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Cu hi v tm tt cc ni dung chnh tr li Cu hi cng n tp thi tt nghip Mn thi: L thuyt ngh qun tr mng

Cu 1: Mng my tnh l g? Trnh by cc thnh phn c bn v c im ca mt mng my tnh. TT Ni dung A Mng my tnh l Mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh c lp (autonomous) c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no . B Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng: My ch Server cung cp dch v cho my trm ; Cc my trm Client ngi s dng lm vic trn ; ng truyn; u ni; Cc thit b trung tm; Card mng ( NIC). C c im ca mi trng mng: Mng l mi trng nhiu ngi dng: c im ny pht sinh nhu cu chia s d liu cng nh nhu cu bo v d liu, hay ni ng hn l bo v tnh ring t ca ngi s dng; Mng l mi trng a nhim: ti mt thi im c th thc hin nhiu nhim v cng lc; Mng l mi trng phn tn. Cu 2: Mng ngang hng( peer to peer network) l g? Nu u im v nhc im ca mng ngang hng. TT Ni dung A Mng ngang hng( peer to peer network) l g? Mng ngang hng( peer to peer network) l mng m trong cc my tnh c quyn bnh ng nh nhau, mi my tnh c quyn chia s ti nguyn v s dng cc ti nguyn t my tnh khc. Ni mt cch khc, trong mng ngang hng khng c vic bin mt my tnh khc thnh trm lm vic ca mnh.
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+ u im v nhc im ca mng ngang hng: u im: + C kh nng chia s ti nguyn cho nhiu ngi dng; + Trao i thng tin nh phng tin my tnh; + Cho php cc ng dng ti mt thi im cn c nhiu ngi truy cp. Nhc im: + C tnh bo mt km; + D liu qun l dng phn tn; + Khng c kh nng chng qua ti mng. Cu 3: So snh s ging nhau v khc nhau gia mng LAN v mng WAN. TT Ni dung Phn bit s khc nhau gia mng LAN v mng WAN Mng LAN: + Tc truyn d liu cao; + Phm vi a l gii hn; + S hu ca mt c quan/t chc. Mng WAN: + Tc truyn d liu khng cao; + Phm vi a l khng gii hn; + Thng trin khai da vo cc cng ty truyn thng, bu in v dng cc h thng truyn thng ny to dng ng truyn; + Mt mng WAN c th l s hu ca mt tp on/t chc hoc l mng ni ca nhiu tp on/t chc.

Cu 16: Mng khch/ch ( Client/server Network) l g?; u im ca mng Client/server? c im ca mng Client/server : TT Ni dung Mng khch/ch ( Client/server Network) Mng Client/server l mng m trong c mt s my ng vai tr cung ng dch v theo yu cu ca cc my trm. Cc my trm trong m hnh ny gi l my khch, l ni gi cc yu cu x l v my ch. My ch x l v gi kt qu v my khch. My khch c th tip tc x l cc kt qu ny phc v cho cng vic u im ca mng Client/server : - Cho php c iu khin tp trung v khng tp trung cc ti nguyn v bo mt d liu c th c iu khin qua mt s my chuyn dng - Chng qu ti mng - m bo ton vn d liu - Gim chi ph pht trin cc h thng ng dng phn mm trin khai trn
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mng c im ca mng Client/server : - Mng khch/ch cho php mng tp trung cc chc nng v cc ng dng ti mt hay nhiu my dch v file chuyn dng - Cc my dch v file tr thnh trung tm ca h thng, cung cp truy cp ti cc ti nguyn v cung cp s bo mt - H iu hnh mng khch/ch cung cp c ch tch hp tt c cc b phn ca mng v cho php nhiu ngi dng ng thi chia s cng mt ti nguyn, bt k v tr a l Cu 5: Trnh by cc bc c bn trong tin trnh xy dng h thng mng LAN. TT Ni dung Cc bc c bn trong tin trnh xy dng h thng mng LAN Trong tin trnh xy dng mng khi thit k gii php tha mn nhng yu cu t ra trong bng c t yu cu h thng mng. Vic chn la gii php cho mt h thng mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, c th lit k nh sau: - Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng. - Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng. - Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng. - Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng. - Rng buc v php l. Ty thuc vo mi khch hng c th m th t u tin, s chi phi ca cc yu t s khc nhau dn n gii php thit k s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc cng vic m giai on thit k phi lm th ging nhau. Chng c m t nh sau: - Thit k s mng mc lun l - Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng - Thit k s mng vt l - Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng

Cu 6:

Trnh by cc bc cn phi thc hin xy dng mt mng my tnh. Trong cc bc trn bc no quan trng nht? V sao? TT Ni dung A Trnh by cc bc cn phi thc hin xy dng mt mng my tnh. 1. Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng Bn thit lp mng lm g? s dng n cho mc ch g? Cc my tnh no s c ni mng?
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B C

Nhng ngi no s c s dng mng, mc khai thc s dng mng ca tng ngi / nhm ngi ra sao? Trong vng 3-5 nm ti bn c ni thm my tnh vo mng khng, nu c u, s lng bao nhiu ? 2. Phn tch yu cu Nhng dch v mng no cn phi c trn mng ? (Dch v chia s tp tin, chia s my in, Dch v web, Dch v th in t, Truy cp Internet hay khng?, ...); M hnh mng l g? (Workgroup hay Client/ Server? ...); Mc yu cu an ton mng; Rng buc v bng thng ti thiu trn mng. 3. Thit k gii php Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng; Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng; Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng; Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng; Rng buc v php l; Thit k s mng mc lun l; Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng; Thit k s mng vt l; Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng; Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php; S quen thuc ca khch hng i vi phn mm; S quen thuc ca ngi xy dng mng i vi phn mm. 4. Ci t mng Lp t phn cng; Ci t v cu hnh phn mm. 5. Kim th mng 6. Bo tr h thng Trong cc bc trn bc no quan trng nht? Trong cc bc trn bc thit k gii php l quan trng nht v lin quan n vn : V sao? Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng; Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng; Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng;
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thng mng;

Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h Rng buc v php l.

Cu 7 : Da vo nhng tiu ch no phn loi mng my tnh? Trnh by cc loi mng da vo khong cch a l. Phn bit s khc nhau gia mng Internet v Intranet. TT Ni dung A Cc tiu ch phn loi mng C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn dng lm ch tiu phn loi, thng thng ngi ta phn loi mng theo cc tiu ch nh sau - Khong cch a l ca mng; - K thut chuyn mch m mng p dng; - Kin trc mng; - H iu hnh mng s dng ... Tuy nhin trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu ch u tin. B Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l: Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu. Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li. Mng th ( MAN - Metropolitan Area Network ) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li. Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ) : L mng c din tch bao ph rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a. Mng ton cu ( GAN - Global Area Network ) : L mng c phm vi tri rng ton cu. C Phn bit s khc nhau gia mng Internet v mng Intranet: + Mng Internet: L mt mng ton cu; L s kt hp ca v s cc h thng truyn thng, my ch cung cp thng tin v dch v, cc my trm khai thc thng tin; Da trn nhiu nn tng truyn thng khc
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nhau, nhng u trn nn giao thc TCP/IP; L s hu chung ca ton nhn loi; Cng ngy cng pht trin mnh lit. + Mng Intranet : L mt mng Internet thu nh; Thng trin khai trong mt cng ty, t chc, c quan hoc x nghip; C gii hn phm vi ngi s dng; S dng cng ngh kim sot truy cp v bo mt thng tin.

