CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn

CHUYN 1. TNH N IU CA HM S V CC NG DNG

VN 1: XT CHIU BIN THIN CA HM S
Quy tc:
1. Tm TX ca hm s.
2. Tnh o hm f(x). Tm cc im x
i
m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng
xc nh.
3. Sp xp cc im x
i
theo th t tng dn v lp BBT.
4. Nu kt lun v cc khong ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s.
Bi 1. Xt chiu bin thin cc hm s sau:

2
3 2 4 2
3x 2 x 2x + 3
a) y 2x + 3x + 1 b) y = x 2x 3 c) y d) y
x 1 x 1
+
+
+ +
Bi 2. Xt tnh n iu ca cc hm s sau:
3
2
2 2
x x x
a) y 25 x b) y c) y d) y
x 100
16 x x 6

+

Bi 3. Chng minh rng:
a) Hm s
2
y x 1 x + ng bin trn khong
1
1;
2
_

,
v nghch bin trn khong
1
;1
2
_

,
.
b) Hm s
2
y x x 20 nghch bin trn khong ( ) ; 4
v ng bin trn
khong ( ) 5; +
.
Bi 4. Xt s ng bin, nghch bin ca cc hm s sau:
[ ]
5
a) y x sin x, x 0; 2 b) y x 2cos x, x ;
6 6

_
+

,
Bi 4. Chng minh rng:
a) ( ) f x cos 2x 2x 3 +
nghch bin trn R.
b) ( )
2
f x x cos x + ng bin trn R.
Gii:
a) Ta c:
f '(x) 2(sin 2x 1) 0, x R +
v f '(x) 0 sin2x 1 x k , k Z
4

+
Hm s f lin tc trn mi on ( ) k ; k 1
4 4

1
+ + +
1
]
v c o hm f(x) < 0 vi mi
( ) x k ; k 1 , k Z
4 4

_
+ + +

,
.
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 1
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Do , hm s nghch bin trn mi on ( ) k ; k 1 , k Z
4 4

1
+ + +
1
]
.
Vy hm nghch bin trn R.
b) Ta c: f(x) = 1 sin2x; f '(x) 0 sin2x 1 x k , k Z
4

+
NX: Hm s f lin tc trn mi on ( ) k ; k 1
4 4

1
+ + +
1
]
v c o hm f(x) > 0 vi mi
( ) x k ; k 1 , k Z
4 4

_
+ + +

,
.
Do hm s ng bin trn mi on ( ) k ; k 1 , k Z
4 4

1
+ + +
1
]
.
Vy hm ng bin trn R.
VN 2: TM THAM S HM S N IU TRN MIN K
Phng php: S dng cc kin thc sau y:
1. Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn K.
Nu
f '(x) 0, x K
th f(x) ng bin trn K.
Nu
f '(x) 0, x K
th f(x) nghch bin trn K.
2. Cho tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c c bit thc
2
b 4ac . Ta c:

a 0
f (x) 0, x R
0
>

'

a 0
f (x) 0, x R
0
<

'

3. Xt bi ton: Tm m hm s y = f(x,m) ng bin trn K. Ta thc hin theo cc

bc sau:
B1. Tnh o hm f(x,m).
B2. L lun:
Hm s ng bin trn K
f '(x, m) 0, x K
( ) m g(x), x K m g(x)
B3. Lp BBT ca hm s g(x) trn K. T suy ra gi tr cn tm ca tham s m.
Bi 1
Vi gi tr no ca a, hm s ( )
3 2
1
f (x) x 2x 2a 1 x 3a 2
3
+ + + + nghch bin trn R ?
Gii:
TX: R
Ta c:
2
f '(x) x 4x 2a 1 + + + , 2a 5 +
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 2
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Hm s nghch bin trn R khi v ch khi
5
f '(x) 0, x R 0 a
2
.
Bi 2
Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s ( )
3 2
f (x) mx 3x m 2 x 3 + + nghch bin trn R ?
Gii:
TX: R
Ta c:
2
f '(x) 3mx 6x m 2 +
Hm s nghch bin trn R khi v ch khi
2
f '(x) 3mx 6x m 2 0, x R +
m = 0, khi f(x) =
1
6x 2 0 x
3

