Thi Nghiem XLTHS

HNG DN THC HNH TH NGHIM
Mn hc: X L S TN HIU
MC LC
MC LC.......................................................................................................................... 1 M U ............................................................................................................................ 3 B I 1. A. B. 1 2 3 4 5 6 C. . . . . . . M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB.... 5 GII THIU V MATLAB: .................................................................................. 5 TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC N............ 7 Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ....................................................................... 7 Mc ch ca phn th nghim............................................................................ 7 Tm tt l thuyt.................................................................................................. 7 Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 10 Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 11 M rng ............................................................................................................ 15 TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S LIN TC ,
V MIN TN S RI RC K ................................................................................... 16 1 . Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 16 2 . Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 16 3 . Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 16 4 . Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 21 5 . Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 21 6 . M rng ............................................................................................................ 27 B I 2. A. THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB ................................................. 28 THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B
LC S FIR) ................................................................................................................ 28 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 28 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 28 3. Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 28 4. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 42 5. Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 43 6. M rng ............................................................................................................ 51 B . THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI V HN (B LC S IIR).......................................................................................................................... 51 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim ..................................................................... 51 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim.......................................................................... 52
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3. 4. 5. 6. BI 3. 1. 2. 3. BI 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tm tt l thuyt................................................................................................ 52 Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB .................................................................... 60 Cc bc thc hnh.......................................................................................... 60 M rng ............................................................................................................ 66 GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR................................. 67 Mc ch: .......................................................................................................... 67 C s l thuyt. ................................................................................................. 67 Yu cu thit b.................................................................................................. 73 LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT - DSP ........................... 74 Mc ch............................................................................................................ 74 Tho lun .......................................................................................................... 74 Tin trnh th nghim......................................................................................... 76 Kt lun............................................................................................................. 78 Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 79
TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................................. 80 LINKS .............................................................................................................................. 80
M U
X l s tn hiu l mn hc nghin cu v cc phng trnh ton hc, cc gii thut v cc tnh ton da trn phng php tnh gn ng cho cc tn hiu v h thng ri rc. Ni dung mn hc X l s tn hiu c ging dy ti Khoa in t - Vin thng trng i hc bch khoa H ni, chu trch nhim chnh bi b mn Mch v X l tn hiu, tp trung vo bao trm cc vn sau: Phn tch tn hiu v h thng Thit k b lc.
Phng php hc tt nht sinh vin hiu, nh, vn dng v t nh gi c cc kin thc l thuyt l trc tip bt tay vo gii quyt cc bi tp. h tr thm cho vic nhn nhn cc vn mt cch trc quan, ng thi gip sinh vin hiu su hn v l thuyt ca mn hc, chng ti bin son phn thc hnh ny. Phn thc hnh bao gm 2 phn ln: 1. phn tch tn hiu s v thit k h thng x l tn hiu s bng MATLAB; 2. lm quen vi cng vic thc hin pht trin cc h thng x l s tn hiu bng b x l tn hiu s vi tn gi Digital Signal Processor DSP. Hin nay c rt nhiu cc cng c phn mm tin ch rt mnh h tr tnh ton. Hai trong s l MATHCAD ca Mathsoft v MATLAB ca MathWorks. Chng l 2 gi phn mm c th d dng kim c Vit Nam vo thi im hin nay. Ngoi ra, gi phn mm MATHEMATICA ca Wolfram cng c gii khoa hc v k thut trn th gii a dng. Kh nng tnh ton da trn cc phng php tnh gn ng chnh l im mnh ca cc phn mm ny. Phn mm MATHCAD c c im l hin th ngay kt qu tnh ton sau khi ngi dng trc tip nh cng thc vo giao din ngi s dng. Tuy nhin s dng phn mm ny c kh khn khi ngi dng mun ng gi ri k tha v ti s dng cc thit k trc . V im ny phn mm MATLAB l tng i mnh, cho php ngi dng thit k phn mm thng qua cc cu lnh, d dng mun ho di dng cc kch bn v cc hm c th s dng, hoc pht trin qua cc qu trnh thit k v cc bi ton thit k khc nhau. V l do , MATLAB c la chn cho phn th nghim ny. Tc x l nhanh trn cc DSP cng nh tnh linh hot v s h tr y ca cc phn mm pht trin, dng khi to cc n, vit chng trnh ngun, g ri v ti u ho chng trnh, ca Texas Instrument (TI) lm mt s lng ln cc nh nghin cu v pht trin v x l tn hiu s la chn DSP ca TI nh mt cng c dng nghin cu v pht trin sn phm ca mnh. Bng chng c th hin trn s tng trng ca cc con s tiu th sn phm v th phn DSP ca TI c ng cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Tc x l ca DSP c ci thin khng ngng. Vo thi im hin nay, dng sn phm DSP mi nht ca Texas Instrument l TMS320C64xx thm ch c th thc hin vi xung ng h ln n 1GHz, khng thua xa lm so vi cc b vi x l mc ch chung thng thng v b li v tc xung ng h th DSP c cu trc chuyn bit cho cc chc nng phc v x l s tn hiu. B DSP c s dng trong bi th nghim l TSM320C50 c nhng trong bo th nghim ca LABVOLT. V t chc cc bi th nghim, th nghim X l s tn hiu c chia lm 2 bi: Bi 1: M phng h thng v tn hiu ri rc bng MATLAB
Bi 2: Thit k b lc s bng MATLAB Bi 3: Gii thiu v Digital Signal Processor Bi 4: Lm quen vi b th nghim LABVOLT - DSP
Mi bi th nghim li chia lm mt s phn. Phn A ca bi 1 gii thiu nhng c im chnh ca MATLAB, gip sinh vin lm quen vi cng c tin ch ny. Phn B v phn C ca bi 1 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu lm th nghim m phng vi tn hiu v h thng min thi gian v cc min gin tip bao gm: min Z, min , v min k. Phn A v phn B ca bi 2 ln lt trnh by cc yu cu th nghim thit k b lc FIR v b lc IIR. Vi mi phn th nghim c t chc theo cc mc, ln lt nu r cc yu cu v kin thc cn chun b trc mi phn, mc ich sinh vin cn t c ti mi phn, mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB c th c s dng trong phn , cc bc cn phi gii quyt trong bui th nghim v cui cng l gi cc thc hnh c th m rng cho phn ny. i vi vn lm quen vi b x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor), bi 3 v bi 4 cng c chia lm mt s mc nhm lm sinh vin quen dn vi phn cng, vic x l bng phn mm, o c v nh gi kt qu trn bo mch th nghim. Trong iu kin c s vt cht ca phng th nghim b mn Mch v X l tn hiu in t, khi thc hnh sinh vin c th chia lm cc nhm t 3 n 5 sinh vin cng nhau gii quyt cc bc a ra trong mc Cc bc thc hnh mi phn. Chng ti cho rng hon thnh tt mi phn th nghim, mi sinh vin cn chun b nh t nht 1 gi ng h cho phn th nghim . Cng vic chun b c th bao gm: c v tng kt li cc kin thc l thuyt trong sch gio trnh, tm hiu k yu cu, mc ch ca bi th nghim, xem lai phn tm tt l thuyt c trnh by trong phn th nghim v hnh dung cc cng vic phi lm trong bui thc hnh. Nu c iu kin v c my tnh, ng thi c phn mm MATLAB sinh vin c th chun b trc mt s bc s lm trong bui th nghim. nh gi kt qu ca mi bi thc hnh da trn hai tiu ch: phn thc hnh hon thnh v tr li cc cu hi c t ra bi cc gio vin hng dn th nghim. Sau bui thc hnh, mi nhm sinh vin cn np mt bo co trong trnh by li cc chng trnh, cc kt qu v cc th theo tng cu hi ca cc phn Cc bc thc hnh. Ti cui mi bui thc hnh tng sinh vin phi tr li cc cu hi do gio vin hng dn t v cc vn sau: Kin thc l thuyt v X l s tn hiu trong bi thc hnh Cc cu lnh v hm ca MATLAB sinh vin s dng trong bi thc hnh.
Phn vit bo co c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 40 dnh cho tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm, phn tr li cu hi c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 60 dnh cho mi c nhn. Nu t c t nht 60 im ca tng cng c hai phn, sinh vin coi nh t yu cu ca bi thc hnh.
BI 1.
M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB
A. GII THIU V MATLAB:

