S dng rm r sn xut du sinh hc

12:30 |06/04/2012
NangluongVietnam -

Vo nhng nm cui ca th k 20 v u th k 21, i i vi s pht trin mnh m ca kinh t v x hi, nhu cu s dng nng lng cng tng nhanh.

Li m u Vo nhng nm cui ca th k 20 v u th k 21, i i vi s pht trin mnh m ca kinh t v x hi, nhu cu s dng nng lng cng tng nhanh. Theo d bo ca IEO (International Energy Organzation) t nm 1999 n 2020 nhu cu tiu th nng lng ca th gii s tng 60% [1]. Ngun nng lng c th c chia lm ba dng: Nng lng ha thch (du m, than v kh t nhin); nng lng ti to (renewable energy); nng lng ht nhn [2]. Hin nay, trn th gii, ngun cung cp nng lng ch yu vn l t nhin liu ha thch. Tuy nhin, tr lng ca ngun nhin liu ny c hn v ngy mt gim dn. Trong khi trong vng mt th k qua, nng lng tiu th trn th gii tng gp khong 20 ln [3]. Hn na, vic khai thc v s dng du m v than cn thi ra kh CO 2, SO2 v NOx gy hiu ng nh knh, lm nhim mi trng v mi sinh, lm thay i nghim trng n kh hu ton cu [2-4]. T t ra cho nhn loi mt nhim v cp bch l phi tm ngun nng lng mi c kh nng thay th nng lng t nhin liu gc khong, c th ti to v thn thin vi mi trng.

Nhiu nm qua, cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh trn th gii c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v ngh ngun nng lng mi c th thay th du m v p ng c cc yu cu nu trn. l nng lng ti to, nng lng ny bao gm: Biomass, nng lng hydro, a nhit, sc gi v nng lng mt tri [2-5]. Trong , nng lng c to ra t biomass c gi l nng lng sinh hc chim 63% tng s nng lng ti to. Ngun nng lng ny cung cp 14% nhu cu nng lng ca th gii, cn cc nc ang pht trin, con s l 35% [2]. Biomass ch yu c to ra do s chuyn ha nng lng nh sng mt tri vo cy trng (thc vt) bng con ng quang hp. Nhin liu Biomass bao gm: g, cht thi g (mt ca, phi bo), phn ng vt, nng sn v ph thi t nng nghip nh rm r, tru, thn v li ng [2]. u im ca nhin liu sinh hc so vi ngun nhin liu du m truyn thng l c hm lng lu hunh v nit thp, khng gy hiu ng nh knh do c s cn bng CO2. Gn y, nng lng ngun gc sinh hc c to ra t biomass ang thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu quc gia trn ton th gii, c bit l cc nc c nn nng nghip pht trin. Trn th gii, nhin liu sinh hc ang nghin cu nhiu l ethanol sinh hc (bioethanol) v diesel sinh hc (biodiesel). Ethanol sinh hc c sn xut bng cch ln men cc sn phm nng nghip nh ma, ng, khoai, sn v sau c pha trn vi xng dng cho cc ng c xng. Diesel sinh hc ch yu c sn xut t du thc vt hay m ng vt v c trn vi diesel dng cho ng c diesel. Tuy nhin, nhin liu sinh hc sn xut t cc ngun ny vn cn kh t. Do , vic tm kim cc ngun nguyn liu r hn t ngun ph thi to nhin liu sinh hc l rt cn thit. C nhiu cch phn loi nhin liu sinh hc (NLSH). Thng thng da vo ngun gc ca cc nguyn liu dng sn xut NLSH c th chia NLSH thnh ba th h [4]: - NLSH th h th nht, t cc loi cy trng n c nh lng thc, thc phm, v d: Ma, ca ci, ng cc, du m ng thc vt. Nhc im c bn l s dng nhng ngun ti nguyn sinh khi lin quan n lng thc dn n mt an ninh lng thc trn th gii. - NLSH th h th hai, ch yu t cc ph phm hoc ph thi trong sn xut, sinh hot c ngun gc hu c, v d: Ph thi nng lm nghip (rm r, tru, b ma, thn ng, mn ca, g vn), chn nui (phn sc vt, bn cng rnh) v sinh hot (du, m thi) u im ni bt l s dng ngun sinh khi khng nh hng g n lng thc, thc phm nui sng con ngi v gia sc m bo an ninh lng thc ton cu, ng thi cn gp phn gim thiu nhim. - NLSH th h th ba, t to (nc ngt v nc bin), cy jatropha curcas (cy cc ro hay cy du m), c swichgrass, cy halophyte, c u im vt tri l da vo ngun sinh khi phong ph ca cc loi cy khng thuc cy lng thc, c th sinh trng hoang di c nhng ni t cn ci vi hm lng du cao. Tuy nhin, mi ch l nghin cu thm d ban du cn nhiu vn khoa hc v cng ngh lin quan n canh tc, khai thc, ch bin cc ti nguyn sinh khi ny cn phi gii quyt trc khi nhin liu sinh hc th h th ba xut hin trn th trng.