Cu 8: So snh s ging nhau v khc nhau gia m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP TT Ni dung So snh s ging nhau v khc nhau gia m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP A + Ging nhau: C hai u c kin trc phn lp; C hai u c lp ng dng, mc d cc dch v mi lp khc nhau; C hai u c lp vn chuyn v lp mng; S dng k thut chuyn mch gi; Cc nh qun tr mng chuyn nghip cn bit r c hai m hnh trn. B + Khc nhau: TCP/IP kt hp lp m t v lp phin vo lp ng dng ca n; TCP/IP kt hp lp lin kt d liu v lp vt l thnh mt lp; TCP/IP phc tp hn OSI v c t lp hn; Cc giao thc TCP/IP l cc chun pht trin ph bin pht trin trn Internet, v th m hnh TCP/IP ln na c tn nhim ch v cc giao thc ca n. Ngc li cc mng in hnh khng c xy dng trn cc giao thc OSI. Cu 9: a). Nu nh ngha v ti khon ngi dng. b). Phn bit s khc nhau gia ti khon ngi dng cc b v ti khon ngi dng min. c). Nu cc thnh phn trong Directory Services. TT Ni dung A Nu cc nh ngha v ti khon ngi dng nh ngha ti khon ngi dng Ti khon ngi dng (user account) l mt i tng quan
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trng i din cho ngi dng trn mng, chng c phn bit vi nhau thng qua chui nhn dng username. Phn bit s khc nhau gia ti khon ngi dng cc b v ti khon ngi dng min. + Ti khon ngi dng cc b Ti khon ngi dng cc b (local user account) l ti khon ngi dng c nh ngha trn my cc b v ch c php logon, truy cp cc ti nguyn trn my tnh cc b. + Ti khon ngi dng min Ti khon ngi dng min (domain user account) l ti khon ngi dng c nh ngha trn Active Directory v c php ng nhp (logon) vo mng trn bt k my trm no thuc vng. Cc thnh phn trong Directory Services. a. Object (i tng) Trong h thng c s d liu, i tng bao gm cc my in, ngi dng mng, cc server, cc my trm, cc th mc dng chung, dch v mng, i tng chnh l thnh t cn bn nht ca dch v danh b. b. Attribute (thuc tnh)

Mt thuc tnh m t mt i tng. V d, mt khu v tn l thuc tnh ca i tng ngi dng mng. Cc i tng khc nhau c danh sch thuc tnh khc nhau, tuy nhin, cc i tng khc nhau cng c th c mt s thuc tnh ging nhau. Ly v d nh mt my in v mt my trm c hai u c mt thuc tnh l a ch IP. c. Schema (cu trc t chc) Mt schema nh ngha danh sch cc thuc tnh dng m t mt loi i tng no , ngha l cc thuc tnh dng nh ngha mt lp i tng c th sa i c. Ni tm li Schema c th xem l mt danh b ca ci danh b Active Directory. d. Container (vt cha) Vt cha tng t vi khi nim th mc trong Windows. Mt th mc c th cha cc tp tin v cc th mc khc. Trong Active Directory, mt vt cha c th cha cc i tng v cc vt cha khc. Vt cha cng c cc thuc tnh nh i tng mc d vt cha khng th hin mt thc th tht s no nh i tng. C ba loi vt cha l: - Domain: - Site: - OU (Organizational Unit): e. Global Catalog. Dch v Global Catalog dng xc nh v tr ca mt i tng m ngi dng c cp quyn truy cp. Vic tm kim c thc hin xa
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hn nhng g c trong Windows NT v khng ch c th nh v c i tng bng tn m c th bng c nhng thuc tnh ca i tng. Cu 10: AD (Active Directory) l g? Nu chc nng v cc thnh phn ca Active Directory. TT Ni dung A AD (Active Directory) - L dch v th mc cha cc thng tin v cc ti nguyn trn mng, c th m rng v c kh nng t iu chnh cho php bn qun l ti nguyn mng hiu qu. - Cc i tng AD bao gm d liu ca ngi dng (user data), my in(printers), my ch (servers), c s d liu (databases), cc nhm ngi dng (groups), cc my tnh (computers), v cc chnh sch bo mt (security policies). Chc nng ca Active Directory - Lu gi mt danh sch tp trung cc tn ti khon ngi dng, mt khu tng ng v cc ti khon my tnh. - Cung cp mt Server ng vai tr chng thc (authentication server) hoc Server qun l ng nhp (logon Server), Server ny cn gi l domain controller (my iu khin vng). - Duy tr mt bng hng dn hoc mt bng ch mc (index) gip cc my tnh trong mng c th d tm nhanh mt ti nguyn no trn cc my tnh khc trong vng - Cho php chng ta to ra nhng ti khon ngi dng vi nhng mc quyn (rights) khc nhau nh: ton quyn trn h thng mng, ch c quyn backup d liu hay shutdown Server t xa - Cho php chng ta chia nh min ca mnh ra thnh cc min con (subdomain) hay cc n v t chc OU (Organizational Unit). Sau chng ta c th y quyn cho cc qun tr vin b phn qun l tng b phn nh.

Cc thnh phn ca AD
+ Cu trc AD logic Gm cc thnh phn: domains (vng), organization units (n v t chc), trees (h vng phn cp ) v forests (tp hp h vng phn cp) - Organizational Unit hay OU l n v nh nht trong h thng AD, n c xem l mt vt cha cc i tng (Object) c dng sp xp cc i tng khc nhau phc v cho mc ch qun tr ca bn. - Domain l n v chc nng nng ct ca cu trc logic Active Directory. N l phng tin qui nh mt tp hp nhng ngi dng, my tnh, ti nguyn chia s c nhng qui tc bo
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mt ging nhau t gip cho vic qun l cc truy cp vo cc Server d dng hn. - Forest (rng) c xy dng trn mt hoc nhiu Domain Tree, ni cch khc Forest l tp hp cc Domain Tree c thit lp quan h v y quyn cho nhau. + Cu trc AD vt l Gm: sites v domain controllers. a bn (site): l tp hp ca mt hay nhiu mng con kt ni vi nhau, to iu kin truyn thng qua mng d dng, n nh ranh gii vt l xung quanh cc ti nguyn mng. iu khin vng (domain controllers): l my tnh chy Windows Server cha bn sao d liu vng. Mt vng c th c mt hay nhiu iu khin vng. Mi s thay i d liu trn mt iu khin vng s c t ng cp nht ln cc iu khin khc ca vng. Cu 11: Trnh by v v hnh minh ho cc kin trc mng Star (sao). Nu u nhc
im ca loi kin trc mng ny.

TT A.

B.

Ni dung Trnh by khi nim mng dng Sao (Star). Mng hnh sao (Star) l mng m tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng trn mng m thit b trung tm c th l b chuyn mch Switch, b chn ng Router, hoc b phn phn knh HUB V hnh minh ha

C.

Trnh by u, nhc im ca mng dng Sao (Star) - u im : + Thit lp mng n gin ; + D dng cu hnh li mng ( thm, bt cc trm ) ; + D dng kim sot v khc phc s c ; + Tn dng c ti a tc truyn ca ng truyn vt l.

- Nhc im : + di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm cn hn ch ( trong vng 100m tr li ) ; + Nu thit b trung tm b hng th ton b mng ngng hot ng. Cu 12: Trnh by c im chun Ethernet 10Base2, 10BaseT. Nu u, nhc im. Ni dung 1 Trnh by c im chun Ethernet 10Base2, 10BaseT. Nu u, nhc im. a/ Chun Ethernet 10Base2 c im: Cu hnh ny c xc nh theo tiu chun IEEE 802.3 v bo m tun th cc quy tc sau: - S dng s mng dng Bus, dng u ni ch T (T-connector), Terminator (thit b u cui) phi c tr khng 50 v c ni t; - S dng dy cp ng trc mng. chiu di ti a ca mi on mng l 185m, chiu di ton b h thng cp mng khng th vt qu 925m; - Khong cch ti thiu gia hai my trm phi cch nhau 0.5m. s nt ti a trn mi phn on mng l 30, tc truyn d liu 10 Mbps; - Mi mng khng th c trn nm phn on. Cc phn on c th ni ti a bn b khuch i v ch c ba trong s nm phn on c th c nt mng. u nhc im: - Mng thit k theo chun 10Base-2 c gi thnh r nht khi so vi cc chun khc; - Tuy nhin tnh n nh ca n khng cao, cc im ni dy rt d b hng tip xc. Ch cn mt im ni dy trong mng khng tip xc tt s lm cho cc my khc khng th vo mng c. b/ Chun Ethernet 10BaseT

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c im Cu hnh ny c xc nh theo tiu chun IEEE 802.3 v bo m tun th cc quy tc sau: - Dng m hnh mng dng Star, s dng thit b u ni trung tm Hub, c th ni cc phn on mng 10BaseT bng cp ng trc hay cp quang; - Dng cp UTP loi 3, 4, 5 hoc STP, c mc tr khng l 85-115 , tc truyn d liu ti a 10Mbps; - S nt ti a l 512 v chng c th ni vo 3 phn on bt k vi nm phn tuyn ti a c sn, s lng my tnh ti a l 1024; - Khong cch ti thiu gia hai my tnh l 2,5m, khong cch cp ti thiu t mt Hub n mt my tnh hoc mt Hub khc l 0,5m. u, nhc im - So vi chun 10 BASE-2, chun 10 BASE-T t hn, nhng n c tnh n nh cao hn: s c trn mt im ni dy khng nh hng n ton mng; - Do trong mng 10BaseT dng thit b u ni trung tm nn d liu truyn tin cy hn, d qun l. iu ny cng to thun li cho vic nh v v sa cha cc phn on cp b hng. Chun ny cho php bn thit k v xy dng trn tng phn on mt trn LAN v c th tng dn khi mng cn pht trin. 10BaseT cng tng i r tin so vi cc phng n u cp khc. Cu 13: Nu nhng im khc bit ch yu gia m hnh Workgroup v m hnh Domain. TT A M hnh Workgroup Ni dung

