Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

MC LC Li m u .................................................................................................................. 2 Chng 1: Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 3 Chng 2: Nguyn liu sn xut lokum .................................................................... 5 2.1 ng..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Tinh bt .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Acid ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Nc....................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Mu, mi v cc ph gia khc ................................................................................. 17 Chng 3: Quy trnh cng ngh ................................................................................ 20 3.1 Nu Syrup v chun b dch tinh bt ....................................................................... 20 3.2 Nu ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 khun v to hnh .............................................................................................. 22 3.4 Lm ngui .............................................................................................................. 23 3.5 Ct .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.6 ng gi ................................................................................................................. 24 3.7 Kim sot qu trnh nu .......................................................................................... 24 Chng 4: Sn phm Turkish delight ....................................................................... 26 Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................... 28

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

LI M U Ko tr thnh mt phn quan trng khng th thiu c trong cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi Th Nh K. Ngun gc ca ko gm (lokum hay Turkish delight) bt ngun t thi Ottoman. Vo khong th k 14, 15, ngi ta bt u sn xut lokum v sn phm ny t n hnh dng nh hin nay vo khong th k 19. Trc y, ngi ta thng thm mt ong v pekmez vo thay cho ng lm cht to ngt v s dng bt m dng gi nc cng nh to cu trc cho sn phm. T cui th k 19, ng bt u c s dng thay cho cc cht to ngt truyn thng cng nh vic thay th bt m bng tinh bt bin tnh, sn phm lokum tr nn ni ting do cc c tnh u vit ca ngun nguyn liu mi.. Lokum l sn phm c to thnh bng cch trn ng, tinh bt bp v nc theo t l nht nh, ngoi ra, c th b sung cc loi tri cy hoc ht vo hn hp. Hn hp ny sau c gia nhit ti mt nhit nht nh trong mt thi gian c nh bng thit b dng hnh tr c v o gia nhit v cnh khuy. Thi gian gia nhit dao ng t 1 n 2 gi ty theo thit b. Dch lokum nng c cho chy ln mt bng bng g hoc khay thp mt t tinh bt trn b mt, v sau khi c ph bt, lokum c ct thnh nhng ming nh. Bt ng s c ph ln nhng ming lokum hon tt qu trnh ch bin to sn phm. Trong th k 19, lokum c a n Anh bi mt khch du lch ngi Anh, sau c gi l ''Turkish delight" Chu u, ''Lokum" ti Php v Balkans, lokumania ti Hy Lp v Sp. Cng t thi im ny, lokum chnh thc chim mt v tr trong cc dng sn phm ko quc t.

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

CHNG 1: GII THIU Turkish delight (lokum) l mt loi ko dng gel ging jelly, thnh phn chnh l ng v tinh bt. N c lch s hn 300 nm v l mt trong nhng loi ko lu i nht trn th gii. Truyn thuyt Th Nh K k rng, mt v vua mun lm hi lng tt c cc phi tn ca mnh, ng triu tp tt c cc chuyn gia bnh ko ri t h sn xut mt loi thc phm trng ming c o thm vo b su tp ca cc cng thc nu n b mt ni ting ca ring mnh. Kt qu ca cc nghin cu ny dn n s ra i ca sn phm Lokum. Nm 1776, trong thi vua Sultan Abdul Hamid, Hadji Bekir l mt ngi hc ngh lm bnh ko n Istanbul t mt th trn nh Anatolia. Bekir thit lp mt ca hng nh trung tm ca thnh ph, v ng ta nhanh chng tr nn ni ting v giu c nh sn phm lokum. Trong thi im ny, nhng ph n qu tc bt u gi lokum cho bn b ca h trong nhng chic khn tay ren c bit. Ch lokum bt ngun t ch rahat-ul hulkm, c s dng trong cc ngn ng Ottoman. Lokum c bit n Anatolia t th k th 15, nhng sau , n tr thnh ph bin rng ri vt qua khi bin gii Ottoman. Trc , lokum c sn xut bng cch s dng kt hp mt ong hay mt r nho v bt m. Trong th k 17, nh s pht minh v s dng ng sucrose, c bit l tinh bt, c vic sn xut v hng v ca lokum thay i. Hadji Bekir, du lch n Constantinople v mang v mt cng thc mi cho rahat lokhoum, trong cc thnh phn cht to ngt truyn thng l mt ong v mt r nho c thay th bng ng tinh luyn. Lokum cng bt u c ngi dn chu u bit n qua tn gi Turkish delight nh mt chuyn du lch ca mt du khch Anh trong th k 18 (Doyuran, Gltekin, & Gven, 2004; Gnl, 1985). Trong chuyn du lch n Istanbul, mt du khch Anh khng r lai lch rt thch hng v ca lokum v anh ta t mua hng thng lokum vn chuyn bng tu v Anh vi tn gi Turkish delight. Ti hi ch Viena nm 1837, Richard Burton l ngi u tin gii thiu lokum vo th trng Chu u.