Hin nay, NLSH th h th hai c u tin nghin cu v s dng v hu nh s khng nh hng n gi lng thc v m bo an ninh lng thc ton cu. Biomass nh rm r, thn cy ng cc v cc ph thi nng nghip khc c to ra hng nm trn th gii khong hn na t tn, trong chu chim ti 92% [6,7]. Rm r l mt trong nhng ph thi nng nghip t gi tr s dng, s lng ln c bit cc nc xut khu la go, nh Vit Nam. Rm r chim hn 50% tng trng lng cy la [8]. Thnh phn kha hc (% khi lng) ca rm r gm ch yu l xenluloza (60%), lignin (14%), cht bo (1,9%) v protein (3,4%). Thnh phn nguyn t (% khi lng): C~44%, H ~5%, N~0,92%, O ~49%. Tuy nhin, do nhit tr ca rm r rt thp (thp hn nhiu so vi du m) v khng thun tin cho vic vn chuyn, tch tr nn rm r khng c s dng nh nhin liu cng nghip. V vy, vic chuyn ha rm r thnh sn phm c gi tr hn, d dng vn chuyn, bo qun, tch tr c ngha c bit quan trng i vi cc nc ang pht trin.

2. C s nghin cu Vit Nam l nc xut khu la go ng th hai trn th gii. T nm 2002 n nay, trung bnh nc ta sn xut khu 34 triu tn thc/nm. Nm 2008 sn lng la t 37,6 triu tn, chim 5,6% sn lng la go ton cu [9-11]. Do , hng nm nc ta s thi ra khong 55 triu tn rm r. S rm r ny mt phn lm phn bn sinh hc, cn ch yu c t b ngay trn cnh ng gy lng ph v nh hng n mi trng. Nu tn dng c ngun rm r ny sn xut nhin liu sinh hc s c ngha ht sc to ln v nhiu mt.

