tiu th c ph hng nm t ti 30%. Mc d y ch l bc nhy vt t con s ban u qu nh b do vn ho ung tr n su vo tim thc ca ngi dn. Lng c ph tiu th bnh qun tnh trn u ngi dn Trung Quc lc a vn thp hn nhiu so vi cc nc khc. Hin nay ch 1g/ngi/nm nn d bo th trng nhp khu c ph vo Trung Quc s tng mnh trong thp k ti. - Tip theo Trung Quc l th trng Nga, cc nc ng v Nam u. C ph ngy cng c coi l ung thi thng Nga v nhu cu tiu th tng ln r rt. Theo d bo ca ICO ( T chc c ph th gii) tiu th ti th trng ny s tng 10%/nm. C ph ho tan hin nay kh c a chung ti Nga v ngy cng nhiu cng ty caVit Nam tham gia vo sn xut loi sn phm ny. Nhp khu c ph ca cc nc ng u khc d bo s tng khong 11,5%/nm trong thp k ti. - Nhu cu d bo s tng nhanh Hy Lp, Italia v B o Nha trong nhng nm 2010 2015. - Nm 2008, Thi Lan c th nhp khu 20.000 tn c ph, tng 28 ln so vi 700 tn ca nm 2007 do nhu cu tng mnh. Chareon Boonlarptaveechoke, thnh vin ca. Hip hi Cc nh xut khu C ph ti Thi Lan cho bit, nhp khu tng mnh nh vy l do nhu cu cao ca hng Nestle Thi Lan, bn cnh cn do nhu cu tch tr hng ca cc nh xut khu trc d on gi c ph s cao hn trong nm 2009. Thi Lan d kin s sn xut khong 50.000 tn c ph trong nm nay, trong 48.000 tn l loi robusta v phn cn li l arabica. Con s ny thp hn 5.000 tn hay 9% so vi sn lng ca nm
ngoi. Trong khi , tiu th c ph ca nc ny d kin s tng 10% ln 52.000 tn . - Trong nm 2008, cc nh xut khu ca Thi Lan s mua khong 10.000 tn d tr, tng gp i so vi d tr thng nin ca h. Hin ti, Thi Lan nhp khu c ph ti t Vit Nam v c ph rang xay t M. - Ngoi ra, nhu cu c ph cng c chiu hng gia tng cc nc sn xut, nht l Brazin. Hin nay, Brazin, cng nh mt s quc gia sn xut c ph hng u khc, bt u nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic y mnh tiu dng c ph trong nc. Brazin khng ch l nc xut khu c ph ng u th gii m cn xp th 2 sau M trong vic tiu th c ph. - Tiu th ngay ti Brazin nm 2008 cng s tng khong 4% 3, tc l tng i cao. Tiu th c ph ti Brazin c vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y tiu th c ph ton cu, bi th trng ny tng trng rt nhanh. - Theo d bo mi y ca B Nng nghip M (USDA), sn lng c ph v 2008/09 (thng 7/08 - thng 6/09) ca Braxin s tng 36% so vi v hin ti ln 51,1 triu bao loi 60kg nh chu k tng sn lng hai nm mt ln ca cy c ph Arabica - chim 75% tng sn lng c ph thu hoch c ca Braxin. Nh sn lng cao, xut khu ca v ti c d bo cng s tng 4% ln 28 triu bao. Trong , xut khu c ph ti s chim 24,57 triu bao cn c ph ho tan 3,3 triu bao. - Trong v 2007/08, xut khu c ph c t 26,87 triu bao, cao hn 12% so vi d bo trc . Mc d sn lng thp song xut khu c h tr nh lng c ph d tr t v trc. - Hin ti, c ph Braxin vn cnh tranh trn th trng th gii do chi ph sn xut cao v s mt gi ca ng USD so vi ng Real. Xut khu c ph ca Braxin chim 30% tng xut khu ton cu.
1.7.2 Tnh hnh s dng c ph Vit Nam.

