1

KIN TRUC CA NH QUAN

BIN SOAN : TH.S KTS T VN HUNG
GIANG VIN AI HOC BACH KHOA A NNG
Thi gian 30 tit
2
- mn hc gii thiu 1 cch tng qut v thit
k kin trc cnh quan. qua gip cho sinh
vin nhn thc ra vai tr v nhim v ca kts
cnh quan l khm ph v to hnh cho cnh
quan. Sinh vin c trang b kin thc c bn
v l thuyt v thc hnh c th tham gia
vo vai tr qun l, quy hoch, xy dng v
c bit thit k mt d n kin trc cnh
quan
1. Mc ch ca mn hc
1. Mc ch ca mn hc
3
2. Ni dung mn hc
2. Ni dung mn hc
- Phn l thuyt: 20 tit
- Phn thc hnh : 10 tit
+ Tho lun
+ chng 1. Mt s khi nim c bn
+ Chng 2. Vi nt v lch s kin
trc cnh quan
+ Chng 3. Mi trng thin nhin
v nguyn tc xy dng cnh quan
theo quan im pht trin bn vng
+ Chng 4. Quy hoch v thit k
cnh quan
+ Bi tp
4
3. K hoch v nh gi
3. K hoch v nh gi - K hoch
4. Ti liuthamkho
4. Ti liuthamkho
- Nguyn Thanh Thy, 1992. Kin trc phong cnh, NXB
khoa hc k thut
- Hn Tt Ngn, 1996, Kin trc cnh quan th, NXB xy
dng
-m Thu Trang, 2003, Kin trc cnh quan trong cc
khu ca H ni nhm nng cao cht lng mi trng
sng th, Lun n Tin s
- M THU TRANG, 2006, THIT K KIN TRC CNH QUAN KHU
, NXB XY DNG
- nh gi: Tiu lun v Bi tp
5
Ni dung
1.1 Mt s khi nim chung
1.1 Mt s khi nim chung
Chng 1. Khi nim chung
Loi hnh:
Cnh quan:
+ Khng gian cha ng cc yu t thin nhin, nhn to v
nhng hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh tc ng gia chng
vi nhau v vi bn ngoi
+ Cnh quan lin quan n s dng t. Tp hp cc ng nt
ca mt phn b mt tri t v phn bit khu vc ny vi khu vc
khc
+ Cnh quan t nhin
+ Cnh quan nhn to
- c hnh thnh do h qu tc ng ca con ngi lm bin
dng cnh quan t nhin
- s hnh hnh v pht trin gn lin vi tin trnh pht trin
ca KHKT
- BAO GM CC THNH PHN CA CNH QUAN THIN NHIN V CC YU
T MI DO CON NG to ra
- chia lm 3 loi: cnh quan vn ha, cnh quan vng trng
trt, cnh quan vng ph b.
6
Mt s nh ngha khc:
- Kin trc cnh quan l ngh thut, lp k hoch pht trin, thit
k, qun l, bo tn v phc ch li cnh quan ca khu vc v a
im xy dng ca con ngi. Phm vi hot ng ca kin trc cnh
quan lin quan n thit k kin trc, thit k tng mt bng, pht
trin bt ng sn, bo tn v phc ch mi trng, thit k th,
quy hoch th, thit k cc cng vin v cc khu vc ngh ngi
gii tr v bo tn di sn. Ngi hot ng trong lnh vc kin trc
cnh quan c gi l kin trc s cnh quan.
- Kin trc cnh quan: Biu tng cng nng nhng thit k cnh
quan bn ngoi ca cng trnh.
7
1.3 Cc yu t ca KTCQ:
1.3 Cc yu t ca KTCQ:
1.2 Phm vi, nhim v ca kin trc cnh quan
1.2 Phm vi, nhim v ca kin trc cnh quan
+ Chc nng
+ Kinh t
+ Mi trng
+ Thm m
+ Cc thit b k thut
+ Tranh tng
+ Kin trc
+ Cy xanh
+ Mt nc
+ a hnh
Nhim v KTCQ p ng nhu cu :
Quy hoch vng, quy hoch th,
quy hoch nng thn, thit k th, thit k kin trc
l t chc khng gian chc nng trn mt phm vi rng
m trong cha ng cc mi quan h tng h ca cc thnh
phn chc nng, hnh khi ca thin nhin v nhn to
Thit k cnh quan:
l hot ng sng to mi trng vt cht khng gian bao
quanh con ngi
(Dnh kt cc yu t ca mi trng vt cht)
quy hoch cnh quan:
8
9
10
Ct Oblisque ti trung tm qung trng Concorde
11
12
Chng 2.