: khng tha x R .

m 0
, khi
m 0
f '(x) 0, x R
9 3m(m 2) 0
<

'

2
m 0 m 0
m 1
m 1 v m 3 3m 6m 9 0
< <

' '
+ +

Vy, vi m 1 th tha mn bi ton.
Bi 3
Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s
( )
2
3x mx 2
f x
2x 1
+

nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh

ca n.
Gii:
TX:
1
D R \
2

' ;

o hm:
( )
2
2
6x 6x 4 m
f '(x)
2x 1
+ +

Hm s nghch bin trn tng khong xc nh khi v ch khi

1
f '(x) 0, x
2

2
1 11
6x 6x 4 m 0, x ' 9 6(4 m) 0 m
2 2
+ + +
Bi 4
nh m hm s
mx 1
y
x m
+

+
lun ng bin trn tng khong xc nh ca n.
Gii:
TX: { } D R \ m
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 3
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
o hm:
( )
2
2
m 1
y'
x m

+
. Hm s ng bin trn tng khong xc nh khi
2
y' 0, x m m 1 0 m 1 v m 1 > > < >
Bi 5
Tm m hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1 1
y mx m 1 x 3 m 2 x
3 3
+ + ng bin trn [ ) 2; +
.
Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2
y' mx 2 m 1 x 3 m 2 +
Hm s ng trn [ ) ( ) ( )
2
2; y' 0, x 2 mx 2 m 1 x 3 m 2 0, x 2 + +
( )
2
2
6 2x
m x 2x 3 2x 6 0, x 2 m , x 2
x 2x 3

+ +
+
(v x
2
2x + 3 > 0)
Bi ton tr thnh:
Tm m hm s ( )
2
6 2x
f x m, x 2
x 2x 3

+
Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2x 12x 6
f ' x , f ' x 0 2x 12x 6 0 x 3 6
x 2x 3
+
+ t
+
BBT:
x
2 3 6 + +
f(x) 0
f(x)
2
3
0
Ta cn c:
[ ) 2;
2
max f (x) m m
3 +

. l cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m.
Bi 6
Tm m hm s
2
mx 6x 2
y
x 2
+

+
nghch bin trn na khong [ ) 1; +
.
Gii:
Ta c:
( )
2
2
mx 4mx 14
y'
x 2
+ +

+
Hm s nghch bin trn [ )
2
1; y' 0, x 1 mx 4mx 14 0, x 1 + + +
( )
2
2
14
m x 4x 14, x 1 m , 1
x 4x

+
+
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 4
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi ton tr thnh: Tm m hm s ( )
2
14
f x m, x 1
x 4x

+
Ta c:
( )
2
2
14(2x 4)
f '(x) 0, x 1
x 4x
+

+
x 1
+
f(x)
f(x)
0
14
5

Ta cn c:
[ ) 1;
14
min f (x) m m
5 +

. Vy
14
m
5
l cc gi tr cn tm ca m.
Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1. Tm cc gi tr ca tham s a hm s ( )
3 2
1
f x x ax 4x + 3
3
+ +
ng bin trn R
Bi 2. Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s
m
y x 2
x 1
+ +

ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ?

Bi 3. nh a hm s ( ) ( )
2 3 2
1
y a 1 x a 1 x 3x 5
3
+ + + + lun ng bin trn R ?
S:
a 1 v a 2
Bi 4. Cho hm s
( )
2
m 1 x 2x 1
y
x 1
+ +

+
. Xc nh m hm s lun ng bin trn tng
khong xc nh ca n.
S: 1 m 2
Bi 5. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2
y x m 1 x m 2 x m + + + +
. Chng minh rng hm s lun nghch
bin trn R vi mi m.
Bi 6. Tm m hm s y = 3x
3
2x
2
+ mx 4 ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; +
.
S:
4
m
9
.
Bi 7. Tm m hm s y = 4mx
3
6x
2
+ (2m 1)x + 1 tng trn khong (0;2).
S:
9
m
10
.
Bi 8. Cho hm s
2
x 2mx m 2
y
x m
+ +