- Theo s liu iu tra VLSS 2002 (b s liu ca iu tra Mc sng Dn C Vit Nam nm 2002 ) khng c nhiu ngi dn Vit Nam tiu th c ph trong h gia nh. - Trong ngy thng, c khong 19,2% tiu th c ph, trong 47% tiu th c ph ung lin v 53% tiu th c ph bt. Tuy nhin, trong dp l tt, s lng ngi tiu th c ph trong h gia nh tng ln, khong 23% s h. Trung bnh nm 2002, ngi Vit Nam tiu th khong 1,25 kg c ph/nm, bao gm c ph tiu th trong ngy thng (c ph ung lin v c ph bt) v c ph ung trong dp l tt. Tuy nhin, trong iu tra ny, ch c s liu v gi tr ca c ph ung lin. Gi tr tiu th c ph trung bnh ca ngi dn Vit Nam nm 2002 l khong 9130 /ngi/nm.
* Khc bit gia nng thn v thnh th. - Tiu th ni a c ph c s khc bit ln gia thnh th v nng thn c v lng v gi tr. Lng tiu th bnh qun u ngi ca thnh th nm 2002 (2,4kg) cao gp 2,72 ln tiu th ca nng thn (0,89 kg). Trong khi , gi tr tiu th bnh qun u ngi ca thnh th t 20280 ng, cao gp 3,5 ln mc ca nng thn. B s liu VHLSS cng phn chia tiu th c ph thnh hai loi c ph bt v c ph ung lin. - Tnh hnh tiu th ca c hai loi c ph bt v c ph ung cng c s khc bit ln gia thnh th v nng thn. Khu vc thnh th tiu th c ph ung lin nhiu gp 2,74 ln khu vc nng thn, trong khi , chnh lch v gi tr tiu th loi c ph ny l gn 5 ln gia hai khu vc. Gi tr tiu th tiu th c ph bt khu vc thnh th ln gp 2,65 ln khu vc nng thn (7,8 v 2,9 nghn /ngi/nm).
Hnh 7: Lng tiu th c ph bt v ung lin thnh th v nng thn (kg/ngi/nm) Ngun: Tnh ton t VHLSS 2002 (Trn Qunh Chi) - S khc bit ln v gi tr tiu th c th do gi khu vc thnh th cao hn khu vc nng thn nh mc sng cao hn. Nm 2002, tng chi tiu khu vc thnh th khong 27 triu ng trong khi tng chi tiu khu vc nng thn ch c khong 12 triu ng. Ngoi ra, chnh lch v gi tr cng c th do cht lng c ph bn ti th trng thnh th cao hn th trng nng thn.
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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein * Khc bit gia cc nhm thu nhp
- Cc h gia nh c chia lm 5 nhm da trn thu nhp ca h, mi nhm chim 20% tng s h, t nhm ngho nht n nhm giu nht. Tiu th c ph bnh qun u ngi tng dn t nhm c thu nhp thp nht n nhm c thu nhp cao nht. Trong , lng tiu th c ph ca nhm 5 cao hn nhm 1 n gn 18 ln, tuy nhin, gi tr tiu th ch chnh lch khong gn 9 ln. Nh vy, v m t thng k, tiu th c ph c xu hng thay i theo thu nhp. Tnh hnh tiu th c ph bt v ung lin cng din bin theo xu hng trn, tuy nhin, lng c ph bt tiu th thp hn nhiu so vi lng c ph ung lin. nhm thu nhp cao nht, lng c ph ung lin c tiu th nhiu gp 9,4 ln lng c ph bt. Trong khi , nhm ngho nht, mc chnh lch ny l 9,8 ln. * Khc bit gia cc vng. - Hu ht cc khu vc Vit Nam u tiu th c ph nhng rt khc nhau. Nam Trung B, ng bng Sng Cu Long v Duyn hi Nam Trung B l ba khu vc tiu th c ph nhiu nht trong c nc. Vng Ty Bc, ng Bc v ng Bng Sng Hng tiu th rt t c ph, thm ch khu vc Ty Bc hu nh khng tiu th (vi mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi ch c 0,03 kg/nm). Lng tiu th c ph khu vc Ty Nguyn nhiu th 4 trn c nc nhng vn mc thp so vi 3 khu vc ng u. Gi tr tiu th ca cc khu vc din bin khng hon ton ging nh lng tiu th. c bit l khu vc Duyn hi Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn. khu vc Duyn hi Nam Trung B, mc d lng tiu th u ngi rt cao (1,5kg/ngi/nm) nhng gi tr tiu th ch t 6230 /ngi/nm. Trong khi khu vc Ty Nguyn, cc con s ny ln lt l 0,28 kg v 4150. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gii thch hin tng ny l khu vc Ty Nguyn ch yu tiu th cc loi c ph bt, c cht lng cao, vi lng c ph bt tiu th khu vc ny cao th 3 trong ton quc (0,12 kg/ngi/nm) so vi mc 0,08 kg ca vng Duyn hi NTB. Tiu th c ph u ngi theo vng ca Vit Nam nm 2002.
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Hnh 8: Tnh hnh tiu th c ph cc vng ca Vit Nam. Ngun: Tnh ton t VHLSS (Trn Qunh Chi) * Tiu th c ph Vit Nam - nhn nh t cc ngun thng tin khc - Theo nhn nh ca nhiu chuyn gia, tiu th ni a ca c ph Vit nam cn qu t. Trong khi mi ngi Bc u ung 10 kg c ph nhn mi nm, Ty u l 5-6 kg th ngi Vit Nam mi tiu th khong 500 gr. (www.vnexpress.net, 10/2005). Vit Nam vn l nc sn xut c ph ch ng sau Brazil v l nc ng u v sn xut c ph vi. Theo s liu t Vicofa, tc tng trng bnh qun din tch t trng c ph t khong 15% trong nhng nm 90, v ti cui th k 20 c nc c khong na triu hecta c ph. Hin nay hu ht c ph nhn c sn xut ra l phc v xut khu. Sn lng xut khu ca Vit Nam t 600.000-700.000 tn c ph nhn mi nm. Hai v c ph 2000-2001 v 2003-2004 Vit Nam xut khu trn 800.000 tn c ph. Cng nh nhiu ngnh sn xut khc, c bit l thy sn v nng sn, cc doanh nghip kinh doanh ch bin c ph "chung" u t xut khu hn l tiu th th trng ni a. - Mt s nghin cu gn y c Ngn hng th gii (WB) a ra cho thy tim nng th trng ni a ca Vit Nam c th tiu th ti 70.000 tn/nm. Ngha l vi sn lng c ph hng nm thu hoch c 700.000 - 800.000 tn th lng c ph tiu th ni a ca Vit Nam mc xp x 10%. Tuy nhin, theo s liu thng k ca cuc iu tra mc sng dn c trn th nu mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi c ph ca Vit Nam t 1,25kg/ngi/nm th nm 2002, mc tng tiu th c nc phi t khong 95,000 tn. Trong khi theo Hip hi C ph th gii, tiu dng ni a ca c ph Vit Nam hin ch t khong 5%, thp nht trong s cc nc sn xut c ph.
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Mc chnh lch ny cng "khp khing" nu so vi sn lng tiu dng c ph ni a ca cc nc thnh vin Hip hi C ph th gii l 25,16%. iu ny cho thy, c rt nhiu ngun thng tin nh gi v mc tiu th u ngi khc nhau v cho nhng s liu rt khc bit. chnh l mt trong nhng l do khin cho nhm nghin cu ca Vin Chnh sch v Chin lc PTNN-NT tin hnh nghin cu ny. Trc tnh hnh mc tiu th ni a thp nh trn, mt s hng sn xut trong nc v lin doanh c ph Vit Nam lin tc a ra nhng chin lc kinh doanh khc nhau nhm thu ht khch hng.
1.8. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph. 1.8.1. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph trn th gii.
- Tng cu c ph cc nc tiu th truyn thng c xu hng chng li. Tuy nhin, nhu cu tiu th c ph ung lin, cc sn phm c ph cht lng cao v khc bit li ang c a chung. ng thi, cc th trng ny cng tng thi quen tiu dng c ph kiu espresso, loi c ph khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo hng v c ph arabica c ch bin t. Cc th trng truyn thng Ty u v Bc M c xu hng tng chm do lng tiu th bnh qun u ngi hin mc cao nh Phn Lan 11,21 kg/ngi/nm, B Luxembourg 9,6 kg/ngi/nm, c 6,64 kg/ngi/nm v M 4,24 kg/ngi/nm trong nm 2003 (theo USDA). Ngi Anh vn thch ung tr cngtiu dng khong 2,2 kg/ngi v Ai Len l 1,31 kg/ng1. Do , mc tng nhu cu d bo khong 1,3%/nm t nay n nm 2010 ch tng ng vi tc tng trng dn s cc nc ny, so snh vi mc 2,3% trong thp k 90 th k XX. - Tiu th c ph ca Indonesia trong nhng nm gn y t mc tng ng k. T nm 1998 n 2003, lng tiu th trong nc ca nc ny tng hn 50.000 tn, tng ng vi khong 10%. Mc tng c duy tr lin tc trong sut giai on ny. Tuy nhin, cho n 2003, tiu th trong nc cng mi t khong 133 nghn tn, chim 27,7% tng sn lng (Benny, 2003). Mc d mc tiu th c ph bnh qun u ngi trn phm vi ton cu t thay i trong nhng nm qua, dao ng trong khong 4,5-4,7 kg/ngi/nm v mc tiu th thp cc nc xut khu c ph, ch khong 1kg/ngi/nm nhng nhu cu th gii trong thi gian ti chc chn s tng do xu hng tng nhanh cc th trng mi ni v chnh sch khuyn khch tiu dng ni a c ph cc nc xut khu chnh. Do , tiu th c ph ca cc nc ang pht trin d bo s tng bnh qun 2,5%/nm, a t trng ca cc nc ang pht trin trong tng mc tiu th c ph ton cu ln 30% trong nm 2010. - Cc loi c ph chnh c tiu th trn th gii hin nay: Cc th trng ng u, ng Nam v Bc Phi ngy cng tng tiu th c ph ho tan c pha ch t c ph cht lng thp Robusta. Cc loi c ph 3 trong 1 (ng, bt sa v c ph ho tan) ang rt c a chuc cc nc ng
Nam . Hin nay, c ph Robusta c dng ph bin hn pha ch vi c ph Arabica do lng cung c ph Robusta tng mnh trong hn 1 thp k qua v cng ngh ch bin c ph c ci tin. - Trc tnh hnh cu c xu hng tng v cung c xu hng gim, ngi dn trng c ph li c thm c hi tng gi tr gia tng cho sn phm ca mnh. Tuy nhin, vic ph thuc vo th trng th gii nh vy t ra khng bn vng v tng lm nhiu nc tht bi. Bi hc n by gi vn cn gi tr v buc ngnh c ph phi tm nhiu con ng khc nhau tng gi tr gia tng. Mt trong nhng bin php l pht trin tiu th ni tiu. Bin php ny c bit ng vi Vit Nam, mt quc gia nm trong nhm cc nc sn xut c ph ln nhng tiu th trong nc ch chim trung bnh 5% tng sn lng, duy tr mc 500.000 bao/nm trong 3 nm gn y (USDA, 2003).
1.8.2. Xu hng pht trin cy c ph Vit Nam.

