HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG

KHONG GIAN

Chuyen e 15:

A. KIEN THC C BAN:

PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN

TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T
z

I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong khong gian

x'

x'Ox : truc hoanh

y'Oy : truc tung
z'Oz : truc cao
O : goc toa o
JG JJG JJG
e1 , e2 , e3 : vec t n v

K
e3

y'

K
e1

K
e2

z'
Quy c : Khong gian ma trong o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxyz c goi la
khong gian Oxyz va ky hieu la : kg(Oxyz)
II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t:
JJJJG
1. nh ngha 1: Cho M kg(Oxyz) . Khi o vec t OM c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo
JJJJG
JG JJG JJG
JG JJG JJG
z
e1 , e2 , e3 bi he thc co dang : OM = xe1 + ye2 + ye3 vi x,y,z \ .

Bo so (x;y;z) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M.

y
Ky hieu:
M(x;y;z)

( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M, z: cao o cua iem M )

M ( x; y; z)

/n

JJJJG
JG JJG JJG
OM = xe1 + ye2 + ze3

Y ngha hnh hoc:

M2

R
z

M3
O

M
y

x = OP

x
x

M1

117

; y= OQ ; z = OR

G
G
2. nh ngha 2: Cho a kg(Oxyz) . Khi o vec t a c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo
G
JG
JJG
JJG
JG JJG JJG
e1 , e2 , e3 bi he thc co dang : a = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3 vi a1 ,a2 \ .
G
Bo so (a1;a2;a3) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t a .
G
a = (a1; a2 )
Ky hieu:
G
a=(a1;a2 ;a3 )

G
JG
JG
J
JJG
a = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3

/n

II. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t :

nh ly 1: Neu A( x A ; y A ; zA ) va B(x B; yB ; zB ) th

JJJG
AB = ( xB x A ; yB y A ; zB zA )
G
G
Neu a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) th

nh ly 2:

a1 = b1
G G

* a = b a2 = b2
a = b
3
3
G G
* a + b = (a1 + b1; a2 + b2 ; a3 + b3 )
G G
* a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2 ; a3 b3 )
G
* k .a = (ka1; ka2 ; ka3 )
(k \ )
III. S cung phng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai
Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng
thang song song .
nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t: G
G
G G
 nh ly 3 :
Cho hai vec t a va b vi b 0
G
G
a cung phng b

G
G
!k \ sao cho a = k .b

G G
Neu a 0 th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau:
G
G
k > 0 khi a cung hng b
G
G
k < 0 khi a ngc hng b
G
a
k = G
b

nh ly 4 :

JJJG
JJJG
A, B, C thang hang AB cung phng AC

118

G
G
nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :
a1 = kb1

a2 = kb2 a 1 : a2 : a3 = b1 : b2 : b3
a = kb
3
3

G
G
a cung phng b

IV. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t:

Nhac lai:
GG G G
G G
a.b = a . b .cos(a, b)
G2 G 2
a =a
G G
GG
a b a.b = 0

 nh ly 6:

G
G
Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :
GG
a.b = a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3
G

 nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 )

ta co :

G
a = a12 + a22 + a32

 nh ly 8:

Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) th

AB = ( xB x A )2 + ( yB y A )2 + (zB zA )2
G
G
 nh ly 9: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

G G
ab

a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 = 0

 nh ly 10: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 )

G
va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) ta co :

GG
G G
a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3
a.b
cos(a, b) = G G =
a.b
a12 + a22 + a32 . b12 + b22 + b32
V. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k:
nh ngha : iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh :
JJJG
JJJG
MA = k.MB

119

 nh ly 11 : Neu

JJJG
JJJG
A( x A ; y A ; zA ) , B(x B ; yB ; zB ) va MA = k.MB ( k 1 ) th
x A k .x B

xM = 1 k

y A k .y B

yM =
1 k

zA k .zB

zM = 1 k

ac biet :

x A + xB

xM =
2

y +y

M la trung iem cua AB yM = A B

2

zA + zB

zM = 2

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3)
Tm iem D sao cho t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(2;-1;6), B(-3;-1;-4), C(5;-1;0)
a.Chng minh rang tam giac ABC vuong .
b. Tm toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC
c. Tnh o dai ng trung tuyen ke t A
VI. Tch co hng cua hai vec t:
G
G
1. nh ngha: Tch co hng cua hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ) la mot vec t c
G G
ky hieu : a; b co toa o la :
1 2 3
G G
a
a; b = 2

b2

a3 a3
;
b3 b3

a1 a1 a2
;

b1 b1 b2

G
a = (a1; a2 ; a3 )
Cach nh: G
b = (b1; b2 ; b3 )