.
a) Tm m hm s ng bin trn tng khong xc nh.
b) Tm m hm s ng bin trn khong ( ) 1;+
.
VN 3:
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 5
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
S SNG TNH N IU CA HM S CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php: S dng kin thc sau:
f(x) ng bin trn on
[ ] a; b
th
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] f a f x f b , x a; b
f(x) nghch bin trn on
[ ] a; b
th
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] f a f x f b , x a; b
Bi 1
Cho hm s ( ) f x 2sin x tan x 3x +
.
a) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong
0;
2

,
.
b) Chng minh rng:
2sin x tan x 3x, x 0;
2

_
+ >

,
.
Gii:
a) Hm s cho lin tc trn na khong
0;
2

,
v c
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 cos x 2cos x 1 1
f '(x) 2cos x 3 0, 0;
cos x cos x 2
+
_
+ >

,
. Do , hm s f ng
bin trn na khong
0;
2

,
(pcm).
b) T cu a) suy ra f(x) > f(0) = 0,
x 0; 2sin x tan x 3x, x 0;
2 2

_ _
+ >

, ,
(pcm).
Bi 2
a) Chng minh rng hm s ( ) f x tan x x
ng bin trn na khong
0;
2

,
.
b) Chng minh rng
3
x
tan x x , x 0;
3 2

_
> +

,
.
Gii:
a) Hm s cho lin tc trn na khong
0;
2

,
v c
2
2
1
f '(x) 1 tan x 0,
cos x
>
x 0;
2

_


,
. Do , hm s f ng bin trn na khong
0;
2

,
.
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 6
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
b) T cu a) suy ra f(x) > f(0) = 0,
x 0; tan x x, x 0;
2 2

_ _
>

, ,
.
Xt hm s
3
x
g(x) tan x x
3
trn na khong
0;
2

,
. Hm s ny lin tc trn na
khong
0;
2

,
v c o hm
2 2 2
2
1
g'(x) 1 x tan x x 0, x 0;
cos x 2

_
>

,
, do
tan x x, x 0;
2

_
>

,
.
Do , hm s g ng bin trn na khong
0;
2

,
nn g(x) > g(0) = 0
x 0;
2

_


,

3
x
tan x x , x 0;
3 2

_
> +

,
(pcm).
Bi 3
Chng minh rng :
2(x 1)
ln x
x 1

>
+
, vi mi x > 1.
Gii:
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
2(x 1)
ln x 0, x 1
x 1

> >
+
Xt hm s ( )
2(x 1)
f (x) ln x , x 0;
x 1

+
+
. Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
x 1 1 4
f '(x) 0, x 0;
x
x 1 x x 1

+
+ +
Suy ra hm s ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; +
nn cng ng bin trn khong ( ) 1;+
. Vy ta
lun c f(x) > f(1) = 0 vi mi x > 1. cng l iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a)
sin x x, x 0 < >
v
sin x 0, x 0 < <
b)
2
x
cos x 1 , x 0
2
>
c)
3
x
sin x x , x 0
6
> > v
3
x
sin x x , x 0
6
< <
d)
sin x tan x 2x, x 0;
2

_
+ >

,
e)
2x
sin x , x 0;
2

_
>

,
f) tan x sin x > vi 0 x
2

< <
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 7
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi 2. Cho hm s ( )
4
f x x tan x, x 0;
4

1

1

]
.
a) Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn on
0;
4

1
1
]
.
b) T suy ra rng:
tan x x, x 0;
4 4

1

1
]
.
Bi 3. Chng minh rng:
2
1 x 1
1 x 1 x 1 x
2 8 2
+ < + < + vi ( ) x 0; +
VN 4:
S SNG TNH N IU CA HM S
CHNG MINH PHNG TRNH C NGHIM DUY NHT
Bi 1
Cho hm s ( )
2
f x 2x x 2 .
a) Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong [ ) 2;+
.
b) Chng minh rng phng trnh
2
2x x 2 11 c mt nghim duy nht.
Gii:
a) TX: [ ) D 2; +
.
o hm:
( )
( )
2
x 5x 8 x
f '(x) 2 2 x 2 0, x 2;
2 x 2 x 2
_
+ > +