MABLAB, vit tt ca Matrix Labotary, l mt cng c phn mm h tr tnh ton trn ma trn. MATLAB c tch hp trn mt mi trng chung mt lot cc kh nng bao gm tnh ton, hin th kt qu v lp trnh nhm gii quyt cc vn lin quan n ton hc. Cc vn bao gm: Cc phng trnh ton hc v tnh ton Pht trin cc gii thut Thu thp d liu M hnh ho, m phng v to cc mu theo thit k Phn tch, kho st v th hin d liu bng hnh nh Biu din cc biu mang tnh khoa hc v tnh k thut Pht trin cc ng dng, bao gm vic pht trin vi cc giao din vi ngi s dng u im ni bt ca MATLAB, nh c cp trn, l kh nng tnh ton, c bit l nhng bi ton lin quan n ma trn v vector, vi thi gian t hn nhiu ln so vi cng mt cng vic tnh ton trn cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nh C hay Fortran. Kh nng lp trnh ca MATLAB cng rt linh hot, c th l trong vic to ra cc cu lnh ring v cc hm ca ring ngi s dng. H thng MATLAB bao gm 5 phn chnh sau: Mi trng pht trin: L mt tp hp cc cng c, phn ln trong chng l cc giao din ho, gip ngi dng s dng cc cu lnh v cc hm ca MATLAB. Th vin cc hm ton hc: L mt tp hp cc hm ton hc bao gm t cc hm c bn nh sin, cosin, cc php tnh i s phc n cc hm phc tp nh tm ma trn o, tm ma trn ring, hm Bessel v bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). Ngn ng lp trnh: L mt ngn ng bc cao lin quan n ma trn v mng. Trong MATLAB c y nhng c trng ca mt ngn ng lp trnh bao gm cc lnh r nhnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu, nhp/xut d liu, v cc c tnh lin quan n lp trnh hng i tng (object-oriented programming). ho: L mt tp hp cc cng c biu din ma trn v vector bng ho. Bn cnh cc cng c mc thp th hin d liu dng 2 chiu v 3 chiu, x l hnh nh tnh, nh ng cn c cc cng c mc cao dng
to ra cc biu din ho theo ca ngi s dng cng nh to ra cc giao din ho ngi s dng. Cc API: L mt th vin cho php ngi s dng gi cc hm vit trn ngn ng C v Fortran. Chng bao gm c cc cng c cho php gi cc hm t MATLAB di dng lin kt ng, v c v ghi cc tp .MAT. MATLAB, bn cnh kh nng tnh ton trn ma trn, ng thi cng l mt ngn ng lp trnh mnh. Cc tp chng trnh ca MATLAB c ghi di dng ui .m, c gi l M-files. C hai loi tp dng ui .m: Tp kch bn (scripts): Loi tp ny khng c cc bin u vo v u ra, n n thun ch x l d liu vi cc bin trn vng lm vic hin thi (work space) ca MATLAB. Khi g tn tp ti ca s lnh (command window), cc lnh c lu trong ni dung ca tp ln lt c gi ra theo mt kch bn tun t t trn xung di. Tp m t hm (functions): Loi tp ny cn khai bo cc bin u vo v u ra. Cc bin c khai bn trong loi tp ny l cc bin a phng (local variables) v ch c phm vi nh hng ti chnh hm s . Ni dung trong cc tp ny nhm mc ch tnh ton cc thng s u ra da trn cc tham s u vo ca hm s. Tn ca tp loi ny cn trng vi tn ca hm s c khai bo v m t bn trong ni dung ca tp. khi ng MATLAB, ngi s dng c th nhy p chut vo biu tng MATLAB 6.5 trn mn hnh desktop hoc vo menu Start -> All Programs -> MATLAB 6.5 -> MATLAB 6.5 t giao din ca Windows. Sau khi MATLAB c khi ng, trn mn hnh ngi s dng s hin th ln mi trng pht trin tch hp ca MATLAB bao gm mt s ca s, trong c cc ca s quan trng sau: Ca s lnh (Command Window): c chc nng th hin du nhc nhp vo cc lnh t bn phm, v hin th kt qu tnh ton sau khi g mt lnh hoc gi mt hm. Ca s cc lnh dng (Command History): th hin danh mc cc lnh g hoc cc hm c gi theo cc phin lm vic. Ca s th mc hin thi (Current Directory): th hin danh sch cc tp dng ui .m ang tn ti trong th mc hin thi. thay i th mc hin thi trn ca s nh nm ngay bn trn ca s lnh. Vng lm vic (Workspace): th hin danh mc tt c cc bin bao gm: tn bin, gi tr hin thi ca bin, kiu bin ang tn ti phin lm vic hin ti. Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ca s khc s c kch hot v hin th khi gi mt lnh hoc chn mt mc trong phn Menu ca MATLAB. bit thm v cc ca s c th tham kho thm trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn phm F1. son tho mt kch bn hoc mt hm, thc hin chn menu File -> New -> M-File hoc nhp chut vo biu tng New M-File trn thanh cng c (Toolbar). Trn
mn hnh s hin th ln ca s son tho (Editor) c y cc chc nng son tho ging nh bt c mi trng son tho ca ngn ng lp trnh no khc. xem tr gip v mt lnh hay mt hm c sn no ca MATLAB, g lnh help km theo tn ca lnh hoc hm t ca s lnh ca MATLAB, v d: >> help fft trn ca s lnh s a ra ni dung v chc nng, c php cho cc tham s vo/ra cho hm thc hin php bin i Fourier nhanh c MATLAB t di tn fft.
B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC n 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

