A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is [1]:p.

33 used to indicate modality that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is particularly characteristic of Germanic languages. --------------

TLE Early History Since eating is one of humankinds most basic needs, it is a natural assumption that the food services industry had a very early start. The food services industry began in Europe during the Middle Ages. In those days, a feudal lord might invite 100 of his closest friends and family members to dine at his castle; thats quite a lot of mouths to feed, and a staff of 100 was needed to prepare the food and serve the guests. Hence a system of food service had to be created. Feudal lords were not the only ones creating a food service system. Religious orders, colleges and universities, and royal households were also developing systems to feed many hungry mouths. In England abbeys were constantly feeding large numbers of residents and people who were traveling through. In fact these abbeys provide some of the earliest examples of a detailed food services accounting system. The food operations in the abbeys were funded by laypeople in the local community, and the abbeys also grew a lot of their own food. The royal household of the King of England is another example of an early food service operation. Feeding up to 250 people at a time, the cooking staff could be quite extensive. Cheap labor was in ample supply and the lowest-ranking cooking staff member often worked for scraps of food and a place to sleep on the floor. In those days there was not a lot of fuss about food safety. There were a lot of animals roaming in and out of the kitchen, and people who were passing through the kitchen often stuck their fingers into nearby pots and pans for a taste. Over the years, of course, people began recognizing the importance of properly preparing and storing foods. Equipment and storage solutions improved and fewer staff members were needed as a result.

Food Service Establishments

Restaurants-A restaurant is an establishment which prepares and

serves food and drink to customers in return for money, either paid before the meal, after the meal, or with a running tab. Meals are generally served and eaten on premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of the main chef's cuisinesand service models

Corner Stores-The Corner Store is a well-loved city fringe bar located at the top end of Mt Eden Rd in
Eden Terrace, Auckland. The Corner Store features an extensive selection of malt whiskey, seriously good cocktails, local and imported beers as well as a excellent wine list. The perfect place for a pre-dinner or concert drink, after work or to catch up with friends - there's always something to enjoy at The Corner Store. Come and check out our blackboard special wines each month, or challenge our amazing bar staff to create a cocktail right up your alley.

Bar/Lounges-A bar is a business establishment that serves alcoholic drinks beer, wine, liquor,
and cocktails for consumption on the premises.
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Bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bars have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go dancers, or strippers. Bars which offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars or nightclubs.

Temporary Food Service Events- A temporary food service event is an event of 30 days or less in duration where food is prepared, served, or sold to the general public and is advertised and recognized in the community. A temporary food service establishment or vendor is a participant at a temporary food service event.

---------------MATH
A Cartesian coordinate system specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair ofnumerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixedperpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is itsorigin, usually at ordered pair (0,0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin. One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three-dimensionalspace by three Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines). In general, one can specify a point in a space of anydimension n by use of n Cartesian coordinates, the signed distances from n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes. The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by Ren Descartes (Latinizedname: Cartesius) revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2 may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x + y = 4.
2 2