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Vi thnh phn chnh l ng v tinh bt, lokum thng c to hng nh nc hoa hng v nc chanh hoc mt s loi tri cy khc. Sn phm c mt cu trc mm, do v thng c ng gi thnh nhng khi vung nh, c o mt lp bt ng bn ngoi ngn khi b dnh. Mt s cng thc ch bin lokum cn bao gm c nhng ht nh, thng l ht h trn, qu phi hay qu c ch. Mc d c a thch trn khp th gii, lokum l mt sn phm truyn thng hay c lm ti nh Th Nh K, Armenia, Hy Lp, Balkans v Trung ng, sn phm ny cn ph bin Romania v Nga. Cng ty bnh ko Bayco bt u sn xut lokum t nm 1984 s dng cng thc truyn thng ca ngi Th Nh K qua nhiu th h. Cng ty Bayco l nh sn xut lokum chnh hiu khu vc Bc M . Ngy nay, lokum vn duy tr c ch ng trong rt nhiu gia nh Th Nh K. c thng thc rng ri ti nhiu ni trn th gii, lokum vi hng v c ph c dng vo cui ba n nhn c rt nhiu s yu thch. T phong tc truyn thng ch s dng lokum vo Ging sinh ti phng Ty, lokum tr nn ngy cng ph bin v hin nay, n l mt loi ko thng thc quanh nm.

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU Nguyn liu chnh trong sn xut lokum bao gm ng, nc, tinh bt, hng tri cy t nhin, cream nho v mu t nhin hoc nhn to. Mt s mu thc phm khc nh tri cy c mu xanh, u, hng cam v vanilla cng c dng to ra nhiu hng v lokum khc nhau. Hng v l tnh cht quan trng hng u ca bnh ko. Theo cng thc sn xut truyn thng c lu truyn qua nhiu th h, mi m lokum c sn xut th cng mt cch chnh xc v kim tra chu o to nn mt sn phm c o mang mi v tuyt ho, tinh t v hng thm nh nhng nh th chng c to ra t nhng nh bp v i trong cung Ottoman. 2.1. ng

Hnh 2.1: Nguyn liu ng trong sn xut bnh ko V ngt lc no cng l mt thnh phn quan trng ca m thc Th Nh K. Trc th k 18, mt ong v mt r nho l nhng cht to ngt duy nht trong cng ngh bnh ko. Vi vic pht minh v s dng ng vo cui th k 18, mt thi i ca cht to ngt mi c m ra. ng mang n s bt u cho kh nng sng to v tn ca nhng ngi lm bnh ko. Lokum l mt trong nhng loi ko c xa nht trn th gii m cht to ngt li l mt trong nhng nguyn liu quan trng nht trong sn phm lokum. Th Nh K vo th k th 16, mt ong v pekmez thng c dng lm cht to ngt trong khi bt
5

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

m dng gi nc v to cu trc cho sn phm. Cui th k 18, sau khi c sn xut ti nhng nh my Chu u, ng bt u c s dng trong sn xut lokum. Tuy nhin, ti thi im ny, i khi ng c th gy mt s vn trong sn xut lokum. c bit l ng sn xut ti cc nh my khc nhau s c acid v m khc nhau. Do , nhng nh sn xut lokum chia ng lm hai loi: ng yu v ng mnh da trn s khc nhau v tnh cht vt l v ha hc c tm thy trong nhng sn phm ng ti cc nh my sn xut ng khc nhau. V s khc nhau ny nn cn c mt tiu chun cht lng thng nht i vi cc nh my sn xut ng. Thay i acid s nh hng bt li n cht lng ca lokum. ng l mt thnh phn quan trng trong nhiu sn phm bnh ko c thnh phn chnh l tinh bt v n nh hng ti nhiu tnh cht ca sn phm nh: ngt, cu trc, mu sc, kh nng to gel ca tinh bt. Loi ng khc nhau s nh hng khc nhau n s to gel ca tinh bt v cu trc ca khi gel, v vy, nh sn xut cn quan tm n loi ng s dng. ng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s to gel v thoi ha ca h tinh bt. Mt s nghin cu trn tinh bt ng, tinh bt khoai ty, bt m cho thy c s lin h cht ch gia ng v tinh bt trong cu trc gel ca sn phm (i vi tinh bt khoai ty mi lin h ny t mnh m hn so vi tinh bt bp). iu ny cho thy nhng loi ng khc nhau c nhng nh hng khc nhau ty thuc loi tinh bt. ng dng trong sn xut lokum phi tha mn cc tiu chun sau: Bng 2.1: Cc ch tiu cm quan ca ng RE (theo TCVN 1696 87) Ch tiu Ngoi hnh Mi v Mu sc Yu cu Tinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i ng u, ti, kh, khng vn cc Tinh th ng hoc dung dch ng trong, c v ngt, khng c mi v l Tinh th mu trng khi pha vo nc ct cho dung dch trong

