SUFFA EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX SAHIWAL

(COLLEGE FOR GIRLS)

Miss Sadia Latif (Lec. English)

Note for Intermediate part-I

(English Compulsory Grammar)

Correct use of verb Tenses:

Present: Past: Future: 1 indefinite 1 indefinite 1 indefinite 2. Continuous 2. Continuous 2. Continuous 3. Perfect 3. Perfect 3. Perfect 4. Perfect continuous 4. Perfect continuous 4. Perfect continuous

1. Present indefinite tense

Rule: Subject+v1 (v1 with s/ es/ ies + object) (V1 means first form of verb) Simple: she/ he / it / singular noun +v1 + s, es + object. They /we/ I / you/ plural noun + v1 +object. Negative: he/ she/ it / s. noun + does not + v1 +object They / we / I / you / plural noun +do not +v1 +object Interrogative: do / does + subject +v1 +object? Key words: Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. I always obey my elders. He goes to college daily. I do not go to college daily. He does not go to college daily. Does he go to college daily? do I go to college daily? always often, daily, usually, regularly, seldom every (present indefinite tense)

Present indefinite tense is used: 1. To express a general truth/ universal law or a proverb. i. The sun sets in the west ii. Fortune favours the brave. iii. Honesty is the best policy. iv. The earth revolves around the sun. v. Water flows towards depth. 2. To express a habitual, permanent or repeated action i. I always speak the truth. ii. I get up early in the morning.

iii.

The Muslims believe in one God only.

2. Present continuous tense

Rules: 1. Exp. 2. Exp. i. ii. iii. simple / affirmative; subject + is / am / are +v1 + ing + object I am going to college. She is singing a sweet song. He / she / it / s. noun + is +v1+ ing +object They / you / we /plural noun +are +v1+ing +object I + am +v1 +ing +object subject + is / am / are + not+ v1+ing + object is / am / are+ subject+ v1+ ing+ object ? now, at present / at this moment / time these days / now a day.

Negative: Interrogative: Key words:

Examples: i. She is drawing a picture now. ii. He is watching television at present. Negative: Interrogative: she is not drawing a picture now. is she not drawing a picture now?

3 Present perfect tense

Rules: affirmative: subject+ has+/have +v3+obj 1. he / she/ it +s. noun +has +v3 +object 2. I / we / you + p. noun +have +v3 +object Negative: subject + has/have +not +v3 +object

Interrogative: has / have +subj+v3+obj? Examples: i. ii. I have taken breakfast. She has finished her homework.

Key words: yet, just, already Examples: 1. He has just gone out. 2. She has already taken tea. 3. She has bought a new book. Negative: Interrogative+ negative: Interrogative: She has not bought a new book. Has she not bought a new book? Has she bought a new pen?

Three adverbs used in this tense 1. Never, ever, just, so far, till now, today, this week, this month etc. Examples: i. ii. iii. He has just written a letter. So far I have not accepted his offer. Have you ever ridden a camel? 4 Present perfect continuous tense. It is used to express an action which began sometime ago in past and which is still continuing.

Rules: Affirmative: Negative: Interrogative: subject +has/have +been+ v1 + ing (since, for) subject +has / have +not +been+v1 +object (since, for) has / have +subject + been+v1 + ing +object (since, for)?

Examples: i. ii. iii. I have been waiting for you since morning. He has been living here since 1998. I have not been feeling very well lately.

Note: The perfect continuous tense are particularly associated with the word for since lately For: it is used for a period of time

Exp: Two hours, a week, 20 mints, years, ages, five days, 50 years, a long time etc. Since: It is used for a point in time (start of a period) Exp: 8 o clock, April, Monday, 1985, 12 Sep, Christmas etc.

Note: The verbs (see , know , hear, smell, taste ) Dont have been (have been, has been, ing (vi) with them, in spite of since, for, lately, (have +v3) Examples: i. ii. I have known him for a long time. I have not seen him since Eid.

1. Past indefinite tense:

Rule: affirmative: subj+v2+ (2nd form of verb) +obj Exp: He wrote a letter yesterday.

Negative: Exp:

subject+ did not +v1+obj He did not write a letter yesterday.

Interrogative: did+ subj+v1+obj? Exp: Note: Keywords: Did he write a letter yesterday? after did only first from of verb can be used. yesterday, lat, ago etc.

It is used: 1. On day +date on 25th / on Monday +in years and month in September / in 1990 1. To express a single action in past. Exp: I received a letter yesterday. 2. Exp: i. ii. The people caught the thief red handed. I lost my new pen somewhere. To express a habitual act in past

Examples: 1. He went to college last week. Negative: He did not go to college last week.

Interrogative: Did he go to college last week? Intg+neg: Did he not go to college last week?

Sentence with two parts/ two actions past indefinite tense past indefinite tense Exp: i. ii. He took medicine and recovered. He worked hard and succeeded.

2. Past continuous tense.

Rules: Exp: Note: affirmative: subject+ was/were+v1+ing+obj He was reading. You are reading. We were reading. was with I and singular subject Were with you and plural subjects Negative: Exp: subject+ was/were+not+v1+ing+obj+____________ He was not reading, you were not reading etc.