2. Tnh chat:

G G
G
a; b a va

G G
G
a; b b

1 JJJG HJJG
SABC = . AB; AC
2

A
B

JJJG JJJG
S. ABCD = AB; AD

C
D

A'

VABCD. A' B'C ' D'

JJJG JJJG JJJG

= AB; AD . AA'

D'

C
B

C'
B'

D
C

120

1 JJJG JJJG JJJG

VABCD = . AB; AC . AD
6

G
G
a cung phng b

G G G
G G G
a, b, c ong phang a, b .c = 0

G G
G
a; b = 0

A
B

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho bon iem A(-1;-2;4), B(-4;-2;0), C(3;-2;1), D(1;1;1)
a. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang
b. Tnh dien tch tam giac ABC
c. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD
Bai 2: Tnh the tch t dien ABCD biet A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3)
NG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN
I. Cac nh ngha:
1. Vec t ch phng cua ng thang:
1. VTCP cua ng thang :
G
G
G
n a 0

a la VTCP cua ng thang ( ) G

a co gia song song hoac trung vi ()
K
a
K
a
( )

Chu y:
Mot ng thang co vo so VTCP, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau.
Mot ng thang ( ) hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot VTCP cua
no.
2. Cap VTCP cua mat phang:
K
a
K
b
a

G
Cho mat phang xac nh bi hai ng thang cat nhau a va b . Goi a la VTCP cua ng
G
thang a va b la VTVP cua ng thang b. Khi o :
JGJJG
Cap (a,b) c goi la cap VTCP cua mat phang
Chu y :
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTCP cua
no.

121

K
n

3. Vec t phap tuyen ( VTPT) cua mat phang :

G
G
G
n n 0

n la VTPT cua mat phang G

n co gia vuong goc vi mp
Chu y:
Mot mat phang co vo so VTPT, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau.
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTPT cua no.
4. Cach tm toa o mot VTPT cua mat phang khi biet cap VTCP cua no:
G
a = (a1; a2 ; a3 )
nh ly: Gia s mat phang co cap VTCP la : G
th mp co mot VTPT la :
b
(
b
;
b
;
b
)
=

1 2 3
G
G G
a
n = a; b = 2
b2

a3 a3
;
b3 b3

a1 a1
;
b1 b1

a2

b2

K
K K
n = [a , b ]
K
a

K
b

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Tm mot VTPT cua mat phang biet i qua ba iem A(-2;0;1), B(0;10;3), C(2;0;-1)
II. Phng trnh cua mat phang :
nh ly 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh mat phang i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co mot
G
VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) la:

K
n = ( A; B ; C )

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )

A( x x0 ) + B( y y0 ) + C ( z z0 ) = 0

nh ly 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh dang :

K
n = ( A; B ; C )

M0

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi A2 + B2 + C 2 0

la phng trnh tong quat cua mot mat phang .

122

Chu y :
G
Neu ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 th ( ) co mot VTPT la n = ( A; B; C )
M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Ax 0 + By0 + Cz0 + D = 0
Cac trng hp ac biet:
1. Phng trnh cac mat phang toa o:
(Oxy):z = 0
(Oyz):x = 0
(Oxz):y = 0
2. Phng trnh mat phang theo oan chan:

(Oyz )

z
y
O

(Oxz )

A(a; 0; 0)

Phng trnh mat phang cat cac truc Ox, Oy, Oz tai B(0; b; 0)
C (0; 0; c)

x y z
la:
+ + =1
a b c

(Oxy )