,
Do hm s ng bin trn na khong [ ) 2;+
.
b) NX: Hm s lin tc trn [2;3] v c f(2) = 0, f(3) = 18. V 0 < 11 < 18 nn ( ) c 2;3

sao cho f(c) = 11. S thc c l mt nghim ca phng trnh v v f ng bin trn [ ) 2; +

nn c l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
Bi 2
Cho hm s f(x) = sin
2
x + cosx.
a) CMR hm s ng bin trn on
0;
3

1
1
]
v nghch bin trn on
;
3

1
]
.
b) Chng minh rng vi mi ( ) m 1;1
, phng trnh sin
2
x + cosx = m c mt
nghim duy nht thuc on [ ]
0;
.
Gii:
a) Hm s cho lin tc trn [ ]
0;
v c o hm
f(x) = 2sinxcosx sinx = sinx(2cosx 1), ( ) x 0;
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 8
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
v khi sinx > 0 nn
1
f '(x) 0 cos x x
2 3

BBT:
x 0 / 3

y + 0

y 5 / 4
1

1
Vy, hm s ng bin trn on
0;
3

1
1
]
v nghch bin trn on
;
3

1
]
.
b) Hm s lin tc trn on
;
3

1
]
v ( )
5
f , f 1
3 4

_


,
. Theo nh l v gi tr trung gian
ca hm s lin tc th ( )
5
m 1;1 1;
4
_


,
, tn ti s
c ;
3

_


,
sao cho f(c) = 0. S c l
nghim ca phng trnh sin
2
x + cosx = m. V hm f nghch bin trn
;
3

1
]
nn phng
trnh c nghim duy nht.
Li v
x 0;
3

1

1
]
ta c ( )
5
1 f x
4
nn phng trnh nu khng c nghim vi
( ) m 1;1
. Vy phng trnh c duy nht mt nghim thuc [ ]
0;
.
Bi 3
Gii phng trnh:
5 3
x x 1 3x 4 0 + + (3)
Gii:
t
5 3
f (x) x x 1 3x 4 + + vi
1
x
3

Ta c f(x) l hm lin tc trn na khong

1
;
3
1

1
]
v c o hm

4 2
3 1
f '(x) 5x 3x 0, x
3 2 1 3x
+ + > <

.
Do hm s ng bin trn na khong
1
;
3
1

1
]
. Mt khc f(-1) = 0, nn x = -1 l mt
nghim ca (3) v cng l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh ny.
Bi 4
Gii phng trnh:
3 x 2
2 x 8x 14

+
(4)
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 9
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Gii:
iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh : x 3
Xt hai hm s
3 x
f (x) 2

v
2
g(x) x 8x 14 + xc nh v lin tc trn ( ]
;3
, ta c:

3 x
1
f '(x) 2 . ln2 0
2 3 x

_
<

,
v
g'(x) 2x 8 0 + >
vi mi ( ) x ;3
Nh vy f(x) l hm s nghch bin, cn g(x) l hm s ng bin trn ( ]
;3
. Mt khc
f(3) = g(3) = 1 nn x = 3 l nghim ca (4) v l nghim duy nht.
Bi 5
Gii phng trnh: [ ]
2 3
4(x 2) log (x 3) log (x 2) 5(x 1) + +
(5)
Gii:
iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh: x > 3. Khi :
2 3
5(x 1)
(5) log (x 3) log (x 2)
4(x 2)
+
+

Xt hai hm s
2 3
f (x) log (x 3) log (x 2) +
v
5(x 1)
g(x)
4(x 2)
+

l hai hm xc nh v lin
tc trn khong ( ) 3; +
, ta c:
f(x) l tng ca hai hm s ng bin nn l hm s ng bin.
v
( )
2
45
g'(x) 0
4 x 2
<

nn g(x) l hm nghch bin.