Vi nt v lch s kin trc cnh quan
-Kin trc cnh quan ai cp c i:
tn ti trn 4000 nm. l cc QuN th kin trc lng m,
cc bc iu khc honh trng.
Ngh thut kin trc cnh quan trong cc cng trnh tn
gio thnh cng trong vic to hiu qu hng v v p
ch con ngi trn nn mi trng thin nhin c th ca
ai cp. ngi ai cp khng c xu hng ti to cnh quan
thin nhin.
2.1 Kin trc cnh quan chu u
2.1 Kin trc cnh quan chu u
2.1.1 Thi k c i
2.1.1 Thi k c i
13
14
15
-Kin trc cnh quan Hy lp:
Hy lp c kh hu n ha, cnh tng thin p. Kin
trc cng trnh mang tnh honh trng, thanh t v kiu
dim. mi mt cng trnh khi thit k iu c cn nhc v
t l, v tr, tm nhn trn a hnh khu t c th.
Qun th Acropol Athen, c xy dng trong thi ky hoang kim cua Aten (Athen)
(khoang th ky th nm trc cng nguyn)_
16
-Kin trc cnh quan la m:
Kin trc cnh quan ni bt vi cc th lai: phorum la m,
cu dn nc, city, vila
17
18
cu dn nc
19
Ch phong kin lm ny sinh mt kin trc cnh quan mi.
Cnh quan kin trc cc lu i ca lnh cha phong kin v
kin trc nh th romng, g tch
Kin trc cnh quan chu u
Kin trc cnh quan chu u
2.1.2 Thi k trung i
2.1.2 Thi k trung i
20
21
22
Cnh quan kin trc thi k ny c nhiu mi m, l cc
th m, cc qung trng rng ln vi nhiu tng i h
nc..s xut hin cc lai hnh cng vin, sn vn vi h
thng cy xanh c ct ta theo hnh khi hnh hc lm tng
thm thm m cho cng trnh.
2.1.3 Thi k cn v hin i
2.1.3 Thi k cn v hin i
23
-ngi trung quc bin t nc thnh i cnh quan
S kt hp 1 cch ti tnh gia cng trnh kin trc vi
cnh quan thin nhin to s hi ha, thng nht, tn ti
vnh cU
cc yu t ca t nhin c khai thc mt cch trit
(i ni, sng h, rng cy...). Thut phong thy l nhn t
c lc to ra s n nhp gia cng trnh kin trc v
khung cnh thin nhin.
2.2 Kin trc cnh quan mt s nc chu
2.2 Kin trc cnh quan mt s nc chu
Kin trc cnh quan trung quc
Kin trc cnh quan trung quc
24
25
Kin trc cnh quan n v mt s nc khc
Kin trc cnh quan n v mt s nc khc
-Vn dng iu khc trong kin trc cnh quan l nt ni
bt ca n . ngai ra, mt nc, ng do, cy xanh l
yu t lun c ch trng.
-Kin trc cnh quan n nh hng rt ln n cc
nc ng nam
26
-Kin trc cnh quan ch phc v cho nhng khch hng
n l. Phm vi trong khun vin mt khu vn, mt dinh
th. KTCQ ch n thun l hnh thc
2.3 Kt lun
-Kin trc cnh quan phc v chung cho tt c mi ngi.
KTCQ trn quan im l cch ng x ca con ngi vi thin
nhin v vi cng ng theo xu th pht trin bn vng.
Trc y
Trc y
Hin nay
Hin nay
27
Thin nhin v nguyn tc xy dng cnh
quan trn quan im pht trin bn vng
Chng 3
3.1. Kh hu
3.1. Kh hu
3.1.1. c im chung
Kh hu nhit i nng m ( tiu ch tng ng )
+ Nhit khng kh: 21-27
0
c
+ m trung bnh: 70-80%
+ Lng ma trung bnh: 1000mm
+ S gi nng v lng my
cao nht Sn la 1961h
thp nht Yn bi l 1369h,
+ Gi:
- pha bc c gi ma ng bc lnh
- cui ng c gi nm rt c
sc
V ma ng
V ma h - gi phn ty nam,
- gi nam mang theo ma ln
- gi bin Thi bnh dng mt v m
- c hin tng bo
28
29
3.1.2. Phn vng kh hu
Min kh hu
pha bc
Vng kh hu A1: Vng ni ng bc v Vit bc.
