Lun vn

ti: THC PHM CHC NNG T TO SPIRULINA

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I. Tng Quan V Thc Phm Chc Nng: I.1 nh ngha: Khi nim thc phm chc nng (Functional foods) c ngi Nht s dng u tin trong nhng nm 1980 ch nhng thc phm ch bin c cha nhng thnh phn tuy khng c gi tr dinh dng nhng gip nng cao sc kho cho ngi s dng. Trong ti liu Functional Foods: Opportunities and Challenges FAO nm 2003, t chc ny nh ngha Thc phm chc nng l nhng thc phm v cc thnh phn thc phm c th cung cp ch li sc khe ngoi gi tr dinh dng cn bn. Cc thc phm ny bao gm thc phm thng dng, thc phm c b sung, tng cng hoc hon chnh hn v cc thc phm ph thm. Theo nh ngha ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO),Thc phm chc nng l loi thc phm khng ch cung cp cho c th con ngi nhng cht dinh dng c bn, m v mt mt no , n cn c th phng nga mt s bnh tt v gip tng cng sc khe. Theo IFIC, thc phm chc nng l nhng thc phm hay thnh phn ca ch n c th em li li ch cho sc kho nhiu hn gi tr dinh dng c bn. Thc phm chc nng c th l sn phm c ngun gc t nhin hoc l thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin c b sung thm cc cht "chc nng". Cng nh thc phm thuc, thc phm chc nng nm ni giao thoa gia thc phm v thuc v ngi ta cng gi thc phm chc nng l thc phm thuc.

B Y t Vit Nam nh ngha thc phm chc nng: l thc phm dng h tr chc nng ca cc b phn trong c th ngi, c tc dng dinh dng, to cho c th tnh trng thoi mi, tng sc khng v gim bt nguy c gy bnh. Tu theo cng thc, hm lng vi cht v hng dn s dng, thc phm chc nng cn c cc tn gi sau: thc phm b sung vi cht dinh dng, thc phm b sung, thc phm bo v sc kho, sn phm dinh dng y hc. Cc nc chu u, M, Nht: a ra nh ngha Thc phm chc nng l mt loi thc phm ngoi 2 chc nng truyn thng l: cung cp cc cht dinh dng v tho mn nhu cu cm quan, cn c chc nng th 3 c chng
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minh bng cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc nh tc dng gim cholesterol, gim huyt p, chng to bn, ci thin h vi khun ng rut Hip Hi thc phm sc kho v dinh dng thuc B Y t Nht Bn, nh ngha: Thc phm chc nngl thc phm b sung mt s thnh phn c li hoc loi b mt s thnh phn bt li. Vic b sung hay loi b phi c chng minh v cn nhc mt cch khoa hc v c B Y t cho php xc nh hiu qu ca thc phm i vi sc kho. Hn Quc: Trong Php lnh v Thc phm chc nng (nm 2002) c nh ngha nh sau:Thc phm chc nng l sn phm c sn xut, ch bin di dng bt, vin nn, vin nang, ht, lng... c cc thnh phn hoc cht c hot tnh chc nng, cht dinh dng c tc dng duy tr, thc y v bo v sc kho. B Y t Trung Quc c quy nh v thc phm sc kho (11/1996) v nh ngha nh sau:Thc phm sc kho: - L thc phm c chc nng c bit n sc kho, ph hp cho mt nhm i tng no . - C tc dng iu ho cc chc nng ca c th v khng c mc ch s dng iu tr Vi gii chc y t Canada: Thc phm chc nng c hnh dng bn ngoi tng t nh thc phm thng thng. Ngoi kh nng dinh dng c hu, cc thc phm ny phi c chng minh mt cch khoa hc l c th cung cp nhng ch li sinh hc v c kh nng gim thiu ri ro mc cc bnh mn tnh. c nh ngha: Thc phm chc nng l nhng thc phm c tc dng i vi sc kho hn l cc cht dinh dng thng thng. Thc phm chc nng l thc phm gn ging nh cc thc phm truyn thng nhng n c ch bin cho mc ch n king hoc tng cng cc cht dinh dng nng cao vai tr sinh l ca chng khi b gim d tr. Thc phm chc nng l thc phm c ch bin, sn xut theo cng thc, ch khng phi l cc thc phm c sn trong t nhin. Khi qut li c th a ra mt nh ngha nh sau: Thc phm chc nng(TPCN) l thc phm (hoc sn phm) dng h tr (phc hi, duy tr hoc tng cng) chc nng ca cc b phn trong c th, c tc dng dinh dng, to cho c th tnh trng thoi mi, tng sc khng v gim bt nguy c bnh tt. im khc nhau gia thc phm chc nng v thc phm truyn thng: Thc phm chc nng c sn xut ch bin theo cng thc b sung mt s thnh phn c li v loi bt mt s thnh phn bt li. Vic b sung hay gim bt phi c chng minh v cn nhc mt cch khoa hc, c c quan nh nc c thm quyn cho php. Thc phm chc nng c tc dng vi sc khe nhiu hn l cc cht dinh dng thng thng.N rt t to ra nng lng nh cc loi thc phm truyn thng.Liu s dng thc phm chc nng thng nh, ch vi miligam nh l thuc. im khc nhau gia thc phm chc nng v thuc: Thc phm chc
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nng c nh sn xut ghi trn nhn l thc phm, thuc c cng b l sn phm thuc c tc dng cha bnh. I.2 Phn loi v vai tr Theo bn cht cu to v tc dng ca thc phm chc nng m ngi ta chia ra thnh cc nhm nh sau: Nhm 1. Ph hy gc t do Vai tr - C tc dng chng oxy ha nh vitamin C, E, Betacaroten, km vi lng, cc sn phm t ht nho Nhm ny c tc dng gip cho c th ph hy cc gc t do, cc tc nhn oxy ha, nng cao sc khe, phng chng bnh tt. Trn 100 chng bnh c nguyn nhn su xa t s mt cn bng gia cc yu t tn cng v bo v ca h thng oxy ha trong c th. Tc ng mnh m ca cc gc t do ngun gc oxy l cc bnh vim nhim, bnh phng, vt thng lu lnh, bnh tim mch y l nhm chim s lng ln c s dng kh rng ri trong cng ng. - L nhm sn phm c tc dng nh thay th b sung cc ni tit c nam ln n. Chng c tc dng l tng sinh lc n ng. n gii, cc sn phm ny c tc dng hn ch ti a cc triu chng bt li v thn kinh, xng khp nht l tng cng hc-mn n nhng ph n c tui, gip h sng vui hn, khe hn, ko di tui thanh xun. - Sn phm mang tnh thch nghi sinh hc nh cc loi sm, ng trng h tho, sa ong cha c tc dng tng cng sc khe, tng sc khng

2. B sung ni tit t

3. Tng sc khe

4. Tng cng min dch 5. Chng stress

- C tc dng tng cng min dch, phng chng ung th Nh cc sn phm c ngun gc t cc nhm ca M, sn v du gan c mp, nm linh chi, x en, x linh - Nhm sn phm c tc ng ln h thn kinh, chng stress nh cy kawa, n lang - L cc vitamin, axit amin, cc nguyn t vi lng