- Vit Nam l nc sn xut c ph robusta ln nht th gii vi hn 95% sn lng l cc loi ht c ph gi r v ch c khong 2-3% sn lng l cc loi c ph Arabica. Tuy nhin, theo BMI, tng sn lng c ph nin v 2008 gim ng k, t khong 18,33 triu bao loi 60 kg gim 13,9% so vi nm 2007 do ma ln v sng gi. Tng sn lng nm 2009 tng trng 7,3% t mc 19,67 triu tn bt chp iu kin kh hu khng thun li ti cc tnh trng c ph ln nh k Lk, Lm ng v c Nng. - BMI d bo nm 2010 sn lng c ph ca Vit Nam vn tip tc gim. Ma tri ma khin c ph ra hoa sm ti rt nhiu khu vc. Sau li l thi k kh hn ko di lm h hi ht c ph. Hip hi C ph Ca cao Vit Nam (Vicofa) d kin sn lng nm 2010 s xung thp hn mc nm 2009. Thu hoch nin v 2009/10 b ngng tr do nh hng ca cn bo kinh hong Ketsana qut qua ng Nam , v tn ph min Trung Vit Nam vo cui thng 9 nm 2009. Cn bo Ketsana trt xung nhng trn ma d di v khin cho mt s qu xanh b rng, sn lng s b gim i nhng khng qu nhiu v ma ln cng khng nh hng nhiu lm n cc vng trng c ph chnh. - Tip v ma thu hoch li b gin on do nh hng ca bo Mirinae hi u thng 11. y chnh l nguyn nhn khin cho BMI h mc d bo sn lng nm 2010 xung cn 17,37 triu bao (trc l 18,20 triu bao). Mc d c nhng tht bi ngn hn v hin tng gim gi, nhng xt v trung hn, trin vng sn xut c ph ti Vit Nam vn cn rt tim nng. BMI d bo sn lng s tng 14,5% so vi nm 2009 v c th t 22,61 triu bao trong nm 2014. - Xt v cu: Nm 2009, theo s liu cp nht t B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA), tiu th c ph Vit Nam tng 18,2%/nm tng ng 1,06 triu bao, cao hn so vi d bo trc ca BMI l 921.300 bao. Mc d con s
trn kh n tng nhng tc tng trng tiu th c ph nm 2008 v 2009 chm li do nn kinh t tng trng chm v lm pht cao. - Theo BMI, thu nhp tng cng vi tc th ha nhanh v s pht trin ca cc ca hng c ph kiu phng Ty cc khu vc thnh ph trung tm s tc ng tch cc ti sc tiu th c ph ti Vit Nam. n nm 2014, BMI d bo tc tiu th s tng 46,2% tng ng 1,56 triu bao. - Mc d sc tiu th c tng trong nhng nm gn y, nhng nm 2009 sc tiu th ni a ch t hn 5% sn lng c ph ca c nc. Tiu th trong nc chnh l ng lc h tr thc s cho ngi nng dn v gim bt s ph thuc qu nhiu vo xut khu. V th, cc bin php thit thc t pha chnh ph v cc c quan B, ngnh s rt cn thit thc y thi quen ung c ph ca ngi dn. B NN & PTNT t mc tiu s thc y sc tiu th trong nc ln 10-15% sn lng c ph quc gia. Tuy nhin, BMI lo ngi s kh t c mc tiu ny trong giai on t nay n nm 2014. Bng 2: Sn lng v tiu th c ph ti Vit Nam
2009* 2010** 2011** 2012** 2013** 2014** Sn 19.670 17.366 18.251 19.673 21.093 22.611 lng1 (n v: nghn bao loi 60kg) Tiu th2 (n v: nghn bao loi 60kg) Ghi ch: *: c tnh; **: d bo; Ngun: 1USDA, Vicofa, BMI, 2USDA, BM1. * Sn lng tng, Gi tr gim. - Mc d trong nin v c ph 2008-2009, Vit Nam vn ng th hai th gii v xut khu vi sn lng 1,1 - 1,2 triu tn, nhng v gi tr xut khu li xp
1.064 1.101
1.189
1.292
1.420
1.556
th t trn th gii. Theo B NN & PTNT vi gi xut khu c ph th gii gim v cht lng c ph khng cao th kim ngch xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam trong nm 2009 mc d tng vi tc 15,8%/nm tng ng 18,85 triu bao, nhng vn gim 20% so vi nm 2008. Vicofa cho bit do nh hng ca thi tit ma nhiu nn ht en nhiu (ch ring ht c ph en chim 15% sn lng thu hoch c ph ca c nc), nh hng ti cht lng sn phm khin gi gim. Mc d trong nm 2009, Chnh ph a ra nhiu chnh sch mi nhm thc y vic ti c cu li cy c ph, nhng phn ln ngi nng dn vn cn u t v m rng din tch sn xut cy trng hin c. - T cui nm 2008 n nay, gi c ph lun bin ng tht thng, c lc tng ln 1.600 - 1.700 USD/tn ri ri xung 1.200 USD/tn (gi FOB ti cng Tp.HCM), gy kh khn cho cc doanh nghip xut khu. Thng 9 nm 2009, Vicofa cng b k hoch mua 3,33 triu bao c ph tng gi v h tr thu mua tm tr c ph cho nng dn. Bin php ny c th y gi tng trong ngn hn nhng xt v lu v di ngi nng dn vn phi gnh chu nhng thit hi do nhng bin ng ca gi c ph th gii. - Ti cuc hp v thu mua tm tr c ph, VICOFA ngh Chnh ph v cc b, ngnh lin quan xem xt c chnh sch u i vn vay doanh nghip c th mua v k gi cho b con khong 200.000 tn c ph nhn mi nm, chn thi im thch hp bn ra iu tit th trng. Kin ngh ny c cc B NN & PTNT, B Cng Thng, B Ti chnh ng tnh. Vn hin nay l phi chn c doanh nghip c nng lc v uy tn ng ra trin khai thu mua tm tr cho ngi nng dn. - Cc bin php: B NN & PTNT cng ang tp trung vo vic nng cao cht lng c ph ca Vit Nam v ra mt k hoch nhm ci thin c s h tng cc khu vc trng c ph - cng nh y mnh hot ng xc tin thng mi, k thut canh tc mi v u t dy chuyn sn xut - c th p ng cc tiu chun quc t. - Theo bo co ca Bloomberg, thng 9 nm 2009, Tng cng ty C ph Vit Nam cho bit s c u t 2,5 t ng (tng ng 140 triu la M) trng mi v thanh l nhng khu vc c ph gi c1. Thay th nhng cy gi ci, trong c cy nhiu hn 20 nm, s nng cao nng sut trong di hn v nng cao sc khng ca cy trng vi bnh. B NN & PTNT cng cho bit B s a ra cc bin php nhm ngn chn s pht trin t pht trong vic m rng din tch vng trng c ph n nm 2010 v thay vo l tp trung vo nng cao sn lng v u t vo cy mi. * Tiu th trong nc thp nhng c xu hng tng - Hip hi C ph- Ca cao Vit Nam cho bit, nc ta mi nm sn xut trn 1 tn c ph nhn, l quc gia c sn lng c ph ln ng th 2 trn th gii ch sau Braxin. Th nhng, v tiu th c ph trong nc, nc ta cn qu thp.
C th, mi nm, c nc ch tiu dng 938.000 bao (bao 60 kg) tng ng 56.000 tn, chim cha n 6% trong tng sn lng c ph hng nm. - Qu II nm 2009, Vin Chnh Sch V Chin Lc Pht Trin Nng Nghip Nng Thn tin hnh nghin cu tiu th c ph trong nc ti hai thnh ph ln H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Kt qu iu tra t 540 gia nh, 60 ngi ung c ph ti qun v 40 qun c ph ti H Ni v Tp.HCM cho thy tiu th c ph ti c hai thnh ph u tng v s lng v gi tr. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l s ni ln ca rt nhiu qun c ph kiu phng Ty v thi quen thng thch ngy cng tng ca ngi dn i vi cc loi c ph cht lng cao. - Kho st ny cho thy khch hng tui thanh nin v v thnh nin c mc tng tiu th c ph nhanh nht, c v c ph bt v c ph ha tan. Nhm thanh nin v trung nin c mc tiu dng c ph cao nht. Nhm tui gi tng mc tiu th rt t v ch tng lng tiu th c ph bt. - Xt v ngnh ngh, nhng ngi lm vic nhiu v tr c v c k nng chuyn mn, k thut vin tiu th c ph nhiu nht. Mc tiu th cng tng mnh lao ng gin n. - Min Nam c lng tiu th cao gp 4 - 5 ln so vi min Bc v min Trung. Kho st hai thnh ph ln cho thy, nm 2008, bnh qun mt gia nh Tp.HCM tiu dng 6,1 kg c ph/nm, cao gp 3 ln so vi H N1. Ti Tp.HCM, c ph c ung ti qun nhiu hn. Ngc li, H Ni ung ti nh nhiu hn v c mt nhm ng k ung vn phng. Bng 3: Sn lng v tiu th c ph ti Vit Nam 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009* 2010**
Sn 14.500 13.666 19.500 18.333 19.670 17.366 lng (n v: nghn bao loi 60kg) Tiu th (n v: nghn bao loi 60kg) Ghi ch: *: c tnh; **: d bo; Ngun: USDA, Vicofa, BMI,.
618
687
858
900
1064
1101
2. Cc nghin cu v c ph tch cafein:

2.1. Tng quan v cafein:
2.1.1. nh ngha: Cafein l mt hp cht t nhin c mt trong l, ht v qu ca hn 60 loi thc vt. Do , cc loi thc phm hay ung s dng cc loi thc vt trn lm nguyn liu s cha mt hm lng cafein t nhin. Ngoi ra, nhiu nh sn xut cn b sung cafein vo sn phm tng thm mi v hoc tng tc dng y hc i vi mt s sn phm c bit.
2.1.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca cafein

Cafein l ankaloid cha m, cng thc C8H10O2N4.H2O, thuc nhm hp cht c vng purin. Cafein kt tinh vi mt phn t nc nhng tr nn khan khi un nng n nhit 80 100 0C. cafein khan cha 20.8% N.
Hnh 9: Cng thc phn t ca cafein.

Cafein khan dng tinh th trng hnh kim, tan trong nc v clorofom,mt phn trong ru. Tnh cht. - Khi lng mol : 194,19 g/mol - Trng thi: Rn - Nhit nng chy: 238 0C - Nhit si: Thng hoa 178 C - Khi lng mol ca cafein l 194,2 g. - nhit bnh thng mt lt nc ch ho tan 20 g cafein, trong khi mt lt nc si ho tan ti 700 g.
2.1.3. Tc dng dc l ca cafein:

i vi h thn kinh trung ng, cafein c tc dng rt mnh, ngi dng nhiu cafein hoc ung c cafein cm thy tnh to, mt bun ng, t mt mi v t duy minh mn. Cafein dng vi liu ln th kch thch mnh thn kinh trung ng, xut hin trng thi bn chn, lo lng mt ng, nhng ngi hay dng c ph th nhng biu hin ny thng khng r, liu cao c th lm c th lm co dt cc b hoc ton thn. Cafein cn c tc dng kch thch h hp, i vi h tim mch, cafein c th lm tr ngi khng ngoi vi, kch thch tim. Liu 250 300 mg cafein gy nn nhp tim nhanh, huyt p tng nhanh c huyt p tng thu v huyt p tng trng. Nhng cng vi liu lng trn i vi ngi thng dng c ph th triu chng trn s khng xut hin. nng cao hn cafein kch thch h hp, i vi h tim mch, cafein c tc dng lm tng nhp tim r rt, nhng ngi mn cm c th xy ra hin tng lon nhp tim. i vi thc vt, cafein l mt th thuc tr su t nhin. N lm t lit v git cht su b n thc vt. Phn t ny c chit xut ln u tin vo nm 1819, bi nh ho hc Php, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge. Nu l loi tinh khit, cafein dng bt mu trng v cc k ng. N c thm vo cla, v nhiu loi thc ung khc em li mt v ng th v rt c bit. Tuy nhin, cafein cn l mt cht kch thch c th gy nghin. Trong c th ngi ta, n gy s kch thch ln cc dy thn kinh, nhp tim, s h hp, lm thay i tnh cch con ngi , v hot ng cng ging nh mt cht li tiu. Ngi ta tin rng cafein lm tr ngi s tip nhn thng tin ca no b v cc c quan khc. Vic gim s tip nhn thng tin ny s lm chm li cc hot ng ca t bo. Nhng t bo thn kinh b kch thch v tit ra hc-mn
epinrin (arenalin) lm tng nhp tim, huyt p, v lng mu chy trong cc c, gim mu chy n da v cc b phn khc. V gy ra s gii phng glucose trong c th. cafein cn lm tng mc truyn t ca thn kinh. Cafein nhanh chng c o thi khi no hon ton. N ch c hiu qu trong mt thi gian ngn v c khuynh hng khng lm nh hng nhiu n s tp trung hay nhng chc nng khc ca no. Tuy nhin, sau mt thi gian s dng cafein, ta s tng sc chu ng i vi n. Sc chu ng khin cho c th d nhy cm. V th vic cai nghin s khin cho huyt p gim, c th gy ra au u v mt s triu chng khc. Vi qu nhiu lng cafein c th gy ra ng c cafein. Mt s c im nh: nng tnh, thng xuyn ri vo tnh trng b kch ng, lm gim s tiu tin, gy mt ng, mt ng, lm lnh tay, chn, bnh ng rut, v thnh thong li b o gic. Liu gy c LD-50 ca cafein (l lng cafein c th lm cht 50% dn s) khong 10 g, tng ng vi 100 tch c ph. LD-50 ca cafein cho mt con chut cng nng 1 kg l 381 mg. c bit rng, nc bi c kh nng ko di thi gian bn hu ca cafein, bi cht ng trong qu bi s km hm qu trnh trao i cht ca cafein trong gan. Mt s ngi mc phi cc triu chng ng c cafein sau khi dng khong 250 mg mi ngy. i vi ngi ln, c tnh khong 13-19 gam, cafein c th gy cht ng1. Trong khi c coi l an ton i vi con ngi, cafein c th rt c i vi th nui, nh ch, nga hay vt. Cafein c chng minh c th lm gim bnh tiu ng (dng II). Ngoi vic dng cafein nh mt cht kch hay l mt thi quen, chng cn c th lm thuc gim au u kh hiu qu.
2.2 C ph tch cafein l g ?

Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta bn lun rt nhiu v nh hng ca cafein n sc kho con ng1. Nhng nh hng ny c cp phn C ph - Sc kho. Nhng tranh ci v vn ny vn cn l mt ch cn c tho lun v nghin cu. Qu trnh kh cafein (decafeination) l qu trnh m cafein c tch khi ht c ph. Tin s Ludwig Roselius l ngi u tin pht minh ra k thut kh cafein m khng lm nh hng n hng v ca c ph. C ph c kh 97% cafein th c gi l C Ph Kh Cafein (Decafeinated Coffee Decaf Coffee). Mt tch c ph khong 8 ounce c kh cafein cha khong 5 miligram cafein, cn mt tch c ph pha bng phng php nh git, hay mt tch Espresso vi cng khi lng cha ti 40180 miligram. Nhng b li, c ph Decaf t hn c ph bnh thng. S chnh lch v gi c ny l do nhng cng ngh c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin tch cafein. Xu hng ung c ph Decaf ang tng ln tng ngy, v vy doanh thu ca nhng nh sn xut loi c ph ny cng tng nhanh chng.
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2.3. Cc nghin cu v c ph c hm lng cafein thp 2.3.1. Th gii:

To ra ging c ph c c tnh kh cafein Cc nh nghin cu ngi Braxin khng nh h to ra c mt ging c ph him c, c kh nng cho ra mt loi c ph khng c cht cafein m khng lm mt i hng v c ph. Cc nh nng hc ny, cng trnh nghin cu ca h mi c ng trn tp ch Nature, khm ph ra ging c ph (gc Ethiopia) trong s 3000 cy c ph arabica c trng th nghim Campinas (gn Sao Paolo), trong khun kh mt chng trnh nhm gim hm lng cafein trong c ph.
Hnh 10: C ph arabica
Mc d hin c hng trm ging c ph, nhng vic sn xut c ph trn th gii vn ch da trn 2 trong s cc ging c ph ny: Coffea arabica v Coffea canephona, tc Robusta. Ging Coffea arabica c ht t ng hn, thm hn v cha t cafein hn t 2 n 3 ln so vi Coffea canephona. Hin Coffea arabica chim hn 2/3 sn lng c ph th gii. Nm 2007 cc nh nghin cu ngi Nht, cng trnh ca h cng c ng trn t Nature, thng bo rng h to ra c nhng cy c ph Coffea canephora bin i gen v c hm lng cafein thp. Nhu cu c ph t cht cafein ang tng, nhng s kh cafein thng thng bng cc bin php x l cng nghip li rt tn km v thng lm gim hng v c ph. Theo cc nh nghin cu thuc Vin sinh hc trng i hc Campinas, 3 mu cy c t tn l AC1, AC2, AC3 loi tr c cht cafein. H cho bit, giai on sau s nhm a cc gen ca 3 mu ny vo cc ging arabica ph
bin hn bng phng php k thut truyn thng, nhm to ra loi c ph t hoc khng c cafein v d trng. Quy trnh kh cafein bng cng ngh sinh hc. Nhng nghin cu mi nht kh cafein trong c ph l nhng nghin cu thuc lnh vc cng ngh sinh hc. Ti H Glasgrow (Scotland) v H Ochanomizu and Tsukuba (Nht), cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v phong ta gen tng hp cafein trong c ph, hay s dng mt enzym ngn cn qu trnh sinh tng hp cafein cy c ph.
2.3.2. Vit Nam

Hin nay Vit Nam khi nim c ph kh cafein cn kh mi m. Thi quen s dng c ph thng thng c hm lng cafein cao ang chim u th trn th phn trong nc. Nhng nghin cu v ng sn xut c ph c hm lng cafein thp cha thc s pht trin.
3. Quy trnh sn xut c ph tch cafein

3.1. C s ca phng php Cafein l mt cht hu c c kh nng ha tan trong mt s dung mi hu c m c bit l n c kh nng ha tan trong trong nc ngay nhit bnh thng. Mt lt nc nhit bnh thng ha tan c 20g trong khi mt lt nc si c kh nng ha tan 700g cafein. Nc l mt dung mi c mt khp mi ni trn th gii l mt dung mi c kh nng ha tan c mt s cht hu c trong c cafein m khng c hi vi sc khe ca con ngi.
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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein 3.2. Quy trnh cng ngh
C ph
Thu hi Tch tp cht Tp cht
Phn loi Tch phn v v phn tht
h, xu
Nc
Tch t Kh cafein Thu hi hng
cafein
Sy
Bo qun
C ph ht Hnh 11: Quy trnh sn xut c ph ht tch cafein.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein 3.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.3.1. Thu hi C hai cch hi c ph:
Hi ton b trong mt v: c th hi bng tay hoc bng my. Ch chn nhng tri chn m hi: Cch ny ch thc hin bng tay. Phng php ny ch thng p dng cho loi c ph Arabica do loi ny c cht lng caohn.Ch chn nhng ht c ph c chn, cht lng cao. 3.3.2. Tch tp cht, phn loi C ph sau khi thu hi do ln nhiu tp cht trc khi qua giai on xt ti cn qua giai on tch tp cht nh l, cnh cy, ng thi phn loi ring cc ht c ph khng t yu cu nh ht xanh, lp, su bnh Qu trnh tch tp cht v phn loi c th thc hin bng phng php c gii, phn loi theo t trng bng b xiphng. Tch bng phng php xiphng khng nhng tch c tp cht m cn ra sch c ph trc khi a vo xay xt.
Hnh 12: B xi phng.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca b xiphng B c bm nc ti 4/5 th tch b v c cp nc lin tc theo ng ng v ng ngang pha trn chy ra ngoi, ko theo cc qu c ph theo nguyn l bnh xiphng. nc d tha chy qua mt ming x dt gn thnh b, ko theo cc tp cht nh nh rc, cnh, l, qu c ph lp, su bnh Cc tp cht nng nh gch, t , ct, sn lng xung y b v c x ra ngoi sau mi ln ngng my.
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Chn b xiphng tch tp cht v phn loi v: + Cu to n gin, d thao tc. + Hiu qu phn loi v tch tp cht cao. + Lm sch s b c ph trc khi xt. 3.3.3. Tch phn v v phn tht (xt ti) Nhm mc ch tch phn lp v tht qu bn ngoi. Phi c thc hin cng sm cng tt khng nn qu 24 gi. Nhm trnh tin trnh ln men ngoi mun pht sinh v l trong ht c ph. Xt v l s tc ng c gii vo tri c ph. Yu cu cho cc thit b xt v l thc hin chnh xc cng vic tch v bn ngoi m khng lm tn thng n v thc v ht c ph bn trong.
Hnh 13: My xt a. 3.3.4. Tch nht, ra nht 3.3.4.1.Cc phng php tch nht Phng php ln men Phng php sinh ha: s dng enzyme:pectase, protopectinase, pectinase. Phng php ha hc: s dng NaOH, Na2CO3 hoc vi. Nc m. y quan tm n phng php ln men: V: + Hiu qu tch nht cao m chi ph cho mt n v sn phm thp.
+ D thc hin v khng lm nh hng n cht lng c ph C ph thc sau khi c xt ti ra c dn n cc b ngm bng xi mng, th tch 1 10m3 , thnh b cao 1 1.5m. y thc hin qu trnh ln men t nhin. Tc nhn ln men: Cc vi sinh vt a m hiu kh c kh nng phn gii cc cht nht.
iu kin ln men:
- Nhit b cha t 36 40oC - m khi ht 60 70% - pH = 5 5.5 Mc ch ln men