yy l vng c ma ng lnh nht nc ta,
Nhit thp nht di 0o. Ma h nhit
thp hn vng ng bng
Vng kh hu A2: Vng ni Ty bc v bc
Trng sn c ma ng lnh, nhng m hn
vng A1, A3. Vng Ty bc c kh hu lc a,
vng Ty bc Trng sn b nh hng kh hu
gi ty kh nng
Vng A3: vng ng bng Bc b v bc Trung
b c ma ng lnh, pha nam chu gi ty
kh nng. Ma nhiu, cng ma ln
Min kh hu
pha nam
Vng B4. Ty nguyn. Ma ng lnh. Ma h
khu vc thung lng nng. Ma ma v ma kh
tng phn r rt
Vng B5. ng bng Nam b v nam Trung b.
Kh hu nhit i gi ma in hnh. Khng c
ma ng lnh. Hng nm c ma ma v ma
kh
30
3.1.3 Vi kh hu Trong tng khu vc c th c kh hu ring bit
Do s tc ng ca con ngi vo thin nhin nh xy dng, thay
i a hnh, thay i dng nc, lm thay i vi kh hu khu vc
31
32
3.2. t ai
3.2. t ai
di sn
Hng nm t ai nng nghip v rng cy b
ph hy pht trin do dn s tng ln
t ai phi c gi gn v s dng c hiu
qa tt nht
t cho nng nghip
t cho rng nhit i
t cho khng gian m
i ni hay dng bng phng lm thay i vi
kh hu
ngun
nguyn
liu
ni c tr
L ni sinh sng khng phi ch ca con ngi
m cc loi ng, thc vt
a hnh
Hp dn v mt cnh quan, tm nhn, khung
cnh
33
Ci nga
Leo ni, cm tri
Sn bn
34
Lch s BI thuyn
Cnh p
D ngoi
35
3.3. Mt nc
3.3. Mt nc
ngun
nguyn
liu
Cung cp nc, ti tiu tng ln
Qu trnh s dung: Nc lm mt, tm git.
S lng khng i, cht lng quay li vi
ngun ban u
Thay i vi kh hu
Cn cho s sng
S dng cho ngh ngi, gii tr
Lt li
Vn
Khong khng th cm cnh vt
Ngp ng
Nc cho giao thng
Hn hn
36
3.4. Thc vt Cy xanh trong t nhin
3.4. Thc vt Cy xanh trong t nhin
Li ch
Ngun thc n, khng kh, cung cp phitonxit,
xy.
Gi nc
Lm phn bn t nhin
Lm dng
Phn loi
Hnh dng tn, Hnh dng l
iu khin kh hu: Thay i lung gi, h thp
nhit
Ma rng l, Ma n hoa
Theo tn la tinh, ngun gc,
Mu sc l, hoa, tc dng
S mt dn
S trng lI
37
BI tp s 1
Phn tch theo phng php phn tch Swot
(im mnh, im yu, c hi, e do)
(Strength, weakness, opportunity, threat)
38
3.5. Nguyn tc xy dng cnh quan bn vng
3.5. Nguyn tc xy dng cnh quan bn vng
3.5.1. Nguyn tc 1
Gi cho khu vc
khe mnh
Xc nh mt khu vc l khe
mnh hay khng
Trnh xa nhng iu bt li
S hiu bit v khu vc l c s
pht trin hnh dng khu vc
bn vng
Mi quan h trc khi xy dng ca
ton b nhng ngi lm d n
Chin lc bo v tng th c
th p dng vi tt c nhng
hnh th quan trng
Bo v nhng ng nt c bit
nh l t, cy xanh, mt nc
La chn thit b xy dng v
quy hoch xy dng
39
3.5.2.Nguyn tc 2
Phc hi nhng v tr b
tn thng
Loi v tr cn phi phc hi
nh gi xem liu s phc hi
ny c ph hp khng
Phc hi cu trc cnh quan
Phc hi t ai
Phc hi nh cy xanh
S gip ca cc nh chuyn
mn nh thu cao cc khu vc
c hi
40
3.5.3. Nguyn tc 3
Cuc sng thun ha, vt liu linh
hot
iu khin s si mn ca cc vng
t dc nh s sng ca cy xanh
S dng cc bc tng xanh gi
vng t dc v ngn s pht trin
ca xy dng
Lm sng li cc vng t b hoang
trn ng chn tri vi mi sinh
thi cy xanh
Thit k v xy dng cu trc ph
hp cho thc vt bn vng
La chn, thay th, m bo s
sng ca cy xanh
S dng cy trng a phng c