6. Vitamin

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II. Tng quan v to Spirulina II.1 H thng phn loi khoa hc Ngnh: Cyanophyta (to lam) Lp: Hormogoiophyceae B: Oscillatoriales H: Oscillatoriaseae Chi: Spirulina (To xon) II.2 c im II.2.1 Hnh thi To Spirulinac dng xon l xo khong 57 vng u nhau khng phn nhnh.ng knh xon khong 3550m, bc xon khong 60m, chiu di thay i c th t 0.25mm, c khi ln hn, c mu xanh lam. Spirulina l sinh vt phiu sinh (Plankton) sng t do (free living organism) trong nc kim, giu khong cht. Cc vi phiu sinh ny l lng su c th ti 50cm,v trong mi trng nhn to thng nui mc nc 10-30cm(nui h h), hoc c th trong h y su 1-1,5m (sc kh) phi m bo to nhn nhn c nh sng. Tri ni trong nc v nhu cu nh sng l 2 c im rng buc ln nhau, h tr nhau, rt quan trng trong cng ngh nui trng Spirulina.

II.2.2 Cu to To c to t mt si a bo, mi t bo ca si c chiu rng 5m, di 2mm Di chuyn: - Nh cc lng sn bn c th (fimbria)- l cc si c ng knh 5-7nm v di 1-2 micron nm quanh c th. Cc lng ny hot ng nh tay cho gip cho vi khun lam hot ng. - C kh nng to ra cc khng bo kh nh (gas vesicle) c ng knh c 70nm v c cu trc t cc si protein bn li. Khng bo kh s np y kh khi si Spirulina mun ni ln trn b mt nhn nh sng v tin hnh quang hp.

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Hnh 2: Cu to t bo to To khng c lc lp m ch cha thylacoid phn b u trong t bo To khng c khng bo To khng c nhn in hnh, vng nhn khng r, trong c cha DNA To cng tn ti dng n bo Thnh t bo c cu trc nhiu lp cha mucopolymer, pectin v cc loi polysaccharide khc Mng t bo nm st ngay di thnh t bo v ni vi mng quang hp thylacoid ti mt vi im Phycobiliprotein v protein lin kt c gn vo b mt ngoi ca thylacoid, lp ngoi cng l phycoerythin, tip theo l phycocianin v phn trong cng c allophycocyanin. Mt s th vi: To lam thng xuyn c 4 th vi sau: - Ht polyphosphate: cn gi l volutin hoc metachromatin. Ht c kch c kh ln, c th phn bit bng cch nhum mu. Ht ny bin mt khi mi trng khng c phosphate. - Ht glycogen: nm gia mng quang hp, tn ti di dng tinh th v c i lc c bit vi thuc nhum hydroxide ch. Ht bin mt khi t bo to nm trong ti di hn. c coi l sn phm d tr ca quang hp. - Ht cyanophycin: dng copolymer ca acid aspartic v arginine vi t l 1:1
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Carboxysome: bn cht l enzyme RBP- carboxylase c bao bc bi mt mng. To c cha 3 nhm sc t chnh: - Chlorophyll hp th nh sng lam v - Carotenoid hp th nh sng lam v lc - Phycobilin hp th nh sng lc, vng v da cam a s cc loi sc t c mt trong c 2 h quang ha nhng vi t l khc nhau II.2.3 Trao i cht Nh c khng bo kh m Spirulina c th ni trn mt nc nhn nh sng v thc hin qu trnh quang hp: phn ng quang hp xy ra c trong c th thc vt cn c cc nguyn liu: CO2, nc, nh sng v mt s cc loi dinh dng cng nh nguyn t vi lng. Quang hp l phn ng kh. Nng lng cho phn ng kh c ly t nng lng ca nh sng v mt phn nng lng ca nh sng c chuyn ha thnh nng lng ha hc tch tr trong hydrat carbon. Trong qu trnh quang hp kh Oxy c to ra - Phycobilisome hot ng nh mt ngten thu nhn nng lng mt tri chuyn vo PSII. Con ng truyn nng lng bt u t phycoerythin sang phycocyanin v cui cng n allophycocyanin ti PSII - Phycobilisome thu nhn khong 50% nng lng nh sng mt tri - Cc sc t quang hp bao gm: chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, betacaroten. - Cng thc tng qut cho qu trnh quang hp CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 Hay 6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

ng n hnh thnh t qu trnh quang hp c tip tc s dng tng hp cc cht hu c cn thit khc i vi thc vt nhm thc hin cc chc nng trao i cht v xy dng cc t bo. Ngoi ra thc vt cn phi thc hin cc chc nng: duy tr s tn ti, pht trin v sinh sn, nng lng duy tr cc qu trnh trn c ly t cht hu c sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp. V vy cht hu c chnh l ngun vt cht xy dng c th thc vt v ng thi l ngun nng lng. Qu trnh thc vt s dng nng lng t cht hu c thc hin cc chc nng sinh ha gi l qu trnh h hp. V phng din sinh thi th h hp v quang hp l 2 qu trnh ngc chiu nhau. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + nng lng nhit

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Nh qu trnh quang hp, ti cui ngy l lc t bo to ra mt lng ln carbohydrate, lc t bo t tp li v to ra mt p sut thm thu cao bn trong c th, sau cc khng bo kh s khng th duy tr p sut thm thu lu bn trong t bo v chng s v ra, gii phng ra cc kh c nn ri kh c hp th bi cc dch xung quanh v xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha carbohydrate thnh protein Mi qu trnh trao i cht u xy ra qu trnh quang hp:

Hnh 3: S qu trnh quang hp II.2.4 Sinh l II.2.4.1 S sinh trng

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Sinh khi

3 4 2 Thi gian

1. Pha lag 2. Pha log 3. Pha n nh 4. Pha cht Hnh 4: ng cong sinh trng ca k thut nui theo m Giai on tim pht (Lag phase) Khi cy vi sinh vt vo mt mi trng mi s lng thng khng tng ln ngay, l giai on tim pht hay pha Lag. Trong giai on ny t bo cha phn ct nhng th tch v khi lng tng ln r rt do c s tng cc thnh phn mi ca t bo.. Giai on tim pht di hay ngn lin quan n bn thn tng loi vi sinh vt v tnh cht ca mi trng.Nu tnh cht ha hc ca mi trng mi sai khc nhiu vi mi trng c th giai on tim pht s ko di.Ngc li, nu cy t giai on logarit vo mt mi trng c thnh phn tng t th giai on tim pht s rt ngn li. Nu cy vi sinh vt t giai on tim pht hay t giai on t vong th giai on tim pht s ko di Giai on logarit (Log Phase) hay pha ch s (Exponential Phase) Trong giai on ny vi sinh vt sinh trng v phn ct vi nhp ti a so vi bn tnh di truyn ca chng nu gp mi trng v iu kin nui cy thch hp. Nhp sinh trng ca chng l khng thay i trong sut giai on ny, cc t bo phn i mt cch u n. Do cc t bo sinh ra ch khc nhau rt t cho nn ng cong sinh trng l mt ng trn nhn ch khng gp khc (hnh 14.1). Qun th t bo trong giai on ny c trng thi ha hc v sinh l hc c bn l nh nhau Giai on n nh (Stationary Phase) hay pha cn bng Qua giai on logarit s sinh trng ca qun th cui cng s dng li, ng cong sinh trng i ngang.Trong giai on ny s lng t bo sng l khng thay i, c th do s lng t bo mi sinh ra cn bng vi s
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lng t bo cht i, hoc l t bo ngng phn ct m vn gi nguyn hot tnh trao i cht. Giai on t vong (Death Phase) Vic tiu hao cht dinh dng v vic tch ly cc cht thi c hi s lm tn tht n mi trng sng ca vi sinh vt, lm cho s lng t bo sng gim xung. l c im ca giai on t vong. Ging nh giai on logarit, s t vong ca qun th vi sinh vt cng c tnh logarit (t l t bo cht trong mi gi l khng i). Tng s t bo sng v t bo cht khng thay i v cc t bo cht cha b phn hy. II.2.4.2 S sinh sn: C hai hnh thc sinh sn Sinh Sn V Tnh - hnh thnh bo t y l hnh thc ph bin nht ca sinh sn v tnh trong to. Hnh thnh bo t cp n qu trnh trong bt k t bo ca sinh vt sn xut mt hoc nhiu t bo sinh sn bn trong thnh t bo ca n. Cc t bo gc c gi l mt bc bo t v t bo mi ny c gi l bo t . Bo t thng c sn xut vi s lng ln cho s gia tng nhanh chng trong quy m dn s .Kim tra cc slide chun b Ulothrix sp. V xc nh v tr zoospores pht trin (co th c ng d dang bo t) nm trong bo t ng. Nhng zoospores bi t cha m, nh c v pht trin trc tip vo cc si mi. Phn i T Bo

To lam n bo sinh sn bng cch phn i t bo. To lam a bo sinh sn bng cch gy ra tng khc. Khc ny gi l khc tn. Cc si to sinh sn bng kiu ny thng l chui t bo xp ni nhau, thnh thong c nhng t bo bt bnh thng c kch thc ln hn. Si to thng t ngang ch c t bo d hnh trn, t to ra nhng si mi.

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Hnh 5: sinh sn v tnh Sinh Sn Hu Tnh: Hai loi khc nhau ca giao t c sn xut. Giao t c, cc t bo tinh trng, thng l rt nh, rt co th c ng d dang v c sn xut vi s lng rt ln. Giao t ci, cc t bo trng, l ln hn nhiu v khng co th c ng d dang. t giao t n c sn xut. cc t bo trng v si to c thng lin k vi nhau trn cng mt si to d dng giao phi. vt thy sinh nh to, nhn mnh s phn tn v kh hn mc ti thiu. Cc vn ln phi i mt vi to l vic chuyn giao t. K t khi mi trng n nh lm gim cc yu cu thay i v k t khi chuyn giao t c th gy ra mt kh khn, to ph thuc rt nhiu vo sinh sn v tnh. iu ny, do , cung cp mt phng tin tng s lng ca cc c nhn trong khi hn ch cc bin i di truyn. Trong thc t, to khng bao gi sinh sn hu tnh.

Hnh 6: sinh sn hu tnh II.2.5 Dinh dng:

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Dinh dng cacbon Ngun cacbon c s dng nui cy to l CO2v NaHCO3. Mi trng c HCO3 thng thun li cho Spirulinapht trin hn CO32 . Trong qu trnhnui cy, nu ch thi CO2 m mi trng khng c mui carbonate no khc th s lm gim pH xung cn 6,5. Khi to s cht rt nhanh. Do , khi thi kh CO2phi kt hp vi vic cung cp mui bicarbonate vo mi trng s to pH thch hp cho to pht trin. Trong thc t sn xut ngi ta thng cho 16,8 g/l NaHCO3thi kh khong 1 %, nui nhit 33 35 oC, cng nh sng 5000 lux nng sut to rt cao. Nh vy, ngun cacbon ch yu l NaHCO3, cn CO2ch l ngun b sung ph Dinh dng nit - Trong qu trnh pht trin ca to Spirulina, nit ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nu thiunit, sinh khi to gim rt nhanh. - Cc mui nitratel ngun nit rt thch hp cho to pht trin. Hm lng nitrate cho vo mi trng phi nh hn 100 mg/l. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng (NH4)2SO4 hay NH4NO3. Ur cng l ngun nit thng dng.Nng ur c s dng l 1,5 g/l Dinh dng phospho - Phospho c t bo to s dng tng hp ATP, acid nucleic, cc hp cht cu to khc. Nng ti a ca phospho t 90 180 mg/l. - Nghin cu khc cho thy lng phospho a vo c th cao n 360 mg/l, khi hm lng protein s t c cao nht. Dinh dng cc cht khc To cng nhn Fe vi liu lng 0,56 56 mg/l vo trong mi trng kali 5 g/l, natri 5 g/l. V d: Thnh phn dinh dng chnh ca mi trng Zarrouk dng nui Spirulina

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II.2.6 Thnh phn ha hc

Protein: c hm lng rt cao, cao hn to Chlorella v chng cha y cc vitamin. Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca to spirulina STT 1 2 3 4 Thnh phn Protein tng s Glucid Lipid Acid nucleic
12

S lng (% tng s cht kh) 60 70 13 16 7 8 4.29

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0,76 0,23 4 5

Cc vitamin:Ngoi provitamin A, to cn cha 10 vitamin khc nh: - Vitamin B12 : vt chim 0,24 ug/g to kh. - Vitamin E : 15 40UG/G, tan trong du c tc dng chng oxy ha. Cc vitamin khc nh : B1(Thiamin), B=2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacine), B5 (Dexpanthenol), B6 (Pyridoxine), B9 (Acid folic), H (Biotin) v innositol xut hin vi lng rt nh. Bng 2: Thnh phn vitamin ca to spirulina STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 S lng (% tng s cht kh) Vitamin B12 1.6 -Carotene 1700 D-Ca-Panthothenate 11 Acid folic 0.5 Inositol 3.5 Niacin (B3) 118 Vitamin B6 3 Vitamin B1 55 Vitamin E 190 Thnh phn

Khong Cht: Cc khong vi lng:(Fe2+, Mg2+, K+, Se4+, Ge2+) tham gia to hng cu v cu to nn h enzyme ca ngi v ng vt. Selen l cht antioxydant v chng lo ha. Germani c vai tr quan trng trong lu thng kh quyt, tng cng vn chuyn oxy t mu vo m, tc dng tt cho h tim mch. Bng 3: Thnh phn khong ca to spirulina STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thnh phn Canxi Phospho Sat Natri Clo Magie Mangan
13

S lng (% tng s cht kh) 1150 8280 528 344 4200 1663 22

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14.4 0.4

Amino acid: c 18 trong s 20 loi amino acid c bit. Mt s amino acid c hm lng cao trong Spirulina nh glutamic acid (14,6%), aspartic acid (9,8%), leucine (8,7%), aniline (7,6%) Bng 4: Thnh phn acid amin ca to spirulina STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Thnh phn Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methyonine Phenylalanine Threonine Trytophan Valine Analine Arginine Acid Aspartic Cystine Acid glutamic Glycine Histidine Proline Serine Tyrosine g/10g 350 540 290 140 280 320 90 400 470 430 610 60 910 320 100 270 320 300 S lng (% tng s cht kh) 5.6 8.7 4.7 2.3 4.5 5.2 1.5 6.5 7.6 6.9 9.8 1.0 14.6 5.2 1.6 4.3 5.2 4.8

