BIOCHEMISTRY LAB REPORT

PRACTICAL 1: ACID BASE 1

Name Matrix no Class Group Group Lab Lecturers Name

: Priscilla anak Nari : E20111002676 :D : Friday (3.00-6.00 PM) : Dr. Rosmilah binti Misnan

Practical 1: Acid Base 1 Title: Measurement of pH

Part A: Making Natural pH Indicator Introduction Acids are compounds that release hydrogen ions (protons) when dissolved in aqueous solution. In the other words, they are proton donors. Bases are compounds that are proton acceptors. A pH indicator is something that can subscribe whether a substance is an acid or a base. The pH also can be measure with pH meter besides phenolphthalein and litmus paper. Pigment flowers, fruits and vegetables can also be used as natural indicator. This experiment explores the extraction of natural indicator from red cabbage as natural pH indicator. In the lab, we were making a test paper that indicates the presence of acid and base. We also using litmus paper, phenolphthalein and pH meter to measure the pH of the substance. In part A experiment, we used prepared red cabbage papers.

Objective To learn how to make a natural pH indicator

Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. pH solution (pH 4 to 10) Solvent (50% 2-propanol in distilled water) Red cabbage White paper/ filter paper Distilled water Mortar and pestle Set of colour pencils

Methods 1. Extracting red cabbage a. The parts of red cabbage that are most pigment were selected. b. Before macerate using mortar and pestle, 10 mL of solvent were added. c. The filtrate from the macerated plant samples is filter and collected.

2. Preparing red cabbage pH papers a. Some of rectangle porous white paper was cut.

Practical 1: Acid Base 1 b. The papers were soaking in the red cabbage juice so they well absorb it. c. Remove the cards after about half an hour, and put them away to dry. You also can dry them with a hairdryer for them drier quickly. d. Cut the cards in strips. e. To reduce their oxidation, store the strips in a close envelope.

3. Making the pH range of the natural indicator a. 2.0 ml of each pH solution is placed to different test tube. b. Remove the red cabbage paper immediately after immersed it to each test tube. c. Observe the colour of the paper in each pH. d. Record the pH range of range of red cabbage in table 1 (draw using pencil colour) e. The pH range of the indicators can be used to test the pH of household chemicals in the next experiment after they have been determined.

Observations Table 1: pH ranges of the cabbage pH 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Colour

Practical 1: Acid Base 1 Part B: Determination the pH of some Substances

Objective To learn how to use pH meter, litmus paper, phenolphthalein and natural pH indicator correctly.

Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Litmus paper Phenolphthalein Red cabbage paper (from Part A) pH meter Test samples: distilled water, Tap water, Lemon Juice, Coca-Cola, Baking soda (saturated solution), Soap

Methods 1. pH test with litmus paper a. The end of the litmus paper was dip in the test samples and removed immediately. b. The colour is observed. c. Reference value is compared with colour. d. Determine the pH of the sample. e. Tabulate the table of the observation.

2.

pH test with phenolphthalein a. Fill about 5 ml of the test sample in a flask. b. Two drops of phenolphthalein is added to the flask and swirl the flask to mix thoroughly. c. Record the observation.

3. pH test with red cabbage paper a. The end of red cabbage paper was dip in the test sample. b. The colour was observed. c. Based on the table 1, compare the colour with the reference value and record the observation on the table.

Practical 1: Acid Base 1 4. pH test with pH meter a. The electrode of the pH meter is immersed in the suitable buffer solutions with known pH. b. The electrode is immersed in the distilled water. c. The electrode is also immersed in the test sample. d. Record the pH value in the table.

Results Table 2: The pH values of some test samples Substances Litmus paper pH value Phenolphthalein pH meter Red cabbage paper 1. Distilled water 2. Tap water 3. Lemon juice 4. Coca Cola 5. Baking soda (saturated solution) 6. Soap 9.0 9.0 8.75 9.0 7.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 7.37 7.01 3.82 4.91 8.54 7.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 8.0

Phenolphthalein

Red cabbage

Practical 1: Acid Base 1 Questions

1. At the end of the measurements, compare the values supplied by the all the pH indicator and by the pH meter. Which values are more accurate? The pH value supplied by the pH meter is more accurate than the entire pH indicator. pH meter are much more precise than other methods of pH measurement and are able to measure down to the 0.01th of pH unit. 2. What is the limitation of Phenolphthalein as pH indicator? What is phenolphthalein commonly used for? The limitation of phenolphthalein as pH indicator is does not give full ranges of pH value. Moreover, it less accurate than pH meter because it only can work efficiently on pH 8-10. Phenolphthalein is commonly used in Titration experiment as an indicator when a weak acid is involved in acidic conditions the solution of phenolphthalein is colourless then when in alkaline conditions it is purple. 3. Why red cabbage juice considered as good pH indicator? Red cabbage juice consider as good indicator because it has a wide of colour changes. It also can differentiate a wide range of pH value, including both acids and bases.

4. Suggest TWO (2) alternative plants which can be used to make a suitable pH indicator. Purple Peonies and Rose petal.

Conclusion The measurement of pH by using different indicator had been learned. The objective of the experiment was achieved.

Reference 1. Laboratory Manual SBK1013 Introduction to Biochemistry 2. Biochemistry, 7th Edition, International Edition Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell 3. http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/education/experiment3.html