- M hnh mng workgroup cn gi l m hnh mng peer-topeer, l m hnh m trong cc my tnh c vai tr nh nhau c ni kt vi nhau. - Cc d liu v ti nguyn c lu tr phn tn ti cc my cc b, cc my t qun l ti nguyn cc b ca mnh. - Trong h thng mng khng c my tnh chuyn cung cp dch v v qun l h thng mng. - M hnh ny ch ph hp vi cc mng nh, di mi my tnh v yu cu bo mt khng cao. - Trong m hnh mng ny cc my tnh s dng h iu hnh h tr a ngi dng lu tr thng tin ngi dng trong mt tp tin SAM (Security Accounts Manager) ngay chnh trn my tnh cc b. - Thng tin ny bao gm: username (tn ng nhp), fullname, password, description
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- Tp tin SAM ny c m ha nhm trnh ngi dng khc n cp mt khu tn cng vo my tnh. - Do thng tin ngi dng c lu tr cc b trn cc my trm nn vic chng thc ngi dng ng nhp my tnh cng do cc my tnh ny t chng thc. M hnh Domain - Khc vi m hnh Workgroup, m hnh Domain hot ng theo c ch client-server, trong h thng mng phi c t nht mt my tnh lm chc nng iu khin vng (Domain Controller), my tnh ny s iu khin ton b hot ng ca h thng mng; - Vic chng thc ngi dng v qun l ti nguyn mng c tp trung li ti cc Server trong min; - M hnh ny c p dng cho cc cng ty va v ln; - Trong m hnh Domain ca Windows Server 2003 th cc thng tin ngi dng c tp trung li do dch v Active Directory qun l v c lu tr trn my tnh iu khin vng (domain controller) vi tn tp tin l NTDS.DIT; - Tp tin c s d liu ny c xy dng theo cng ngh tng t nh phn mm Access ca Microsoft nn n c th lu tr hng triu ngi dng, ci tin hn so vi cng ngh c ch lu tr c khong 5 nghn ti khon ngi dng; - Do cc thng tin ngi dng c lu tr tp trung nn vic chng thc ngi dng ng nhp vo mng cng tp trung v do my iu khin vng chng thc.

Cu 14 Trnh by vai tr, chc nng v hot ng ca Card mng (NIC : Network Interface Card). TT A Ni dung - L mt Card c cm trc tip vo my tnh hoc tch hp trn bo mch ch ca my tnh. Trn c cc mch in gip cho vic tip nhn(Receiver) hoc pht tn hiu( Tranmister) ln mng. giao tip vi cp mng, ngi ta thng dng thit b kt ni khc nhau Qa trnh truyn d liu trn mng c thc hin nh sau: - NIC c nhim v chun b v chuyn d liu t my tnh ti ng truyn. Nhng d liu ny di chuyn trong Bus ca my tnh dng song song vi 8, 16, 32 bit. NIC phi chuyn i nhng tn hiu ny sang dng chui th mi c th truyn; - Ngc li, khi nhn d liu th phi chuyn i t dng chui sang dng song song vi 8, 16, 32 bit. C ch chuyn i d liu c thc hin theo hai bc: - Th nht, khi d liu my tnh chun b chuyn ln mng, th NIC Driver hoc b phn mm giao tip c nhim v chuyn i d liu sang dng m NIC c th hiu c;
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- Phn tip theo l th hin d liu dng chui bng cc loi tn hiu nh dng s, dng tng t, hoc xung nh sng. Cu 15: Trnh by cch phn loi mng my tnh theo phng php chuyn mch. K thut chuyn mch gi c nhng u im g so vi chuyn mch knh. TT Ni dung Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) - Trc khi trao i thng tin, h thng s thit lp kt ni gia 2 thc th bng mt ng truyn vt l. Thc th ch nu bn, kt ni ny s b hu b. - Duy tr kt ni trong sut qu trnh 2 thc th trao i thng tin - Gii phng kt ni: Sau khi truyn xong d liu, kt ni s c hu b, gii phng cc ti nguyn b chim dng sn sng phc v cho cc yu cu kt ni khc. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks) - Nguyn l chuyn mch gi: Thng ip (Message) ca ngi s dng c chia thnh nhiu gi nh (Packet) c di quy nh. di gi tin cc i (Maximum Transfer Unit) MTU trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau. - Cc gi tin ca mt thng ip c th truyn c lp trn nhiu tuyn hng ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu thng ip khc nhau c th cng truyn trn mt tuyn lin mng. - Ti mi node, cc gi tin c tip nhn, lu tr, x l ti b nh, khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (nh a cng) v c chuyn tip n node k tip. nh tuyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. Mng chuyn mch thng bo - Thng bo (message) l mt n v thng tin ca ngi s dng c khun dng c qui nh trc. Mi thng bo u c cha vng thng tin iu khin trong ch nh r ch ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip theo ng dn ti ch ca n. - Mi nt cn phi lu tr tm thi c c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo sau chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu thuc vo iu kin ca mng, cc thng bo khc nhau c th truyn theo ng truyn khc nhau. Cu 16: Chc nng ca cc thit b m rng mng ( Repeater, Hub, Brigde, Switch)? Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b cu ni (Brigde) TT Ni dung a Chc nng ca cc thit b m rng mng ( Repeater, Hub, Brigde, Switch) - Repeater + B chuyn tip ni hai on mng c phng tin truyn dn (thng
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l cp) cng loi hoc khc loi, nhn tn hiu suy thoi t mt on mng ti to v truyn n on mng k tip; + Phc hi tn hiu lm tng khong cch ng truyn. - Hub: + L thit b ng vai tr nh im hp nht cc tuyn mng (lin mng LAN hoc cc phn on mng trong LAN) mch a hp chia s ti nguyn chung trn mng mt cch c hn ch; + Chia s ng truyn vt l , khuych i tn hiu trc khi chuyn n cc port khc. - Brigde + M rng khong cch ca phn on mng, Tng s lng my tnh trn mng; + Lm gim hin tng tc nghn do s lng my tnh ni vo mng qu ln; + Ni kt nhng phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh dy xon i v cp Ethernet (cp ng trc). - Switch + Switch c dng cho mc ch phn on mng. Hot ng theo nguyn l point to point; + H tr cc mode full duplex; + Cc Switch ngy nay c h tr nhn bit cc kiu d liu trn ng truyn; + H tr chia mng LAN o. Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b cu ni (Brigde) - Cu ni hot ng trn nguyn tc mi nt mng c a ch ring. Mt cu ni chuyn cc gi d liu i da trn a ch nt n. - To bng a ch + Khi lng d liu lu thng qua cu ni, thng tin v a ch my tnh c lu tr trong RAM ca cu ni. Cu ni s dng RAM ca mnh xy dng bng a ch (c s d liu a ch) da trn a ch ngun; + Khi cu ni nhn c mt gi d liu t mt phn on, n so snh a ch ngun vi danh sch a ch c trong bng a ch. Nu a ch ngun khng tn ti trn bng a ch, a ch ny s c b sung vo bng a ch (vng tng ng vi on mng cha ngun); + Cu ni sau s so snh a ch ch (ni nhn tn hiu) vi cc a ch trong c s d liu bng a ch: Nu a ch ch nm trong bng a ch v trn cng on mng vi a ch ngun, cu ni khng tip nhn gi d liu ni trn (gi d liu c quay li n a ch ch); Nu a ch ch c sn trong bng a ch v khng trn cng on mng vi a ch ngun, cu ni s chuyn gi d liu theo cng thch hp n a ch ch;
14

Nu a ch ch khng c trong bng a ch, cu ni s chuyn gi d liu n tt c cc cng ca n, ngoi tr cng nhn gi d liu. - Phn on lu thng mng + Mt cu ni c th phn on lu thng mng nh vo bng a ch; + Cu ni s dng bng a ch nhm lm gim lu thng trn mng bng cch kim sot gi d liu no s c chuyn tip n on khc. Cu 17: a. Mng cc b (LAN), mng th (MAN), mng din rng (WAN) l g?
b. Nu cc c trng tiu biu ca tng loi mng trn (bng thng, chi ph, qun tr).