III. Cng ngh nui trng III.1 Phng php nui trng III.1.1 Phng php nui trng theo m (h thng kn) y l phng php khng thm vo cng nh khng ly i th g t mi trng nui c to ging n khi thu hoch. Phng php ny b gii hn bi thi gian trong khi c nhng thay i v thnh phn dinh dng ca mi trng v cng chiu sng ln tng t bo. Thng c p dng trong h thng kn v Spirulina c nui trong cc b ln men vi sinh khi (biorector).
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Vn ng bng my khuy trn theo3 chiu to, hp th nh sng t nhin hay nhn to, c thit k nh thng ln men c in hoc kiu ng xon c. III.1.2 Phng php nui trng lin tc phng php ny, dinh dng c b sung lin tc cho to tng trng. Vic thu sinh khi cng c tin hnh lin tc sao cho mt to lun lun n nh trong mi trng. - Chemostat: mt phn dch mi lin tc b sung thay th dch mi trng dng. - Nui trng bn lin tc: ging nh nui theo m nhng sinh khi c kim tra nh k v gi n nh bng phng php pha long mi trng. - Turbidostat: sinh khi c theo di lin tc nh thit b o c v tc . Phng php ny thng c p dng theo h thng h, Spirulina sng trong mi trng dinh dng ng trong b, h.., c vn ng bng khuy trn theo kiu tnh tin 2 chiu v to thu nhn nh sng mt tri pht trin, kiu nui ny ph thuc vo thi tit v cn gii php khc phc. III.2 Mi trng v thit b III.2.1 Mi trng Ni nui to phi c lng chiu sng thch hp gip to sinh trng bnh thng, nh hng n lng sinh khi thu hoch. Ch ng ngun nc nui to, nc khng b nhim thch hp cho vic nui to Giao thng thun tin. Nu a im xy b c nhiu mi th khng nn dng vt liu xy b l plastic v d b mi n. III.2.2 Thit b III.2.2.1 Trong phng th nghim Ni hp p lc (Autoclave) T cy vi sinh vt (Biologycal Safety Cabinet) Knh hin vi quang hc (Microscopic) Dn n nh sng

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III.2.2.2 Thit b chuyn dng cho nui to Thit b ng b ha t ng: vic pha long mi trng t ng ha c iu chnh bi t bo quang in v rle thi gian iu chnh chu k sng ti. Thit b nui tng tc: ch yu dng cho vic nhn nhanh ging to lm nguyn liu cho nui i tr. Thit b to thang nhit : Nhm nghin cu nh hng ca nhit ln sinh trorng, sinh sn, sinh l ca nhiu c th sng thng qua vic b tr cc th nghim vi cng mt loi to, ti cng thi im, nhng cc nhit khc nhau. Thit b to thang cng nh sng B phn ng quang sinh: dng nui to sch vi khun v t ng ha hot ng thng qua chng trnh my tnh. Cc thng s chnh c gi n nh l nhit , pH, cng v cht lng nh sng, dinh dng, tc khuy sc, CO2.
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Mt s dng c bn: - Hnh tr, chiu sng t bn trong. - Hnh ng. - H thng cc ng dn dt. III.3 iu kin III.3.1 Cc yu t nh hng III.3.1.1 Cc yu t vt l nh sng: nh sng t nhin: thi gian chiu sng, cng chiu sng va phi gip to pht trin tt (lng chiu sng trong ngy bng 30% lng chiu sng vng nhit i l tt nht).Nu thi gian chiu sng di, cng gy gt s lm gim sinh khi to.ng thi nh sng cng lm tht thot oxygen trong ao. Hn na thi gian trong bng ti l thi gian to h hp v c bit tng hp protein. nh sng nhn to (h thng nui spirulina kn): c th iu chnh ng vi nhu cu ca to, gip n pht trin tt. Nhng chi ph tn km. Qun l: i vi h thng h, nu lng chiu sng nhiu qu c th che mt cho ao bng cch trng cy xung quanh ao hoc xy mi che cho ao. i h thng kn: kim tra iu chnh lng chiu sng ph hp bng cch iu chnh h thng n. Nhit : N hng n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca to. Nhit di 20oC to khng cht nhng pht trin chm. Nhit trn 38oC to s cht. To Spirulina pht trin ti ho 35oC. Ma: nhng ni c lng chiu sng trong ngy cao ,ma s tt cho s pht trin ca to. Nhng n c th lm trn b nui to ra mi trng ngoi. Do ta nn xy thnh b cao. Gi: Gip ha tan lng oxygen trong khng kh vo b. Nhng n cng c th mang vt l vo b, c th nh hng khng tt cho to. Do xy mi che cho b cng gip hn ch vt cht l theo gi ri vo b. III.3.1.2 Cc yu t ha hc m bo cc lng cht trong nc theo ng cng thc mi trng nui to. Ngoi ra cn b sung cc ion sau y vo b nui:

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Anions Cations Carbonate: 2800 mg/L Sodium: 4380 mg/L Bicarbonate: 720 mg/L Potassium: 642 mg/L Nitrate: 614 mg/L Calcium: 10 mg/L Phosphate: 80 mg/L Magnesium: 10mg/L Sulfate: 350 mg/L Iron: 0,8 mg/L Chloride: 3030 mg/L Thng xuyn o c cc thng s ca mi trng, xut cc bin php qun l thch hp. pH thch hp cho to spirulina: 8,5 -9,5. pH <5 hoc pH >7, to quang tng hp rt thp. Thiu dng cht: c th l thiu m n n thoi bin sc t lam phycocyanin, to b vng, t bo kim pht trin, nng sut thp. T l K,Na phi n nh K/Na <=5 l tt, thiu K to b vng nh hng ca kim loi nng: Ngoi Pb, Asenic, cn nhiu ion kim loi gy c cho to theo th t: Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Cd > Zn. C 1 nghin cu cho rng: nu cadmi (Cd) xp x 10-4 mol/L gy c ch ton b s phn chia ca Spirulina. nh hng ca cc ha cht kh: cht thi nh thuc nhum, thuc tr su, dit c u gy c cho to. III.3.1.3 Cc yu t sinh hc C th s xm nhp ca sinh vt c hi cho b nui to l t ngun nc cp. ng vt chn cho (Rotifers): Khi chng ri vo ao.chng s dng to lam lm thc n. Qun l: - Dng khuy b vo ban m, to s s dng oxygen h hp dn n ng vt chn cho thiu oxy ri cht. Tuy nhin c lm lm to thiu oxy. - C th dng li(vi mt li nh) vt chng. ng vt chn cho l thc n rt tt cho tm c. - Khi dng ha cht dit chng phi m bo chng khng nh hng n to v ngi tiu dng. ng vt nguyn sinh: Chng khng c cho ngi, cng khng hi ti to. C l chng cn gip cho to bi v to ra 1 lng CO2 nh. Amoeba:

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Nhng loi ny khc vi ng vt nguyn sinh ch chng n to. R.R.Kudo m t 74 loi amoeba khc nhau. C mt loi trong s chng gy nguy him cho ngi l Entamoeba histolytica. To tp: Chng c th l nhng loi c c nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng. Do mi trng pht trin Spirulina l kim tnh nn c th lm gim s pht trin ca s loi to tp. Vi khun: Chng c th gy tc hi cho con ngi khi s dng to. Tuy nhin pH ca hu ht cc loi vi khun gy bnh cng nh nm mc nm men khong 6,0 8,0 nn chng b tiu dit trong b nui to Spirulina. III.3.2 K thut nui trng Duy tr sn xut sinh khi n nh trong iu kin ngoi tri: Nhng tc nhn gy mt n nh do s thay i nhit , nh sng, lng ma, tc bc hi hi nc, thoi ha ging, tch ly mui khong mi trng. Hin tng quang c ch: y l nguyn nhn lm to cht do qu trnh quang oxi ha. Quang hp bo ha khong 33% tng cng sng. Trong khi lp trn ca dch to b chiu sng vi cng gp 34 ln cng bo ha. H hp ti: Sinh khi ca Spirulina c th b mt mt ti 35% do h hp. V vy, trong nui trng i tr ngi ta c xu hng lm gim nhit ca mi trng nui vo ban m hn ch h hp. Hiu ng oxi: Ti b nui c din tch ln, ni dng chy chm (ch 10 20cm/s), nng oxi c th t ti 500% bo ha khi tc quang hp cao. Nng oxi nh vy s c ch quang hp v lm gim tc sinh trng ca to. Do vic chn chng chu c nng oxi cao v duy tr tc khuy sc mi trng thch hp tng cng qu trnh thot oxi ra khng kh l nhng bin php hu hiu hn ch tc dng xu do tha oxi. Dao ng nhit : bin dao ng ny kh ln nhng vng kh hn, thch hp nui Spirulina III.3.3 Mi trng dinh dng Nng mui tng s thng ph thuc vo ngun gc sinh thi ca c th to Thnh phn v nng K+, Mn2+, Na+, Ca2+, SO42-, PO43-. Ngun nit l nitrate, amn v ur. Hu ht to cha 79% nit/ trng lng kh nn nhu cu v nit kh cao.
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Ngun cacbon: cacbon v c di dng kh CO2 c cung cp vi t l 1 5% khi trn vi khng kh. Mt dng cacbon v c khc l bicarbonate. pH thng trnh ta Ca, Mn v mt s vi lng, pH di 7. Vi lng c cung cp vi nng g/l. gi n nh hp cht cc vi lng ngi ta hay dng cc tc nhn nhn to chelate nh EDTA v citrate. Vitamin: nhiu to c nhu cu s dng vitamin nh thiamin v cobalalanin. III.4 Phng php cy III.4.1 Phng php nhn ging III.4.1.1 Thu mu v phn lp Dng vt vt ph du kch thc l khc nhau hoc phng php lc qua mng lc nitrocellulose. To dng ng nht (unialgal cuture) thng c nhn t mt t bo hoc mt si. Ta c th p dng mt vi k thut phn lp sau: K thut dng micropipette: dng micropipette thu mt t bo hoc mt si to cn phn lp khi soi qua knh hin vi K thut phun: to c a ln b mt thch nghing kh trng. Sau vi ngy c th thu c t bo hoc tp hp t bo to sch vi khun v nm chuyn sang cy truyn. K thut thay i p sut thm thu: c th loi bt nguyn sinh ng vt v mt s c th mn cm. Dng thch nghing: ly khong 0,1 0,5ml dch to ha vi lp thch mng ri rt ln b mt thch cng. Sau vi ngy c th thu c tp hp cc t bo to ng nht m ta cn phn lp. Dng nh sng, dng in hoc cht kch thch phn lp mt s loi to c phn ng vi tc nhn ny. III.4.1.2 Lm sch vi to Phng php li tm: y l phng php n gin nht nhn to sch c tch t bo to khi vi khun bng li tm Phng php chiu tia cc tm: tuy nhin phng php ny c th gy t bin to, do ch nn chiu trong thi gian ngn. Phng php lc: c th dng tch to dng si khi vi khun. Nhng si to b t ch cn 3 5 t bo do siu m c th lc qua mng lc kh trng trong iu kin chn khng. S dng khng sinh: c nhiu loi khng sinh c dng tch to khi vi khun. Tuy nhin, liu dng hn ch v lc lp v to mn cm vi a s cc khng sinh dit khun. III.4.1.3 Nhn ging:

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Chn ging theo mc ch s dng: nh lm thc phm (ging giu protein, vitamin, khng c hoc cha t mi kh chu khi s dng), lm dc phm (chn ging chic xut c cht mong mun vi liu lng cao), lm m phm (chn ging chit xut ra c nhiu cht dng da, chng lo ha nh vitamin E). chn ging t hp th, tch t cc cht c hi ca mi tng nui cy, nng sut cao, d thch nghi, sc chng chu tt. Qua vic thu mu, phn lp v lm sch to ta tin hnh vic nhn ging trong phng th nghim vi mi trng dinh dng c nu trn. III.4.2 Phng php gi ging: Sau khi xy dng c tp on ging, ta kh trng mi dng c thy tinh, mi trng dinh dng phi c kh trng, trnh b ly nhim cc loi to khc. duy tr v gi gng to, thng thng ngi ta chn phng n dng nh sng yu v nhit 15-20oC v thc hin cy truyn. III.4.3 Thit k b nui to: III.4.3.1 Chn a im nui to: Ni nui to phi c lng chiu sng thch hp gip to sinh trng bnh thng, nh hng n lng sinh khi thu hoch. Ch ng ngun nc nui to, nc khng b nhim thch hp cho vic nui to Giao thng thun tin. Nu a im xy b c nhiu mi th khng nn dng vt liu xy b l plastic v d b mi n. III.4.3.2 Cc loi b nui to: C th nui to theo hnh thc qun canh hay thm canh, trong h thng kn hoc h, vi ging dc ly t ngn hng ging khi thit k b nui ngui ta ch nhng diu sau: su ti u ca dch to c tnh ti mc nh sng mt tri xuyn xung. B c th ln (hoc nh) v din tch, th tch c th ln ti 1 ha x 0,3m3, thm ch n 200ha x 0,3m3. B nn xy cao 50 5 cm m bo su mc nc t 20 3 cm