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Bng 2.2: Cc ch tiu ha l ca ng RE (theo TCVN 1696 75) Tn ch tiu Pol Hm lng ng Tro dn in S gim khi lng khi sy 1050C trong 3h mu ICUMSA Bng 2.3: Cc cht nhim bn trong RE Tn ch tiu Tp cht khng tan trong nc Asen (As) ng (Cu) Ch (Pb) 2.2 Tinh bt Tinh bt l mt polymer t nhin vi nhng n v monomer l glusose. Trong thc t, chng tn ti hai dng mch thng (amylose) v mch nhnh (amylopectin). Tt c cc loi tinh bt u c to thnh bi hai loi polysaccharide ny. T s gia chng thay i ty loi nguyn liu cha tinh bt, nhng a s l 20 amylose : 80 amylopectin. Trong cng nghip thc phm, tinh bt bp thng c ng dng nh l mt cht lm dy (cht n) trong trng ming cng nh trong bnh pudding. S to gel ca tinh bt l mt qu trnh phc tp lin quan n s trng n v ph v cu trc ca cc ht tinh bt. S ph v cc ht trng n ny ty thuc vo thi gian gia nhit, nhit v thit b gia nhit . Trong thc phm, vic nu tinh bt vi nc s dn n qu trnh h ho. Hin tng ht tinh bt hp thu mt lng nc cc i v trng n c gi l h ha tinh bt. Cu trc ht ca phn t tinh bt b ph v bi s gia tng ca cc lin kt hydro
7

n v
0

Mc gii hn 99,7 0,1 0,07 0,06 160

% khi lng (m/m) % khi lng (m/m) % khi lng (m/m)

n v mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg

Mc gii hn 60 1 2 0,5

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

gia cc phn t nc v cc nhm hydroxy c trong tinh bt, iu ny lm cho ht tinh bt c kh nng ht nc. Cng lc , cc phn t amylose khuch tn khi ht tinh bt trng n. Kh nng trng n ng vai tr quan trng trong hu ht sn phm thc phm sn xut t tinh bt. Ngi ta thng mun rng amylopectin chim u th hn trong thnh phn ca tinh bt do cu trc bn kt tinh ca tinh bt c to nn chnh bi nhng chui nhnh ngn ca n. Tnh cht ht nc v h ha c kim sot mt phn bi cu trc phn t amylopectin, thnh phn ca tinh bt v cu trc ht tinh bt. V l do ny m s khc nhau trong kh nng ht nc v to khi nho trong s cc tnh cht ca tinh bt s ng mt vai tr quan trng nh hng n s khc bit ho trong s phn phi cc n v chiu di amylopectin trong qu trnh to gel. Tuy nhin, c nhiu ti liu cho thy nhng thnh phn ph ca tinh bt nh phospholipid v phosphate monoester, cng c nhng nh hng ln n nhng tnh cht trn. Tinh bt c tm ra bi mt nh khoa hc c vo nm 1811, c dng thay th bt m trong sn xut lokum. Khi tinh bt c trn vi nc v gia nhit, n s h ha. Cu trc, sng b mt v bng l nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca lokum c quyt nh bi qu trnh to gel. Nc, acid v hm lng ng trong mt mc nht nh cng s nh hng n s to gel. Hn na, loi tinh bt (bp, m, go) s nh hng khc nhau n s to gel cng nh cht lng ca gel. Tinh bt bin tnh bi acid c coi nh nguyn liu tt nht sn xut lokum. sn xut lokum c cht lng cao, ngi ta s dng tinh bt b bin tnh bng phng php acid. Vi vic thm nc, iu chnh nhit , khuy trn, dng tinh bt t nhin trong sn xut lokum c th lm cho lokum tr nn cng v cu trc khng trong sut so vi tinh bt bin tnh. Trong nhng nm gn y, tinh bt bin tnh c sn xut Th Nh K. Trong nhng nm 1980, ngi ta khng quan tm n s khc nhau gia tinh bt thng v tinh bt bin tnh v thng dng tinh bt bin tnh nh bt ph khun. Nhng cht lng, nht ca chng thay i ty hng sn xut. Do , nh sn xut tinh bt nn sn xut tinh bt bin tnh bng phng php acid vi mt gi tr nht nht nh. Trong sn xut lokum, s dng tinh bt bin tnh bng phng php acid, ta cn t nc cho vic to gel hn, v c bit l loi tinh bt ny nn dng trong h thng nu
8