TT
1

Ni dung
Nu khi nim v LAN, MAN, WAN

Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li. Mng th ( MAN- Metropolitan Area Network ) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km tr li. Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ) : L mng c din tch bao ph rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a. Cc c trng tiu biu ca tng loi mng trn (bng thng, chi ph, qun tr). + Mng LAN - Bng thng ln, c kh nng chy cc ng dng trc tuyn nh xem phim, hi tho qua mng - Kch thc ca mng b gii hn ca cc thit b - Chi ph cc thit b mng LAN tng i r Qun tr n gin + Mng MAN - Bng thng mc trung bnh, phc v cc ng dng cp thnh ph hay quc gia nh chnh ph in t, thng mi in t, cc ng dng ca cc ngn hng - Kch thc mng ln hn LAN - Vic qun tr tng i kh hn so vi mng LAN Chi ph cc thit b mng MAN tng i t tin + Mng WAN - Bng thng thp, d kt ni, thng ch ph hp vi cc ng dng nh offline nh e-mail, web, ftp - Phm vi hot ng rng ln khng gii hn - Do kt ni ca nhiu LAN, MAN li vi nhau nn mng rt phc
15

tp v c tnh ton cu nn thng c t chc quc t ng ra qun tr Chi ph cho cc thit b v cc cng ngh mng WAN rt t tin Cu 18: a). Subnet Mask l g? Cho v d. b). Trnh by a ch IP lp A, lp B v lp C. Cho v d. TT Ni dung A Subnet Mask l Subnet Mask l mt chui 32 bt, dng xc nh phn a ch mng trong a ch IP ca mt my trn mng. Chui Subnet Mask c thnh lp theo qua tc sau: Bt ti v tr NetID c gi tr bng 1 Bt ti v tr HostID c gi tr bng 0 V d: a ch IP nh sau: 192.168.101.1 Subnet Mask l: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 B a ch IP lp A, lp B v lp C + a ch lp A: a ch lp A c s dng cho cc mng c s lng my trm ln, a ch lp A c cc c im nh sau: Bt cao nht c gi tr bng 0 Byte cao nht s dng lm a ch mng, 3 byte cn li c s dng lm a ch my Nh vy, mi mng ca lp A c kh nng qun l c 224-2 my V d: 100.1.10.1 + a ch lp B : a ch lp B c s dng cho cc mng c s lng my trm trung bnh, a ch lp B c cc c im nh sau: Bt cao nht c gi tr bng 10 2 Byte cao nht s dng lm a ch mng, 2 byte cn li c s dng lm a ch my Nh vy, mi mng ca lp B c kh nng qun l c 216-2 my V d: 178.45.67.110 + a ch lp C : a ch lp C c s dng cho cc mng c s lng my trm t, a ch lp C c cc c im nh sau: Bt cao nht c gi tr bng 110 3 Byte cao nht s dng lm a ch mng, 1 byte cn li c s dng lm a ch my Nh vy, mi mng ca lp C c kh nng qun l c 28-2 my V d: 201.4.56.20
16

Cu 19:

a). Trnh by chc nng ca cc tng trong 2 m hnh OSI v TCP/IP. b). So snh s ging v khc nhau ca 2 m hnh ny. c). Cc n v d liu ca m hnh OSI TT a Ni dung
Trnh by chc nng ca cc tng trong 2 m hnh OSI v TCP/IP.

* V biu m hnh OSI,TCP/IP


Tng ng dng Tng trnh by Tng phin Tng vn chuyn Tng mng Tng lin kt d liu Tng vt l Tng ng dng Tng vn chuyn Tng mng Tng truy nhp mng M hnh TCP/IP

* Chc nng ca m hnh OSI - Tng vt l ( Physical ): m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua cc phng tin vt l. - Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer): To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim sot lung v kim sot li. - Tng mng (Network layer): m bo chuyn chnh xc s liu gia cc thit b cui trong mng ng thi la chn c tuyn ng tt nht cho s liu - Tng vn chuyn (Transport layer): m bo chuyn s liu chnh xc gia hai thc th thuc tng phin - Tng phin (Session layer): Lin kt gia hai thc th c nhu cu trao i s liu - Tng trnh by (Presentation layer): thch ng cc cu trc d liu khc nhau ca ngi dng vi cu trc d liu thng nht s dng trong mng - Tng ng dng (Application layer): Cung cp cc dch v mng cho cc ng dng nh email, truyn file v m hnh u cui * Chc nng ca m hnh TCP/IP - Tng truy nhp mng (Network Access): cp n tt c cc thnh
17

phn , c vt l v logic c yu cu to ra mt lin kt vt l - Tng mng ( Network): chia cc segment ca TCP thnh cc gi v gi chng t bt k mng no. - Tng vn chuyn ( Transport): m bo v cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu khin lung v kim sot li. - Tng ng dng( Application): Khng ch cc hot ng trnh by, m ho, iu khin v i thoi. So snh s ging v khc nhau ca 2 m hnh * Ging nhau - C hai u phn tng - u c tng ng dng - u c tng mng v vn chuyn c chc nng gn ging nhau - u cho cc gi c chuyn mch * Khc nhau - TCP/IP kt hp tng trnh by v tng phin vo tng ng dng - TCP/IP kt hp cc tng lin kt d liu va tng vt l thnh tng truy nhp mng - Cc giao thc TCP/IP l cc tiu chun m Internet dng pht trin . Ngc li cc mng khng c xy dng da trn giao thc OSI . - TCP/IP n gin hn v c t lp hn n v d liu ca m hnh OSI - Data (PDU) - Segment - Packet - Frame - Bit phn
m . v n

Cu 20: V s v gii thch qu trnh cntt.thanhnien.com.vn trn mng internet. TT A V s ng


c Gi truy vn a ch n t t . t h a n h

gii

tn

min

Ni dung

i e

Hi server qun l tn min .vn

. Name Server

. c

Gi truy vn a phn S Name di m t c qu t .trnh ch i e n gii mcntt.thanhnien.com .vn trn n t th a n h n . c o . v n .vn mngServer Internet nguyn mng tn min. e qu. hiu d. v u n Hi server q l un

Name Server
m . v n

Gi truy vn a ch n t t h t a. n h n i e .t h a n h n i e n

. c . c o

o m

Hi server qun l tn min

com.vn Name Server


. v n

Reslover Query

Kt qu

c c

Gi truy vn a ch n t t h t .a n h n i e Tr li a ch IP ca n t t h t .a n h n i e

n n

. tc h o am n . h v . c o m . v

i n n.vn e n Name Server


n

. c o m

18

Resolver (Client)

Gii thch Client s gi yu cu cn phn gii a ch IP ca my tnh c tn c ntt. thanhnien.com .vn n name server cc b. Khi nhn yu cu t Resolver, Name Server cc b s phn tch tn ny v xt xem tn min ny c do mnh qun l hay khng. Nu nh tn min do Server cc b qun l, n s tr li a ch IP ca tn my ngay cho Resolver. Ngc li, server cc b s truy vn n mt Root Name Server gn nht m n bit c. Root Name Server s tr li a ch IP ca Name Server qun l min .vn. My ch name server cc b li hi tip name server qun l min .vn v c tham chiu n my ch qun l min com.vn. My ch qun l com.vn ch dn my name server cc b tham chiu n my ch qun l min thanhnien.com.vn. Cui cng my name server cc b truy vn my ch qun l min thanhnien.com.vn v nhn c cu tr li. Cu 21:
Cho s mng nh hnh v. Lp bng nh tuyn cho mi router

10 .0.0.1 10 .0.0.2 R1 Net 2 R2 15 .0.0.1 30 .0.0.1 Net 1 15 .0.0.2 Net 3 R4 20 .0.0.1 20 .0.0.2 R3 Net 4 30 .0.0.2

TT

Ni dung
19

R1: 10.0.0.0/8 (RIP) 15.0.0.0/8 Cch khc (nh tuyn tnh) n R3 theo 10.0.0.2 hoc 15.0.0.2 R2: 10.0.0.0/8 30.0.0.0/8 Cch khc (nh tuyn tnh) n R4 theo 10.0.0.1 hoc 30.0.0.2 R3: 30.0.0.0/8 20.0.0.0/8 Cch khc (nh tuyn tnh) n R1 theo 30.0.0.1 hoc 20.0.0.1 R4: 20.0.0.0/8 15.0.0.0/8 Cch khc (nh tuyn tnh) n R2 theo 20.0.0.2 hoc 15.0.0.1

Cu 22: Trnh by h m thp phn v nh phn. Hy qui i gi tr ca cc s v cc h m khc theo bng di y. H 2 (nh phn) H 10 (thp phn) H 8 (bt phn) H 16 (thp lc) 10100101 ? ? ? ? 123 ? ? ? ? 123 ? ? ? ? AB TT Ni dung A Trnh by h m thp phn v nh phn + H thp phn (hay h m c s 10) L mt h m c 10 k t dng ch s lng. H m ny c dng rng ri trn th gii. Ngun gc ca n c th bt ngun t c cu sinh hc ca con ngi, v mi ngi c 10 ngn tay. H thng k t cc con s dng biu t cc gi tr trong mt h m. Trong h thp phn, 10 k t (cn gi l con s) khc nhau c dng biu t 10 gi tr ring bit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 9), tc l 10 con s. + H nh phn (hay h m c s 2)
20