bit cho s bn vng
41
3.5.4.Bo v ngun nc
Hiu c ngun nc t nhin
Bo v cc ng nt ca mt nc
nh l vng m ly, h ao, sng
sui
Phc hi nhng ngun nc b h
hi
K thut c bit cho vic cn bng
gia nhu cu s dng nc ca con
ngi v kh nng cung cp nc
ca vng
b bt
dn
nhng
git
nc xm
Dnh
dm, v
gi nc
Ti tiu
c hiu
sut cao
Cy xanh
lm sch
ngun
nc
42
3.5.5. Gim vt liu lt
Chin lc v quy hoch v lut l
gim thiu vt liu lt
La chn nhng thit k gim khu
vc lt v gim tc ng vo khu
vc
Gim s nhim ca vt liu lt
Vt liu lt c l v d thm
Gim sc nng ca mt lt
43
Sng Icara quebec-canada
44
Sng Icara quebec-canada- sau cI to
45
46
Thc vt trn o amelia
47 o fisher
48
3.5.6.Suy ngh v s nguyn
bn v s ph hy ca vt
liu
S dng c cng nhiu cng tt sn phm
sn xut ti a phng
S dng vt liu th thay v vt liu qua s
l nh gch nung .. (a ong) khng li
cht thi trong mi trng
Dng vt liu th khng tn nng lng
nung
Khm ph v tm kh nng ti s dng li
vt liu
C gng s dng t nhng vt liu c s t
du m nh nha
Tm hng dn c bn
la chn vt liu bn vng
S dng vt liu lu bn vi lng cc bon
cao nh g.
Bo v cy xanh hin trng, s dng cy
xanh, k thut sinh hc dng cy xanh to
kh 02
Gim s dng vt liu c cht c
!
49
S dng ngun nguyn liu
a phng
Ti s dng sn phm cho
cnh quan
Ti s dng vt liu xy
dng
Phn bit v trnh s dng
nhng vt liu c hi
trong xy dng cnh quan
Cn nhc cc tc ng vo
giao thng, khai m v cc
qu trnh khc
50
3.5.7. cao nh sng,
tn trng bng ti
tn trng bng ti v gii hn hoc
loi tr nh sng
Hiu qu trong thit k nh sng
iu khin v thi gian
nh sng in p thp
nh sng mu, quang hc
nh sng mt tri
nh gi s thc hin
3.5.8.Khu yn tnh,
bo v s yn tnh
Cnh quan l hng ro gia thin
ng v thc t
Tip cn lut bo v nhim ting n
51
3.5.9. Duy tr s bn
vng
Thit k nhng khng gian c th bo
tn
Duy tr my mc, nng sut, cht t,
s nhim
Gim thuc dit CC loi gy hi bng
giI php quy hoch tt
Bo tn v s dng nguyn liu
ti ch
nh sng mu, quang hc
Trng v duy tr cy xanh a phng
To ra li nhun lu di v bn vng
Kt hp thit k, xy dng v duy tr
52
quy hoch v Thit k cnh quan
Chng 4
4.1. Cc nguyn tc b cc cnh quan
4.1. Cc nguyn tc b cc cnh quan
4.1.1 c s ca vic b cc cnh quan
1. im nhn: l v tr ng nhn. nu nhn cng chiu nh
sng th chi tit vt th c nhn s ni r, ngc li
th vt th b lu m, ch cn ng bao vt th.
Gi tr thm m ca cnh quan ph thuc vo gic quan
ca con ngi, ch yu l th gic. song hiu qu cn ph
thuc vo iu kin nhn, bao GM: im nhn, tm nhn,
gc nhn.
53
2. Tm nhn:
l khong cch t im nhn n vt th. Khong cch ny c mi
quan h gn b vi c tnh quang hc ca mt, kch thuc v
cht liu b mt ca vt th.
- c tnh quang hc ca mt thng cho php nhn r trong gc
hnh nn l 28
o
(D/2l). Tuy nhin, nu mun nhn vt th trong
khng gian rng (Ngi nh c bu tri v cy c xung quanh) th
gc nhn di 18
o
(d/3l).
- m quan h gia kch thc vt th (D-H )v khong cch nhn (L):
+ nu d/l < 1: tc ng ni ti ca cc thnh phn bao quanh khng
gian rt mnh m, khng gian nh hp, con ngi cm thy s hi,
ngt ngt.