+ Phn hy lp cht nhy c trong v c ph gip vic ra ht c d dng
v sch s. + Rt ngn thi gian kh cafein. Cch thc hin Vic c ph c thc hin trong cc b xi mng. Ht c ph va c bc v c vo b, dn u ri dng bao ti ln. Thi gian ko di t 12 36 gi ty thuc vo nhit mi trng. Sau 5 6 gi, c ph c o trn u cung cp y oxy cho kh . Nhit u khp khi . Nu khng nhit tng cao s lm nh hng n cht lng ln men. Khi kim tra thy cc ht xo vo nhau khng cn trn na m c cm gic hi nhm th cng vic coi nh hon thnh c th ra sch nht v chuyn qua cng on kh cafein. 3.3.4.2. Ra nht Mc ch: loi b lp cht nht ln men, tp cht, v tri cn dnh Qu trnh ra c nh hng n thi gian qu trnh kh cafein sau ny. Nu ra k th thi gian tch cafein ngn v ngc li. Cch tin hnh: c ph c ra trong b ngm , khy trn, thay nc lin tc
Tng quan v c ph tch cafein cho n khi nc trong l c.
Hnh 14: Cng on ra nht
Hnh 15: Ht c ph sau khi ra nht
3.3.5. Kh cafein 3.3.5.1. Nhng phng php kh cafein C ba phng php kh cafein khi ht c ph: phng php kh cafein bng nc (Water Solvent method), phng php kh cafein bng CO2 siu ti hn(Supercritical Carbon Dioxide method) v phng php kh cafein bng dung mi (Solvent method). 3.3.5.1.1.Phng php kh cafein bng nc (Water Decafeination) y l phng php c s dng rng ri nht kh cafein. Phng php ny ch s dng nc lm dung mi l nc ch khng dng thm bt k mt cht ho hc no khc. Mt trong s nhng phng php kh cafein bng nc ph bin nht l phng php kiu Thy S. Phng php ny khng gy c hi v khng lm nh hng ti hng v ca c ph. 3.3.5.1.2. Phng php kh cafein bng CO2 (Supercritical Carbon Dioxide decafeination) Phng php ny s dng CO2 kh cafein. Nhit v p sut cao c s dng bin CO2 thnh mt dung mi. (Trong ting Anh th Supercritical c ngha l siu ti hn, cht lng siu ti hn hnh thnh khi nhit v p sut vt qu im ti hn (critical point). trng thi ny, t trng ca pha lng v pha kh bng nhau, ranh gii phn bit gia 2 pha bin mt). y l phng php kh cafein ph bin nht hin nay. Bng cch s d CO2ng , mt cht ho hc bn vng, cafein cha trong c ph s b loi b. CO2 d tha c th c thi ra ngoi khng kh mt cch an ton v khng lm hi g n mi trng. Thm vo , nu c iu chnh ng cch, phng php ny s cho ta gi hng v ca c ph hu nh nguyn vn. 97-99% cafein s c tch khi ht
c ph. Phng php ny cng khng li nhng cht c hi c kh nng e do sc khe con ngi. S bt tin ca phng php ny l v gi c. y l mt phng php t tin, bi vic to p sut cao i hi nhiu my mc v thit b phc tp. 3.3.5.1.3. Phng php kh cafein bng dung mi (Solvent Decafeination) y l phng php c nht dng tch chit cafein khi ht c ph. phng php ny, ht c ph c xc trong mt dung mi c kh nng hp th cafein, sau dung mi ny s c tch ra. Qu trnh xc v tch chit s tip tc cho ti khi mc cafein t ti mong mun. Phng php ny thng c b hn ch s dng v n li nhng cht thi c hi trong ht c ph. Sau khi c ph c kh cafein, n c chuyn qua giai on Rang. Ngy nay, vi nhng phng php tin tin v my mc v cng ngh, ngi tiu dng c th chn la rt nhiu loi c ph kh cafein (Decaf coffee) cht lng cao. V vi xu hng quan tm ti sc khe ngi tiu dng nh by gi th ngnh cng nghip sn xut c ph Decaf s cn pht trin mnh m. 3.3.5.2. Cc qu trnh kh cafein Theo nh nhng thng tin trn thi hin nay c 3 phng php decaf c ph chnh sau y l : : phng php kh cafein bng nc (Water Solvent method), phng php kh cafein bng CO2 siu ti hn(Supercritical Carbon Dioxide method) v phng php kh cafein bng dung mi (Solvent method). 3.3.5.2.1. Quy trnh dng dung mi kh cafein: Hin nay quy trnh ny hu nh khng c s dng cc nc tin tin na, Vit Nam ch c 1 nh my decaf c ph nhng h s dng phng php nay vi cng ngh lc hu, nh my ny hot ng Singapo t 30 40 nm trc, nay h di chuyn nh my v Vit Nam hot ng, l nh my HIANG KIE. Cc bc thc hin qu trnh ny: - Dung mi( solvent) c th c s dng l methylene chloride hoc ethyl acetate-nc. Ht c ph sau khi c lm sch s c a vo ngm nc cho ht c ph trng n (water). - Sau a vo ngm trong dung mi ( extractors) - Trch cafein sau cho vo bn ra dung mi ( cafeine extraction) - Ty bng hi nc ( steam stripping) - Lm kh ( drying)
- Sau khi lm kh ht c ph s c a vo silo tnh hng ng bao ( storage in finished product silo) - Dung mi sau khi thu hi s c phc hi, lm sch bng chn khng v c ng -Thu hi cafein th ( crude cafeine recovery)
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Hnh 16: M hnh kh cafein bng dung mi
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3.3.5.2.2. Quy trnh kh cafein bng nc:

1 2
3 4
Hnh 17: M hnh qu trnh tch cafein bng nc
1. Tank th nht 2. Ca ly c ph kh cafein Nguyn tc hot ng: + Giai on 1
3. ng tun hon nc 4. Ct lc cafein
u tin c ph c chun b t nhng cng on trc ( xay v tht, ra nht) cho vo tank u tin, nc c gia nhit ln 80 90oC cng c dn cng vo tank. Ti y qu trnh kh cafein s b din ra. Cafein v mt s ankaloid khc c trch ly cng vi nc tun hon trong tank qua ct lc (4). Ct lc ny c cu to t nhng mng phn t Cacbon cho cc ankaloid i qua nhng cafein c gi li ti y. Nc sau khi qua ct lc c dn qua tank th hai. Giai on ny c thc hin trong khong 2.5 3.5 gi. + Giai on 2 C ph sau khi qua giai on 1 c kh 1 phn cafein c dn qua tank th hai cng vi nc tank th nht. Ti y qu trnh lp li nh giai on 1. Giai on ny c thc hin trong khong 2.5 3.5 gi.
Tng quan v c ph tch cafein + Giai on 3
Trong giai on ny qu trnh lp li nh hai nh giai on trc. Nhng cn ch n hm lng cafein cn li sau qu trnh trch ly. Khi 97% hm lng cafein c trch ly th chu k dng li. Ton b ht c ph c chuyn qua giai on lm kh, dng nc nng dng trch ly cafein c dn qua giai on thu hi hng. Giai on ny thc hin 2 2.5 gi. Ch trong qu trnh kh cafein - Nhit nc trch ly : 80 90oC - Tng thi gian qu trnh : 8 10 gi - Hm lng cafein cn li : 3%
3.3.5.2.3. Quy trnh kh cafein bng CO2

- C ph c ngm trong nc tinh khit, khi c ph hp th nc th ht n ra, cc phn t cafein lc nay nm trong nc. Ti thi im ny lng kh cacbon dioxide c thm vo p sut cao, lc ny nc v carbon dioxide l mt hn hp, carbon dioxide hot ng nh mt nam chm ht cc phn t cafein trong nc v tin hnh loi b carbon dioxide. Sau carbon dioxide c ti ch v ly cafein s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
Hnh 18: M hnh kh cafein bng CO2
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SOAKING ht c ph xanh trong nc tng gp i kch thc ca chng, cho php cc cafein ha trong nc Qu trnh kh cafein ra khi c ph c thc hin trc khi thc hin qu trnh rang v nghin nhm hn ch s tht thot v hng cng nh mt s hp cht khc.
3.3.6. Thu hi hng

Ht c ph qua cng on kh cafein mt i mt phn hng v vn c ca n. gi c hng v nng cao cht lng ta cn phi qua cng on thu hi hng. Hng v v ca c ph ch yu l cc ete, acid hu c, xeton l nhng cht d bay hi, li dng tnh cht ny m ngi ta cho cho bay hi cc cht ny c trongnc ca cng on kh cafein thu hi hng, v. Sau cc hng ny c phi ch tr li cho cng on sau. Nc qua cng on kh cafein c a ti thp thu hi hng. Ti y thc hin qu trnh trch ly v thu hi hng nhm gi c hng v ca c ph qua cng on kh cafein. 3.4. Kim tra nh gi 3.4.1. Mc ch nh lng hm lng cafein c trong ht c ph sau qu trnh trch ly cafein bng nc. nh gi cht lng ht c ph v phng php thc hin.
3.5. Cc phng php nh lng cafein trong c ph