(a,b,c 0)
C

c
O
a

b
B

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

A
Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3)
Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC)
Bai 2: Cho iem A(1;3;2), B(1;2;1), C(1;1;3)
Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam tam giac ABC va vuong goc vi
mat phang cha tam giac.
III. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang - Chum mat phang :
1. Mot so quy c va ky hieu:
a1 = tb1
a = tb
2
2
(
a
,
a
,...,
a
)
1 2
n
Hai bo n so :
c goi la ty le vi nhau neu co so t 0 sao cho .
(b1 , b2 ,..., bn )
.

an = tbn
a
a1 a2
Ky hieu:
a1 : a2 : ... : an = b1 : b2 : ... : bn
hoac
=
= ... = n
b1 b2
bn
2. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh :
JJG
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 co VTPT n1 = ( A1; B1; C1 )
JJG
( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 co VTPT n2 = ( A2 ; B2 ; C2 )
K
n1
K
n2
K
K
n1
K
n1

n2

123

K
n2

( ) cat ( ) A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2 (hay:

A1 B1 C1 D1
=
=

A 2 B2 C2 D2

( ) ( )

A1 B1 C1 D1
=
=
=
A 2 B2 C2 D2

( ) // ( )

ac biet:

A1 B1
B
C
C
A
hoac 1 1 hoac 1 1 )

B2 C2
C2 A2
A 2 B2

A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0

3. Chum mat phang :

a. nh ngha: Tap hp cac mat phang cung i qua mot ng thang c goi la mot chum mat
phang .
goi la truc cua chum
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet
i. Truc cua chum
hoac ii. Hai mat phang cua chum
b. nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh :
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
Khi o : Moi mat phang qua giao tuyen cua va eu co phng trnh dang:

( ) : ( A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + ( A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0

( 2 + 2 0)

Chu y:

= 0 va 0 th
0 va = 0 th
ac biet :

Neu 0 va 0 th va trong trng hp nay

phng trnh co the viet di dang sau:
1. m(A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + (A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0
hoac

2. (A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + n(A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0

124

NG THANG TRONG KHONG GIAN

I. Phng trnh cua ng thang:
1.Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
G
va nhan a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) lam VTCP la :
z

K
a

x = x0 + ta1

() : y = y0 + ta2
z = z + ta
0
3

()
M0

M ( x, y , z ) y

(t \)

2. Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
G
va nhan a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) lam VTCP la :
( ) :

x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
a1
a2
a3

3. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :

Trong khong gian ta co the xem ng thang la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nao o.
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0
Xem ( ) = vi
ta co nh ly sau.
( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) he phng trnh:

A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0
vi A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2

0
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
z
+
D
=
2
2
2
2
la phng trnh tong quat cua mot ng thang.
G
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 ( n = ( A1; B1; C1 ))
Chu y: Neu ():
th ( ) co mot VTCP la :
G

A
x
B
y
C
z
D
n
A
B
C
(
)
:
0
(
(
;
;
))
+
+
+
=
=

2
2
2
2
2 2
2
G
G G
B
a = n , n = 1
B2

C1 C1
;
C2 C2

125

A1

A1

A2 A2

B1

B2

II. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang :

1.V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang :

K
a

( )

K
n

( )
K
n

K
n

K
a

K
a ( )

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho :

G
x x0 y y0 z z0
co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va qua M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
ng thang ( ) :
=
=
a1
a2
a3
G
co VTPT n = ( A; B; C )
va mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Khi o :
() cat ( )
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 0

Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 = 0

Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D 0
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3 = 0

Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D = 0

() // ( )
() ( )

K
a
ac biet:

( ) ( )

a1 : a2 : a3 = A : B : C

K
n

pt()
Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua ( ) va ( ) ta giai he phng trnh :
tm x,y,z
pt( )
Suy ra: M(x,y,z)
2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :
M

M0

'
0

K
a
K
b

K
u

M0
K
u'

1
2

'
1 M 0 M 0

K
u

K
u'

M0
2

M 0'

K
u

'
0

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

G
x x0 y y0 z z0
(1 ) :
co VTCP u = (a; b; c) va qua M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
=
=
a
b
c
JG
x x0 y y0 z z0
'
( 2 ) :
co
VTCP
u
=
=
= (a' ; b' ; c' ) va qua M'0 ( x0' ; y0' ; z0' )
'
'
'
a
b
c