L mt h m dng hai k t biu t mt gi tr s, bng tng s cc ly tha ca 2. Hai k t thng l 0 v 1; chng thng c dng biu t hai gi tr hiu in th tng ng (c hiu in th, hoc hiu in th cao l 1 v khng c, hoc thp l 0). Kt qu qui i gi tr ca cc s v cc h m khc theo bng di y (ch in m l s ban u). H 2 H 10 H 8 H 16 (nh phn) (thp phn) (bt phn) (thp lc) 10100101 165 245 A5 1111011 123 173 7B 1010011 83 123 53 10101011 171 253 AB

Cu 23: Trnh by khi nim v bin b nh v lnh gn trong ngn ng lp trnh. Gi s cho b nh trong c hai vng nh c a ch hnh thc l A v B. Ni dung ang cha (dng nh phn) ti 2 vng nh nh sau: A B 01 10 Hy minh ha bng hnh v (b nh trong v CPU) khi thc hin lnh gn sau: A=A+B TT Ni dung A Khi nim v bin b nh v lnh gn trong ngn ng lp trnh + Khi nim bin b nh: L mt vng nh b nh trong, tn bin l a ch hnh thc ca vng nh . Gi tr ca bin l ni dung ang cha ti vng nh , ni dung ca vng nh s b xa mt khi c ni dung mi gi vo. + Lnh gn: Trong mi ngn ng lp trnh u c lnh gn, lnh gn dng gi mt gi tr c th vo mt vng nh xc nh b nh trong. Lnh gn thng c dng: v bn tri l bin b nh, v bn phi mt biu thc c ni vi nhau bi du =. Tc ng ca lnh: biu thc v bn phi s c tnh gi tr v gi tr c gn cho bin v bn tri. B Minh ha bng hnh v khi thc hin lnh gn A=A+B nh sau:

21

Khi thc hin tnh gi tr biu thc CPU 01 + 10 = 11 A 01 01 11 Kt qu ca b nh sau khi thc hin lnh A B Cu 24: Trnh by khi nim v tnh cht ca thut ton. Cho v d minh ho. TT Ni dung A Khi nim ca thut ton Thut ton, cn gi l gii thut, l mt tp hp hu hn ca cc ch th hay phng cch c nh ngha r rng cho vic hon tt mt s s vic t mt trng thi ban u cho trc; khi cc ch th ny c p dng trit th s dn n kt qu sau cng nh d on. Ni cch khc, thut ton l mt b cc qui tc hay qui trnh c th nhm gii quyt mt vn trong mt s bc hu hn, hoc nhm cung cp mt kt qu t mt tp hp ca cc d kin a vo. B Cc tnh cht ca thut ton: Tnh chnh xc Tnh r rng Tnh khch quan Tnh ph dng C Tnh kt thc V d: thut ton gii phng trnh bc nht P(x): ax + b = c, (a, b, c l cc s thc), trong tp hp cc s thc c th l mt b cc bc sau y: + Nu a = 0 o b = c th P(x) c nghim bt k o b c th P(x) v nghim + Nu a 0
o

B 10 CPU + 10 =

P(x) c duy nht mt nghim x = (c - b)/a


22

Cu 25: Cho h thng mng gm 230 Host v a ch IP c thit lp lp 192.168.10.1/24. Hy chia h thng mng ny thnh bn mng con (Net 1: c 122 Host, Net 2: c 58 Host, Net 3: c 30 Host v Net 4: c 20 Host) gm cc thng tin: Network ID (a ch lp mng con), Subnet Mask(mt n ca mng con), Start IP Address(a ch IP bt u ca mng con), End IP Address(a ch IP kt thc mng con), Broadcast IP(a ch IP qung b ca mng con). TT Ni dung Thit lp a ch IP cho cc mng con ( Net 1, Net 2, Net 3, Net 4) nh sau: + Net 1: Net ID: 192.168.10.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128 Start IP Address: 192.168.10.1 End IP Addres: 192.168.10.126 Broadcast IP: 192.168.10.127 + Net 2: Net ID: 192.168.10.128 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 Start IP Address: 192.168.10.129 End IP Addres: 192.168.10.190 Broadcast IP: 192.168.10.191 + Net 3: Net ID: 192.168.10.192 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.10.193 End IP Addres: 192.168.10.222 Broadcast IP: 192.168.10.223 + Net 4: Net ID: 192.168.10.224 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.10.225 End IP Addres: 192.168.10.254 Broadcast IP: 192.168.10.255

Cu 26: Cho h thng mng gm 200 Host v a ch IP c thit lp lp 192.168.100.1/24. Hy chia h thng mng ny thnh bn mng con (Net 1: c 100 Host, Net 2: c 52 Host, Net 3: c 30 Host v Net 4: c 18 Host) gm cc
23

thng tin: Network ID (a ch lp mng con), Subnet Mask(mt n ca mng con), Start IP Address(a ch IP bt u ca mng con), End IP Address(a ch IP kt thc mng con), Broadcast IP(a ch IP qung b ca mng con). TT Ni dung Thit lp a ch IP cho cc mng con ( Net 1, Net 2, Net 3, Net 4) nh sau: + Net 1: Net ID: 192.168.100.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128 Start IP Address: 192.168.100.1 End IP Addres: 192.168.100.126 Broadcast IP: 192.168.100.127 + Net 2: Net ID: 192.168.100.128 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 Start IP Address: 192.168.100.129 End IP Addres: 192.168.100.190 Broadcast IP: 192.168.100.191 + Net 3: Net ID: 192.168.100.192 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.100.193 End IP Addres: 192.168.100.222 Broadcast IP: 192.168.100.223 + Net 4: Net ID: 192.168.100.224 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.100.225 End IP Addres: 192.168.100.254 Broadcast IP: 192.168.100.255 im 2,0 im 0,5 im

0,5 im

0,5 im

0,5 im

Cu 27: Cho h thng mng gm 229 Host v a ch IP c thit lp lp 192.168.11.1/24. Hy chia h thng mng ny thnh bn mng con (Net 1: c 19 Host, Net 2: c 29 Host, Net 3: c 61 Host v Net 4: c 120 Host) gm cc
24

thng tin: Network ID (a ch lp mng con), Subnet Mask (mt n ca mng con), Start IP Address (a ch IP bt u ca mng con), End IP Address (a ch IP kt thc mng con), Broadcast IP(a ch IP qung b ca mng con). TT Ni dung Thit lp a ch IP cho cc mng con ( Net 1, Net 2, Net 3, Net 4) nh sau: + Net 4: Net ID: 192.168.11.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128 Start IP Address: 192.168.11.1 End IP Addres: 192.168.11.126 Broadcast IP: 192.168.11.127 + Net 3: Net ID: 192.168.11.128 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 Start IP Address: 192.168.11.129 End IP Addres: 192.168.11.190 Broadcast IP: 192.168.11.191 + Net 2: Net ID: 192.168.11.192 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.11.193 End IP Addres: 192.168.11.222 Broadcast IP: 192.168.11.223 + Net 1: Net ID: 192.168.11.224 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.11.225 End IP Addres: 192.168.11.254 Broadcast IP: 192.168.11.255

Cu 28: Mt cng ty c cung cp cho a ch mng l: 172.16.32.0/20 v kin trc mng nh hnh bn. Vi cng v l ngi qun tr
25

mng, anh ( ch ) hy phn chia a ch IP cho cc to nh sao cho hp l v m bo yu t tit kim ti a ti nguyn a ch IP. TT Ni dung - Da vo hnh v ta thy: 4 ng link mi ng 62 host, do vy ch cn 6 bit nh a ch IP, s bit trong phn Host ID cn li c th cho mn chia subnet S bit Host ID c th cho mn =( 32-20)-6=6 ( bit) Ta c cc subnet mi s c dng nh sau : 172.16.0010xxxx.xxHHHHHH/26 + trong : X k hiu l s bit mn H k hiu ca cc bit Host Ta c cc subnet mi nh sau: - 172.16.00100000.00HHHHHH/26 = 172.16.32.0/26 - 172.16.00100000.01HHHHHH/26 = 172.16.32.64/26 - 172.16.00100000.10HHHHHH/26 = 172.16.32.128/26 - 172.16.00100000.11HHHHHH/26 = 172.16.32.192/26 - 172.16.00100001.00HHHHHH/26 = 172.16.33.0/26 Nh vy ta c cc subnet chia cho 4 link , mi link 62 host l: - 172.16.32.0/26 - 172.16.32.64/26 - 172.16.32.128/26 - 172.16.32.192/26 Ta ly subnet cn li l 172.16.33.0/26 chia a ch cho 4 link kt ni cc Router vi nhau ( Mi link c 2 host ) Mi link c 2 host nh vy ch cn 2 bit cho phn HostID chia a ch Ip ( S bit phn Host ID cn li ti thiu l 2 bit ) . Nh vy s bit phn HostID cn li c th cho mn. S S bit Host ID c th cho mn =( 32-26)-2=4 ( bit) Ta c cc subnet mi s c dng nh sau : 172.16.33.00xxxxHH/30 Ta c cc subnet mi nh sau: - 172.16.33.000000HH = 172.16.33.0/30 - 172.16.33.000001HH = 172.16.33.4/30 - 172.16.33.000010HH = 172.16.33.8/30 - 172.16.33.000011HH= 172.16.33.12/30 4 subnet mi ny s dng gn a ch cho 4 link kt ni cc Router vi nhau Cu 29 Mt cng ty s dng a ch mng l 192.168.5.0 vi subnet mask l 255.255.255.0 cho h thng my tnh trong cng ty. Cng ty c 5 phng ban,