Sinh vin nm vng kin thc v Tn hiu v h thng ri rc bao gm: Cc tn hiu c bn H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
2.
Mc ch ca phn th nghim
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Cc tn hiu c bn min thi gian Tnh tch chp p ng ca h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
X l s tn hiu, v bn cht, l tm hiu v cc php ton v gii thut lin quan n cc tn hiu ri rc v cc h thng ri rc. Cc tn hiu ri rc thng c th hin di dng mt dy s nh sau: {, x(-3), x(-2), x(-1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), } Tuy nhin, MATLAB ch c kh nng biu din mt dy s vi di hu hn. Khi dy s c khai bo v lu tr di dng vector, v d: >> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5] Vi cch khai bo nh vy, dy s khng th hin c ch s ca cc thnh phn trong dy. V vy, biu din mt dy ri rc c di hu hn, ta cn khi to v lu tr chng di dng 2 vector. V d: >> n = [-2:2] >> x = [3, 2, -1, 7, -5]
c hiu l mt dy gm 5 phn t xut pht t -2 n 2 c: x(-2)=3, x(-1)=2, x(0)=-1, x(1)=7 v x(2)=-5. Trong tt c cc bi th nghim trn MATLAB ca mn hc ny, chng ta nn tun theo mt nguyn tc nh vy. nh ngha mt s dy c bn a. Dy xung n v: 1 n = 0 0 n 0 Dy xung n v tr (dch) i n0 mu: 1 n = n0 0 n n0 b. Dy nhy n v: 1 n 0 u( n) = 0 n < 0 c. Dy hm m thc: x( n) = a n , n a R d. Dy hm m phc: x( n) = e ( + j l suy gim ca tn hiu,
0
0
)n
, n
l tn s gc tnh theo n v radians
e. Dy lng gic: Dy lng gic l dy th hin tn hiu c dng hm ton hc l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v cosin. Mt v d v dy lng gic nh sau: x( n) = co ( 0 n + ) , n s vi l pha ban u ca tn hiu f. Dy ngu nhin: L dy m cc phn t ca dy c gi tr ngu nhin. S phn b ngu nhin c th c iu chnh l phn b u hay tun theo mt quy lut phn b xc sut no . Trong MATLAB c sn mt s hm cho php khi to ra mt dy ngu nhin theo phn b u v theo phn b Gauss. g. Dy tun hon: Dy tun hon l mt dy c gi tr ca cc phn t lp li tun hon sau mt s mu nht nh. x( n) = x( n + m N ) m Z Dy tun hon thng c k hiu l ~x ( n) v c cx l g. C h n g ta c th b i u n din mt dy vi mt s chu k tun hon trong MATLAB bng cch t lin tip nhau mt s hu hn cc dy xut pht t mt dy c chiu di hu hn. Mi dy ny th hin mt chu k ca dy tun hon. Mt s nh ngha khc
a. Cng hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng ch s ca hai dy ban u. Vn t ra l i khi ta cn m phng trong MATLAB vic tm dy tng ca hai dy c cc ch s bt u v kt thc khc nhau. Khi vi nhng phn t ca dy th nht m ti dy th hai khng c phn t c ch s tng ng, chng ta cn b sung vo dy th hai phn t c gi tr bng khng. Qu trnh thc hin sao cho hai dy c ch s ca phn t u v ch s ca phn t cui bng nhau. b. Nhn hai dy: Dy thu c c mi phn t l tng ca hai gi tr tng ng vi tng ch s ca hai dy ban u. Tng t nh vic cng hai dy, ta cng cn c qu trnh x l khi m phng trong MATLAB sao cho hai dy c ch s u v ch s cui bng nhau. c. Nhn vi hng s: Mt dy em nhn vi hng s thu c dy mi c gi tr ca tng phn t bng gi tr phn t tng ng ca dy ban u nhn vi hng s. a{x( n)} =
{a x( n)}
n0
d. Dch (Tr): Lm tr mt dy i mt khong n0 mu thu c dy mi:
{y( n)} = {x( n
)}
hay phn t th m ca dy ban u tr thnh phn t th m+n0 ca dy mi. e. Bin s n o: Dy mi thu c l dy ban u c ly i xng qua trc vung gc vi trc biu din ch s n ti gc to (trc tung)
{y( n)} = {x( n)}

f. Nng lng: Dy c tnh nng lng c th l dy thc hoc dy phc:
Ex =
n=
= n
g. Cng sut: Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy tun hon:

Px = 1 N
N 1 2
n= 0
H thng ri rc Trong x l tn hiu, khi nim h thng (system) ch n mt khi, c th hin trn hnh v bng mt khi ch nht trng nh mt hp en c cc k hiu u vo v u ra, c chc nng tip nhn cc tn hiu t u vo, x l chng v a cc tn hiu x l ti u ra. X l s tn hiu lin quan ti cc tn hiu ri rc nn cc h thng c xt n l cc h thng ri rc. Tn hiu vo c gi l u vo (input) hay kch thch (excitation) ca h thng. Tn hiu ra c gi l u ra (output) hay p ng (response) ca h thng. Trong MATLAB, h thng c nh chung bi khi nim filter. Mt h thng l tuyn tnh bt bin (Linear Time-Invariant LTI) nu n hi c hai tnh cht tuyn tnh (linearity) v bt bin theo thi gian (time-invariance). Tnh cht tuyn tnh ni ln rng p ng ca h thng vi kch thch l mt t hp tuyn tnh
x( n) x ( n) = x( n) x( n)
cc tn hiu ri rc s bng vi t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng, vi mi p ng ny l u ra khi cho tng thnh phn ca u vo qua h thng. Tnh cht bt bin theo thi gian ni ln rng p ng ca h thng c dng ging ht nhau vi cng mt kch thch m khng ph thuc vo thi im a kch thch ti u vo. Trong mn hc X l s tn hiu, tt c cc h thng c xt ti u l tuyn tnh bt bin. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin lun c p ng ra y(n) l tch chp (convolution sum) gia u vo x(n) vi dy p ng xung h(n) ca h thng, l p ng ca h thng khi a kch thch (n) ti u vo. Th hin tch chp bi cng thc:
y( n) = T [x( n) ] = x( n) * h( n) = h( n) * x( n) =