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Tc khuy ph hp vi nhu cu nng lng. Khuy sc mi trng nhm kh cc khng gian cht trng b v gi t bo lun dng huyn ph m khng nh hng n hot tnh sinh l ca to. Vt liu xy dng b: vt liu lm b nui cng khng nh hng n kt qu nui trng (nng sut hay lng sinh khi to). Do ta c th ty theo iu kin mi ni xy dng cho ph hp.B c xy dng bng vt liu xy dng thng thng (ximng, plastic, gch cement hay gch beton cement chu kim). H thng b nng: u im: vn u t xy dng v kinh ph vn hnh thp. Nhc im: nng sut thp v kh nng sn xut khng n nh, tin cy thp i hi din tch ln. Mt s ao nng, din tch rng hin nay ang c dng nh dng ao n nh x l nc thi. trong h thng ny, sinh khi to c coi nh sn phm th cp. H thng b di: Thch hp vi nui qun canh. Ta c th thit k s dng bm to vn tc ca dng chy 30cm/s hoc s dng ngun t tn nng lng, hoc c th s dng phng php thi kh nh my nn kh to dng chy. u im: nng sut sinh khi to chp nhn dc, h thng c tnh n nh. Nhc im: u t v chi ph vn hnh ln nu sinh khi c cht lng cao. Bnh Thun-Vit Nam, b di vi h thng bm khuy trc vt Savonius chy bng nng lng gi. H thng nghing: Dung dch huyn ph c vn chuyn trn b mt b nghing 3o v tun hon nh bm t phn thp nht. Dung dch to vn ng trn b mt nm nghing v phi vt qua nhiu thanh chn nh, nm ngang ti u ha vic trao i kh v nh sng. Mt to c th t ti 3g/l. u im: Nng sut sinh khi cao, kh n nh. Nhc im: chi ph u t ban u, vn hnh cao. H thng b phn ng quang sinh dng ng: H thng bao gm: Mt b phn ng dng ng c ch to bng vt liu trong nh sng xuyn qua. Mt thp b sung CO2.
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u im: gim bc hi nc, gim kh nng b ly nhim to khc. Nhc im: u t cao, khng tn dng trit c nh sng t nhin v c nguy c b t nng vo ma h. Khc phc: - Chn loi bm sao cho khng lm tn thng ti t bo to. - Nng O2 cao trong b kn s c ch quang hp ca to. - Chn phng php gim chi ph vn hnh thp b sung CO2. III.4.3.3 H thng khuy sc kh: H thng nui to vi qui m ln c kt hp hp h thng khuy sc kh nhm thu lng sinh khi nhiu nht. Lu : b cn c khuy lin tc. S sc kh nhm: To s tip xc tt hn ca t bo to vi dinh dng, nh sng, CO2. Gi n nh nhit trong nc gip to pht trin tt. To ra tc nc chy 5,0cm/s. Do , to ra iu kin ti u cho s pht trin v to s khng b lng nht l ti cc gc ca b.

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IV Quy trnh lin hon t nui trng n ch bin, chit xut to Spirulina:

Hnh 10:Quy trnh lin hon t nui trng n ch bin, chit xut to Spirulina. IV.1 Nui Trng To Spirulina: H thng nui h nui spirulina gm: H nui v my trn, mi che iu chnh nh sng v nhim ( c th khng c quy m ln),h thng cp nc.Tin hnh quy trnh nh sau: Chun b: V sinh h cp nc ti mc nh sn (15 30cm)(ngun thch hp khng ln cc cht c hi cho to) b sung ha cht vo ngun nc (nh lng cc thnh phn ha hc ch yu Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3-- theo cng thc Zarrouk v thng s pH). Mi trng nui nn n nh trong vi gi trc khi bm ging xung b. Bm ging: Mt t bo spirulina ~ 150 300mg/L. Ch khuy nn lin tc trong ngy v hn ch nh sng cho ph hp vi sinh khi long. Sinh khi
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tip tc pht trin th tnh ton pha long dn tip tc nng mc nc nui ln t su cao nht. Cht nui tip tc b sung theo ch dn ca nh lng thng s hng ngy, c th theo chu k: NaHCO3: cch 2 -3 ngy, ty PH tng ln v n nh 10,5.

Ngun N: ure cch 1 -2 ngy, cc loi m khc tha hn. Nc b sung hng ngy b p lng nc bc hi. IV.2 Thu hoch v x l s b ca to Spirulina. IV.2.1 Phng php xc nh sinh trng: a. Phng php m t bo: c th m trc tip di knh hin vi hoc nh bung m. b. o c(OD): cho bit kh nng tng sinh khi khng xc nh trc tip s lng t bo. Phng php ny nhanh, n gin. c. Xc nh trng thi kh: thu mu, tch to khi pha lng, sy v cn trng lng kh. d. Xc nh hm lng Cholrophyll: tch t bo, chit rt chorophyll, hp thu (A) cc bc sng 630nm, 663nm, 645nm v tnh hm lng chorophyll theo cng thc: chl.a = 15.6.A663 -2.0.A645 - 0.8.A630 chl.b = 25.4.A645 - 4.4.A665 - 10.3.A63 chl.c = 109.A630 - 12.5.A665 - 28.7.A645 IV.2.2 Thu hoch to spirulina Khi sinh khi t > 750mg/L th thu hoch, v nn sinh khi to ang sinh trng cn li >= 30 mg/L. Thi gian bt u thu hoch thng sau xung ging 7 10 ngy, v qu trnh nui thu hoch lin tc di 3 4 thng th thu ton b, lm v sinh h, nui m mi. Ngoi cch xc nh thi im thu hoch nh trnh by trn, ta cng c th s dng a Secchi.(thit b n gin o trong ca nc trong b). Khi su nhn thy c a Secchi t t 1,5 2cm th l thi im thu hoch. Thu hoch cho n su nhn thy c a Secchi l 4cm th dng v b sung ha cht vo b, tip tc va nui va thu hoch. i vi 1kg to c thu vt bn phi b sung 1,4g Mg (tng ng vi MgSO4), 7,6g P (tng ng 42,72g K2HPO4), 5,25g S (16,48g K2SO4), 1g Ca (2,77g CaCl2), 4,48g NaCl(dng mui bin), 120g N (260,86g ure) v cc cht vi lng khc. Ta nn thu hoch to vo sng sm bi nhng l do sau y:
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Nhit bui sng mt nn vic thu hoch d dng, mt nhc. C nhiu gi phi kh sn phm. Lng protein ca spirulina thu c vo bui sng cao hn nhng thi im khc trong ngy. Nn thu hoch vo nhng ngy nhiu nng m bo to c phi kh.

Hnh 11: to spirulina sau thu hoch IV.3 X l s b to Spirulina: S dng mng lc Polyester, ng knh mt li 30m. Thit b lc c t nghing cht t c th tin hnh lc c lin tc ng thi ra v vt. Sau chng qua giai on vt nc bng my vt, p hoc nh mng rung cho nc chy bt xung. Bnh to sau c ct ra tng ming, khc nh dao; sau giai on ny nc vn chim 70 -80%. Trong giai on ny Spirulina do cha nhiu m nn chng d b vi khun tn cng v ln men to ra cc sn phm khng mong mun trong vng vi gi- ty nhit . V vy cc trang tri th cng nh l thng phi bng cch cho dch to vo trong cc hp kim loi ri em phi ngoi nng lm kh to. Ngi ta cn s dng thit b n gin hnh xylanh, mt u c chm cc l nh ng knh 2mm, ri cho to vo trong. Sau p mnh mt u, to s chy ra thnh cc si nh si m tip theo tri nh ln cc khung bng kim loi hoc bng g ri a vo trong cc hp lm kh. Hp lm kh c kch thc cc l vo v ra bng nhau cho php khng kh lu thng c d dng. Ngi ta c th ci tin hiu qu bng cch gia nhit khng kh bn di tm knh hoc bt plastic trc khi cho chng vo hp lm kh.