Interrogative: was/were +subj+v1+ing+_____________? Exp: was he reading___________? Were you reading_____________?

3. Past perfect tense

Rules:

Affirmative: subject+had+v3+object+_________ Exp: Negative: Exp: She had taken tea. They have taken tea. subject +had not+v3+object________ She had not taken tea. They had not taken tea.

Interrogative: had + subj+v3+obj___________? Note: This tense used to tell us of an action which was completed in the past before other action took place. Note: To denote a single action in the past, never use the past perfect tense, but always use past indefinite tense as Do not say:- I had received your letter yesterday Say: Key words: Exp: i. ii. iii. He had not read this book before. I had already heard this news. We had not met him since his marriage. I received your letter yesterday. already, before, since, till, (as)

Sentence with two parts: with when / before 1. When/before (past indefinite v2), (had+v3) 1st part Examples: i. ii. The sun had risen before he got up (v2) When I reached there the bell had rung. 2. When / before (present indefinite), future perfect tense 1st part 2nd part 2nd part

4. Past perfect continuous tense

Rules: Affirmative: subj+had+been+v1+ing+ (since, for) Negative: subj+had+not+been+v1+ing+ (since, for)

Interrogative: had+subject+been+v1+ing+___________? Examples: i. I had been living here since 2009. ii. It had been raining for two hours.

Future indefinite tense

Rules: Affirmative: subject +shall/will+v1+object___________

Negative:

subject+ shall/will not +v1+object__________.

Interrogative: shall/will +subject+v1+object_____________? Keywords: Examples: i. ii. 1. 2. He will go to college tomorrow. She will write a letter next week. He/she/it/sing plural subject will We/ I shall nest, tomorrow,( next year, next month etc)

Future continuous tense

Rules: Affirmative: subject +shall/v1+ing+obj Negative: subject +shall/ will not +be+v1+ing+obj

Interrogative: shall/will +subj+be+v1+ing+obj+____________?

Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. I shall not be going to college. They will be preparing for the test. He will not be preparing for the test. Will he be preparing for the test?

Future perfect tense

Rules: Affirmative: subject +shall/ will +have +v3+object_________ Negative: subject +shall/will+not+have+v3+object

Interrogative: shall/will+subj+have+v3+object_____t? Examples: Affirmative: he will have taken breakfast. She will have learnt her lesson. Negative: they will not have reached there.

Interrogative: will they have reached there?

Future perfect continuous tense

Rules: Affirmative: subject +shall/will+have+been+v1+ing Negative: subject +shall/will+not+have+been+v1+ing

Interrogative: shall/will+ subject =have+been+v1+ing____________? Keywords: Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. She will have been doing her work for two hours. They will have been preparing for test since morning. I shall not have been preparing for test since evening. Shall I have been preparing for test since evening? (Since, for)

Examples: by tomorrow, by next year, By next fall. [Future perfect tense] i. He will have passed the exams by next month.

Miscellaneous
1. Conditional sentence: There are three types of conditional sentences If, clause main- clause Rules: 1 Examples: Rule: 2 if +simple present--->simple future tense if he works hard, he will pass. if +simple past tense +present conditional tense. Could/might If he came, I would help him. V2 Rule3: Example: would+v1

if +past perfect +perfect conditional tense if he had come, I would have helped her.

Rule1:
2:In a sentence the words(can, could, may, might, should, would, must , ought to)are used as helping verbs in active voice sentences, then first form of verb(v1)is used in these sentences. Can, could, may, might Examples: 1. We should solve this sum. V1 2. She may come today. V1 3. We should help the poor V1 etcv1

Rule2:
Can be, could be, should be, may be, might be, must be, would have, should have, could have, might have, must have, and ought to have, /third form of verb (v3) in passive voice sentence. Examples: i. The sum can be solved by me. ii. The poor should be helped by us. iii. They might have done this job. V3

Opitative sentences
It is a sentence which express some wish, desire, prayer, or curse etc. Would that, As if, wish Rule # 1 (Action sentence) Action sentence had + v3 Rule # 2 (Noun) Noun + wish were with every subject. Examples : Would that he Were rich (noun + wish) She cried as if she Were mad (as if)

Would that he had succeeded Would that he had worked hard Would that she were a queen

(verb) (wish)

Use of To
To first form of verb (V1) Examples: They are To pass the exam She has to go to college on foot. Passive voice sentences V 3 (3rd form of verb) Examples: i. Urdu is spoken in Pakistan (speak) ii. Dams are built on rivers (Build) iii. The thieves were arrested iv. Eggs are boiled by him v. The match will be played in Karachi. vi. The song is being sung by her. vii. The match will be being played at this time. Proverbs + universal truths present tense Examples: i. Water keeps its level (keep) ii. God helps those who help themselves. (help) iii. It takes two to make a quarrel (take) iv. Honesty is the best policy (be) v. Phosphorous glows in dark (glow)