Thng thng, chuyn ha biomass thnh nhin liu ngi ta s dng ba phng php chnh l thy phn (phng php sinh hc), kh ha v nhit phn. Kh ha l qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton biomass nhit cao (c th ln n 1.300 OC) c s iu chnh lng kh oxy cho ph hp. Sn phm ca qu trnh ny ch yu l kh tng hp, nhng thit b phc tp. Qu trnh thy phn bng enzym c u im l hiu sut v tnh chn lc cao, nhng nhc im l kh to ra v nui sng chng enzym thch hp. Khi thy phn biomass, xenlulo v hemixenlulo c th b thy phn tng i hon ton nhng lignin gn nh khng b thy phn. Nu c th phi i hi cng ngh phc tp v iu kin thy phn khc nghit. u im ca phng php nhit phn l sn phm thu c c dng kh, lng v rn. Hn na, cng nh kh ha, qu trnh nhit phn c kh nng b gy lin kt ha hc ca c xenlulo, hemixenlulo v lignin, do lm tng hiu qu s dng biomass. Tuy nhin, sn phm lng c quan tm hn c. Cc sn phm ny u c nhiu ng dng trong thc t: Sn phm kh gm cc kh khng b ngng t nh: CO, CO2, H2, CH4 v cc hydrocacbon C2, C3. Cc kh ny c dng sy nguyn liu sinh khi (biomass) hoc s dng trong ng c chy kh. Sn phm rn (than) c th s dng lm than hot tnh hoc dng cp nhit cho vic sy sinh khi v tng nhit cho l phn ng nhit phn. Sn phm lng (bio-oil) l hn hp ca hng trm hp cht hu c c khi lng phn t thp nh axit axetic, metanol, axeton chim t 40 - 50% v khi lng. Pha hu c c cha cc hp cht cacbonyl, axit, phenol, crezol, benzeniol, cc hydrocacbon thm (nh benzen, toluen. Inden, cc dn xut ca chng) v cc hp cht thm a vng (nh naphtalen, fluoren, phenanthren v cc dn xut ca chng). S phn b ca cc hp cht ny ty thuc vo thnh phn ca nguyn liu v iu kin nhit phn.

Gin phn tch nhit tc gia nhit 500C (a)

Gin phn tch nhit tc gia nhit 10CC (b)

Gin phn tch nhit tc gia nhit 150 OC (c) Hnh 2. Gin phn tch nhit cc tc gia nhit khc nhau: 50OC/pht (a), 100OC/pht (b), 150 OC/pht (c) Trong bo co ny, trnh by kt qu phn tch thnh phn v nh gi kh nng to nhin liu sinh hc bng qu trnh nhit phn t rm r ca ging la nng sut cao c trng ph bin ng bng Bc B Vit Nam 1. Thc nghim

Rm r (ging la Khang Dn) c ra sch, sy kh 1000 C 5C v ct nh thnh cc mnh c kch thc 0,5 - 1,5 mm. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mu rm r c phn tch theo phng php chun ca TAPPI (Hip hi cng nghip giy v bt giy ton cu): + m v tro ca cc mu c xc nh theo TAPPI T264om-97 v TAPPI ST15m-58 tng ng. + Hm lng xenlulo, lignin v cht trch ly c xc nh theo TAPPI T15m-55, TAPPI T222om-98 v TAPPI T6m-59 tng ng. Hm lng hemixenlulo c xc nh da vo thnh phn cc hp cht xc nh theo cng thc: Hm lng hemixenlulo = Hm lng mu kh tuyt i - (hm lng tro, xenlulo, lignin v cc cht trch ly). + Cc cht v c c xc nh trn mu tro ca rm r bng phng php hp th nguyn t (AAS). Phn tch thnh phn nguyn t C, H, N, S v O trong rm r c thc hin trn my phn tch nguyn t Flash EA seri 1112. Rm r c nhit phn trn h thit b tnh, lm vic gin on, c lp t ti phng ha l b mt. S ca h nhit phn s dng kh mang l nit c th hin trn Hnh 1. Sau mi th nghim, sn phm rn v lng c cn. Khi lng sn phm kh c tnh bng h ca khi lng mu ban u tr i tng khi lng sn phm lng v rn. Sn phm lng c chit tch bng dung mi diclometan phn tch ring pha nc v pha hu c. Rm r (5g) c kch thc trong khong 0,04 - 0,85mm c cho vo ng phn ng (4) trc mi phn ng. Trc khi nhit phn 15 pht, thi kh N2 ui ht khng kh trong l phn ng. L phn ng (3) c iu chnh nhit bi thit b iu chnh nhit (6). Sn phm kh sinh ra c lm lnh thit b lm lnh (8) s ngng t li thnh sn phm lng trong cc bnh hng sn phm (7). 2. Kt qu v tho lun Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca rm r c th hin Bng 1. Theo Bng 1, cc hp cht polime nh xenlulo, hemixenlulo v lignin l thnh phn chnh, chim n 73,68% v cng l nguyn liu chnh cho qu trnh nhit phn. C th nhn thy hm lng tro chim 12,76% trong hp cht cha Si chim a s (Bng 2) Bng 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca rm r Thnh phn m Xenlulo Hemixenlulo Lignin Cc hp cht trch ly Tro Tng T l (%) 7,08 42,41 12,65 18,62 6,48 12,76 100 Bng 2. Thnh phn tro ca rm r