126

K
u'

G JG JJJJJJJG
(1 ) va ( 2 ) ong phang u, u' .M0 M0' = 0

JG JJJJJJJG
G
u, u' .M M ' = 0

0 0
(1 ) cat ( 2 )

a : b : c a' : b' : c'
(1 ) // ( 2 )

a : b : c = a' : b' : c' ( x0' x0 ) : ( y0' y0 ) : ( z0' z0 )

(1 ) ( 2 )

a : b : c = a' : b' : c' = ( x0' x0 ) : ( y0' y0 ) : ( z0' z0 )

G JG JJJJJJJG
u, u' .M0 M0' 0

(1 ) va ( 2 ) cheo nhau

pt(1 )
Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua (1 ) va ( 2 ) ta giai he phng trnh :
tm x,y,z
pt(2 )
Suy ra: M(x,y,z)
III. Goc trong khong gian:
1. Goc gia hai mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh :
( ) : A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

( ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0

K
n 2 = ( A2 ; B 2 ; C 2 )

Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) & ( ) ta co cong thc:

cos =

A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2
A12 + B12 + C12 . A22 + B22 + C22

0 0 90 0

2. Goc gia ng thang va mat phang:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang ( ) :

K
n1 = ( A1 ; B1 ; C1 )

x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
a
b
c

va mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) & ( ) ta co cong thc:

( )
K
a = ( a ; b; c )
K
n = ( A; B ; C )

sin =

Aa + Bb + Cc
A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a 2 + b 2 + c 2

3.Goc gia hai ng thang :

nh ly:
Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
(1 ) :
a
b
c
x x0 y y0 z z0
=
=
( 2 ) :
a'
b'
c'

127

0 0 90 0

K
a1 = ( a; b; c )

Goi la goc gia hai mat phang (1 ) & ( 2 ) ta co cong thc:

aa ' + bb ' + cc '

cos =

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 . a '2 + b '2 + c '2

K
a 2 = (a ' ; b' ; c' )

0 0 90 0
IV. Khoang cach:
1. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 va iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
Khoang cach t iem M0 en mat phang ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )
d ( M0 ; ) =

Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D

A2 + B2 + C 2

2. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang ( ) i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co VTCP
G
u = (a; b; c ) . Khi o khoang cach t iem M1 en ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

M1

K
u

JJJJJJG G
M0 M1; u

d ( M1 , ) =
G
u

( )

M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) H

3. Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang cheo nhau :
G
(1 ) co VTCP u = (a; b; c) va qua M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
JG
( 2 ) co VTCP u' = (a' ; b' ; c' ) va qua M'0 ( x0' ; y0' ; z0' )

Khi o khoang cach gia (1 ) va ( 2 ) c tnh bi cong thc

K
1
u
M0

'
0

K
u'

G JG JJJJJJJG
u, u' .M M '

0 0
d (1 , 2 ) =
G JG'
u, u

128

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

-------------***------------Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A'B'C'D' vi A(0;0;0), B(1;0;0), D(0;1;0), A'(0;01).
Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD.
1. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang A'C va MN
1
2. Viet phng trnh mat phang cha A'C va tao vi mat phang Oxy mot goc biet cos =
6
Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(0;1;2) va hai ng thang :
x = 1 + t
x y 1 z +1

d1 : =
& d 2 : y = 1 2t
=
2
1
1
z = 2 + t

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua A, ong thi song song vi d1 va d2.
2. Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d1, N thuoc d2 sao cho ba iem A,M,N thang hang
Bai 3: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(1;2;3) va hai ng thang :
x2 y +2 z 3
x 1 y 1 z +1
=
=
=
=
& d2 :
d1 :
1
2
1
1
2
1
1. Tm toa o iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d1
2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua A, vuong goc vi d1 va cat d2
Bai 4: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 4 iem A(0;1;0), B(2;3;1), C(-2;2;2), D(1;-1;2) .
1. Chng minh cac tam giac ABC, ABD, ACD la cac tam giac vuong .
2. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD.
3. Goi H la trc tam tam giac BCD, viet phng trnh ng thang AH.
Bai 5: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 3 iem A(1;1;2), B(-2;1;-1), C(2;-2;1).
1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC).
2. Xac nh toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem O tren mat phang (ABC).
3. Tnh the tch t dien OABC.
Bai 6: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang:
x = 1+ t
x 2y + z 4 = 0