Mt khc ta c f(11) = g(11) = 5 nn x = 11 l nghim ca (5) v cng l nghim duy nht.
Bi 5
Gii phng trnh: ( )
x 2 x 2
3.25 3x 10 .5 3 x 0

+ +
(6)
Gii:
t t = 5
x-2
(t > 0). Khi :

x 2
2
x 2
1 1
5 t
(6) 3t (3x 10)t 3 x 0 3 3
t 3 x 5 3 x

+ +



Ta c:

x 2
5
1
5 x 2 log 3
3

Xt phng trnh
x 2
5 3 x

, ta d chng minh x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca n.

Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l
5
x 2 log 3 v x 2
.
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 10
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi 5 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi D-2006)
Cho h phng trnh ( )
x y
e e ln(1 x) ln(1 y)
a 0
y x a
+ +
>
'

Chng minh h trn c nghim duy nht.

Gii:
Xt h:
x y
e e ln(1 x) ln(1 y) (1)
y x a (2)
+ +
'

vi iu kin xc nh
x 1, y 1 > >
T (1)

y = x + a, th vo (1) ta c:
x a x
e e ln(1 x) ln(1 x a) 0
+
+ + + + (3)
Bi ton tr thnh chng minh (3) c nghim duy nht trn khong ( ) 1; +
.
t
x a x
f (x) e e ln(1 x) ln(1 x a)
+
+ + + + trn khong ( ) 1; +
Ta c f(x) l hm lin tc trn khong ( ) 1; +
v c o hm

x a x
1 1
f '(x) e e
x 1 x a 1
+
+
+ + +
Do a > 0 nn vi mi x > -1, ta c:
x a x
e e 0
1 1
0
x 1 x a 1
+
>

'
>

+ + +
Nh vy f(x) > 0 vi mi x > -1

f(x) l hm s ng bin trn khong ( ) 1; +

Mt khc, ta c:
x a
1 x
f (x) e (e 1) ln
1 a x
+
+
+ +
T ta tnh gii hn:
x a
x x x
1 x
lim f (x) lim e (e 1) lim ln
1 a x
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
v
x ( 1)
lim f (x)
+


Vy, phng trnh (3) c nghim duy nht trn khong ( ) 1; +
. T suy ra pcm.
Bi tp t luyn:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2 2
x 15 3x 2 x 8 + + +
S: x = 1
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x 2 2x 1 3 x 6 4 x 6 2x 1 3 x 2 + + + + + S: x = 7
VN 4:
NG DNG CHIU BIN THIN CA HM S VO VIC BIN LUN
PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH
Ch . Cho f(x) l hm s lin tc trn T, th:
a) ( ) f x a
vi mi ( ) x T a max f x
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 11
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
b) ( ) f x a
vi mi ( ) x T a min f x
c) ( ) f x a
c nghim ( ) a min f x
d) ( ) f x a
c nghim ( ) a max f x
Bi 1
Cho phng trnh
( )
2
m x 2x 2 1 x(2 x) 0 + + +
. Tm m phng trnh c nghim
x
0,1 3
1
+
]
.
Gii:
Xt bt phng trnh :
( )
2
m x 2x 2 1 x(2 x) 0 (1) + + +
t
+
2 2 2
t x 2x 2 x 2x t 2

Ta xc nh iu kin ca t :
Xt hm s
+
2
t x 2x 2
vi x
0,1 3
1
+
]
Ta c:
2
x 1
t ' , t ' 0 x 1
x 2x 2

+
x 0 1 1 3 +
t

0 +
t
2 2
1
Vy vi x
0,1 3
1
+
]
th 1 t 2 .
Khi :
(1)