Thnh phn SiO2(%) K (%) Na (%) Cc cht khc (%) Tng T l (%) 72,593 2,636 0,369 24,402 100 Thnh phn nguyn t ca rm r c a ra Bng 3. T Bng 3 cho thy thnh phn ch yu ca rm r l cc nguyn t C, H, O, N. Thnh phn C chim ch yu trong rm r, s liu ny chng t rm r c hnh thnh ch yu t cc hp cht hu c. Hm lng O cao th hai, ch sau C, iu ny dn n d on trong thnh phn bio-oil thu c sau qu trnh nhit phn cng s c cc hp cht cha oxy. y l nhc im chung ca cc bio-oil sinh ra t nhit phn biomass v cc hp cht cha oxy s lm cho du khng bn v mt ha hc, gy n mn my mc, ng c ng thi lm gim nhit tr ca du. Hm lng N khng ng k nn trong thnh phn kh sinh ra s t hp cht NxOy, l cc kh c hi gy nhim mi trng. Bng 3. Thnh phn nguyn t trong rm r Thnh phn T l (%) C H O N S

673,113 58,454 254,134 14,299 0,0000

c bit, trong rm r u khng tm thy lu hunh. l mt u im ca rm r khi c s dng lm nguyn liu. Do , thnh phn kh sau phn ng khng cha cc kh SOx gy nhim mi trng hoc lm ng c xc tc trong cc phn ng nhit phn c xc tc. Nh bit, nhit phn rm r thc cht l qu trnh b gy mch cacbon bng nhit (cracking nhit) ca hp cht lignoxenlulo. Nh vy, da vo s liu phn tch nhit ca rm r (Hnh 2) c th xc nh c khong nhit cng nh tc nhit phn ti u. T hnh 1 cho thy nhit nh hn 100OC, c mt nh pc thu nhit tng ng vi s mt nc vt l (hi m) v mt s cht c nhit si thp vi khi lng b mt 7-12%. Trong khong nhit 180 - 5700 C, xut hin cc nh pc ta nhit do rm r b phn hy v mt khi lng xp x 80%. Kt qu ny ph hp vi phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca rm r, tng cc cht hu c c thnh phn chnh chim gn 80%. tc gia nhit thp (5C/pht), trn ng DSC, trong khong nhit 180 -570 O C c 3 pc ring bit c cho l giai on mt khi lng ca hemixenlulo, xenlulo v lignin. Trong khi vi tc gia nhit cao hn (10OC/pht, 15OC/pht) ta ch thy mt nh pc t v mt vai. Nh vy khi tc gia nhit cao rm r chy rt nhanh nn gn nh cc hp cht polyme hu c trong rm r chy cng lc. Nh vy tc gia nhit cn thit phi 15OC/pht. Kt qu phn tch nhit cho ta d on khong nhit nhit phn rm r ti u. Khong nhit mt khi lng ln nht l 200 - 500OC, nh vy, nhit nhit phn hon ton s nm trong khong ti u l 400 - 600OC [8,35].