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

kn. Do , nh sn xut bt u dng tinh bt bin tnh do li ch trn c kha cnh kinh t v k thut. Hn na, vic h ha tinh bt t nhin tn nhiu nc hn so vi h ha tinh bt bin tnh. Vic ny s lm cho lokum c mt c v cu trc v nh hnh. Tinh bt c bin tnh bng phng php ha hc lm gim s bin dng v thoi ha cu trc cho sn phm. Hiu c mi quan h gia cu trc tinh bt v nhng tnh cht lu bin s ci thin kh nng vn dng vo to cu trc v c th dn n vic xc nh v pht trin s bin tnh tinh bt vi kh nng ngn chn s bin dng v thoi ha cu trc. Phn loi tinh bt bin tnh: Da trn bn cht nhng bin i xy ra trong phn t tinh bt, Kovalxkaia chia tinh bt bin tnh bng ho cht thnh 2 loi: tinh bt ct v tinh bt b thay th . Nhm tinh bt ct: trong phn t tinh bt xy ra hin tng phn ct lin kt C-O gia cc monomer v nhng lin kt khc lm gim khi lng phn t, xut hin mt s lin kt mi trong v gia cc phn t. Cu trc ht ca tinh bt c th b ph v t nhiu. Nhm tinh bt ny c rt nhiu ng dng nh tinh bt bin tnh bng acid c dng ph giy, tng bn ca giy, ci thin cht lng in... Trong cng nghip thc phm, tinh bt loi ny dng to cu trc gel trong sn xut bnh ko. Tinh bt oxi ho cng c xp v nhm ny. Mt s loi tinh bt c oxi ho bi KMnO4 trong mi trng acid c s dng thay th aga, pectin trong sn xut bnh ko, kem, cc sn phm sa cng nh trong hp. Cc sn phm tinh bt oxi ho yu cng c dng trong bnh m lm tng thi gian gi kh ca bt nho, gim thi gian ln men v tng cht lng ca bnh. Tinh bt oxi ho bi hypocloride, H2O2, HI v mui ca n c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip giy. Nhm tinh bt thay th: l nhm tinh bt m tnh cht ca chng thay i do cc nhm hydroxyl cacbon 2, 3 v 6 lin kt vi cc gc ho hc hay ng trng hp vi mt hp cht cao phn t khc, hoc 2 mch polysaccharide c th b gn vo nhau do cc lin kt dng cu ni. Mc bin tnh tinh bt c c trng bi th (Degree of
9

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

substitution DS). DS l s nhm hiroxyl b th trn mt AGU (Anhydrous Glucose Unit). th c gi tr trong khong 0-3. Trong trng hp ny tnh cht ca tinh bt b thay i r rt. Thng thng tinh bt ny c nht v bn kt dnh cao (c s dng sn xut cc sn phm cn bo qun) nh tinh bt axetat, tinh bt photphat Cc phng php bin tnh tinh bt hnh 2.2:

Hnh 2.2 : Cc phng php bin tnh tinh bt v cc sn phm chuyn ho t tinh bt Cc bin php bin tnh tinh bt: * Phng php bin tnh vt l: l phng php bin tnh tinh bt thun ty dng cc lc vt l nh p, nn v h ha tc dng ln tinh bt lm thay i mt s tnh cht ca n nhm ph hp vi nhng ng dng, sn phm tinh bt bin tnh ca phng php ny l nhng tinh bt h ha, tinh bt x l nhit m. * Phng php bin tnh ha hc: l phng php s dng nhng ha cht cn thit nhm thay i tnh cht ca tinh bt, sn phm ch yu ca phng php bin tnh ha hc l nhng tinh bt x l acid, tinh bt ete ha, este ha, phosphat ha. * Phng php thy phn bng enzyme: l phng php bin tnh tinh bt tin tin hin nay, cho sn phm tinh bt bin tnh chn lc khng b ln nhng ha cht khc. Sn
10

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

phm ca phng php ny l cc loi ng glucose, fructose; cc polyol nh sorbitol, mannitol; cc acid amin nh lysin, MSG, cc ru, cc acid. Cc nhm tinh bt bin tnh: Theo International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS), tinh bt bin tnh c nh s v t tn theo cc nhm sau: 1401 Acid-treated starch 1402 Alkaline treated starch 1403 Bleached starch 1404 Oxidized starch 1405 Starches, enzyme-treated 1410 Monostarch phosphate 1411 Distarch glycerol 1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetaphosphate 1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate 1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate 1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride 1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate 1422 Acetylated distarch adipate 1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol 1440 Hydroxypropyl starch 1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate 1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol 1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate ng dng ca tinh bt bin tnh: * ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm: Dng lm ph gia cho cng nghip bnh ko, hp. * Trong xy dng: Tinh bt c dng lm cht gn kt b tng, tng tnh lin kt cho t st, vi, dng lm keo dnh g, ph gia sn xut vn p, ph gia cho sn.
11