3.5.1. Phng php trng lng: 3.5.1.1 Nguyn tc: Cafein trong c ph thng tn ti dng mui vi cc hp cht hu c. Khi x l nguyn liu bng NaOH hay NH4OH, cafein c gii phng di dng t do (dng baz), ng thi cng tch cc hp cht khc di dng t do. Sau khi dng KMnO4 ph v tp cht, loi tanin, da vo tnh ca cafein dng clorofom chit ly cafein. Dng clorofom c th lm cho mt s cht khc nh clorofin cng b chit ra, nn phi dng AlK(SO4)2 kt ta v dng valozin cun ly kt ta ny v khi lm lnh dung dch chng s bm cht vo thnh bnh. Phn dung dch cn li l cafein ha tan trong clorofom, sau khi ui ht dung mi s thu c cafein dng tinh th. 3.5.1.2. Ha cht v dng c:
Tng quan v c ph tch cafein _ Ct sch hoc bt thy tinh. _ Clorofom tinh khit.
_ Mui Kal(SO4)2 tinh th -ch axetat 10%. _ Vazolin -than hot tnh H2SO4 20%. _ KOH 25% -NH4OH 25%. _ NaOH 10% -KMnO4 2%. _ B chng ct tun hon v b thu hi dung mi. _ Ni un cch thy Phu chit loi 500ml. _ Bnh tam gic 250ml bit trng lng. _ ng ong loi 100ml. _ Phu lc bng hoc giy lc. _ Cc dng c thng thng khc. 3.5.1.3. Tin hnh: Cn chnh xc 2 hoc 3g c ph sy kh, nghin nh cho vo bnh tam gic ra sch sy kh. Cho thm vo 4-5g ct sch hoc bt thy tinh, lc u cho bt c ph v ct trn ln vo nhau, phn phi u trn y bnh. Dng dung dch NH4OH 25% nh git tm t bt c ph (khong 5-10ml), sau t bnh un trn ni cch thy tng cng qu trnh gii phng cafein t do v kt hp ui ht NH4OH. Sau khi ui ht NH4OH d, cho thm vo bnh 90ml clorofom, tip tc un trn ni cch thy c lp ng sinh hn trong 25-30 pht clorofom rt trit ht cafein trong bt c ph. Sau dng bng lc ly dung dch, gi b li trong bnh v dng clorofom ra trng ra nhiu ln, dch lc tp trung vo bnh tam gic dung tch 500ml (bnh tam gic ny c sn vazolin) v 4-5g KAl(SO4)2. Sau lp bnh vo b chng ct un cch thy thu hi li clorofom, sau khi ui ht dung mi, cho thm vo 125ml nc ct, tip tc un trn ni cch thy cho vazolin tan chy hon ton cun ly to cht. Sau lm lnh dung dch di ni nc lnh, khi lm lnh ch nghing xoay bnh vazolin cun tp cht bm chc vo thnh bnh, lc dung dch sang phu chit dng nc ct trng ra bnh v lc tp trung vo phu chit. Sau khi lc xong, cho thm vo phu chit 3-5ml KOH 25%, lc kt ta cc tp cht cn li. Tip tc dng KMnO4 25% nh git, kh tanin cho n khi mt mu vng. Sau thm 25ml clorofom vo phu chit, lc u trong 3 pht, lc ny dung dch c th chuyn mu t hng nht sang mu xanh l,
yn cho dung dch phn lp. Lp di l lp clorofom cha cafein, gn lp ny vo bnh tam gic cha 250ml bit trc trng lng. Tip tc dng clorofom chit ra dung dch cn li nhiu ln v gn lp clorofom tp trung vo bnh tam gic. Bnh tam gic ng clorofom c cha cafein c lp vo b chng ct, un cch thy thu hi dung m1. Sau khi ui ht dung mi (dung dch cn li 12ml) th ly bnh ra, yn cho cafein kt tinh, sau a i sy kh nhit 100-1500C trong 2 gi sau tnh kt qu. a. Tnh kt qu: M= Trong : M: phn trm cafein trong c ph. a: trng lng cafein thu c (g). A: trng lng cht kh ca c ph. Ch : Ngoi vic s dng clorofom th ta c th s dng cc phng php trng lng khc nh: + Dng dung dch ch axetat kt ta tp cht: Cn chnh xc 5g c ph sy kh nghin nh cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml, cho thm 100ml nc si v un trn ni cch thy 45 pht. Sau lc, phn b cn li cho thm 80ml nc ct un si, un cch thy thm 30 pht. Cho thm vo 16ml dung dch ch axetat kim tnh 10% kt ta tp cht, lc u v dng nc ct iu chnh n vch quy nh (250ml). Sau khi lc, ly 200ml dung dch cho vo bnh chit, dng H2SO4 20% kh lng ch axetat d. Sau lc v dng nc ct ra kt ta nhiu ln, lc v tp trung dung dch sang bt s, c c trn ni cch thy cho n khi dung dch cn li khong 10-20ml th chuyn sang phu chit (qua phu lc), cng trng ra bng nc ct hay clorofom chit rt nhiu ln nh bi trc. Sau khi ui ht dung mi, cho kt tinh, sy kh v cn lng cafein. 3.5.1.4. Tnh kt qu: M=
a *V 100% A*v a *100 A
Trong : M: phn trm cafein trong c ph. a: trng lng cafein thu c (g).
Tng quan v c ph tch cafein V: tng th tch dung dch cafein (ml). A: trng lng cht kh ca cafein (g). v: th tch dung dch em phn tch (ml).
+ Dng NaOH gii phng cafein v kh tp cht bng than hot tnh: Cn chnh xc 3g c ph sy kh, nghin nh, cho vo bnh tam gic c dung tch 150ml, lc nh cho bt c ph phn phi u trn y bnh. Dng 5ml dung dch NaOH 10% nh git thm t bt c ph. yn 15 pht, sau cho thm 60ml clorofom, un trn ni cch thy c sinh hn trong 30-40 pht. Sau khi un xong, lc qua bng hoc giy lc thy tinh, dng clorofom trng ra nhiu ln v tp trung sang bnh c dung tch 250-350ml, lc u v cho vo 1-2g than hot tnh ( dng bt hoc dng kh), tip tc lc kh tp cht cho n khi mt mu clorofin. Sau lc sang bnh tam gic bit trng lng, dng clorofom ra li nhiu ln v lc tp trung vo bnh tam gic trn. Lp b chng ct c thu hi dung mi un trn ni cch thy, sau khi ui ht dung mi yn cho cafein kt tinh, sy kh, cn v tnh ton kt qu nh phn trc. 3.5.2. nh lng cafein bng phng php th tch: 3.5.2.1. Nguyn tc: Khi dung dch cha cafein, nu c mt HCl th c th dng I2 trong KI lm ton b cafein chuyn sang kt ta dng c cng tc tng qut C6H10N4KI4. Sau dng Na2S2O3 bit nng chun lng I2 bit lng I2 tham gia phn ng, t tnh ra lng cafein c mt trong mu c ph. 3.5.2.2. Ha cht v dng c: _ Ch axetat kim tnh d=1.25 pha bo ha trong nc. _ Dung dch Na2S2O3 0.1N. _ Dung dch I2 pha trong KI 0.1N. _ HCl tinh khit d=1.18. _ Dung dch H2SO4 20%. _ H tinh bt 0.5%. _ Ni un cch thy. _ Bnh tam gic. _ Bnh nh mc.
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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein _ pipet. _ Buret v ng o 10, 25ml. _ Cc dng c n gin khc. 3.5.2.3. Tin hnh:
Cn chnh xc 5g c ph sy kh, nghin nh cho v bnh cu dung tch 250ml, cho thm vo 150-200ml nc ct un si v tip tc un cch thy trong 45 pht cho n khi bt c ph lng xung ht y bnh. Lc dung dch qua phu lc bng, trng ra b c ph nhiu ln bng nc ct un si v lc tp trung vo bnh nh mc 500ml, ct gi lm dung dch th nghim. Ly chnh xc 200ml dung dch c ph cho vo bnh nh mc 250ml, cho thm vo 4-5ml dung dch ch axetat kim trung tnh d=1.25 pha bo ha trong nc, dng nc ct iu chnh n vch nh mc, lc u, yn trong 5 pht sau lc. Ly 200ml dung dch cho vo bnh nh mc 2 (dung tch 250ml), cho thm vo tng git H2SO4 20% (khong 1.2-1.5ml) cho n khi khng cn to kt ta trng th dng. Tip tc ly 200ml dung dch lc (ln th 2), cho vo bnh nh mc ln th 3 (dung tch 250ml), cho thm vo 10ml HCl tinh khit (d=1.18), cho tht chnh xc 25ml dung dch I2 0.1N vo bnh nh mc, li cho thm 20ml nc ct, lc u yn trong 25 pht nhit 150C, sau ly ra dng nc iu chnh n vch quy nh, lc u v lc. Ly 100ml dung dch ln th 3, nhanh chng dng Na2S2O3 chun lng I2 d khi dung dch chuyn sang mu vng nht, cho thm vo 2ml dung dch h tinh bt mi pha 0.5%, tip tc chun bng Na2S2O3 0.1N dng bng B. Phn tch kim chng: Ly 200ml nc ct thay i cho dung dch c ph v tin hnh cc bc tng t nh trn, bt u t lc cho thm HCl. Lng Na2S2O3 0.1N dng th nghim phn tch kim chng k hiu l A. 3.5.2.4.Tnh ton kt qu:
M=
( A B) * 2.5 K * 0.0052 *100 200 200 200 G* * * 250 250 250
Trong :
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A: s ml Na2S2O3 0.1N dng trong phn tch kim chng. B: s ml Na2S2O3 0.1N dng trong phn tch c ph. K: h s hiu chnh nng ca Na2S2O3 G: trng lng cht kh ca mu c ph. 2.5- h s tnh lng dung dch th nghim so vi dung dch c ph pha ch 0.00152-s g cafein ng vi 1ml Na2S2O3 0.1N dng chun lng I2 tham gia kt ta cafein.
4. M rng
Do nhng tc ng ca cafein ln c th con ngi nn trn th trng loi c ph khng c cafein p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. Hin nay, th trng v c ph khng c cafein ang pht trin do nhu cu ca nhng ngi vn thch ung c ph nhng b chng mt ng hoc mt s ri lon khc trong c th s do cafein. Ngnh sn xut c ph khng c cafein chng nhng phc v nhu cu ny m cn l ngun cung cp chnh cafein tinh khit s dng cho cc mc ch khc nh lm ph gia hoc trong ngnh dc liu.Mc tiu ca loi b cafein l sn xut ra c ph vn cn gi c mi v ca n sau qu trnh loi b. 4.1. ng dng cng ngh sinh hc (cng ngh t bo) trong nhn ging cy c ph Vit Nam v th gip. Trong nhiu nm gn y k thut nui cy m v t bo thc vt khng ngng pht trin v t nhiu thnh tu ng k. K thut ny ra i m ra mt hng mi trong nghin cu thc vt v nhanh chng c c v tr quan trng trong lnh vc cng ngh sinh hc v sn xut v ci thin cc ging cy trng. Kh nng ng dng r rt nht ca cng ngh t bo l trong lnh vc nhn ging v tnh invitro cc ging cy trng c gi tr kinh t v khoa hc. Thng qua k thut ny c th nhn nhanh ng nht v mt di truyn mt s lng ln c th trong mt thi gian ngn v trong mt din tch nh hn nhiu so vi cc phng php nhn ging truyn thng. Ngoi ra, n cn l c s sn xut cc ging cy sch bnh bng nui cy nh sinh trng; bo qun, lai to v lu tr cc ngun gen thc vt qu him; trao i quc t cc ging c gi tr di dng cy nui trong ng nghim,... Vic ng dng nui cy m t bo thc vt trong chn v nhn ging cy trng ngy nay c thc hin quy m ln, thng mi i vi hng lot cy trng c ngha kinh t cao v c nhng ng gp to ln cho nn nng nghip th gii. ng dng cng ngh t bo trong nui cy m thc vt cho php sn xut mt s lng ln cy trng, c bit l cy c ph, mt cy trng mang li kinh t cao cho ngi nng dn. Vic ti sinh cy thng qua nui cy m l rt hiu qu i vi vic nhn ging v ci tin cy c ph.
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Mc d mc tiu chnh ca cc nghin cu trc y l thit lp quy trnh ti sinh cy c ph, vic pht trin nhng quy trnh ny v nhng tin b gn y lm cho nhng k thut ny c th ng dng vo nghin cu nhng lnh vc khc. Bo co khoa hc u tin v nui cy m c ph l ca Staritsky (1970), tc gi dng nhng on cnh vt c ph C. canephora non (c t) lm mu cy trn mi trng Linsmaier v Skoog (1965) c b sung Thiamin HCl, Lcysteine HCl, myo-inostol, Kinetin, 2,4D, NAA v thu c callus pht trin nhanh. Sau Sharp v ctv (1973) cng thnh cng khi to c callus t ht, chi, l v ht phn ca Coffee arabica bng cch nui cy trn mi trng tng t nh Staritsky nhng gia tng thnh phn hu c v thay i mt s iu kin nh nh sng v nhit gip callus (m so) pht trin tt hn. Monaco v ctv (1974) cng to ra mt s lng ln cc t bo trn b mt ca mu t qu ang trong qu trnh pht trin (ht cha thnh thc) ca loi C. arabica v C. stenophylla. Cc tc gi Dublin (1971), Sondhal v Sharp (1977) ti sinh thnh cng t nhng protoplast (t bo trn) tch t phi v tnh ca c ph C. canephora. Nm 1987, Costa Rica cng ti sinh cy c ph vi t protoplast v pht trin thnh cy hon chnh. Quy trnh nui cy lng ca Neuenschwander v Baumann (1992) to ra s ng b cao trong sn xut phi v tnh. Sau khng lu l cng trnh ca Norilga v Sondahl (1993) vi phi C. arabica nui cy trong h thng bnh phn ng sinh hc. Bng cch dng thit b nui cy ngp tun hon, mt quy trnh pht trin cy con C. robusta c thc hin bi Berthouly et al (1995). Gn y (1999), cc tc gi J.P. Ducos, M. Gianforcaro, B.Florin, V. Petiard, A. Deshayes a ra mt phng thc hp dn v kinh t v k thut nhn ging 5 dng c ph vi u t: pht sinh phi soma (v tnh) trong ng nghim. Kt qu cho thy, trung bnh bt u vi 1g m so cho mi lt mi trng, c th ti sinh 56.000 cy con. Da trn kt qu ca d n ny, ngi ta cho rng chi ph cho mi cy nui cy m c th so snh cnh tranh vi chi ph ca mt cnh gim, c bit nu tnh n nhng u th m s pht sinh phi mang n. Cc th nghim ngoi ng c thit lp 5 quc gia (90.000 cy), theo nhng quan st bc u cho thy nhng cy ny khng th hin s bt thng v hnh thi, chng n hoa v to ra ht bnh thng. i vi c ph ch, nm 1987, Mennendez, Garcia gy to phi soma t mnh l c ph Catimor. Nm 1991, Nht, ngi ta ti sinh cy t protoplast ca C. arabica ging Catuai.