+
2
t 2
m
t 1
vi
t [1; 2]
Xt hm s

+
2
t 2
f(t)
t 1
vi
t [1; 2]
. Ta c:
f(t)
+ +
>
+
2
2
t 2t 2
0, x [1;2]
(t 1)
. Vy hm s f tng trn [1; 2].
Do , yu cu bi ton tr thnh tm m (1) c nghim t[1,2]

1
]

t 1;2
2
m max f(t) f(2)
3
.
l gi tr cn tm ca tham s.
Bi 2
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Trang 12
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Tm m phng trnh
4 4
x 13x m x 1 0 + +
c ng mt nghim.
Gii:
Ta c:
4 4
x 13x m x 1 0 + +
4 4
x 13x m 1 x +
( )
4
3 2 4
x 1
x 1
4x 6x 9x 1 m x 13x m 1 x

' '
+

Yu cu bi ton tr thnh tm m ng thng y = -m ct phn th f(x) = 4x

3
6x
2
9x1
ng vi x 1 ti mt im duy nht.
Xt hm s f(x) = 4x
3
6x
2
9x 1 trn na khong ( ]
;1
Ta c: f'(x) = 12x
2
12x 9 = 3(4x
2
4x 3)
Cho f'(x) = 0 4x
2
4x 3 = 0
1 3
x x
2 2

x
1
2

1
f(x) + 0

f(x)

3
2
12

T bng bin thin ta thy:
Yu cu bi ton xy ra khi
3 3
m m
2 2
m 12 m 12

< >


l cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m.
Bi 3
Tm m h phng trnh ( )
2x y m 0
I
x xy 1

'
+

c nghim duy nht.

Gii:
Ta c:
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Trang 13
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
(I)
2x y m 0 2x y m 0
x xy 1 xy 1 x




' '
+


Vi iu kin:
xy 0
x 1

'

ta c:
(I)

( )
( )
( )
2
2
y 2x m
y 2x m
1 x
xy 1 x
y x 1
x

' '

(Do x = 0 khng l nghim ca h)

( )
2
2
1 x x 2x 1
2x m m
x x
+

()
Xt hm s
2
x 2x 1 1
f (x) x 2
x x
+
+ trn tp ( ] { } D ;1 \ 0
Ta c hm s f(x) lin tc trn D v c o hm ( ) ( ]
2
1
f '(x) 1 0, x ;0 0;1
x
+ >
Gii hn :
x x 0 x 0
lim f (x) ; lim ; lim
+

+
v f(1) = 2
BBT :
x 0 1
f(x) + +
f(x)

+
2

T BBT ta thy :
Yu cu bi ton xy ra khi m > 2. l cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s.
Bi 4 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi B 2004)
Tm m phng trnh
2 2
3 3
log x log x 1 2m 1 0 + + c t nht mt nghim thuc
3
1;3
1
]
.
Gii:
t
2
3
t log x 1 + . Vi x
3
1;3
1

]
th
t [1; 2]
.
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi :
2
t t 2 2m +
Bi ton tr thnh tm m phng trnh
2
t t 2 2m + c nghim
t [1; 2]
Xt hm s f(t) = t
2
+ t 2 vi
t [1; 2]
. Ta c : f(x) = 2t + 1 > 0, vi mi
t [1; 2]
Vy yu cu bi ton xy ra khi :
x [1;2] x [1;2]
min f (x) 2m maxf (x) f (1) 2m f (2) 0 2m 4 0 m 2


Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
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Trang 14
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi 5 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi B 2004)
Tm m phng trnh
( )
2 2 4 2 2
m 1 x 1 x 2 2 1 x 1 x 1 x + + + +
c nghim.
Gii:
iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh :
x [ 1;1]
t
2 2
t 1 x 1 x +
. Vi
x [ 1;1]
, ta xc nh iu kin ca t nh sau :
Xt hm s
2 2
t 1 x 1 x +
vi
x [ 1;1]
Ta c :
( )
2 2
2 2 4
x 1 x 1 x
x x
t '
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ +
+
+
, cho t ' 0 x 0
x 1 0 1
t