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

* ng dng trong cng nghip m phm v dc phm: Tinh bt c dng lm phn ty trng, trang im, ph gia cho x phng, kem thoa mt, t dc. * ng dng trong cng nghip khai khong: Tinh bt c dng lm ph gia cho tuyn ni khong sn, dung dch nh tng trong dung dch khoan du kh. * ng dng cho cng nghip giy: Tinh bt c dng ch to cht ph b mt, thnh phn nguyn liu giy khng tro, cc sn phm t giy cho tr em. * ng dng trong cng nghip dt: Tinh bt dng trong h vi si, in. * ng dng trong nng nghip: Dng lm cht trng n, gi m cho t v cy trng chng li hn hn. * Cc ng dng khc: Tinh bt c dng lm mng plastic phn hu sinh hc, pin kh, thuc da, keo nng chy, cht gn, khun c, ph gia nung kt kim loi. Trong sn xut lokum, tinh bt c s dng vi mc ch to cu trc nn cn loi tinh bt bin tnh c mch di vi DE trong khong 17 25.

2.3. Acid Acid c dng trong sn xut lokum trong sut qu trnh nu trnh hin tng kt tinh do sucrose b chuyn thnh ng nghch o c tan cao hn ng sucrose ban u. Acid citric v acid tartaric l nhng acid thng c dng trong sn xut lokum Th Nh K. Nh sn xut thng t quyt nh lng acid thm v. C nhng nghin cu c tin hnh v vic s dng acid tartaric v acid citric trong sn phm th nghim lokum . Kt qu ca nhng nghin cu ny cho thy vic s dng 5g tartaric acid cho ra sn phm lokum c cht lng tt nht. Lokum c lm vi 3g citric acid c cht lng cao th nh sau . C vic gim lng tartaric acid xung 3g hay tng lng citric acid ln 5g s lm tng cht lng sn phm. Bng cch quan st trong qu trnh sn xut lokum, ta thy rng lng citric acid nn thp hn tartaric acid. Ch acid tartaric c dng trong th nghim nu p lc. Theo mt s ti liu, lng acid dng trong loi thit b un ny nn thp hn so vi thit b h. V s nghch o ng trong thit b p lc nhanh hn trong thit b h, lng acid cn s dng nh cht xc tc s gim xung. Mt s chuyn gia cho rng s dng acid tartaric lm lokum mm hn. Hn na, c nhng kin cng cho rng s dng acid tartaric lm tng tnh n nh ca lokum. Tuy nhin, h
12

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

khng quan tm nhiu n lng acid thm vo lokum. Thc t, khng c nhiu s khc nhau ct yu gia nhng acid ny v chc nng ha hc trong cng nghip sn xut ko.

Acid citric Acid citric l mt trong nhng acid c dng ph bin nht, do acid citric c nhiu trong rau qu t nhin, nht l trong qu c mi. Trc y, acid citric c sn xut t chanh. Ngy nay, acid ny c sn xut t mt r theo phng php ln men bng chng nm mc Aspergillus niger. Tiu chun ca acid citric nguyn liu dng trong sn xut thc phm c qui nh theo TCVN 5561 1991 nh sau: Ch tiu cm quan Bng 2.4: Ch tiu cm quan ca acid citric dng trong cng ngh sn xut thc phm. Tn ch tiu Hnh dng bn ngoi v mu sc Yu cu Cc tinh th khng mu hay bt trng khng vn cc. i vi acid citric hng 1 cho php hi nh vng, dung dch acid citric trong nc ct c nng khi lng 20g/lt phi trong sut V Mi Cu trc Tp cht c hc Chua, khng c v l Dung dch acid nng trong nc ct 20g/lt phi khng mi Ri v kh Khng cho php

Bng 2.5: Ch tiu ha l ca acid citric dng trong cng ngh sn xut thc phm. Yu cu cht lng Ch tiu
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Thng hng

Hng 1

Sn xut Turkish delight

GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Hm lng acid citric tnh ra monohydrate 99,5 C6H8O7.H2O (%m/m) Hm lng tro (%m/m) Hm lng acid sunfuric t do (%m/m) Hm lng Asen (%m/m) 0,1 0,01 0,00007

99,5 0,35 0,03 0,00007

Acid tartric Khi thiu acid citric, c th thay mt phn hay ton b bng acid tartric (acid tartric l mt diacid). Cng thc ho hc: COOH-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COOH Nhit nng chy ca acid tartric l 1700C, d tan trong nc v cn. 700C, 100g nc c th ha tan 139,4g acid; 1000C c th ha tan 343g acid. Trong sn xut ko, acid tartric c dng lm cht iu v; kali tartrat acid c dng lm cht chuyn ha rt tt Ch tiu cht lng ca acid tactric dng sn xut ko: Bng 2.6: Ch tiu cht lng ca acid tartric Ch tiu tro Kim loi nng Mu sc Yu cu 0.5% 0.0014% trng hoc vng nht