+ nu d/l=1-2: cm gic c s cn bng t l vi con ngi, gy n
tng gn gi than mt.
+ nu d/l>2: khng gian tr nn trng chnh, lc ht km, mi
quan h gia cc thnh phn tr nn lng lo,
54
Tm nhn
55
Khung cnh l ct on ng
khung ca tm nhn
56
3. Gc nhn:
l hng nhn vt th. mi mt vt th c nhiu hng nhn khc nhau dn
n s thay i tng ng ca vin cnh v hnh Dng vt th trong b
cc.
57
trong trng hp khng gian chy di nh ng ph, cn c im
dng hoc chuyn hng.
theo yoshinobu ashinara:
KHNG CO IM DNG CHT LONG KHNG GIAN BI NHAT DN V CUI TRUC,
NO PHN TN V HP LUC BI TAN BIN I
58
4.1.2 k xo to hnh-trang tr khng gian-cnh quan
1. TO HNH KHNG GIAN:
KHNG GIAN L MT PHn THM M-CHC NNG C BN CA CNH QUAN.
VIC HNH THNH KHNG GIAN VI QUY M, HNH DNG HP L, PH HP VI
CHC NNG HAT ng v tm l ca con ngi l ht sc quan trng.
a. xc nh kch thc khng gian:
Theo kinh nghim nht bn, mt module n v ca khng gian l 21-
24m, kch thc khng gian t 1-5 n v, cng lm n 10 n v l
phm vi ti a cc thnh phn trong khng gian c th ha hp
tng th.
ngoi kch thc thc, trong mt s trng hp c th tng gim
cm gic v nng su ca khng gian bng cch s dng thut
phi cnh tuyn v thut phi cnh khng trung
59
-thut phi cnh tuyn:
l thut bin i cm gic v chiu
su khng gian bng vic thay i kch
thc cc yu t tp khng gian (tng
hoc gim dn)
60
-thut phi cnh khng trung:
l thut bin i cm gic v chiu su khng gian bng vic thay
i mu sc (mu nng dn hoc lnh dn) cc yu t to khng gian.
cui trc khng gian s dng mu thuc tng lnh c cm gic su
hn v ngc li.
61
b. X l cc thnh phn tao khng gian:
nn: l thnh phn c bn ca khng gian. S thay i
bnh din nn(li, lm) to nn cm gic v khng gian,
chc nng khc nhau.
cc k xo x l nn:
+ to chnh lch cao
+ kt hp nng cao nn v s dng tng ngn
+ s dng cht liu hon thin nn khc nhau (lt ,
thm xanh...) to s phong ph cho cnh quan
62
trng i hc nsw-austraylia
63
darling harbour-austraylia
64
65
66
b. X l cc thnh phn tao khng gian:
tng: tng trong khng gian-cnh quan l cc mt
ng ca cng trnh kin trc
c 3 lai khng gian:
+ khng gian ng
+ khng gian m
+ khng gian na ng na m
67
c. to cnh v trang tr khng gian
cc yu t to cnh trong khng gian
a hnh
Mt nc
Cy xanh
Con ngi
ng vt
Khng trung
Cc yu t t nhin
Kin trc cng
trnh
Giao thng
Trang thit b k
thut
Tranh tng
honh trng
trang tr
Cc yu t nhn to
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
4.1.3 cc quy lut b cc ch yu
75
1. b cc cn xng
Mt bng cn xng (phng n mt bng, i hc
Florida gulf, florida)
76
2. b cc t do
Vn thc vt, chicago
77
3. Trc b cc- b cc i xng
Mt bng khun vin b tr theo trc vi bn cht i xng
Trng i hc rice- houston- Texas
78
4.1.4 Cu trc
T hp cu trc
79
Cu trc dng hnh hc
Hnh vung, ch nht
80
Hnh tam gic 45
0
Hnh tam gic 60
0
81
Hnh trn: hnh trn, hnh trn di chuyn, hnh trn ng tm
82
Cu trc dng t nhin
ng un khc
83
HU c
84
nhm v mnG
85
4.1.5 Quy tc sp xp
S hn lan
S thng nht
S hi ha
S ng nht hi ha
S ng nht hi ha
mt cch hp dn
86
S n gin
87
S nI bt
88
im nhn ( s ng khung )
89
S nhp nhng
90
S cn bng ng quy tc
Cn bng phi quy tc
91
T l v s cn i
T l nh
T l ln
T l con ngi
92
Nhng vi phun ca halprin trong qung trng
Embarcadero- san francisco cha nhng nhm
ng cong v nhng mnh ch nht v
93 Dng vng xon tng trng tnh lin tc ca s sng v cI cht
94
95
96
4.2. thit k cc yu t
4.2. thit k cc yu t
- a hnh
- Mt nc
- Cy xanh
- Kin trc
97
4.3. Quy hoch cnh quan
4.3. Quy hoch cnh quan
98
cnh quan cc thnh ph
boston
99
New- york
100
Washington dc
101
Cairo- ai cp
102
Melbourn-austraylia
103
sydney-austraylia
104
malaysia
105
Tp h ch minh
106
hongkong
107
im nhn cng ng
108
Cng vin
Cng vin
trung tm-
new york- m-
Phi cnh
109
Cng vin
trung tm-
new york- m-
Mt bng
110
Qung trng l khng gian hot ng cng cng ca th,
c to nn bi cc s kt hp hoc hn nh ca kin trc thch
hp xung quanh, gn kt vi mng li giao thng, kt ni nhng
thnh t c lp thnh mt tng th.