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Hnh 12: to spirulina qua x l s b IV.4 . Phng Php Thu Nhn Cc Hp Cht T To Spirulina: IV.4.1Chic xut Cht Mu Chlorophyll: IV.4.1.1 Gii thiu chung: Mu xanh ca l cy ca thc vt l do c mt cht mu chlorophyll. Cht mu ny ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong qu trnh quang hp- qu trnh ch yu to cc hp cht hu c v to ra ngun O2 t do duy nht ca tri t. Chlorophyll khng nhng c mu xanh m cn che m cc cht mu khc. Trong nhng phn xanh ca cy, chlorophyll c trong t chc c bit, phn tn trong nguyn sinh cht, gi l lc lp hay ht dip lc. Hm lng chlorophyll trong cy xanh chim khong 1% cht kh. IV.4.1.2 Phn loi: C 4 dng: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chlorophyll d IV.4.1.3 Quy Trnh Cng Ngh Thu Nhn Chlorophyll:

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Nguyen lieu

X ly

Trch ly

Loc

Tinh sach mau

Chlorophyll

Thuyt Minh Quy Trnh: Nguyn liu: sinh khi to Spirulina X l: lm sch, nghin nh - Mc ch: loi b nhng nguyn liu khng t yu cu, gip qu trnh sau d dng hn. - Loi b cht bn v vi sinh vt c hi bm trn nguyn liu. - Mc ch ca nghin l tng qu trnh tip xc pha, tng ng lc qu trnh trch ly. Trch ly: s dng 5 g to nghin nh. Dng cn trch ly vi t l 10mg/1g to. y kn bng giy bc trong ti nhit 40oC, yn 2 gi. Lc: sau 2 gi lc thu dch, em dch i o OD trn my quang ph UV-Vis bc sng 644 nm. Tinh sch: Nguyn liu c th nghin trong ru sau cho dch vo trong ru, ete v nc (nc khng cho ete tan trong ru). Sauk hi lc dung dch lng li: Ete ni ln trn v cha dip lc t cn ru cha cc sc t mu vng hay cam (carotenoid).
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Phn tan trong ete c sy kh v ho tan trong acetone cho vo ete du ho v ru metylic. - Ete du ho v ru metylic cha chlorophyll a. - Acetone cha chlorophyll b. IV.4.2 Chic Xut - Crotene: IV.2.1 Nguyn tc ca phng php: Tch chit cc carotene t nguyn liu thc vt bng acetone, sau tin hnh lc vi cyclohexan. Dng nc ra v chit loi acetone khi cyclohexan, sau chy sc k trn ct Al2O3 hoc MgCO3 tch -carotene ra khi sc t khc. IV.2.2 Quy Trnh Cng Ngh:
To

Nghin

NaCo3 Lc ht

Cyclohexan e

Lc

Nc

Lc qua Cacl2

Sc k ct oxit nhm

caroten 29

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Thuyt Minh Quy Trnh: Nguyn liu: t bt to kh Nghin: dung tc ng c hc nghin nguyn liu vi acetone, c hn hp mn hn. Lc ht: cho NaCO3 trung ha dch acid ca t bo, lc bng phiu thy tinh thu ly dch chit cha cc sc t. Lc: thm cyclohexane v nc vo dch chit xut thu c, lc u acetone ha tan trong nc s lng xung phiu. Lc qua CaCl2: loi b nc cn st li. khi i qua mt lp CaCl2 nc d s c hp thu. Sc k ct oxit nhm: phn clyclohexane cha sc t c sc k trn ct oxit nhm s c phn lp theo hnh v:

Hnh : Cc lp phn tch ca chlorophyll, xanthophyll v carotene Nguyn tc sc k ct oxit nhm: IV.4.3 Chic Xut Phycocyamin : IV.4.3.1 Bn Cht Ca Phycocyanin: Phycocyanin l mt cht mu xanh tham gia vo qu trnh quang hp, lng cht ny c th chim n 20% lng protein trong to lam. Phycocyanin cng l phn t tch lu ngun nit IV.4.3.2 Quy Trnh Cng Ngh Chic Xut:

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Bt to kh Phosphate PH 6,8 Khuy u

ng bng

Li tm 1 30%(NH4)2S0
4

Li tm lnh 60%(NH4)2S0

Li tm 2

Sc ky ct saphadex G-50

Sc k ct DEAE A50 ng kh

Bt phycocyamin

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Nguyn liu: S dng dng bt to kh ca to S. platensis lm nguyn liu tch chit phycocyanin. Phng php tch chit v tinh ch: chit rt cc cht nm bn trong t bo trc tin cn ph v mng t bo. i vi to S. platensis ngi ta thng s dng phng php c vt l ph v t bo. Trc tin, nguyn liu c trng nc hon ton, sau ng bng ti -15oC, dng my nn t bo ti p sut 25 at ph v t bo v lm tan bng. Kt qu l thu c mt dch huyn ph gm cc mnh v ca t bo v thnh phn cu trc ca chng. Ly tm lnh ti 5000 vng/pht 4oC thu c dch chit ti cc mc 30% (NH4)2SO4, 60% (NH4)2SO4. Sau ly tm lnh ti 4oC, 5000 vng/pht, thu kt ta. Tin hnh thm tch i vi nc kt ta ny ta thu c dch cha phycoxianin. Dch sc t sau khi chy qua ct sephadex G-50 c chy tip trn ct DEAE- A50. Ct c cn bng bng m phosphate 0.005 M. Phycoxianin c chit ti nng m phosphate 0.25 M trong dung dch NaCl 0.2 M. Dch cha phycocyanin c thm tch i nc loi b mui vo sau c ng kh. V.Sn phm v ng dng: V.1 Bnh m ngt b sung Spirulina: V.1.1 S quy trnh cng ngh:

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Hnh 13: S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bnh m ngt c b sung Spirulina
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V.1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh Ry nhm mc ch loi b tp cht ln trong bt m. Ry c kch thc l 212 milimicron Nho bt: L khu quan trng nht trong qu trnh lm bnh. Spirulina v nguyn liu ph sau khi c nho trn s a vo nho chung vi bt m cho n khi t c khi ng nht. - C th l nguyn liu ph sn xut bnh m ngt gm: mui, nc, nm men, ph gia, ng, b, trng, bt sa. - Cc phn t protein trong bt di dng cun khi kh s ngm nc v tri di ra di tc ng ca my nh bt v s to mng li bt u. S to mng li ca cc phn t protein s quyt nh to hnh v n ca bnh m. Thi gian nho bt ty thuc vo thit b s dng nh bt, dao ng t 15 20 pht. - Chia bt: Bt c chia thnh nhng cc bt nh chun b cho khu to hnh. - Khi lng cc bt c cn chnh xc theo mt khi lng c quy nh trc. s bt: l mt khu cng rt quan trng cho s kt cu to mng protein ca bt. Nu ta cho bt nho sau khi trn c thi gian s bt th chnh trong thi gian ny l thi gian cc protein trong bt t n s lin kt li vi nhau to cu trc bnh. Thi gian s bt khong 7 8 pht. To hnh: khi bt nho s c to thnh hnh bnh m. Ln men kt thc: y l thi gian cho nm men hot ng sinh ra kh CO2, gip cho bnh c n trong l. S sinh kh ca nm men ph thuc vo mt s cc yu t: nhit (nhit thch hp cho s ln men t 300C tr ln, nhit cng cao th s ln men cng nhanh), m (phi t 85% m) v ngun dinh dng cho men l ng c cha sn trong bt hoc ta cho thm vo trong qu trnh lm bnh gip men sinh kh tt hn. Thi gian ln men kt thc khong 120-150 pht Nng: Trc khi a bnh vo l ngi ta thng xt nc, y l ng tc rt quan trng v cung cp hi nc trong qu trnh nng bnh, khng c hi nc bnh khng th chn c. Ngoi ra, i vi bnh m ngt ngi ta thng qut trng ln b mt bnh trc khi nng cho v bnh vng u hn, p hn.
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Nhit nng bnh s giao ng t 180 2200C ty theo yu cu ca tng loi bnh. Cc loi bnh mun c v gin, cng th nng nhit cao v thi gian nng nhanh, cn nng bnh nhit thp hn th v bnh s mng v mm, thi gian nng s lu hn V.1.3 Sn phm

Bnh m cha nng

Bnh m nng

Hnh 14: Bnh m b sung to Spirulina cha nng v nng V.1.4 Tc dng ca sn phm bnh m b sung Spirulina Bnh m cha acid bo khng bo ho (ging vi acid linoleique) c li cho sc kho, gip c th phng trnh bnh bo ph, tiu ng v cc bnh v tim mch St l mt cht khong rt cn thit cho c th v n s c cung cp mt lng ng k nu ta b sung Spirulina vo bnh Ngoi ra th cc cht khong khc nh canxi, phospho, natri v nhiu cht khong khc cng s tng ln khi ta b sung Spirulina. Thnh phn % cc cht cung cp nng lng nh protein, lipid tng ln v glucid gim xung khi ta b sung vi to ny vo bnh. Gi tr dinh dng ca bnh m tng ln ng k khi c b sung vi to vo thnh phn ca bnh m. c bit l protein v cc cht khong cn thit ca c th cao hn so vi bnh m thng thng. B sung thnh phn to cng cao th thnh phn cc cht dinh dng cng cao V.2 Sa chua c b sung Spirulina V.2.1 S quy trnh cng ngh
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Hnh 14: Quy trnh sn xut sa chua truyn thng

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Hnh 15: S quy trnh cng ngh ln men sa chua b sung Spirulina V.2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh Bot to Spirulina can va pha vao nc theo t le 2g tao / 50 ml nc cat, tien hanh pha v te bao bang song sieu am trong 6 phut, roi em i loc hut chan e loai bo can, co s dung bot tr loc. Giong Lactobacillus bulgaricus va Streptococcus thermophilus: Phan lap tren moi trng MRS chuan cua Merck sau o nhan giong tren moi trng sa gay.
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Cac t le tao c bo sung theo phan tram the tch lan lt la 6%; 8%; 10%; 12%; 14%. T le bo sung tren tng ng vi lng Spirulina bo sung vao dch len men la 2.4(mg/mL), 3.2(mg/mL), 4.0(mg/mL), 4.8(mg/mL), 5.6(mg/mL) Chun ha - Muc ch:hieu chnh ham lng chat beo, do ham lng chat beo cao de gay ra hien tng tach pha va anh hng khong tot en sc khoe ngi tieu dung. - Nguyen tac thc hien: Neu ham lng beo thap ta tien hanh tnh toan va bo sung them cream. Neu ham lng beo cao ta tien hanh tnh toan va tach bt cream ra. Hieu chnh SNF: - Muc ch :Hieu chnh ham lng chat kho co trong sa. Yeu to nay rat quan trong v no quyet nh en o cng cua san pham sa chua tao thanh. - Neu ham lng chat kho qua thap th kha nang ong tu cua san pham sa chua se rat thap. - Neu ham lng chat kho qua cao th san pham sa chua tao thanh co o cng cao. Bai kh: - Muc ch: Cac kh la trong sa can phai c loai bo neu khong se anh hng xau en hng v cua sa chua. Ngoai ra, sa co nhieu kh se lam giam kha nang truyen nhiet ngha la lam tang chi ph cho qua trnh san xuat nh thanh trung, ong hoa, Trong trng hp thanh trung sau khi a ong hop, tai nhiet o thanh trung the tch cua kh se tang len lam v hop. - Nguyen tac thc hien: ket hp gia nhiet o vi ap lc chan khong.Thong so ky thuat: T=70oC, ap suat tng ng. Thiet b gia nhiet: ong long ong, ban mong vi tac nhan gia nhiet la hi nc. ong hoa: - Muc ch: on nh he nh tng, han che hien tng tach pha - Nguyen tac thc hien: s dung ap lc cao. Thong so ky thuat: T=55-70oC, P = 100-250 bar. Phng phap thc hin: + ong hoa toan phan : 1 cap hoac 2 cap + ong hoa mot phan: dong cream ( 10% max), dong sa gay.

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Cay giong: - Giong sau khi c phan lap t nhieu nguon khac nhau, se c la chon loai co kha nang cao nhat ong thi tm moi trng thch hp e tien hanh nhan giong en lng can thiet. Dung dch sa sau khi thanh trung can c lam nguoi xuong en khoang 420C (nhiet o nay se khong lam anh hng en chat lng giong ) roi tien hanh cay giong vao vi t le 0.5 -7 %. Len men: - Qua trnh len men c thc hien trong bioreactor co cac bo phan ieu khien: nhiet o t ong, pH moi trng t ong - Qua trnh len men c thc hien nhiet o T = 42oC, thi gian len men t = 5 -6 h , pH = 4,5 4,6. Trong qua trnh u sa chua, co s thay oi ve so lng cua Streptococcus va Lactobacillus trong suot qua trnh u. V.2.3 Sn phm

Hnh 15: Sa chua c (tri) v khng (phi) b sung Spirulina

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V.2.4 Tc dng ca sn phm sa chua c b sung Spirulina Trong sa chua co cha vi sinh vat co li cho c the, co the giup ngan chan benh tieu chay do dung qua nhieu thuoc khang sinh. ng dung S.platensis bo sung vao sa len men sa chua e nang cao gia tr dinh dng cho san pham sa chua truyen thong, Ham lng protein, lipid, vitamin A cua san pham bo sung Spirulina cao hn so vi san pham sa chua cua vinamilk. San pham co ham lng dinh dng cao cung cap protein, nhieu vitamin, cac chat co hoat tnh sinh hoc Cac san pham ch cha Spirulina tren th trng co mui, v kho c ngi s dung chap nhan. San pham nay khac phuc c nhc iem ve mat cam quan cua tao (mui sa chua, at mui hoi cua tao, v chua de chap nhan).

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