AP Ang ekonomika (Ingles: economics) bilang isang agham panlipunan, ay ang pag-aaral [2] sa paglikha, pamamahagi, at pagkonsumo ng kalakal. Ang salitang "ekonomika" na hango sa salitang Wikang Kastila "economica" ay mula sa mga salitang Griyego [oikos], na nangangahulugang "pamilya, sambahayan, estado" at [nomos], o "kaugalian, batas" at may literal na kahulugan na "pangangasiwa ng sambahayan" o "pangangasiwa ng estado". Ang isang ekonomista ay isang tao na gumagamit ng konseptong pang-ekonomika at mga datos sa kanyang trahabo, o isang tao na nakatamo ng isang degree sa paksang ito mula sa isang [2] pamantasan. Ang larangang ito ay mahahati sa iba't ibang paraan. Pinakapopular dito ang mikroekonomika (sa antas ng indibidual na pamimili) samakroekonomika (nagtipon-tipong resulta). Maari rin itong mahati sa positive laban sa normatibo, karaniwan(mainstream) laban saheterodokso, at ayon sa sangay. Ang ekonomika ay may tuwirang paglalapat sa kalakalan, personal na gastusin, at pamahalaan. Mayroong mga teorya na nabuo bilang bahagi ng teoryang pang-ekomika at nailapat sa mga pamimili na walang kaugnayan sa pera sa mga larangang kasinlawak ng kilos ng kriminal, pananaliksik sa agham, kamatayan, politika, kalusugan, edukasyon, pamilya, panliligaw (dating), at iba [2] pa. Pinahihintulutan ito dahil tungkol sa pagpapasya ang ekomomika.
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a. Si Adam Smith (bininyagan Hunyo 16, 1723 Hulyo 17, 1790 [OS: Hunyo 5, 1723 Hulyo 17,1790]) ay
isang Eskoses na pilosopong moral at ang nagpasimuno ng politikal na ekonomiya. Isa sa mga pigura sa intelektuwal na kilusang Scottish Enlightenment (Paliwanag ng mga Escoses), pangunahing kilala siya bilang ang may-akda ng dalawang kasunduan: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Ang Teoriya ng Moral na mga Damdamin) (1759), at An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Isang Pag-usisa sa Kalikasan at Sanhi ng Yaman ng mga Bansa), mas kilala bilang The Wealth of Nations (Ang Yaman ng mga Bansa) (1776). Kilala din si Smith sa kanyang pagpapaliwanag ng kung papaano ang makatuwirang pagkamakasarili at kompetisiyon, na gumagana sa isang kayariang panlipunan na naninindigan sa moral na katungkulan, ay maaaring magbunga ng kabutihan at kaunlaran sa ekonomiya. Nakatulong ang kanyang mga gawa na lumikha ng makabagong pang-akademyang disiplina ng ekonomika at isa sa mga kilalang mga katuwiran sa malayang kalakalan. Malawakan siyang kilala [1] bilang "ama ng ekonomika". Pumasok si Smith sa University of Glasgow (Pamantasan ng Glasgow) sa gulang na labing-apat at nagaral ng pilosopiyang moral sa ilalim ni Francis Hutcheson, na naging daan upang mahubog ang kanyang pasyon sa libertad, katuwiran, at malayang pamamahayag. Noong1740, umalis si Smith sa University of Glasgow upang pumasok sa Balliol College, Oxford. Magnum opus ni Smith ang The Wealth of Nations, at tinuturing ito bilang isa sa mga pinakamaimpluwensiyang aklat na nasulat.

b. Si Karl Heinrich Marx (Mayo 5, 1818, Trier, Alemanya Marso 14, 1883, London,Inglatera) ay dating
ma-impluwensyang pilosopo mula sa Alemanya, isang political economist, at isang rebolusyonaryong sosyalista. Samantalang may kumentaryo si Marx sa maraming isyu, pamoso siya sa kanyang pagaanalisa sa kasaysayan lalu na sa labanan ng mga uri. Sinasalamin ang labanang ito sa pambungad na pananalita sa Communist Manifesto : "Ang kasaysayan ng lahat lipunan ay kasaysayan ng labanan ng mga uri."

c. Si David Ricardo (Abril 18, 1772 Setyembre 11, 1823) ay isang ekonomiko mula sa Nagkakaisang Kaharian. Kadalasang binibigyan siya ng kredito sa paggawa ng sistema sa ekonomika, at isa sa mga [1] pinakamaimpluwensiyang klasikong ekonomista, kasama sinaThomas Malthus at Adam Smith.

d. Si Francois Quesnay ang doktor ni Louis XIV. Ang kanyang iskema ay nagbibigay-daan na ang
iba't ibang elemento ng ekonomiya ay magkakaugnay at sama-sama tulad ng mga blood vessels ng katawan. Pinag-aralan at pinag-isipan niya ang mga isyu ng kabuhayan at negosyo. Ngunit kadalasan, kalat-kalat at hindi pormal ang kanilang mga obserbasyon, kung kaya marami ring maling ideya ang lumaganap. Itinuring na nagsisimula pa lamang ang sistmatiko at siyentipikong pag-aaral ng ekonomiks sa huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo. e. Si John Maynard Keynes, Unang Baron Keynes, CB (Hunyo 5 1883 Abril 21, 1946) ay

isang ekonomistang Briton na nakaroon ng malaking impluwensya ang kanyang mga ideya, tinatawag na ekonomikong Keynesian, sa makabagong teoriya ng ekonomiya at politikagayon din sa maraming patakaran pang-piskal ng maraming pamahalaan. Sinulong niya ang patakarang pakikialam ng pamahalaan sa ekonomiya, kung saan ginagamit ng pamahalaan ang pamamaraang piskal at pananalapi upang mabawasan ang epekto ng resesyon, depresyon at pagsulong ng ekonomiya. Isa rin siya sa ama ng makabagong teoriya ngmakroekonomiya. Kilala din siya ng karamihan sa katagang "In the long run, we are all dead."(Sa kalaunan, mamatay tayong lahat). Kadalasan siyang tinuturing bilang ang pinakamaimpluwensiyang ekonomista ng ika-20 dantaon f. Si Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (Pebrero 13, 1766 Disyembre 23, 1834), ay [2][3] isangBritanikong dalubhasa na maimpluwensiya sa ekonomiyang pulitikal at demograpiya. Si Malthus [4] ang nagpatanyag ng teoriya ng renta.
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