26

mi phng ban c 20 my tnh. Ban lnh o cng ty mun mi phng ban l 1 mng ring da trn a ch mng ca cng ty. a). Hy tin hnh chia mng con da vo a ch mng trn v p ng cc yu cu trn ca cng ty? b). Xc nh subnet mask ca cc mng con? c). Mi mng con c bao nhiu IP c th s dng? d). Lit k a ch u v a ch cui ca cc mng con? TT
1 2 3

Ni dung
Mn 3 bit chia mng con c 8 mng con, mi mng con c 30 host Subnet mask ca cc mng con l 255.255.255.224 hoc /27 8 mng con: o 192.168.5.0/27 o 192.168.5.32/27 o 192.168.5.64/27 o 192.168.5.96/27 o 192.168.5.128/27 o 192.168.5.160/27 o 192.168.5.192/27 o 192.168.5.224/27 8 dy a ch host: o 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.30 o 192.168.5.33 192.168.5.62 o 192.168.5.65 192.168.5.94 o 192.168.5.97 192.168.5.126 o 192.168.5.129 192.168.5.158 o 192.168.5.161 192.168.5.190 o 192.168.5.193 192.168.5.222 o 192.168.5.225 192.168.5.254

Cu 30: Cho h thng mng gm 228 Host v a ch IP c thit lp lp 192.168.1.1/24. Hy chia h thng mng ny thnh bn mng con (Net 1: c 124
27

Host, Net 2: c 56 Host, Net 3: c 27 Host v Net 4: c 21 Host) gm cc thng tin: Network ID (a ch lp mng con), Subnet Mask(mt n ca mng con), Start IP Address(a ch IP bt u ca mng con), End IP Address(a ch IP kt thc mng con), Broadcast IP(a ch IP qung b ca mng con). TT Ni dung Thit lp a ch IP cho cc mng con ( Net 1, Net 2, Net 3, Net 4) nh sau: + Net 1: Net ID: 192.168.1.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128 Start IP Address: 192.168.1.1 End IP Addres: 192.168.1.126 Broadcast IP: 192.168.1.127 + Net 2: Net ID: 192.168.1.128 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 Start IP Address: 192.168.1.129 End IP Addres: 192.168.1.190 Broadcast IP: 192.168.1.191 + Net 3: Net ID: 192.168.1.192 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Start IP Address: 192.168.1.193 End IP Addres: 192.168.1.222 Broadcast IP: 192.168.1.223 + Net 4: Net ID: Subnet mask: Start IP Address: End IP Addres: Broadcast IP: 192.168.1.224 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.225 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255

Cu 31:

Cho h thng mng gm 228 Host v a ch IP c thit lp lp 192.168.1.1/24. Hy chia h thng mng ny thnh bn mng con (Net 1: c 120
28

Host, Net 2: c 60 Host, Net 3: c 30 Host v Net 4: c 18 Host) gm cc thng tin: Network ID (a ch lp mng con), Subnet Mask(mt n ca mng con), Start IP Address(a ch IP bt u ca mng con), End IP Address(a ch IP kt thc mng con), Broadcast IP(a ch IP qung b ca mng con).
TT Ni dung Thit lp a ch IP cho cc mng con ( Net 1, Net 2, Net 3, Net 4) nh sau:

+ Net 1: Net ID: Subnet mask: Start IP Address: End IP Addres: Broadcast IP: + Net 2: Net ID: Subnet mask: Start IP Address: End IP Addres: Broadcast IP: + Net 3: Net ID: Subnet mask: Start IP Address: End IP Addres: Broadcast IP: + Net 4: Net ID: Subnet mask: Start IP Address: End IP Addres: Broadcast IP:

192.168.1.0 255.255.255.128 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.192 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.222 192.168.1.223 192.168.1.224 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.225 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255

Cu 32: Cho 4 a ch host nh sau: A: 192.168.25.30/27


29

B: 192.168.25.34/27 C: 192.168.25.61/27 D: 192.168.25.66/27 a. Cc a ch trn thuc lp a ch no? Nu r cch xc nh. b. Trong nhng a ch trn, hy cho bit nhng a ch no cng mt mng con vi nhau (trnh by c th phng php xc nh v kt qu). c. Lit k dy a ch (a ch mng, dy a ch host, a ch broadcast) ca nhm a ch c cng mng con va tm c cu 3b? TT Ni dung Cc a ch trn thuc lp C (0.25 im) a Lp C c octet u tin thuc phm vi 192 223 (0.25 im) a ch lp C c phn network ID chim 3 byte (24 bits). Trong cc a ch IP ny, tham s l /27 tc l mn 3 bits chia mng con. Do phn host ID cn 5 bits v s host thuc mi mng ny s l 25=32 hay ni cch khc s gia l 32. Mng con th nht: 192.168.25.0 b Mng con th hai: 192.168.25.32 Mng con th ba: 192.168.25.64 Mng con th t: 192.168.25.96 . Cc a ch A v B u thuc cng mng con th hai nn cng mng vi nhau. Lit k dy a ch: a ch mng: 192.168.25.32 c a ch host: 192.168.25.33 192.168.25.62 a ch broadcast: 192.168.25.63

Cu 33

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Virus my tnh l g? Phn loi virus. Trnh by du hiu nhn dng virus. Nu cc bin php phng trnh virus. TT Ni dung a Virus my tnh l Virus my tnh l mt chng trnh phn mm, v chng trnh ny c thit k c th ly lan ra cc file chng trnh hoc cc khu vc h thng ca thit b lu tr ( a cng, a mm, USB), c trng ca chng l kh nng t nhn bn. b Phn loi cc loi virus - Virus File: L nhng virus ly vo nhng file chng trnh v ph bin nht l trn h iu hnh Window nh file .com, .exe, .bat, .pif, .sys...Khi ta chy mt file chng trnh b nhim virus cng l lc virus c kch hot v tip tc tm cc file chng trnh khc trong my ca ta ly vo. - Virus Macro: L loi virus ly vo nhng file vn bn (Microsoft Word) hay bng tnh (Microsoft Excel) v c file trnh din (Microsoft Power Point) trong b Microsoft Office. - Trojan Horse: l mt on m chng trnh hon ton khng ly lan. Virus ci t ln my tnh, n thi im thun li, Trojan s n cp thng tin quan trng trn my tnh ca nn nhn nh s th tn dng, mt khu.... gi v cho ch nhn ca n trn mng hoc c th s ra tay xo d liu nu c lp trnh trc. - Su Internet Worm: Worm l loi virus c sc ly lan rng, nhanh v ph bin nht hin nay. Worm kt hp c sc ph hoi ca virus, s b mt ca Trojan v kh nng ly lan ng s Du hiu nhn dng virus ( Ngoi nhng du hiu di, c th c mt s khc) a cng ht ch m khng c l do r rng: Mt s virus nhn bn bng cch km thm nhng bn sao ca chnh chng vo cc tp tin .EXE v .COM (thng l nhiu ln). iu ny lm tng kch thc ca tp tin b nhim (i khi n mc khng khip) v tiu tn rt nhiu dung lng a cng. Nhiu tp tin .EXE v .COM gia tng kch thc: y l du hiu c in ca mt virus ang hot ng. a cng hot ng tht thng: n LED bo hiu nhiu v thng xuyn khi khng c ng dng ang chy trong h thng. Hiu nng h thng gim ng k: My tnh chy chm hn i hoc chy nhng chng trnh ta thng s dng mt cch khng bnh thng. Cc tp tin b mt, h hng hoc b sai lc khng r l do: . S xm
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nhp ca virus c th lm gin on dng d liu vo ra ca cc a v gy ra li i vi tp tin. H thng thng xuyn b treo cng: my tnh thng xuyn b treo ngay c khi khng c bt k ng dng no hot ng. C li trong b nh h thng hoc s cp pht b nh: y du hiu c virus hin din trong b nh, ni m n d ly nhim vo cc tp tin khc. Cc bin php phng trnh virus Nng cao thc s dng my tnh an ton. Phi c t nht mt phn mm dit virus bn quyn c ci thng tr, v phi bt tnh nng t ng bo v ln. S dng mt s thit b phn cng ngn chn virus xm nhp t bn ngoi nh: firewall Cn cp n vic c kh thng nhn bit virus Phn mm dit Virus cn c cp nht Cp nht cc bn v li phn mm