1 :
va 2 : y = 2 + t
x + 2 y 2z + 4 = 0

z = 1 + 2t

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang 1 va song song vi ng thang 2
2. Cho iem M(2;1;4). Tm toa o iem H thuoc ng thang 2 sao cho oan thang MH co o
dai nho nhat.
Bai 7: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) : 2x-y+2=0 va ng thang
(2m + 1) x + (1 m)y + m 1 = 0
dm :
mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0
Xac nh m e ng thang dm song song vi mat phang (P)
Bai 8: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) :x-y+z+3=0 va hai iem A(-1;-3;-2), B(-5;7;12)
1. Tm toa o iem A la iem oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (P)
2. Gia s M la iem chay tren mat phang (P). Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : MA+MB
2 x + y + z + 1 = 0
Bai 9: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang :
va mat phang (P): 4x-2y+z-1=0
x + y + z + 2 = 0
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Viet phng trnh hnh chieu vuong goc cua ng thang tren mat phang (P).
x az a = 0
ax + 3y 3 = 0
Bai 10: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang: d1 :
va d 2 :
y z + 1 = 0
x 3z 6 =
1. Tm a e hai ng thang d1 va d2 cat nhau
2. Vi a=2, viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang d2 va songsong vi ng thang
d1. Tnh khoang cach gia d1 va d2 khi a=2
Bai 11: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.ABCD co A trung vi goc toa o,
B(a;0;0).D(0;a;0), A(0;0;b) (a>0,b>0) . Goi M la trung iem cua canh CC .
1. Tnh the tch khoi t dien BDAM theo a va b
a
2. Xac nh ty so e hai mat phang (ABD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau.
b
Bai 12: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho t dien ABCD vi A(2;3;2), B(6;-1;-2), C(-1;-4;3), D(1;6;-5). Tnh
goc gia hai ng thang AB va CD . Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang CD sao cho
tam giac ABM co chu vi nho nhat.
Bai 13: 2. Trong khong gian vi he toa do e cac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai ng thang
3 x z + 1 = 0
x y +1 z
va d2 :
=
d1 : =
1
2
1
2 x + y 1 = 0
1. Chng minh rang d1, d2 cheo nhau va vuong goc vi nhau.
2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang d cat ca hai ng thang d1, d2 va song song
x 4 y 7 z3
vi ng thang :
=
=
1
4
2
Bai 14: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho t dien OABC vi
A(0;0; a 3 ), B(a;0;0), C(0; a 3 ;0) (a>0). Goi M la trung iem cua BC. Tnh khoang
cach gia hai ng thang AB va OM.
Bai 15: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai iem A(2;1;1),
3 x 2 y 11 = 0
B(0;-1;3) va ng thang d :
y + 3z 8 = 0
1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua trung iem I cua AB va vuong goc vi AB. Goi K la
giao iem cua ng thang d va mat phang (P), chng minh rang d vuong goc vi IK.
2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua hnh chieu vuong goc cua d tren mat phang co phng trnh
x + y z +1 = 0
Bai 16: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
x + y z + 2 = 0
x 1 y + 2 z
(d1 ) :
=
= va (d 2 ) :
3
1
1
x +1 = 0

Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(0;1;1) sao cho vuong goc vi (d1) va cat (d2).
Bai 17: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
3 x 2 y 8 = 0
x +1 y + 3 z 2
(d1 ) :
=
=
va (d 2 ) :
2
1
3
5 x + +2 z 12 = 0
1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau.
2. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang tren.
3. Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(-4;-5;3) sao cho cat ca d1 va d2.
Bai 18: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh :
x +1 y 1 z 2
=
=
(d ) :
va (P):x-y-z-1=0
2
2
3
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Lap phng trnh ng thang qua A(1;1;-2) sao cho d va //(P) .