2.4. Nc Trong sn xut lokum, nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu quan trng nht nh hng n cht lng sn phm lokum sau ng. c bit, vic s dng nc mm lm tng cht lng sn phm v ngc li, nc vi hm lng cc cation cao s ph hy cu trc ca lokum. Mt s nh sn xut lokum cho rng dng nhiu nc s lm tng cht lng sn phm. kim tra iu ny, ng nc c s dng theo t l 1/1 v
14

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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

1/4 c s dng trong sn xut lokum vi tinh bt thng v tinh bt bin tnh. Sn phm c nh gi bi phng php cm quan. Nhn chung, nh sn xut lokum c mt quan nim nhm ln v mi quan h gia lng nc v cht lng sn phm. Thi gian nu tng ln do s dng qu nhiu nc s lm tng chi ph nng lng ca sn phm. Do , nh sn xut nn trnh vic s dng qu nhiu nc. Nhng ch mt vi nh sn xut ch n iu ny. S nhm ln ny c th l do loi cng nh cht lng ca tinh bt lokum. Lng nc c s dng thay i ty theo loi tinh bt v kh nng gel ha.Yu cu trc tin ca nc l phi trong sut, khng mu, khng c mi v l, khng cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Nc phi tha mn cc ch tiu v cng, kim, oxy ha, cn v ch s vi sinh. Cht lng nc c nh gi ch yu thng qua ba nhm ch tiu: cm quan, ha l v vi sinh. Bng 2.7: Tiu chun nc dng trong cng ngh thc phm (theo h thng tiu chun Chu u EUROCODES). STT Tn ch tiu Ch tiu vt l 1 2 3 Mu sc Mi, v c Ch tiu ha hc 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 pH cng tnh theo mg ng lng calcium Hm lng oxy ha tan, tnh theo oxy Tng cht rn ha tan Hm lng amonium, tnh theo nit Hm lng asen (As) Hm lng antimony (Sb) Hm lng chloride (Cl-)
15

n v

Mc 15 Khng 5 6 8,5 300 6 1000 3 0,01 0,005 250

mg/lt Pt NTU

mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt

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12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Hm lng ch (Pb) Hm lng Chromium (Cr) Hm lng ng (Cu) Hm lng Fluoride (F) Hm lng km (Zn) Hm lng H2S Hm lng mangan (Mn) Hm lng nhm (Al) Hm lng Nitrate, tnh theo nit Hm lng nitrite, tnh theo nit Hm lng st tng (Fe2+,Fe3+) Hm lng thy ngn (Hg) Hm lng cyanua (CN-) Cht hot ng b mt (theo LAS) Benzen Phenol v dn xut ca phenol Du m v hp cht ca du m Hm lng thuc tr su ln hu c Hm lng thuc tr su clo hu c Ch tiu vi sinh Coliform tng s Ecoli v coliform chu nhit Tng hot Tng hot

mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt mg/lt

0,01 0,05 1 0,7 1,5 3 0,05 0,5 0,5 10 1 0,5 1,001 0,07 0,5 0,01 0,01 0,1 0,01 0,1 2,2 0 3 30

31 32 33 34

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit): n v o c MPN/100ml (Most Probable Number/100ml): Mt khun lc trong 100ml. pCi/lt (picocuries/lt): n v o phng x Picocuri trn lt. 2.5. Cht mu, hng liu v mt s ph gia khc
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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Nhiu loi ph gia to mu v mi cng nh tri cy kh c dng trong qu trnh sn xut lokum. Khi ph gia mu v mi c s dng, vic tun th Quy nh v ph gia l quan trng. Nhng loi ph gia ny c dng vi mong mun tha mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. Thm vo , da, u phng, pistachio v almond cng c th c dng trong sn xut lokum. Cht mu: Cht mu l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm nhng n khng c ngha nhiu v mt dinh dng. Da vo qu trnh hnh thnh c th chia cht mu thnh hai loi: Cht mu t nhin: l loi mu c chit tch t ng vt, thc vt hoc t cht khong. a s cc cht mu c ngun gc t nhin khng bn bng cc cht mu tng hp. Cht mu tng hp: chim s lng rt ln trn th trng v c nhiu tnh cht rt khc nhau. Do , vic s dng chng trong thc phm cn phi c nghin cu ht sc nghim ngt v phi c nhng qui nh cht ch nhm m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Bt k mt loi mu hu c tng hp no cng phi tun theo cc yu cu sau: Cht mu hu c tng hp phi l nhng cht khng c c tnh. Nhng sn phm chuyn ha (nu c) ca cc cht mu khng phi l nhng cht Cc cht mu phi c tnh ng nht cao. Phm mu hu c tng hp phi l cht khng cha cc tp cht sau: crom, urani, Hp cht mu thng s dng l: tartarzine (vng chanh), carotene, astaxantine (da cam). Qui nh s dng Theo Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm ban hnh theo quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q BYT ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001 ca B

c c tnh.

thy ngn, asen, ch, cc kim loi nng v mt s cht c c tnh khc.