0 +
t
2 2
0
Vy vi
x [ 1;1]
th
t 0; 2
1

]
T
2 2 4 2
t 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 2 t +
. Khi , phng trnh cho tng ng vi :
( )
2
2
t t 2
m t 2 t t 2 m
t 2
+ +
+ + +
+
Bi ton tr thnh tm m phng trnh
2
t t 2
m
t 2
+ +

+
c nghim
t 0; 2
1

]
Xt hm s
2
t t 2
f (t)
t 2
+ +

+
vi
t 0; 2
1

]
. Ta c :
( )
2
2
t 4t
f '(t) 0, t 0; 2
t 2

1
<
]
+
Suy ra :
( )
t 0; 2 t 0; 2
max f (t) f (0) 1, min f (t) f 2 2 1
1 1
] ]

By gi, yu cu bi ton xy ra khi
t 0; 2 t 0; 2
min f (t) m max f (t) 2 1 m 1
1 1
] ]

. y l cc
gi tr cn tm ca tham s.
Bi 6 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi B 2006)
Tm m phng trnh
2
x mx 2 2x 1 + + +
c nghim thc phn bit.
Gii:
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Trang 15
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Ta c: ( )
( )
2
2
1
x
2 x mx 2 2x 1 1
3x 4x 1 mx 2

+ + +
'

(*)
NX : x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca (2). Do vy, ta tip tc bin i :
( )
2
1
x
2
(*)
3x 4x 1
m 3
x

'
+

Bi ton tr thnh tm m (3) c nghim thc phn bit { }
1
x ; \ 0
2
_
+

,
Xt hm s
2
3x 4x 1
f (x)
x
+
vi { }
1
x ; \ 0
2
_
+

,
. Ta c :
{ }
2
2
3x 1 1
f '(x) 0, x ; \ 0
x 2
+ _
> +

,
BBT :
x 0 1
f(x) + +
f(x)
+ +
9
2

T BBT, ta thy : Yu cu bi ton xy ra khi
9
m
2
.
Vy vi
9
m
2
th phng trnh cho c nghim thc phn bit.
Bi 7 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi A 2007)
Tm m phng trnh
( )
2 4
3 x 1 m x 1 2 x 1 1 + + c nghim.
Gii:
iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh : x 1
Khi :
( )
( )
( )
2
4
4
2
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1 3 m 2 3 m 2 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1

+ +
+ + +
+
t
4
x 1
t
x 1

+
( t 0 ). V
4 4
x 1 2
1 1
x 1 x 1

<
+ +
nn t < 1. Vy vi x 1 th 0 t 1 < .
Trng THPT Long Hi Phc Tnh
.
Trang 16
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Khi , (2)
2 2
3t m 2t 3t 2t m + + (3)
By gi bi ton tr thnh tm m (3) c nghim [ ) t 0;1
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
3t 2t +
trn na khong [ ) 0;1
. Ta c :
f(t) = -6t + 2, cho f(t) = 0
1
6t 2 0 t
3
+
t
0 1
1
f(t)

+
0

f(t)

1
3
0

1
T BBT, ta thy yu cu bi ton xy ra khi
1
1 m
3
< .
Bi 8 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi B 2007)
Chng minh rng vi mi m > 0, phng trnh
2
x 2x 8 m(x 2) + lun c hai nghim
thc.
Gii:
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Trang 17
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi 9 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi D 2007)
Gii:
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Trang 18
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi 10 ( thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng khi A 2008)
Gii:
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.
Trang 19
CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn CHUYN TON THPT V Trng Sn
Bi tp t gii
Bi 1. Tm m bt phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
x 4 6 x x 2x m + + ng vi mi
x [ 4;6]
.
S : m 6
Bi 2. Tm m bt phng trnh x 1 4 x m + c nghim.
S : m 5
Bi 3. Tm m phng trnh
2
2 x 2 x 4 x m + +
c nghim.
S : 2 2 2 m 2
Bi 4. Tm m h phng trnh
x y 1
x x y y 1 3m

'
+

c nghim.
S:
1
0 m
4

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