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Nm 1995, Yasuda i hc Koke (Nht Bn) v Aptonte de L. Maria Eugennia thuc Trung tm nghin cu Colombia gy to phi soma t mnh l C. arabica bng cch nui cy trn mi trng n ch dng cytokinin. Vit Nam, cho n nay vic ng dng cng ngh t bo trong nhn ging c ph cn rt khim tn. Nm 1985, Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc (Vin Sinh hc nhit i) thc hin ti nui cy in vitro theo 2 hng vi gim cnh (microcutting) v to phi v tnh (somatic embryo formation) vi vt liu con lai l Arabusta v mt s dng chn lc C. robusta nghin cu quy trnh nhn nhanh ging c ph, kt qu c thng bo thnh cng vi con lai Arabusta. Ti Vin khoa hc k thut Nng Lm nghip Ty Nguyn, song song vi cc phng php nhn v tnh nh gim, ghp cnh - ngn, nm 1995, 1996, Vin c cng trnh nghin cu nhn in vitro bng 2 phng php microcutting v to phi soma cho 5 dng c th c ph vi (16/21, T4/7, D1/3, 1D6/18, TR16/5) v c ph ch con lai F1, kt qu ti sinh c cy con. Tuy nhin, vic a cy ra hun luyn ngoi vn m gp nhiu kh khn v cha thnh cng giai on ny. Nm 2005, Vin KHKT Nng Lm nghip Ty Nguyn xc nh c mi trng to phi, mi trng ti sinh cy c ph vi trong ng nghim v sau 3 thng hun luyn trong nh li, t l sng ca cy con cy vo ti PE trong vn m l t 80-95%. Cy in vitro trng ra ngoi ng sinh trng tt. Tuy nhin hn ch ca phng php ny l s dng phi soma pht sinh trc tip trn mu l nn h s nhn khng cao. Trong nm 2009-2010 cng vic ny vn ang c tip tc hon chnh quy trnh nhn ging cho cc con lai c ph ch. Trong khi k thut nhn v tnh theo phng php c in c hn ch, nht l i vi cc loi cy thn g nh cy n tri v cy rng th cng ngh phi v tnh c xem l cng ngh rt c trin vng cho nng nghip trong th k 21, bi n c u im l nhn ging bng phi v tnh c th thc hin trn quy m cng nghip li cn din tch thc hin khng nhiu v c t ng ha vi chi ph lao ng thp. i vi cy c ph, vic ng dng cng ngh sn xut phi v tnh trong mi trng lng s em n cc trin vng sau: + Tm kim kt qu trn cc kiu gen c ph khc nhau. + Tng t sut to cy t phi. + Kim sot c hin tng gy to phi soma cy c ph trong l phn ng sinh hc (bioreacteur). + nh gi ng u ca cy thu c.
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i vi c ph vic ti sinh cy con ph thuc nghim ngt vo kiu gen. Trong 2 loi c ph c hiu qu kinh t hin nay, C. canephora t ra c phn ng nhanh v d dng trong nui cy m hn so vi C. arabica. Tuy nhin, c 2 loi u c s bin i ng k v phn ng nui cy m gia nhng ging khc nhau t cng mt lo1. Berthouly v Michaux-Ferrire (1996) chng minh c s bin i v phn ng pht sinh phi gia cc kiu gen ca C. canephora. K thut di truyn tt, quy trnh nui cy m hiu qu, h thng chn lc tin cy v phng php chuyn np l nhng vn quyt nh trong chuyn np gen a nhng tnh trng di truyn c li vo cy c ph. 4.2. nh hng pht trin c ph cha hm lng cafein thp. Kh ai ng, l nc sn xut xut khu c ph ln th hai th gii v th phn ln chim ti 18% s lng c ph bun bn ton th trng th gii, nhng ngnh c ph Vit khng nhng khng tc ng m cn ngc li, b vi nh u t chi phi iu tit gi Trc p lc m ca, th mun cn hn khng, ngnh c ph cho rng phi t lt xc Theo B NNPTNT, ngnh c ph Vit Nam pht trin mnh k t nm 1986. Vi tc tng din tch bnh qun 10,6%/nm, nng sut 3,4%/nm v c bit sn lng tng ti 20%/nm a Vit Nam tr thnh quc gia c nng sut ng th nht th gii (gp 2,67 ln bnh qun th gii, cao hn c th ph c ph l Brazil); sn lng chim 18% lng c ph xut khu th gii. Vit Nam c xp l quc gia sn xut, xut khu c ph ln th hai th gii. Vi 146 Cty xut khu c ph, hin mt hng ny ca Vit Nam c mt trn 80 quc gia, trong chim 65-70% sn lng l 10 nc nh c, M, B, Italia, Ty Ban Nha, Nht, Hn Quc, Anh, H Lan, Php. Nm 2010 va qua, chng ta xut trn 1,2 triu tn c ph. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia kinh t th xut khu c ph c gi tr ch sau xut khu go. Tuy nhin mc li th cao hn go khi thng 2 va qua, nng dn li rng t 34-44 triu ng/ha. D chim th phn ln (18% s lng c ph bun bn ton th trng th gii) nhng ngnh c ph Vit hu nh khng c nh hng n gi xut nhp khu th gii. Ngc li theo chnh cc DN kinh doanh c ph th vic iu tit gi li do vi nh u c nc ngoi chi phi. Cc nh u c ch bng chiu thc can thip vo cc sn giao dch c ph (ch yu 2 sn London v New York) thng qua vic nm gi c phiu ca cc nh rang xay lm sai lch quy lut cung cu vn c v lng on th trng. Trong khi , c ph nhn Vit Nam ch yu qua trung gian mi gii (cc i din Cty nc ngoi) ri mi n tay nh rang xay (hin trong 146 DN kinh
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doanh c ph Vit ch c 1 DN bn c 5.000 tn trc tip cho nh rang xay). Vng lun qun xy ra: Khi nh u c bp gi nh rang xay, tt yu nh rang xay bp nh mi gii v c th, b qu nhiu tng trung gian bp gi th ngi thit trm ng cui cng l nng dn. th vi cn bnh trm kha ca cc DN Vit l tnh trng tranh nhau mua bn, gi c ph Vit Nam lun b p ti a. V tuy khng l vi kinh nghim 153 nm sn xut c ph, nhng 4 nh gm nng dn, DN, Nh nc v nh khoa hc u thiu nghim trng: Vn thiu hn 91%, sn phi sy thiu ti 98%. Qun l cht lng sn phm b th ni. ng ni n gi ny ngnh c ph Vit Nam cha c mt quy hoch ngnh hng tp trung. Hin din tch c ph trn 534.000ha. Tuy nhin theo d bo ca cc chuyn gia kinh t th ch 8 nm na s b teo li cn khong 500.000ha do hng lot cc tnh ng Nam B nh ng Nai, Bnh Phc, BRVT gim din tch cng nghip v th ha. Trong tnh th nh vy, d mun cn hn khng cc chuyn gia cho rng cn phi lt xc ngnh c ph theo hng tp trung tng cht gim lng, hnh thnh a bn trng im gm 4 tnh thuc vng Ty Nguyn l c Lc, Lm ng, Gia Lai, c Nng. Thnh lp qu c ph vi s vn ban u 100 triu USD t di s bo h ca B Cng Thng VN nhm h tr khi phc cht lng vn c ph v i ph hiu qu vi din bin phc tp ca th trng. B NNPTNT nghin cu xut v vic ti lp c quan chuyn nghin cu pht trin v a dng ha ging cy c ph. c bit l nhng ging cho nng sut cao tng trng v ra hoa, sn lng, c ht v dng ht, cht lng c ph, thnh phn cafein, kh nng thch nghi cao, khng bnh, chu hn, v c bit cha hm lng cafein rt thp hoc khng cha cafein nhm p ng xu hng quan tm n sc khe ca khch hng. Theo bo co ca nhm nghin cu ti H Campinas (Brazi)l, cho bit: Cc loi cy c ph khc khng c cht cafein c pht hin trc nay song y l thng bo u tin v ging Coffea arabica khng c cafein. Arabica l ging c ph c trng nhiu nht trn th gii, cung cp hn 75% sn lng c ph c bun bn. Pht hin trn l tin tc tt lnh i vi ngnh c ph ang n lc lai cc ging c ph gi tr cao vi nhng ging c ph khng c cafein thuc h xa hn. Cho ti nay, c ph t nhin khng cafein l cc ging Madagascan. Chng khng phi l ging c ph ch o v kh nhn ging. Pablo Dubois, gim c iu hnh thuc T chc C ph Quc t ti London, ni: Khm ph trn l mt bc tin trong n lc c c ging c ph khng cafein cht lng cao. Hin con ngi tch cafein t c ph bng dung mi song lun c nguy c lm mt cc hng v t nhin. Mazzafera v ng nghip ca ng pht hin ba ging c ph t nhin khng c cafein sau khi gim st 3.000 cy c ph ti Ethiopia, i din cho
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300 ging c ph. Th nghim trn ba ging ny cho thy chng thiu cafein synthase enzyme trong l m bin mt hp cht c tn l theobromine thnh cafein. Ngoi vic loi b nhu cu tch cafein trong c ph thng thng bng dung mi, ging c ph trn c th thay th c ph chuyn i gien. to ra nhng ging c ph khng cafein, cc nh khoa hc phong to gien m ho enzyme trn. Gn y, cc nh sinh hc Nht Bn bin i gien c ph Coffea canephora sao cho gim kh nng hot ng ca gien cafein 50-70%. Thnh tu trn l kt qu ca qu trnh nghin cu ko di 7 nm i vi loi c ph Coffea canephora. Cafein c to ra trong cc t bo ca cy c ph theo ba bc, t mt ho cht t nhin tn l xanthosine. Mi bc lin quan ti mt qu trnh ho hc gi l methylation. Nhm nghin cu v hiu ho gene th hai lin quan ti qu trnh nn cy khng th sn xut cafein. Protein c to ra t cc gene trong t bo sng thng qua RNA thng tin (mRNA). mRNA c ""c"" to ra mt loi protein. K thut can thip RNA - b sung mt on nh RNA vo mRNA - ngn chn qu trnh trn xy ra. RNA b sung v mRNA can thip v ph hu ln nhau nn cafein khng c to ra. Lng cafein l ca cy c ph GM con, mt nm tui, gim 50-70%. Phi mt t nht l 4 nm trc khi nhng cy c ph GM ny tr hoa v u ht. Cho ti lc , nhm nghin cu mi c th nh gi hm lng cafein trong ht. Nm 1998, cc nh khoa hc Hawaii cng to ra cy c ph khng c cafein bng k thut khng hiu qu bng can thip RNA. Nhm nghin cu hy vng ng dng cng ngh trn cho loi c ph Arabica ph bin nht trn th gii. Nhu cu c ph c mc cafein thp hoc khng c cafein ang gia tng ton cu do nhng nh hng bt li ti sc kho ca c ph c cafein. Cht cafein c th lm tim p nhanh, tng huyt p nhng ngi nhy cm. Hiroshi Sano v ng nghip tin rng ngi tiu dng s chp nhn loi c ph chuyn i gene ny bi n thc s tt cho sc kho. Nhng li th khc ca c ph GM khng c cafein l n s r tin hn v vn gi c mi v ca c ph bnh thng. Hin quy trnh tch cafein khi ht c ph bnh thng lm mt i nhiu hng v. Theo Mazzafera, trong nm nm ti, c th sn xut c ph thng mi khng c cafein trc tip t ging mi c pht hin ny. ng ni: Ti cha nm chng song ni chung c ph arabica c hng v thm ngon. Chng trnh a tnh cht trn vo cc ging c ph c gi tr cao hin nay c th mt ti 15 nm. y c th l cch cc nc ang pht trin cnh tranh vi nhng cng ty ln sn xut c ph khng cafein.
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Kt lun
Trong tng lai vi chc nm na, vi k thut chuyn i gene, ngi ta hy vng s c ung c ph khng cafein mt cch tht t nhin. Nm 2003 mt nhm kho cu gia Nht Bn to ra mt ging c ph cha t cafein t 50% n 70% so vi cc ging c ph bnh thng. Thng 6/2004 sau khi nghin cu v kho st c ph Ethiopie, cc nh khoa hc nhn din c 3 ging c ph khng c cha cafein mt cch t nhin. Vic k tip l em gy ging them v em lai chng vi nhng ging c ph c cht lng cao c c loi c ph thng ng khng c cafein. Nhng t nht cng phi ch 15 20 nm na chng ta mi hy vng thy c loi c ph ny trn th trng thay th cho cc loi c ph decaf nh hin nay thng hay b mt i t nhiu hng v ca c ph v c v ng hn c ph thng.
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Ti liu tham kho