n=
n=
Mt h thng l nhn qu nu p ng ra ti thi im hin ti khng ph thuc vo kch thch vo ti cc thi im tng lai. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l nhn qu nu p ng xung tho mn: h( n) = 0 k h i n< 0 Mt h thng l n nh (Bounded In Bounded Out Stable BIBO Stable) nu vi mt kch thch b chn lun sinh ra mt p ng cng b chn, tc l gi tr ca p ng ra khng tin n v cng. Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l n nh nu p ng xung tho mn:
n=
Ni chung, tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c, thng qua phn cng hoc m t phn mm, u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c dng nh sau:
N M
k=0
r=0
hay c th vit di dng sau thch hp vi th hin m hnh s khi ca h thng:

M N
r=0
k=1
Cc bc gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trnh by rt c th trong sch gio trnh. Trong MATLAB c hm filter cho php tm dy p ng u ra y(n) nu bit trc cc bin u vo l cc h s ca phng trnh sai phn, dy ak v br, v kch thch u vo x(n). Chng ta c th dng lnh ny phc ho nh dng u ra ca h thng vi cc tham s nu trn.
4.
Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. zeros: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 0.
10
x( k ) h( n k ) h( k ) x( n k ) =
h(n) <
y( n) =
a k y( n k
br x( n k
br x( n k
a k y( n k
ones: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 1. rand: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin c phn b u trong khong t 0 n 1. randn: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin theo phn b Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. min: tr v gi tr nh nht trong mt ma trn. max: tr v gi tr ln nht trong mt ma trn. fliplr: ln ngc li th t cc phn t trong mt ma trn theo hng xut pht t phi qua tri tr thnh t tri qua phi. plot v stem: v th ca mt dy s, plot th hin dng lin tc, stem th hin dng ri rc, thng s dng hm stem v tn hiu min n. conv: tr v tch chp ca 2 vector. filter: tr v p ng theo thi gian ca h thng c m t bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn tm hiu mt cch rt cn thn cc php ton trn ma trn v vector trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn F1 ri vo mc MATLAB -> Getting Started -> Matrices and Arrays.
5.
1.1.
Cc bc thc hnh
To cc dy xung n v v dy nhy n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g
cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l impseq.m v stepseq.m: Dy xung n v: function [x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2) %Tao ra day x(n) = delta(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2 %---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = impseq(n0,n1,n2) n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) == 0]; Dy nhy n v: function [x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2) %Tao ra day x(n) = u(n-n0); n1 <= n <= n2 %---------------------------------------------%[x,n] = stepseq(n0,n1,n2) n = [n1:n2]; x = [(n-n0) >= 0]; 1.2. Vit chng trnh to dy hm m thc vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c
nhp theo cu lnh: [x,n] = expseq(a,n1,n2)
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Ch : tham s a c th thc hoc phc 1.3. Vit chng trnh to mt dy thc ngu nhin xut pht t n1 n n2 v c gi tr
ca bin theo phn b Gauss vi trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. Cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp theo cu lnh: [x,n] = randnseq(n1,n2) 1.4. To cc hm cng 2 dy v nhn 2 dy vi cc ch s u v ch s cui ca hai
dy tng ng khc nhau, hm to tr v hm bin s n o theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 4 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l sigadd.m, sigmult.m, sigshift.m, v sigfold.m: Cng 2 dy: function [y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2) %Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)+x2(n) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2) % y = day tong co vector chi so n %x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1 %x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1) n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1)) = x1; y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1)) = x2; y = y1+y2;
12
Nhn 2 dy: function [y,n] = sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2) %Thuc hien y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n) %---------------------------------------------% y = day tich co vector chi so n %x1 = day thu nhat co vector chi so n1 %x2 = day thu hai co vector chi so n2 (n2 co the khac n1) n = min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); y1 = zeros(1,length(n)); y2 = y1; y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1)) = x1; y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1)) = x2; y = y1.*y2; Tr (dch): function [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0) %Thuc hien y(n) = x(n-n0) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0) n = m + n0; y = x; Bin s n o: function [y,n] = sigfold(x,n) %Thuc hien y(n) = x(-n) %---------------------------------------------%[y,n] = sigfold(x,n) y = fliplr(x); n = -fliplr(n); 1.5. Vit chng trnh to hm nng lng ca mt dy vi cc tham s u vo v
u ra c nhp vo theo cu lnh: Ex = energy(x,n); 1.6. Th hin trn th dy x( n) = 2
( n + 2)
( n 4) ,5
n 5 th e o c h n g
trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_6. n = [-5:5]; x = 2*impseq(-2,-5,5) - impseq(4,-5,5); stem(n,x); title('Day so theo dau bai 1.5'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); G Solution_1_6 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem th ca dy s. 1.7. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc dy sau y:
13
a.
1 3
n1 0
[u( n 1 0) u( n 2 0) ]
,0 n 20
b. x( n) = c o ( 0 .0 4 n) + 0 .2 ( n) ,0 n 2 0 , v i w (n ) l h m c g i tr n g u n h i n s w theo phn b Gauss, trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1 Sau tnh nng lng ca tng dy. 1.8. Th hin trn th 4 chu k ca dy tun hon vi chu k N=5 ~( n) = ...,5 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1 , 5 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,5 ,4 ,3 ,20 ,... 9 th eo c h ng trn h m u b n g c c h 1 ,1 n ,
g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_8. n = [-10:9]; x = [5 4 3 2 1]; P = 4; xtilde = x'*ones(1,P) xtilde = xtilde(:)' stem(n,xtilde);title('Day so theo dau bai 1.8'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('xtilde(n)'); G lnh Solution_1_8 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem th ca dy s. Tnh cng sut trung bnh ca dy cho trn. 1.9. Cho dy x( n) = 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 , 6 ,7 ,6 ,5 ,4 ,3 ,2 ,1
2 n 10 . Vit chng trnh th trn
th cc dy sau y: a. x1 ( n) = 2x( n 5) 3x( n + 4) b. x2 ( n) = x( 3 n) x( n) x( n 2) 1.10. Trong MATLAB c hm conv thc hin tr v mt dy l kt qu ca php tnh
tch chp gia 2 dy c cho theo tham s u vo ca hm conv. Tuy nhin, cc dy u vo v u ra cng nh dy kt qu u khng ni ln ch s bt u v ch s kt thc ca dy m ch c ngm hiu l cc dy c bt u t ch s 0. To hm tnh tch chp c tn conv_m thc hin vic tnh tch chp ca hai dy, m mi dy c th hin bi 2 vector, mt vector th hin ch s, mt vector th hin gi tr ca dy, ging nh cc dy c biu din cc bc tin hnh trc bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp conv_m.m.
x( n) = n[u( n) u( n 1 0) ] + 1 0
14
x
function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh) %Ham tinh tich chap da duoc sua doi danh cho %xu ly so tin hieu %-------------------------------------------------%[y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh) %[y,ny] = day ket qua %[x,nx] = day thu nhat %[h,nh] = day thu hai % nyb = nx(1)+nh(1); nye = nx(length(x))+nh(length(h)); ny = [nyb:nye]; y = conv(x,h); 1.11. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu php tnh tch chp gia 2 dy sau: x( n) = rec 6t ( n)
h( n) = 4 0 n 0 n< 4
n cn li
vi -4 n 10 1.12. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu hm t tng quan ca dy sau:

x( n) = 6 ,8 ,2 5 ,47 ,1 3 n 3 , ,
1.13. sau:
Cho h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh
y( n) y( n 1) + 0 .9y( n 2) = x( n) Vit chng trnh s dng hm filter ca MATLAB thc hin cc cng vic sau: a. Biu din bng th hm p ng xung n v ca h thng vi -20 n 100 b. Biu din bng th dy p ng ca h thng vi -20 n 100 khi dy u vo l dy nhy n v.
6.
M rng
Xem xt vic gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng vi cc iu kin u cho trc. Gi : da trn hm filter v filtic nm trong b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox.
15
C. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S LIN TC , V MIN TN S RI RC k 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim
Sinh vin nm vng kin thc v cc php bin i trong x l s tn hiu, v ng dng ca cc php bin i trong vic biu din cc h thng v tn hiu mt cch gin tip cc min khc nhau bao gm: biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min Z, biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc (min ), biu din tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc (min k).
2.
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Biu din bng th hm ph bin v ph pha ca mt dy tn hiu khi bit trc hm nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm s Vit chng trnh tnh gn ng v biu din bng th bin i Fourier ca mt dy c chiu di hu hn Biu din bng th phn b cc im cc v im khng ca mt h thng Biu din bng th hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng Biu din bng th nh ca php bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy c chiu di hu hn nh gi hiu qu ca thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh vi chiu di dy thay i.
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
Tt c cc h thng c xt n trong mn hc X l s tn hiu u l H thng tuyn tnh bt bin. iu c ngha khi kch thch u vo ca mt h thng l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc thnh phn tn hiu khc nhau th u ra l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng khi cho tng tn hiu thnh phn qua h thng. Vic xem xt quy lut ca tn hiu v h thng i vi cc tn hiu thnh phn c bn thng thng l d dng hn khi xem xt tng th tn hiu ban u. C mt s cch thc phn tch mt tn hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn. Trong nhng cch , la chn tn hiu thnh phn l cc hm xung n v ti cc thi im khc nhau l mt v d in hnh. Mt h thng tng ng vi ton t T tc ng ln dy x(n) ti u vo s c dy p ng ra y(n) l:

k = vi h( n) = T[
k =
k =
( n)] - p n g x u n g
c a h th n g .
i vi h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, mt cch phn tch c tiu chun ho v rt hu ch trong vic xt n hu ht cc tn hiu v h thng l phn tch cc tn
16
y( n) = T [x( n) ] = T
x(k ) ( n k ) = x(k ) T [ ( n k ) ] = x( k ) h( n k ) = x(n) * h( n)
hiu thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn hiu thnh phn m mi tn hiu thnh phn l cc hm lng gic (ej t - vi l cc gi tr tn s khc nhau). Cng c thc hin vic phn tch trn l bin i Fourier, mt php bin i bin mt dy s ri rc theo thi gian thnh mt hm s phc vi bin s thc lin tc, tun hon min tn s.
Php bin i Fourier cho dy s x(n), vi x(n) tho mn iu kin

n=
X e j
( ) = F T [x(n)] =
j n
n=
Bin i Fourier ngc i vi hm X(ej ):

j
1 2
j n
X(ej ) l hm phc vi bin s thc nn n thng c th hin bi 2 thnh phn ph bin v ph pha di dng sau y:
j
X e j
( )
j
: L ph bin ca tn hiu x(n) : L ph pha ca tn hiu x(n)
Khi quan tm n cc thnh phn tn s ca mt tn hiu, ta cn quan tm n hm ph bin v hm ph pha ca tn hiu i vi cc tn s. C hai im cn lu i vi biu din tn hiu min tn s: Do x(n) l ri rc nn X(ej ) l hm tun hon chu k 2 theo bin s . Do tnh cht i xng ca php bin i Fourier nn nu dy x(n) l thc th hm X(ej ) c tnh cht i xng Hermit (Hermitian Symmetric), iu ny c ngha ph bin l mt hm thc chn v ph pha l mt hm thc l. Hai tnh cht trn ni ln rng nu x(n) l mt dy tn hiu thc th ch cn kho st hm X(ej ) trong phm vi 0 l c y thng tin v ton b hm X(ej ) vi . Trn thc t khi xem xt th ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu, chng ta thng th hin th trong mt vi chu k tun hon. MATLAB, cng nh mi phn mm h tr tnh ton v cc ngn ng lp trnh khc khng c kh nng tnh ton trc tip cng nh th hin mt hm s vi bin s lin tc bin thin t - n . iu ny c ngha MATLAB khng th trc tip tnh X(ej ) t x(n). Tuy nhin, nu bit c biu thc ca hm nh ca tn hiu qua php bin i Fourier (hm ph ca tn hiu), ta c th tnh cc gi tr ca hm ph tn hiu ti cc im ri rc trong mt khong no v th hin gn ng trn th ph bin v ph pha ca tn hiu gc. Trong trng hp x(n) l mt dy c chiu di hu hn, ta c th tnh gn ng X(ej ) ti M+1 gi tr gn ng trong khong [0, ] theo nguyn tc sau:
17
x( n) < : x( n) e
x(n) = I FX Te(
[ ])
X (e )e
X e j ( e=)X je [Xjae(] )r ( )eg X= je (j )( ) arg[X (e
)] = (
Do x(n) ch xc nh trong mt khong hu hn 0 n N 1 nn:

N 1
n= 0
Khi ly M+1 im ri rc cch u nhau trong khong [0, ], bin lin tc

M k , k = 0,1,..., M
j kn
Gi tr ca X(ej ) ti cc im ri rc l: X e j =
k
n=
Cng thc trn c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn nh sau:
X X
e e
j j
M M
01 11
L e e
j j M
0( N 1) 1( N 1)
j M
M1
j M
M ( N 1)
ly chuyn v ca c hai v, phng trnh trn tr thnh
eM
j 00 j 01 M
j 10 M j 11 M
j M
[X (0)
X ( 1) L X ( M
) ] = [x( 0) x( 1)
e M e
M
j M
j M ( N 1)
on chng trnh sau nhm thc hin vic tnh gi tr ca hm X(e ) ca dy j x(n) c chiu di hu hn t n1 n n2 vi M+1 gi tr ri rc trong khong [0, ]: >> k = [0:M]; n=[n1:n2]; >> X = x * exp(-j*pi/M) .^ (n*k); D cho vic phn tch tn hiu v h thng bng php bin i Fourier l thun
tin v rt hu ch trong rt nhiu trng hp, cng c ny i khi cng gp mt s kh khn: Mt s dy tn hiu trong thc t v d nh u(n) v nu(n) l khng c bin i Fourier, dn n khng phn tch c cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu. p ng ca h thng trong thi gian qu gy bi iu kin u ca h thng hoc t ngt thay i dng tn hiu dy u vo l khng kho st c bng bin i Fourier. ( )
X e j = FT [ x( n) ] =
x( n) e
j n
tr thnh bin ri rc
http://www.ebook.edu.vn k vi k =
18 x( n) e
( )
(e ) (e ) ( )
M e
j
0
M 10 j e j e = M j M0 e
x( 0) x( 1) M x( N 1)
L x( N 1) ] e j
e e M
0( N 1) 1( N 1)
L L Le
( N 11) M
( N 1) 0
Php bin i Z cho php chng ta c th gii quyt c bi ton trong cc trng hp nh vy. nh ngha php bin i Z cho dy s x(n) l:
X (z
)=
Z T [x( n) ] =
n n=
X(z) l mt hm phc vi bin s (c lp) phc. Tp cc gi tr z chui hm bn tay phi ca biu thc trn hi t v mt hm s, hay ni mt cch khc X(z) tn ti gi l min hi t RC (Region of Convergence) ca bin i Z. C th chng t c rng, trong trng hp tng qut min hi t ca bin i Z ca mt dy s nm bn trong mt hnh vnh khuyn Rx- < z < Rx+, vi Rx- v Rx+ l cc s thc dng. Bin i Z ngc i vi hm X(z): x( n) = Z T [X (z) ] = 1 2
X (z)z
C
dz
vi C l mt ng cong kn ly theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h, bao quanh gc to v nm hon ton trong min hi t ca X(z) (RC[X(z)]). Trn thc t, phng php c s dng trong hu ht cc trng hp tm bin i Z ngc ca mt hm phn thc hu t X(z) l phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin. Hm residuez ca MATLAB cho php nhanh chng tm ra cc im cc v cc h s trong khai trin ng vi cc im cc ca mt hm phn thc hu t X(z). Trong trng hp ng trn n v nm trong min hi t ca bin i Z th bin i Fourier chnh l bin i Z nh gi trn ng trn n v. i vi mt h thng, hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng c nh ngha l bin i Z ca hm p ng xung:
H (z
)=
Z T [h( n) ] =
n n=
Hm truyn t ca h thng chnh l t s gia bin i Z ca tn hiu u ra trn bin i Z ca tn hiu u vo: H (z) = Y ( z) X ( z)
Nh phn trc cp tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th thc hin c u c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Cc h thng ny c nh ca p ng xung qua php bin i Z u c dng phn thc hu t m t s v mu s l cc a thc theo z (hoc z-1). Cc im khng, ti gi tr ca X(z) bng 0, chnh l cc nghim ca t s. Cc im cc, ti gi tr ca X(z) tin ti v cng, chnh l cc nghim ca mu s. S phn b cc im cc v im khng ca bin i Z i vi mt tn hiu, hoc hm truyn t ca h thng, quyt nh n ton b cc tnh cht ca tn hiu hay h thng c xt n. V vy, xem xt phn b im cc v im khng ca mt hm X(z) cng l mt ni dung cn c thc hin trong phn th nghim ny bng hm zplane ca MATLAB.
19
x( n) z
h( n) z
Hai php bin i ni trn, bin i Fourier v bin i Z, v bn cht l bin i mt dy s tr thnh mt hm phc vi bin s thc, i vi bin i Fourier, v mt hm phc vi bin s phc, i vi bin i Z. Cc min mi c xt n l min v min Z. c im chung ca cc hm s trn hai min mi l hm s vi bin s lin tc, do , MATLAB cng nh tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh v cng c phn mm h tr bng my tnh khng th tnh ton chnh xc ton b hm s nh ca cc php bin i ni trn, thay v ta ch thu c kt qu gn ng ti cc im ri rc. Bin i Fourier ri rc, ng dng trn dy tun hon v dy c chiu di hu hn l php bin i cho php my tnh tm c chnh xc mi gi tr ca hm nh ca php bin i ti tt c cc bin ca hm s bi hm nh l hm trn min ri rc, min ny gi l min k. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc cho mt dy s x(n) c chiu di hu hn hu hn t 0 n N-1 c cho nh sau:
N 1 j 2 kn N 1
n= 0
n= 0
T N gi tr ri rc ca dy s X(k), ta hon ton c th xy dng li c dy gc x(n) ban u. Cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc ngc i vi dy X(k)N l: x( n) N = ID F T[X (k
) ]
N
1 = N
N 1
kn
k=0
1 = N
2
N 1 kn N k=0
-j
-j
kn
, WNkn = e
kn
, x(n) v X(k) ch khc 0
trong khong t 0 n N-1. Di dng ma trn cc cng thc trn c th hin:

N
vi X, x, v WN l cc vector v ma trn c nh ngha:

WN 00
N 1) 0
[X ] =
11
01
L WN
M
(
N 1
(
0
0( N 1) 1( N 1)
L N W
Chng ta hon ton c th xy dng thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc thun v v ngc mt cch trc tip xy dng t cng thc nhn ma trn trn, ging nh thut ton tnh gn ng ca bin i Fourier c cp n u phn tm tt l thuyt ny. Tuy nhin, s php tnh tnh ton l rt ln, tng ng vi NxN php nhn trn s phc v N(N-1) php cng trn s phc cho bin i Fourier ri rc i vi dy c di l N mu. Nm 1965, Cooley v Turkey a ra mt thut ton rt gn s lng php tnh trong bin i Fourier i rt nhiu. Thut ton ny c bit n vi tn gi bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). T tng ca thut ton ny cng c th p dng cho php tnh bin i Fourier gn ng trn M+1 im ri rc trong khong [0, ].
20
X (k
= DFT [x( n) N
] = x( n) e
x( n) W
N kn
X (k )e
2
X (k )W
vi WN = e N , dn n WNkn = e
[X ] = [W ] x] v [x] = [W ] [X ] = 1 [W ] [X ] [
N N 1 N *
X ( 1) , [ WN M X (N 1)
WN
WN M
x( 0) M x( N 1)
] =
WN M
WN WN
( N 1) (
, v [x] = x( 1)
Hm fft ca MATLAB cho php thc hin vic bin i Fourier ri rc theo thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh. Hm fft c vit bng ngn ng my ch khng phi bng ngn ng MATLAB nn n qu trnh thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc c tin hnh rt nhanh. Nu N l lu tha ca 2, hm fft s gii quyt bi ton theo thut ton c s 2. Nu N khng phi l lu tha ca 2, hm fft tch N thnh tch ca cc tha s nguyn t v thut ton c s hn hp c p dng trong trng hp ny. Cui cng, khi N l mt s nguyn t, hm fft s suy gim v thut ton bin i Fourier ri rc dng nguyn th theo ng nh cng thc ca nh ngha trn. Hm ifft thc hin qu trnh ngc li, bin i Fourier ngc. nh gi tc thi gian tnh ton ca hm fft l mt trong nhng ni dung thc hnh ca phn ny.
4.
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. abs, angle: tr v cc hm th hin Moun v Agumen ca mt s phc real, imag: tr v cc hm th hin phn thc v phn o ca mt s phc residuez: tr v cc im cc v cc h s tng ng vi cc im cc trong phn tch mt hm phn thc hu t min Z thnh cc thnh phn l cc hm phn thc n gin, ngc li nu u vo l danh sch cc im cc v cc h s, hm residuez s tr v hm phn thc hu t min Z poly: xy dng mt a thc t danh sch cc nghim ca n ztrans: tr v bin i Z ca mt hm s c nh ngha theo cng thc ca mt biu tng (symbol) iztrans: hm ngc li ca hm ztrans zplane: th hin phn b im cc v im khng ca mt hm phn thc hu t ln mt phng Z freqz: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng ti mt s hu hn cc im ri rc trn vng trn n v khi bit hm truyn t ca n fft: thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc ca mt dy s c di hu hn theo thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh v tr v kt qu bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy s clock: tr v thi gian thc hin ti etime: tr v thi gian tnh bng giy gia 2 thi im.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
1.14. Cho dy x( n) = 0 ,5n u( n) a. Da trn nh ngha ca bin i Z, tm bin i Z ca dy trn b. Kim chng li kt qu cu a bng hm ztrans 21
c. T kt qu trn, tm bin i Fourier ca x(n) d. Dng MATLAB th hin trn th ph X(ej ) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0, ] theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_14. w = [0:1:500]*pi/500; X = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w)- 0.5*ones(1,501)); magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X); realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X); % subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX); grid; title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Magnitude'); subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,angX); grid; title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Radians'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,realX); grid; title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Real'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX); grid; title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Imaginary'); G lnh Solution_1_14 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.15. Cho ph X(ej ) c dng sau: X (e j
)= e
2 j
sin 3
Vit chng trnh th hin trn th cc hm ph bin , ph pha, phn thc v phn o ca X(ej ), tnh ti 2001 im ri rc trong khong [-2 ,2 ]. 1.16. Cho dy x(n) c dng nh sau:
x( n) = ...,0 ,0 ,1 , 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,0 ,0 ,...
y l mt dy s xc nh trong mt khong hu hn t -1 n 3. Tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0, ] theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_16.
22
n = -1:3; x = 1:5; k = 0:500; w = (pi/500)*k; X = x*(exp(-j*pi/500)).^(n'*k); magX = abs(X); angX = angle(X); realX = real(X); imagX = imag(X); % subplot(2,2,1); plot(k/500,magX); grid; title('Magnitude Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Magnitude'); subplot(2,2,3); plot(k/500,angX); grid; title('Angle Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Radians'); subplot(2,2,2); plot(k/500,realX); grid; title('Real Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Real'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(k/500,imagX); grid; title('Imaginary Part'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Imaginary'); G lnh Solution_1_16 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.17. Cho dy x( n) = rec 7t ( n) Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin ph ca dy x(n) ti 501 im ri rc trong khong [0, ] tng t nh bi 1.16. 1.18. Mt hm min Z c cho vi cng thc sau y:
X (z
z
2
Hm s X(z) c th vit di dng t s ca hai a thc theo z-1 nh sau X (z) = z 3z 2 4z + 1 = z 1 3 4z 1 + z 2 = 0 + z1 3 4 z1 + z2
a. S dng lnh residuez ca MATLAB, tnh cc im cc, thng d ti cc im cc theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_18. b = [0 1]; a = [3 -4 1]; [R,p,C] = residuez(b,a) % [b a] = residuez(R,p,C) G lnh Solution_1_18 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem kt qu tnh ton. T hy vit dng tng cc hm phn thc n gin ca X(z).