Cng nng c bn ca qung trng l ni sinh hot chnh tr,
vn ha nh hi hp, mt tinh, l ni t chc cc l hi tn gio...
sau dn pht trin thm l ni k nim, vui chi, biu din, giao
tip, ngh ngi...
QUNG TRNG
111
Cc cch gii hn khng gian qung trng
Vy bc: dngtng, cy xanh, kin trc... vy bc mt khng gian
cn thit.
Che y: s dng cu kin no nh vi bt, gin hoa v.v...
hnh thnh mt khng gian yu v o.
Nng nn: Khng gian nng cao so vi khng gian chung quanh.
Nn cong lm: khng gian lm vi cc khng gian nng cao xung
quanh hnh thnh nn nhng khng gian tu thuc.
Nn chm: mt nn chm t gii hn mt khng gian.
Nn nghing: B mt nghing cng xc nh mt khng gian.
112
Phn loi qung trng
Qung trng th chnh
Qung trng th chnh c cng nng hi hp chnh tr, vn ho, i
l, diu hnh, duyt binh v cc sinh hot l hi dn gian truyn
thng. V d: Qung trng Thin An Mn, Trung Quc
Qung trng k nim
Qung trng k nim dng k nim mt s kin quan trng no
, hay nhn vt no c cng vi t nc, qu hng. Thng
thng trung tm hay mt bn qung trng t i hay thp hay
mt cng trnh kin trc mang tnh k nim. V d: Qung trng
Petersburg k nim Cch mng thng 10 Nga.
Qung trng giao thng
Qung trng giao thng l mt b phn ca h thng giao thng
th. N c tc dng phn lung giao thng hp l, c th l ni xe
cng cng, m bo lu thng thun tin, thong, thng sut, an
ton. V d: Qung trng Taksim, Istanbul, Th Nh K
113
Qung trng thng nghip
Qung trng thng nghip phc v cho yu cu giao dch, bun bn
thng mi, l phng thc kt hp khng gian ni tht ca khu trung
tm thng nghip vi khng gian bn ngoi v khng gian bn l thin.
Qung trng thng nghip thng kt hp vi vic b tr ng i b,
to ra cc tin nghi ngh ngi, giao du, n ung... l mt trong nhng
trung tm sinh hot ch yu ca th.
Qung trng tn gio
Qung trng tn gio l khng gian t trc gio ng, nh cha, t
ng t chc nhng l hi tn gio. V d: Qung trng trc i
gio ng hay c...
Qung trng ngh ngi, biu din vn ho...
Loi qung trng ny l khng gian xanh trong th mi ngi c
th ngh ngi, biu din... gp phn ti sn xut sc lao ng. Trong
qung trng c th c nhng b, i, gh ngi, bn hoa, chu cy cnh,
b nc, i phun nc, cc tiu phm th... V d: Qung trng
Piazza Duomo Milano,
114
115
116
Cng vin nc -toledo-
ohio- m
Trung tm thnh ph
vn ( qun trng
pacific- hongkong)
117
Qun trng, ng ph
Qung trng vi
nhiu kiu khc
nhau thu ht ngi
I b
118
119
ng xanh
120
6.4.3 lng qu
121
6.4.4. khu ngh- KHU
SINH THI
H BA B RNG QUC GIA BA B
122
THC Nc- RNG QUC GIA BA B
123
Resort hn tre- nha trang
124
6.4.5. khu di tch lng tm
Lng minh mng
125
Lng t c