1. H Duyn T, Phn tch ha hc thc phm, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, 2009. 2. L Vn Vit Mn, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, 2009. 3.http://www.cyberchemvn.com/cong-nghe-va-ung-dung/chat-long-o-trangthai-sieu-toi-han.html 4.http://www.atb.com.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id =1196:ca-phe-kh-caffein-la-gi&catid=41:tin-tc-lien-quan&Itemid=83
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Tong Quan Ve CA Phe Tach Cafein

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TR RNG I HC S PH K TH M HUT TP HCM P KH HOA C NG NGH HA HC V THC P H H PHM B MN C M NG NGH THC PHM H C

Mn: Cng ngh c bi tr, c ph ca ca g , ao ch n

TP H CH MINH, 4/20 H M 011

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

1. Tng quan v cy c ph.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

1.2 Phn loi. 1.2.1 Phn loi theo ging cy c ph.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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1.2.2. Phn loi theo ht c ph.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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1.3. Cu trc ht c ph.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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1.4. Cch ch bin v bo qun c ph.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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Hnh 2: S sn xut c ph nhn.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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1.5 Mt s cch pha c ph trn th gii v Vit Nam.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Caf au lait mt loi cappucino c vi mt t bt sa (xem c ph au lait)

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein Hy Lp

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Iced coffee c ph c, nng, thm ng c rt vo mt ly ng

Hnh 6: C ph sa pha bng fin Vit Nam

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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1.7.2 Tnh hnh s dng c ph Vit Nam.

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

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GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein

GVHD: Nguyn Thanh Hi

Tng quan v c ph tch cafein