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trng B Y t, hm lng ti a cho php ca tartrazine trong nc qu p l 300mg/kg sn phm, ADI = 0 7,5mg/kg trng lng c th/ngy. Hm lng cht mu b sung khong 0,01 0,02% tng khi lng sn phm. Hng liu Hng liu cng l mt trong nhng nguyn liu lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Tuy ch chim s lng rt t nhng n to cho sn phm mi thm c trng v hng ngt du. Ty theo ngun nguyn liu, ta c cc loi hng liu sau: Hng liu t nhin: c tch chit t v qu, r cy bng cch ngm cn ri em chng ct nh cc loi tinh du t cam, qut, qu, to Hng liu tng hp: l nhng cht thm nhn c bng con ng tng hp ha hc, gm cc ester phc tp v cc cht alylphenoxyacetat Yu cu ca hng liu tng hp: Phi nm trong danh mc nhng cht ph gia c b Y T cho php s dng trong thc phm. Phi ha tan trong nc. Phi c tinh khit cao, khng cha cc tp cht nh: thy ngn, asen, ch, urani Hp cht hng thng s dng l: alyl phenoxyacetate (mi thm da), naphtylmetylxeton (mi thm qu h citrus). Hm lng hng liu b sung khong 0,01 0,02% tng khi lng sn phm. thm ha tan nh: vanillin,

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CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGH Quy trnh sn xut:

Nc, saccharose Nu syrup Nc Tinh bt

Phi trn

Chun b dch tinh bt

un si

Acid

Phi trn

Hng

Rt khun

Lm lnh

Ct to hnh

Trn ng

Bao gi

Turkish delight

Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.1 Nu syrup v chun b dch tinh bt Trc tin, syrup c lm t ng vi mt lng nc tan. Sau , tinh bt c trn vi lng nc cn li. Thc t, hn hp ny c gi l sa tinh bt. Sa
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tinh bt c thm vo dung dch syrup ng c un si. Trong bc nu si ny, acid c thm vo nghch o ng. Lokum cn c th c tng thm hng v vi nhng loi tri cy t nhin v chit xut tho dc nh: mm xi, chanh, chanh ty, du, cam, to, chui, da, da, vanilla, tinh du bergamot, da hu, hoa hng v bc h... 3.2 Nu Nu si dung dch syrup trong khong 1 gi v phi khuy o lin tc bng cnh khuy. Sau thm tinh bt vo v a hn hp n nhit si, gi trong khong 5-6h cho n khi hn hp ng nht v bng C th nu ko trong ni h hay trong iu kin c p sut u c. Khi nu trong bnh h th phi nu t 2 2.5h 1250C. Khi nu trong iu kin p sut th thi gian nu c th gim i 30 40 pht. Hn na, trong iu kin p sut cao, lng nc, ng, acid v tinh bt bin tnh s dng cng gim xung. Thi gian nu thay i t 1.5 2.5 gi ty thuc vo sc cha ca ni nu. Qu trnh nu c kim sot bng cch kim tra khi bt nho lokum bng tay sau khi lm lnh. Nhit ca khi bt nho lokum khng th kim tra bng nhit k thng thng do lp gel tinh bt bao ph b mt bu nhit k lm vic truyn nhit b cn tr. Th tch ni nu khong 30 40l. Vic truyn nhit trc tip t di y ni c th lm chy hn hp nu do ta phi hn thm mt bn thp vo y ni. Khng c cch no kim sot nhit ni nu. Trong sut qu trnh nu, s dng mt bm tun hon khong 60 70 vng/pht. Vic gim thi gian nu l mt vn trong sn xut lokum. Trong thc t, thi gian nu bng ni h rt lu v ph thuc nhiu vo lng bt nho lokum. V vy tit kim ngi ta thng nu trong iu kin p sut. Tuy nhin khi s dng phng php ny s khng kim sot c nhit v nht. V vy ngi ta s dng phng php nu bng ni p sut trc sau chuyn qua nu tip ni h kim sot nhit v nht. Vi cch nu nh vy, cht lng lokum vn gi nguyn v cn gim c na thi gian nu.