Bai 19: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
x 2y + z 4 = 0
x 1 y +1 z
(d1 ) :
=
= va (d 2 ) :
1 1
2
2 x y + 2 z + 1 = 0

va mat phang ( P ) : x + y + z 1 = 0 .
Lap phng trnh ng thang sao cho ( P ) va cat ca hai ng thang d1 va d2.
Bai 20: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang :
x 1 y 2 z
va iem I(2;-1;3)
=
=
(d ) :
1
2
3
Goi K la iem oi xng cua I qua (d) . Tm toa o iem K.
Bai 21: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang :
x y 1 z + 3
va iem A(1;2;1)
=
(d ) : =
3
4
1
Tnh khoang cach t iem A en ng thang (d).
Bai 22: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
2 x + y + 1 = 0
3 x + y z + 3 = 0
(d1 ) :
va (d 2 ) :
x-y+z-1=0
2 x y + 1 = 0
1. Chng minh rang d1 va d2 cat nhau. Tm toa o giao iem I cua d1 va d2 .
2. Lap phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua d1 va d2 .
3. Tnh the tch phan khong gian gii han bi (P) va cac mat phang toa o.
Bai 23: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;1) , B(2;1;3) va mat phang (P): x-3y+2z-6 = 0.
1. Lap phng trnh mat phang (Q) i qua A, B va vuong goc vi (P).
2. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua giao tuyen cua (P) va (Q).
3. Goi K la iem oi xng cua A qua (P). Tm toa o iem K.
2 x + 3 y 4 = 0
Bai 24: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;-1) va B(7;-2;3) va ng thang (d):
y + z 4 = 0

1. Chng minh (d) va AB ong phang .

2. Tm toa o giao iem I0 cua ng thang (d) vi mat phang trung trc cua oan AB.
3. Tm I (d ) sao cho tam giac ABI co chu vi nho nhat.
Bai 25: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(0;0;-3) , B(2;0;-1) va mat phang (P): 3x - 8y + 7z -1 = 0
1. Tm toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AB va mat phang (P).
2. Tm iem C thuoc mat phang (P) sao cho tam giac ABC eu.
Bai 26: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;3) , B(4;4;5) va mat phang (P): z = 0
1. Tm M (P) sao cho MA+MB la nho nhat.
2. Tm N (P) sao cho NA NB la ln nhat.
Bai 27: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(3;1;0) , B(-9;4;9) va mat phang (P): 2x - y + z + 1 = 0
Tm M (P) sao cho MA MB la ln nhat.
Bai 28: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh :
x y 4 z +1
=
(d ) : =
va (P):x-y+3z+8=0
4
3
2
Viet phng trnh hnh chieu cua (d) len (P)
Bai 29: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

131

(d1 ) :

x + 3z 2 = 0
x 2 y 1 z
=
= va (d 2 ) :
1
1 2
y 3 = 0

1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau.

2. Lap phng trnh ng vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang d1 va d2 .
Bai 30: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :
x 1 y z + 5
x y 1 z 5
= =
=
(d1 ) :
va (d 2 ) : =
1
0
1
0
3
2
1. Chng minh d1 va d2 cheo nhau.
2. Tm toa o cac iem A, B cua ng vuong goc chung AB cua d1 va d2 .
Bai 31: Cho tam giac ABC co toa o cac nh : A(0;1;0); B(2;2;2); C(-2;3;4)
x 1 y + 2 z + 3
.
va ng thang (d ) :
=
=
2
2
1
1. Tm toa o iem M nam tren (d) sao cho AM AB .
2. Tm toa o iem N nam tren (d) sao cho VNABC = 3.
Bai 32: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho O(0;0;0), A(6;3;0), B(-2;9;1) va S(0;5;8)
1. Chng minh rang SB OA .
2. Chng minh rang hnh chieu cua canh SB len mat phang (OAB) vuong goc vi OA. Goi
K la giao iem cua hnh chieu o vi OA. Tm toa o iem K.
3. Goi P, Q lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh OS va AB.Tm toa o M thuoc SB sao cho
PQ va KM cat nhau.
Bai 33: Cho hai ng thang :
=0
x + 2y z
x 1 y 2 z 3
(d1 ) :
=
=
va (d 2 ) :
1
2
3
2 x y + 3z 5 = 0
Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang (d1) va (d2)
Bai 34: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang nam trong mat phang y+2z=0 va cat hai
ng thang :
x = 1 t
x = 2 t

