4

4.1 4.2

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

3 6 6 8 11 14 15 15 18 19 20 22 23 26 29 31
1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (DSB-SC) . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 4.2.2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pilot Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Locked Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3

Double-Sideband Large Carrier AM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier and Sideband Power in AM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4 4.5

Quadrature AM (IQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single-Sideband AM (SSB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 4.5.2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Video Transmission in Commercial TV Systems . . . . . . . . . .

4.6

Vestigial-Sideband AM (VSB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1

Dr. Tanja Karp

4.7

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

Dr. Tanja Karp

4.1

Introduction

Modulation: Process by which a property or a parameter of a signal is varied in proportion to a second signal. Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of a sinusoidal signal with xed frequency and phase is varied in proportion to a given signal. Purpose: Adaptation of the information signal to the transmission channel

Shift of the information signal to an assigned frequency band

|F()|

W |()|

Ecient antenna design: size is at least 1/4th of signal wavelength antennas for lowpass signals would be too large (f = 3 kHz, = 100, 000 m).
Dr. Tanja Karp 3

 Simultaneous transmission of several information signals (e.g. radio broadcasting)

|F()| |()|

c3

c2

-c1

c1

c2

c3

Dr. Tanja Karp

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

POTS

0.8

0.6 DSL upstream 0.4 DSL downstream

0.2

0 0

50

100

150

200 250 300 frequency in kHz

350

400

450

...1Mhz

Dr. Tanja Karp

4.2
4.2.1
f (t)

Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (DSB-SC)

Generation of DSB-SC modulated signal:
(t)

Modulation

(t) = f (t) cos(ct)

(t): modulated transmit signal cos(ct) f (t): modulating signal, real valued cos(ct): carrier signal, c: carrier frequency in rad/sec Spectrum of DSB-SC modulated signal: 1 1 (t) = f (t) cos(ct) () = F ( c) + F ( + c) 2 2

Dr. Tanja Karp

|F()|

W |()|

0.5|F(0)| c 2W

lower sideband c 2W

upper sideband

Carrier frequency has to be larger than twice the bandwidth 2W . Bandwidth of the modulated signal (t) is twice as large as the bandwidth of the modulating signal f (t). No separate carrier is present in (t). Upper sideband: spectral content for positive frequencies above c. Lower sideband: spectral content for positive frequencies below c. Information in upper and lower sideband are redundant since (c +) = (c ), or equivalently: |(c + )| = |(c )| and (c + ) = (c )

Dr. Tanja Karp

4.2.2

Demodulation
(t) = f (t) cos(ct) LP lter p > W s < 2c W f(t)

2 cos(ct)

Before lowpass ltering:

(t) 2 cos(ct) = 2f (t) cos (ct) = f (t) (1 + cos(2ct)) 1 1 F {(t) 2 cos(ct)} = F () + F ( 2c) + F ( + 2c) 2 2
After lowpass ltering:

F () = F ()
|F {2 f (t) cos2 (ct)}| LP lter

2c 2W

2c 2W

The oscillators at the transmitter and receiver have to be synchronized, i.e. the carrier frequency c as well as the phase must be identical (coherent demodulation).
Dr. Tanja Karp 8

Inuence of Frequency and Phase Oset: The oscillator at the receiver has a constant phase oset of 0 as well as a slightly dierent carrier frequency of c + when compared to the one at the transmitter.
(t) = f (t) cos(ct) LP lter f(t)

p > W s < 2c W 2 cos((c + )t + 0 )

Before lowpass ltering:

(t) 2 cos((c + )t + 0) = 2f (t) cos(ct) cos((c + )t + 0) = f (t) cos((2c + )t + 0) + f (t) cos(t + 0)

After lowpass ltering:

f (t) = f (t) cos(t + 0) 1 1 = f (t) exp(jt) exp(j) + f (t) exp(jt) exp(j) 2 2 1 1 F () = exp(j)F ( ) + exp(j)F ( + ) 2 2

Dr. Tanja Karp

Phase error only (i.e. = 0): f (t) = f (t) cos(0)

F () = F () cos(0)

The recovered signal is scaled by a constant. For 0 = 90 we have f (t) = 0.

Frequency error only (i.e. 0 = 0):

f (t) = f (t) cos(t)

1 1 F () = F ( ) + F ( + ) 2 2

The recovered signal is still modulated by a cosine signal of low frequency .