Cu 34: Trnh by cc thnh phn c bn v phn cng my tnh. TT Ni dung a Cc thnh phn c bn v phn cng my tnh: Khi x l trung tm (CPU -Central processing Unit) + B nh trong RAM, ROM; + B nh ngoi : a cng, a mm, USB, CD, ; + Cc thit b nhp: bn phm, chut, ..; + Cc thit bi xut : Mn hnh, my in...
KHI X L TRUNG TM CPU

C th ni CPU l b ch huy ca my tnh. N c nhim v thc hin cc php tnh s hc v logic ng thi iu khin cc qu trnh thc hin lnh. CPU c cc b phn chnh l: Khi tnh ton s hc v logic ((ALU = Arithmetic logic Unit); Khi iu khin (CU = Control Unit); Thanh ghi (Register); ng h.
B NH TRONG

B nh trong (b nh trung tm) l b nh cha chng trnh v s liu. N gn lin vi CPU CPU c th lm vic c ngay. nh, a ch nh v dung lng b nh. Bus RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)
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B NH NGOI

B nh ngoi hay cn gi l b nh ph (Auxiliary Storage) l cc thit b lu tr thng tin khi lng ln nn n cn c gi l b nh lu tr dung lng ln. Khi my cn dng d liu, thng tin no th n c ti ln b nh lm vic nhanh hn. B nh ngoi in hnh nht l: a mm (Flopy Disk) a cng (Hard disk) USB, CD,
CC THIT B VO RA (INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES)

Cc thit b vo - ra c th coi l cc b phn trao i thng tin gia ngi v my, my vi my. Mt my tnh c th c nhiu thit b vo - ra + Thit b vo : c dng cung cp d liu cho b vi x l, thng dng l bn phm (Keyboard), con chut (Mouse), my qut (Scaner). + Thit b ra : l phn a ra cc kt qu tnh ton, a ra cc thng tin cho con ngi bit...cc thit b ra thng dng l mn hnh (Monitor), my in (Printer), my v (Ploter)... S khi tng qut mainboard

Cu 35: a). V s v nu nhim v ca Modul vo/ra b). Trnh by cc phng php iu khin vo ra d liu. TT Ni dung ng a V s v nu nhim v ca Modul vo/ra D liu * V s
ng D liu

Thanh ghi m d liu

Thanh ghi trng thi iu khin

Cng ni ghp vo/ra

ng /K ng Trng thi

ng a ch

Khi Logic iu khin 33

Cng ni ghp vo/ra

ng iu khin

- Thanh ghi m d liu: m d liu trong qu trnh trao i thng tin - Thanh ghi trng thi iu khin: Lu gi thng tin trng thi iu khin cho cc cng vo/ra - Logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca Modul vo/ra - Cng vo/ra: Kt ni vi thit b ngoi vi, mi cng c mt a ch xc nh. * Nhim v: - iu khin v nh thi gian trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi - Pht hin li ca thit b ngoi vi Cc phng php iu khin Vo/Ra * Phng php bng chng trnh - L phng php n gin nht, s dng lnh vo/ra trong chng trnh trao i thng tin vi cng vo/ra - Khi b x l ang thc hin chng trnh, nu gp lnh vo/ra th b vi x l iu khin trao i d liu vi cng vo/ra; cc lnh c thc hin nhn/gi tng byte mt Nhc im: B VXL phi x dng nhiu thi gian kim tra cc cng lin h vi thit b vo/ra * Phng php iu khin ngt: - B vi x l ch lm vic vi thit b vo/ra khi c yu cu - Gi tn hiu bo cho CPU, l tn hiu yu cu ngt, khi B VXL thc hin chng trnh con vo/ra tng ng trao i d liu - Khi thc hin chng trnh con xong, n tip tc thc hin chng trnh ang b ngt Nhc im:Mi ln truyn k t li phi gi ngt mt ln; b VXL phi s dng chng trnh con x l ngt dn n mt nhiu thi gian ca VXL * Phng php s dng DMA - S dng mt n v iu khin gi l DMAC (DMA Controler); n v ny c th c/ghi mt khi d liu vo b nh m khng cn s can thip ca VXL - Khi cn trao i d liu vo/ra, b VXL gi cho DMAC cc thng tin cn thit (a ch b nh cha d liu, s byte cn c/ghi ...) sau DMAC thc hin cng vic da trn cc tham s m b VXL gi cho n - Cng vic hon thnh n gi thng bo cho b VXL bit Nhc im: khi DMA lm vic th VXL khng chim dng c ng truyn do DMA c quyn chim dng Bus cao nht) * Phng php s dng knh d liu - S dng mt n v chuyn dng gi l b x l vo/ra h tr cho b VXL chnh

Cu 36:
a). V s khi tng qut bo mch chnh b). Nu chc nng c bn ca bo mch chnh c). Nhim v cc b phn chnh trn bo mch chnh 34

T T a

Ni dung S khi tng qut mainboard

Chc nng c bn ca Bo mch chnh


- Mainboard l thit b ng vai tr trung gian kt ni tt c cc thit b trn h thng my tnh lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt b my thng nht - Gn kt cc thnh phn trn mt h thng my tnh li vi nhau - iu khin thay i t BUS cho ph hp vi cc thnh phn khc nhau - Qun l ngun cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main - Cung cp xung nhp ch (xung Clock) ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng Nhim v chnh ca cc b phn trn Mainboard Soket ( cm CPU) C nhiu loi cm cho CPU tu theo chng loi Mainboard: V d: Socket 370, Socket 478, Socket 775 Cc chn Socket do Chipset bc iu khin. North Bridge (Chipset bc) - Chipset bc c nhim v iu khin cc thnh phn c tc cao nh CPU, RAM v Card Video - Chipset iu khin v tc BUS, iu khin chuyn mch d liu, m bo cho d liu qua li gia cc thnh phn c thng sut v lin tc, khai thc ht c tc ca CPU v b nh RAM Sourth Bridge (Chipset nam) - Chc nng ca chipset nam tng t nh chipset bc, nhng chipset nam iu khin cc thnh phn c tc chm nh: Card Sound, Card Net, cng, CD ROM, cc cng USB, IC SIO v BIOS v v... ROM BIOS (Read Olly Memory - Basic In Out System) - ROM l IC nh ch c, BIOS l chng trnh np trong ROM do nh sn xut Mainboard np vo, chng trnh BIOS c cc chc nng chnh sau y: - Khi ng my tnh, duy tr s hot ng ca CPU - Kim tra li ca b nh RAM v Card Video 35

- Qun l trnh iu khin cho chipset bc, chipset nam, IC-SIO v card video onboard - Cung cp bn ci t CMOS SETUP mc nh my c th hot ng ta cha thit lp CMOS IC SIO (Super In Out) - IC iu khin cc cng vo ra d liu - SIO iu khin cc thit b trn cng Parallel nh my In, my Scaner, iu khin mm, cc cng Serial nh cng COM, cng PS/2 - Ngoi ra SIO cn thc hin gim st cc b phn khc trn Main hot ng cung cp tn hiu bo s c - Tch hp mch iu khin tt m ngun, to tn hiu Reset h thng. Clockgen (Clocking) - Mch to xung Clock - To xung nhp cung cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main hot ng ng thi ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng my tnh, nu mch Clock b hng th cc thnh phn trn Main khng th hot ng c. - Mch Clocking hot ng u tin sau khi Main c ngun chnh cung cp. VRM (Vol Regu Module) - Modul n p. - y l mch iu khin ngun VCORE cp cho CPU, mch c nhim v bin i in p 12V/2A thnh in p khong 1,5V v cho dng ln ti 10A cp cho CPU Khe AGP hoc PCI Express .- Khe AGP v PCI Express dng gn Card video, khe AGP hoc PCI Express do Chipset bc iu khin. Khe RAM - Khe RAM do Chipset bc iu khin dng gn b nh RAM, Khe PCI - Khe PCI do Chipset nam iu khin dng gn cc Card m rng nh Card sound, Card Net ... Cng IDE, SATA, ... - Cng IDE, SANTA ... do Chipset nam iu khin, cng IDE dng gn cc a nh HDD, CDROM, DVD ...