Bng 4. Phn b sn phm nhit phn Lng Sn phm Rn Hiu (%) Pha c hu Pha nc 24,83 Kh 21,91

48,35 sut 29,74 23,52

Ty thuc vo iu kin nhit phn: Nhit , thi gian, tc gia nhit, tc dng, s c mt ca hi nc s thu c hiu sut cng nh phn b sn phm khc nhau. Tin hnh nhit phn rm r Vit Nam trong iu kin in hnh: nhit 550OC, tc gia nhit 20OC/pht, tc dng N2 l 10ml/giy. Phn b sn phm c a ra trong bng 4. Hiu sut sn phm lng tng t 48,35%, trong , hm lng pha hu c ln chim 23,52%, tng ng vi kt qu cng b trn th gii [8]. Qu trnh nhit phn rm r gm cc phn ng phn hy s cp rm r v cc phn ng phn hy th cp sn phm ca phn ng hy s cp. nhit 550OC, cng vi phn ng s cp, phn ng th cp xy ra mnh, cc phn t c khi lng trung bnh b b gy thnh phn t nh hn, to sn phm kh khng ngng t. Kt qu l to thnh ba dng sn phm rn, lng v kh. C nhiu thng s nh hng n qu trnh nhit phn. nh hng ca cc thng s ny n phn b cng nh cht lng sn phm s c cng b trong cc bi bo co tip theo. 3. Kt lun Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc ng Nam c tri ph cho ngun nng lng ti to a dng. Trong biomass l mt ngun nng lng ti to tim nng ca tng lai. T cc s liu phn tch nguyn t, thnh phn ha hc cho thy rm r Vit Nam l mt dng biomass y ha hn sn xut nhin liu sinh hc. Nghin cu qu trnh nhit phn rm r trong iu kin khng xc tc nhit 550OC, tc gia nhit 20OC/pht, tc dng nit 10ml/s cho thy hiu sut to sn phm lng t 48,35%, trong 23,52% l pha hu c, tng ng kt qu cng b trong ti liu tham kho. y l mt hng nghin cu mi m, cha c tm hiu nhiu Vit Nam v cng l mt vn thi s trn th gii. Trong thi gian ti, tip tc nghin cu, hon thin h phn ng nhit phn nhm nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh sn phm. Tm hiu mi quan h gia tnh cht v cu trc ca cc cht xc tc n hiu sut v phn b sn phm nhit phn, t tm ra cht xc tc ti u. Xy dng quy trnh cng ngh c th p dng trong thc t sn xut. Ti liu tham kho 1. Tiu th nng lng th gii. www.esit.vn. 2. Ayse Hilal Demirbas and Imren Demirbas. Importance of rural bioenergy for developing countries.

Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 48, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 2386 2398. 3. H.B. Goyal, Diptendu Seal and R.C. Saxena. Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 9 October 2006. 4. Ayhan Demirbas. Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 33, Issue 1, February 2007, Pages 1 - 18. 5. B. Amigun, R. Sigamoney and H. von Blottnitz. Commercialisation of biofuel industry in Africa: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 26 December 2006. 6. Falin Chen, Shyi-Min Lu, Yi-Lin Chang. Renewable energy in Taiwan: Its developing status and stategy. Energy. Science Direct. 2007. 7. N.W. A. Lidula, N. Mithulananthan, X. Ongsakul. ASEAN towards clean and sustainable energy: Potentials, utilization and barriers. Renewable Energy 32 (2007), 1441-1452. 8. E. Putun, Esin Apaydin, Ersan Putun. Rice straw as a bio-oil source via pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis. Energy 29 (2004) 2171 2180. 9. Truong Nam Hai. Current status of biomass utilization in Vietnam. Biomass Asia workshop 2005. Tokyo-Tsukuba, Japan, January, 2005. 10. General statistic office, Statistical yearbook of Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, 2006. 11. Nm 2008, sn lng go th gii s tng 1,5%. www.agro.gov.vn PGS.TS. ng Tuyt Phng,Vin Ha hc TS. Trn Th Kim Hoa, PGS.TS. V Anh Tun Vin Khoa hc & Cng ngh Vit Nam

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