Dr. Tanja Karp

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Pilot Carrier

send a sinusoidal tone whose frequency and phase is proportional to c

sent outside the passband of the modulate signal Receiver detects the tone, translates to correct frequency(doubling) and demodulates

Dr. Tanja Karp

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Example - Commercial Stereo FM Stations

Transmitter

need to transmit left(L) and right(R) as well as (L+R) for monophonic (L+R) occupies 0 15kHz so does (L-R), so shift up using DSB-SC with c = 38kHz place pilot tone at 19kHz

Dr. Tanja Karp

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Receiver

narrow bandpass lter at 19kHz and then double to 38kHz after demodulation using pilot tone, we have
Left channel = (L + R) + (L R) = 2L Right channel = (L + R) (L R) = 2R

Dr. Tanja Karp

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Phase Locked Loop(PLL)

Pilot Tone Problem -BP lters drift in tuning, bad at rejecting noise Solution: Phase Locked Loop(PLL)

Operation when Voltage Controlled Oscillator(VCO) frequency(V CO ) is close to c

low-frequency component of output is proportional to magnitude and sign of phase dierence this voltage adjusts V CO to keep phase dierence a minimum

Bandwidth of PLL determined by LPF

Small BW good noise rejection but receiver may never lock Large BW good lock but bad noise rejection

Dr. Tanja Karp

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4.3
4.3.1 Modulation

Double-Sideband Large Carrier AM

Reduces complexity of receiver Since this type of AM is used in commercial broadcast stations, usually termed AM Similar to DSB-SC, except that we incorporate the carrier
carrier must be larger than the rest of the signal ruins low-frequency response of the system, so must not require frequency response down to 0.

AM = f (t) cos(ct) + A cos(ct) 1 1 AM () = F ( + c) + F ( c) + A( + c) + A( c) 2 2

Dr. Tanja Karp

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 if A is large enough signal recovery is done with envelope detection [A + f (t)] 0

for all t

Dr. Tanja Karp

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 Let f (t) = cos(mt), we dene m to control the amount of modulation peak DSB-SC amplitude m= peak carrier amplitude (t) = A cos(ct) + mA cos(mt) cos(ct) = A[1 + m cos(mt)] cos(ct)

percentage of modulation for DSB-LC signal with sinusoidal modulation A(1 + m) A(1 m) %mod = 100% = m 100% A(1 + m) + A(1 m) we call m the modulation index in order to detect the signal with no distortion we require m 1
Dr. Tanja Karp 17

4.3.2

Carrier and Sideband Power in AM

carrier provides no information so it is just wasted power for an AM signal AM (t) = A cos(ct) + f (t) cos(ct) the power is 2 (t) = A cos2(ct) + f 2(t) cos2(ct) + 2Af (t) cos2(ct) AM = A cos2(ct) + f 2(t) cos2(ct) = A /2 + f 2(t)/2
2 2 2

so we can express the total power as, Pt = Pc + Ps = 1 2 1 2 A + f (t) 2 2

so that the fraction of the total power contained in the sidebands is

Ps f 2(t) = = Pt A2 + f 2(t)

Dr. Tanja Karp

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 so when f (t) = cos(mt) we get 2 (t) AM 1 2 1 1 2 2 = A + ( )( )m A 2 2 2 m2 = 2 + m2 so for best case, i.e., m = 1, 67% of the total power is wasted with the carrier
4.3.3 Demodulation

the price we pay for wasted power is a tradeo for simple receiver design receiver is simply an envelope detector

Dr. Tanja Karp

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4.4

Quadrature AM (IQ)
|F()|

W |()|

0.5|F(0)| c 2W

lower sideband c 2W

upper sideband

for real signal f (t), F () = F () using this symmetry we can transmit two signals that form a complex signal with same bandwidth we use two sinusoidal carriers, each exactly 90 out of phase
remember, ejt = cos(t) + j sin(t)

transmitted over the same frequency band,

Dr. Tanja Karp

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(t) = f (t) cos(ct) + g(t) sin(ct) (t) cos(ct) = f (t) cos (ct) + g(t) sin(ct) cos(ct) = 1 1 1 f (t) + f (t) cos(2ct) + f (t) sin(2ct) 2 2 2
2 2

(t) sin(ct) = f (t) cos(ct) sin(ct) + g(t) sin (ct) 1 1 1 = f (t) sin(2ct) + g(t) cos(2ct) 2 2 2

Dr. Tanja Karp

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4.5

Single-Sideband AM (SSB)

remember for real f (t), F () = F () a single sideband contains entire information of the signal lets just transmit the upper/lower sideband.
Dr. Tanja Karp 22