(d1 ) : y = t
va (d 2 ) : y = 4 + 2t
z = 4t
z = 1

Bai 35: Cho bon iem A(-4;4;0), B(2;0;4), C(1;2;-1), D(7;-2;3)

1. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D nam tren cung mot mat phang .
2. Tnh khoang cach t C en ng thang AB.
3. Tm tren ng thang AB iem M sao cho tong MC+MD la nho nhat.
Bai 36: Cho hnh t dien ABCD biet toa o cac nh A(2,3,1) ; B(4,1,-2) ; C(6,3,7) ; D(-5,-4,8)
Tnh o dai ng cao hnh t dien xuat phat t D.
Bai 37: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho iem A(-1,2,3) va hai mat phang (P):x-2 = 0 , (Q):y-z-1=0
Viet phng trnh mat phang (R) i qua A va vuong goc vi hai mat phang (P) , (Q).
Bai 38: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho mat phang (P) i qua ba iem A(1,3,2) , B(1,2,1) va C(1,1,3)
Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam cua tam giac ABC
va vuong goc vi mat phang cha tam giac o.
Bai 39: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(1,2,3) va vuong goc vi hai ng
2x + y 2 = 0
x y + 4z + 10 = 0
thang (d1 ) :
va (d 2 ) :
2x 4y z + 6 = 0
2x + z 3 = 0
Bai 40: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(3,2,1) song song vi mat phang
132

x + y 1 = 0
(P): x+y+z-2 = 0 va vuong goc vi ng thang (d) :
4y + z + 1 = 0
x 3z 2 = 0
va co khoang cach
Bai 41:Lap phng trnh mat phang cha ng thang (d):
y + 5z 1 = 0
en iem A(1,-1,0) bang 1.
Bai 42: Cho hai ng thang (d1) va (d2) co phng trnh la :
x + 8z + 23 = 0
x 2z 3 = 0
va (d 2 ) :
(d1 ) :
y 4z + 10 = 0
y + 2z + 2 = 0
1. Chng to (d1) va (d2) cheo nhau.
2. Tnh khoang cach gia (d1) va (d2) .
3. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha (d1) , mat phang (Q) cha (d2) sao cho (P)//(Q).
4. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi Oz va cat ca (d1) va (d2)

MAT CAU TRONG KHONG GIAN

I. Phng trnh mat cau:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh cua mat cau (S) tam I(a;b;c), ban knh R la :

(S) : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2

(S )
I

R
M ( x; y; z )

(1)

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh

chnh tac cua mat cau
ac biet:

Khi I O th (C ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 = R2

x
2. Phng trnh tong quat:
nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh :

x 2 + y 2 + z2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0

vi a2 + b2 + c2 d > 0 la phng trnh cua mat cau (S) co
tam I(a;b;c), ban knh R = a2 + b2 + c2 d .
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Cho 4 iem A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3)
Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D. Xac nh tam va ban knh cua mat cau
II. Giao cua mat cau va mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) va mat cau (S) co phng trnh :
( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
(S ) : ( x a)2 + ( y b)2 + ( z c)2 = R2

Goi d(I; ) la khoang cach t tam mat cau (S) en mat phang

133

Ta co :

1. ( ) cat mat cau (S)

d(I; ) < R

2. ( ) tiep xuc mat cau (S)

d(I; ) =R

3. ( ) khong cat mat cau (S)

d(I; ) > R

(S )
(S )
I

(S )

I
R

R
R

M H

Chu y :
Khi ct mt cu (S) th s ct theo mt ng trn (C). ng trn (C) ny c:

(C )

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

2
2
2
2
( x a ) + ( y b ) + ( z c ) = R
Tm l hnh chiu vung gc ca tm mt cu trn mt phng
Bn knh r = R2 d 2 (I , )
Phng trnh l:

-----------------------------Het------------------------------

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