Cu 37: a). Nu nguyn l phng php hin th hnh nh b). Nu nhim v v c im ca Card mn hnh c). V s tng qut, trnh by tm tt nhim v cc khi v nguyn l hot ng Card mn hnh (card video).

TT a

Ni dung Nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh - Mn hnh c kch thc hu hn nhng li cha v hn cc im nh - hin th mt thng tin, cn phi lu tr thng tin m t thuc tnh nh sng ca tng im nh trn mn hnh trong b nh, ngoi ra phi truyn cc thng tin ca tng im t b nh ra mn hnh. 36

- Vic lu tr v truyn mt lng ln thng tin ra mn hnh l mt vic kh do vy phi nghin cu c im th gic ca con ngi. + Kh nng phn gii mt ngi khong 1 + Hnh nh hin th ri tt vi tn s >25 ln/1s th mt ngi khng cm nhn c s thay i ( l hin tng lu nh trn vng mc) - Xy dng phng php qut mnh v qut dng hin th thng tin tnh v ng trn mn hnh - H thng hin th gm 2 phn: + Mn hnh + Card mn hnh Nhim v v c im ca Card mn hnh * Nhim v: - Cung cp giao din gia my tnh v mn hnh - Truyn cc tn hiu t my tnh a ra mn hnh gm cc tn hiu video(RG-B), cc tn hiu xung ng b dng v xung ng b mnh * c im: - card video c th l Card ri c lp trn bo mch chnh qua khe cm PCI hoc AGP - Card video cng c th c tch hp ngay trn bo mch chnh, dng chiset Share Ram ca b nh chnh lm Ram Video v iu khin mn hnh - Card Video c pht trin p ng phn gii v nt ca mn hnh. S tng qut
RAM Video RAM DAC

* Chc nng cc khi - BIOS video: Dng chp ROM cha lnh c bn giao din gia phn cng Card video v phn mm chy trong h thng - B x l Video (CRTC): l phn quan trng nht ca Card video, n quyt nh n tc v cc chc nng ca Card; cc trnh iu khin m h iu hnh v cc trnh ng dng s dng giao tip vi phn cng video c vit cho chipset video. - Ram Video: Dng lu tr hnh nh trong khi x l; dung lng b nh trn card video xc nh phn gii v s mu ti a) - Ram DAC: B chuyn i s sang tng t, qu trnh chuyn i cng nhanh th tn s quyets mnh cng cao (tc lm ti hnh nh cng ln). - Bus card Video: S dng Bus trn bo mch chnh, trc y thng cm vo khe PCI; do bus PCI tc thp, khng p ng c truyn d liu ra mn hnh nn hin nay cc card video c thit k cm trn khe AGP (cng tng tc ha). Nguyn l hot ng: - D liu v hnh nh c np vo b nh Ram Video theo tng khung ti 37

AGP

BIOS Video B x l CRTC

a tn hiu ra mn hnh

mi thi im. - Phn chnh ca b m khung l b iu khin CRTC, n to ra cc tn hiu iu khin v gim st hot ng ca Card video. Ram Video c vai tr duy tr d liu v hnh nh c hin th - Card Video hot ng hai ch + Ch vn bn (Text Mode) + Ch ha (Graphic Mode) - Tn hiu t b nh m c chuyn i t dng tn hiu s sang dng tn hiu tng t thng qua b chuyn i Ram DAC v a ra mn hnh. - duy tr hnh nh lin tc trn mn hnh d l nh tnh hay nh ng th cn phi lp li hin th mnh (lm ti hnh nh) - Qu trnh lm ti hnh nh thc cht l qu trnh lin tc vn chuyn ni dung ca b nh video ln mn hnh. - gim bt khi lng cng vic cho CPU ngi ta s dng mt n v iu khin c tn DMAC (b x l chuyn dng) v phng php ny c gi l phng php truy cp trc tip b nh DMA.

Cu 38: V s cu trc, nu c im v chc nng n v iu khin CU ca b x l trung tm CPU. TT a Ni dung S


Thanh ghi lnh Tn hiu /k bn trong CPU

Cc c

CU
Tn hiu /k t Bus h thng Tn hiu /k n Bus h thng

Bus h thng

c im: - iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca my tnh - Bn trong n v iu khin c mch gii m lnh, m lnh c t b nh c a ti u vo ca b gii m Chc nng: - iu khin nhn lnh t n v nh chnh a vo thanh ghi lnh - Gii m lnh trong thanh ghi lnh xc nh cc thao tc m lnh yu 38

cu - Thng tin thu c t u ra ca b gii m a n mch to xung, iu khin to to ra cc dy xung khc nhau iu khin bn trong v bn ngoi CPU - Cc tn hiu a vo n v iu khin gm c: + Tn hiu xung ng h + M lnh t thanh ghi lnh a n gii m + Cc c ca thanh ghi c cho bit trng thi ca CPU + Cc tn hiu t Bus h thng - Cc tn hiu i ra gm c: + Tn hiu iu khin bn trong: iu khin cc thanh ghi, cc n v thc hin s hc v logic + Tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi: iu khin b nh v cc thit b vo/ra

Cu 39: Virus my tnh l g? Phn loi virus. Trnh by du hiu nhn dng virus. Nu cc bin php phng trnh virus. TT a Ni dung Virus my tnh l Virus my tnh l mt chng trnh phn mm, v chng trnh ny c thit k c th ly lan ra cc file chng trnh hoc cc khu vc h thng ca thit b lu tr ( a cng, a mm, USB), c trng ca chng l kh nng t nhn bn. Phn loi cc loi virus - Virus File: L nhng virus ly vo nhng file chng trnh v ph bin nht l trn h iu hnh Window nh file .com, .exe, .bat, .pif, .sys...Khi ta chy mt file chng trnh b nhim virus cng l lc virus c kch hot v tip tc tm cc file chng trnh khc trong my ca ta ly vo. - Virus Macro: L loi virus ly vo nhng file vn bn (Microsoft Word) hay bng tnh (Microsoft Excel) v c file trnh din (Microsoft Power Point) trong b Microsoft Office. - Trojan Horse: l mt on m chng trnh hon ton khng ly lan. Virus ci t ln my tnh, n thi im thun li, Trojan s n cp thng tin quan trng trn my tnh ca nn nhn nh s th tn dng, mt khu.... gi v cho ch nhn ca n trn mng hoc c th s ra tay xo d liu nu c lp trnh trc. - Su Internet Worm: Worm l loi virus c sc ly lan rng, nhanh v ph bin nht hin nay. Worm kt hp c sc ph hoi ca virus, s b mt ca 39

Trojan v kh nng ly lan ng s Du hiu nhn dng virus ( Ngoi nhng du hiu di, c th c mt s khc) a cng ht ch m khng c l do r rng: Mt s virus nhn bn bng cch km thm nhng bn sao ca chnh chng vo cc tp tin .EXE v .COM (thng l nhiu ln). iu ny lm tng kch thc ca tp tin b nhim (i khi n mc khng khip) v tiu tn rt nhiu dung lng a cng. Nhiu tp tin .EXE v .COM gia tng kch thc: y l du hiu c in ca mt virus ang hot ng. a cng hot ng tht thng: n LED bo hiu nhiu v thng xuyn khi khng c ng dng ang chy trong h thng. Hiu nng h thng gim ng k: My tnh chy chm hn i hoc chy nhng chng trnh ta thng s dng mt cch khng bnh thng. Cc tp tin b mt, h hng hoc b sai lc khng r l do: . S xm nhp ca virus c th lm gin on dng d liu vo ra ca cc a v gy ra li i vi tp tin. H thng thng xuyn b treo cng: my tnh thng xuyn b treo ngay c khi khng c bt k ng dng no hot ng. C li trong b nh h thng hoc s cp pht b nh: y du hiu c virus hin din trong b nh, ni m n d ly nhim vo cc tp tin khc. Cc bin php phng trnh virus Nng cao thc s dng my tnh an ton. Phi c t nht mt phn mm dit virus bn quyn c ci thng tr, v phi bt tnh nng t ng bo v ln. S dng mt s thit b phn cng ngn chn virus xm nhp t bn ngoi nh: firewall Cn cp n vic c kh thng nhn bit virus Phn mm dit Virus cn c cp nht Cp nht cc bn v li phn mm

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