4.5.1

Modulation

one way is to generate DSB signal, and then suppress one sideband with ltering hard to do in practice, cant get ideal lters assume no low-frequency information no components around c use heterodyning(frequency shifting), only need to design on sideband lter another way is the use of phasing assume a complex, single-frequency signal, f (t) = ejmt with carrier signal f (t) = ejct multiplying we get (t) = f (t)ejct = ejmtejct using the frequency-translation property of the Fourier Transform, our spectrum becomes () = 2( (c + m))

Dr. Tanja Karp

23

 to make the signal (t) realizable, we take the R{(t)}

R{(t)} = R{e
jm t

}R{e

jc t

} I{e

jm t

}I{e

jc t

= cos(mt) cos(ct) sin(mt) sin(ct) So the upper side band is SSB+ (t) = cos(mt) cos(ct) sin(mt) sin(ct)

Dr. Tanja Karp

24

 likewise the lower sideband is SSB (t) = cos(mt) cos(ct) + sin(mt) sin(ct) in general we write, SSB (t) = f (t) cos(ct) f (t) sin(ct) where f (t) is f (t) shifted by 90

Dr. Tanja Karp

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4.5.2

Demodulation

Synchronous detection, analogous to DSB-SC Inuence of Frequency and Phase Oset: The oscillator at the receiver has a constant phase oset of as well as a slightly dierent carrier frequency oset of giving

d(t) = cos[(c + )t + ]

Dr. Tanja Karp

26

Before lowpass ltering:

SSB (t)d(t) = [f (t) cos(ct) f (t) sin(ct)] cos[(c + )t + ] = 1 f (t){cos[()t + ] + cos[(2c + )t + ]} 2 1 = f (t){sin[()t + ] sin[(2c + )t + ]} 2 1 f (t) cos[()t + ] 2 1 [f (t) cos 2 1 f (t) sin[()t + ] 2

After lowpass ltering:

eo(t) =

Phase error only (i.e. = 0):

eo(t) =

f (t) sin ]

To understand this better we re-write the above equation as 1 j eo(t) = R{[f (t) j f (t)]e ]} 2

So phase error in the receiver oscillator results in phase distortion.

Dr. Tanja Karp

27

Frequency error only (i.e. = 0): 1 e0(t) = [f (t) cos()t f (t) sin()t] 2 or 1 jt eo(t) = R{[f (t) j f (t)]e } 2

Demodulated signal contains spectral shifts and phase distortions.

Dr. Tanja Karp

28

4.6

Vestigial-Sideband AM (VSB)

compromise between DSB and SSB. partial suppression of one sideband 1 1 V SB () = [ F ( c) + F ( + c)]HV () 2 2

after synchronous detection we have 1 1 Eo() = F ()HV ( + c) + F ()HV ( c) 4 4 = 1 F ()[HV ( + c) + HV ( c)] 4

Dr. Tanja Karp

29

thus for reproduction of f (t) we require

[HV ( c) + HV ( + c)]LP = constant magnitude can be satised, but phase requirements are hard to satisfy use when phase is not important
Dr. Tanja Karp 30

4.6.1

Video Transmission in Commercial TV Systems

video requires 4M Hz bandwidth to transmit so DSB would require 8M Hz per channel use VSB to decrease the needed bandwidth to 5M Hz

Dr. Tanja Karp

31

4.7

Summary
|F()|

W |()|

0.5|F(0)| c 2W

lower sideband c 2W

upper sideband

Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier(DSB-SC)

spectrum at c is a copy of baseband spectrum with scaling factor of 1/2 information is sidebands is redundant for coherent detection, we must have same frequency and phase of carrier signal detection can be done with pilot tone, PLL

Dr. Tanja Karp

32

Double Sideband-Large Carrier(DSB-LC)

same as DSB-SC, with an addition of a carrier term detection is a simple envelope detector Wastes, at best case, 67% of the power in the carrier term frequency response at low-frequencies are ruined
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

ecient utilization of bandwidth

Dr. Tanja Karp 33

 forms a complex signal with two sinusoidal carriers of same frequency, 90 out of phase
Single Sideband Modulation(SSB)

suppress either upper or lower sideband for more ecient bandwidth utilization generated by ltering DSB-SC
Dr. Tanja Karp 34

 can also use phasing to cancel the negative frequencies can use either suppressed carrier, pilot tone, or large carrier AM also
Vestigial Sideband(VSB)

compromises DSB and SSB transmitter and receiver lters must be complementary, i.e., they must add to a constant at baseband phase must not be important

Dr. Tanja Karp

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