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Hnh 3.1: Ni nu lolum 3.3 khun v to hnh: Lokum sau khi nu v phi trn ph gia c ra khun. Ty theo yu cu sn phm m ta c th thm vo ph gia to hng, u phng, bt da, ng xay, theo t l khong 20% khi lng sn phm. Cn ch rng, cc loi ht nh: u phng, pistachio (ht h trn), phi c nng trong l khong 140 150oC trc khi trn vo hn hp. Khun to hnh lokum c th lm bng g hoc thp khng g. Khun s dng c th thay i theo loi lokum sn xut v loi dao ct. B dy ca ming lokum c th l 5cm hoc 1.5 2.5cm ty thuc vo loi dao ct: bng tay hay bng my.

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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Hnh 3.2: Rt khun v to hnh 3.4 Lm ngui Lokum c lm ngui nhit phng trng 24 gi sau khi rt. Hoc lm lnh nhanh chng trong vng 3 4 h bng h thng nc lnh. Hu ht nh my khng dng cc h thng lm lnh nhanh c bit no. Nhiu chuyn gia trong lnh vc sn xut lokum cho rng lm ngui nhit phng cho lokum cht lng cao nht, ngc li, nh hng ca nhit lnh s lm gim cht lng ca lokum. Tuy nhin, khng c c s khoa hc no chng minh cho quan im ny. Trong sut qu trnh lm lnh, vic to thnh v v nt l mt vn rt quan trng. S to v hoc s nt l du hiu cho bit c li trong sn xut lokum. Khi m ca tinh bt trong khong 6 10% th s khng to v, nhng khi m tinh bt qu cao s to v. V vy trong sn xutt lokum, ngi ta s dng khay kim loi hoc tri tinh bt kh ln khun ngn cn s to v. Tinh bt c m trn 9% th khng nn cho vo khun.

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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

3.5 Ct Lokum sau khi lm lnh c t trn bn ct, c th s dng my hoc ct bng tay. ng xay hoc da c ri trn bn ct. C nhiu loi dao c s dung khi ct. Trong nhng nh my ln ngi ta c th dung my ct. Ngoi ra, vic dng my ct to lokum chun v ng u hn, vic ng gi thun tin hn. D ct bng tay hay bng my th thng thng lokum c ct thnh hnh lp phng vi cnh khong 2.5 3 cm. Tuy nhin, mt s loi lokum c bit c ct hnh lng tr ch nht. vng Afyon, ngi ta to lokum dng cun, di v m.

Hnh 3.3: My ct lokum t ng

3.6 ng gi Thng thng Th Nh K, ngi ta ng gi lokum trong hp 5kg bng g. Nu trong hp bng polyethylene th phi dng giy tm du hoc giy sp trnh dnh hp. Mt s nh my ng gi lokum trong hp 0.25 1 kg cho nhng ngi i xa hoc ngay ti Th Nh K. 3.7 Kim sot cht lng trong qu trnh nu Vic kim sot qu trnh nu c thc hin bi nhng cng nhn nhiu kinh nghim.

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kim ta vic qu trnh nu c hay cha ngi ta xc nh bng cch dng mt tha kim loi hoc mt ci que nhng vo ni nu sau rt ra v lm lnh nhanh bng nc lnh, nu lokum khng dnh tay tc l qu trnh nu kt thc.

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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

CHNG 4: SN PHM TURKISH DELIGHT Ngi ta cho rng kt cu v hng v l ch tiu cht lng hng u ca lokum, ngoi ra, lp bt ng bm bn ngoi phi kh. Duy tr s kh ro ca lp bt ng l mt nhim v quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut v bo qun. Hn na, sn phm cn duy tr c hnh dng, trnh xut hin vt nt trn b mt, gi c mu sc v phi trong sut. Ty quy trnh cng ngh m ch tiu mu sc cho mi loi sn phm lokum l khc nhau. mm v n hi l nhng thuc tnh quan trng trong kt cu ca sn phm. mm ca lokum c nh ngha l kh nng khng b mt hnh dng v b nt trn b mt. Trong cng ngh sn xut lokum vic kim sot tnh n hi c thc hin bng cc phng php nh gi cm quan (n ngn tay vo im gia mu lokum). Hng, v v mt s yu t cht lng khc cng c nh gi bng phng php cm quan. bn l mt thuc tnh cht lng ca lokum. Lokum c th gi c cht lng trong khong 1 nm.

Hnh 4.1 : Sn phm lokum

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GVHD: Trn Th Thu Tr

Hnh 4.2: Mt s sn phm lokum c nhn u

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Ti liu tham kho [1] Sugar and chocolate confectionary, Karabayin, Export promotion Center of Turkey, 2008 [2] Turkish Delight and Other Tempting Confections, Steve Richards, New York Resident, The Week of May 24, 2004 [3] Turkish delight, Helen Greenwood, PP-magazine, August 26, 2008 [4] Production of Turkish delight (lokum), Ali Batu, Bilal Kirmaci, Food Rearch International, Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2009.

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