23
3z 4 z + 1
b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min sao cho x(n) l mt dy nhn qu. c. Kim chng li kt qu cu b bng hm iztrans 1.19. Cho hm X(z) vi cng thc nh sau: X ( z) = 1
(1 0,9 z ) 1( 0,9 z )
1 2 1
a. Vit chng trnh tnh cc im cc, thng d ca cc im cc ca hm X(z) trn (gi : c th dng hm poly ca MATLAB khi phc li a thc mu s t mt mng cc nghim ca a thc - mng cc im cc ca X(z)) b. T kt qu cu trn, vit cng thc khai trin X(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin, t tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) trn min z > 0,9 . 1.20. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau: y( n) 0 ,9y( n 1) = x( n) a. Tm hm truyn t ca h thng Sau thc hin cc cng vic sau: b. Dng lnh zplane ca MATLAB biu din trn th mt phng Z s phn b cc im cc v im khng b = [1 0]; a = [1 -0.9]; % Tim phan bo diem cuc va diem khong subplot(1,2,1); zplane(b,a); title('Z plane'); % Tim dap ung tan so bang cach danh gia 200 diem roi rac % cua H(z) tren duong tron don vi [H, w] = freqz(b,a,200,'whole'); magH = abs(H(1:101)); phaH= angle(H(1:101)); % Ve dap ung tan so subplot(2,2,2); plot(w(1:101)/pi,magH); grid; title('Magnitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Magnitude'); subplot(2,2,4); plot(w(1:101)/pi,phaH/pi); grid; title('Phase Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Phase in pi units'); c. Dng lnh freqz tnh v biu din trn th hm p ng tn s H(ej ) ca h thng (bao gm p ng bin - tn s v p ng pha - tn s) ti 200 im ri
24
rc trn ng trn n v theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng trn vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_20. G lnh Solution_1_20 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.21. Cho h thng nhn qu biu din bi phng trnh sau: y( n) 0 ,8 y( n 2) = x( n) x( n 2) 1 a. Vit cng thc hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng Vit cc chng trnh bng MATLAB thc hin cc cng vic sau: b. Tnh v tr cc im cc, cc h s trong khai trin H(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin. c. Biu din phn b im cc v im khng trn mt phng Z d. Tnh v biu din trn th hm p ng tn s H(ej ) ca h thng (bao gm p ng bin - tn s v p ng pha - tn s) ti 200 im ri rc trn ng trn n v. T kt qu thu c cu b. tm hm p ng xung h(n) ca h thng. 1.22. To cc hm thc hin vic bin i Fourier ri rc thun v Fourier ri rc ngc theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l dft.m, v idft.m: Tm bin i Fourier ri rc thun: function [Xk] = dft(xn,N) % Tim bien doi Fourier roi rac thuan % --------------------------------------------% [Xk] = dft(xn,N) % Xk = day cac he so DFT tren doan 0<=k<=N-1 % xn = day huu han N diem % N = chieu dai DFT % n = [0:1:N-1]; k = [0:1:N-1]; WN = exp(-j*2*pi/N); nk = n' * k; WNnk = WN .^ nk; % ma tran DFT Xk = xn * WNnk;
25
Tm bin i Fourier ri rc ngc: function [xn] = idft(Xk,N) % Tim bien doi Fourier roi rac nguoc % --------------------------------------------% [xn] = idft(Xk,N) % xn = day co chieu dai huu han tren doan 0<=n<=N-1 % Xk = day cac he so DFT tren doan 0<=k<=N-1 % N = chieu dai DFT % n = [0:1:N-1]; k = [0:1:N-1]; WN = exp(-j*2*pi/N); nk = n' * k; WNnk = WN .^ (-nk); % ma tran IDFT xn = (Xk * WNnk)/N; 1.23. Da trn cc hm dft c xy dng trn, tm bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy c chiu di N=20: 0 n cn li theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_23. L = 5; N = 20; n = [0:N-1]; xn = [ones(1,L), zeros(1,N-L)]; k = n; Xk = dft(xn,N); magXk = abs(Xk); % subplot(4,2,1); stem(n,xn); axis([min(n),max(n)+1,-0.5,1.5]); title('Sequence x(n)'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); subplot(4,2,3); stem(k,magXk); axis([min(k),max(k)+1,-0.5,5.5]); title('DFT of SQ. wave: L=5, N=20'); xlabel('k'); ylabel('X(k)'); G lnh Solution_1_23 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 1.24. Vit chng trnh tnh v th hin trn th bin i Fourier ri rc ca cc dy sau: x( n) = 1 0 n 4
26
a. Dy c chiu di N = 40 v x( n) = b. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x( n) = c. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x( n) =
1 0 n 4 0 n cn li 1 0 n 4 0 n cn li 1 0 n 6 0 n cn li
1.25. Biu din trn th biu th hin mi quan h gia chiu di dy N, N bin thin t 1 n 2048, vi thi gian thc hin bin i Fourier ca hm MATLAB theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh theo bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp Solution_1_25. Nmin = 1; Nmax = 2048; fft_time = zeros(1,Nmax-Nmin+1); for n = Nmin:1:Nmax x = rand(1,n); t = clock; fft(x); fft_time(n-Nmin+1) = etime(clock,t); end %for n = [Nmin:1:Nmax]; plot(n,fft_time,'.') xlabel('N');ylabel('Time in Secs'); title('FFT execution times'); G lnh Solution_1_25 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem kt qu trn th. Nhn xt v kt qu th hin trn th.
6.
M rng
1. Vit cc chng trnh m phng kim chng li cc tnh cht ca: Bin i Z, bin i Fourier, v bin i Fourier ri rc. 2. Vit chng trnh m phng gii thut tnh tch chp nhanh (hay tch chp phn on), c s dng ng dng ca fft v ifft trong tnh tch chp tng dy con.
27
BI 2.
THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB
A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B LC S FIR) 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim
Sinh vin cn nm vng cc kin thc v cc c trng ca b lc s c p ng xung chiu di hu hn, c th: Tnh cht tun hon ca hm p ng tn s, tnh cht hm chn ca hm p ng bin - tn s, tnh cht hm l ca hm p ng pha - tn s Vi b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, tnh cht i xng hoc phn i xng ca dy p ng xung Quan h gia p ng tn s ca tng loi b lc theo p ng xung Phn b im khng ca hm truyn t trn mt phng Z.
ng thi, sinh vin cn nm vng cc k thut tng hp b lc c p ng xung chiu di hn hn bao gm cc phng php sau: Phng php ca s Phng php ly mu tn s Phng php lp
2.
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Thit k b lc bng phng php ca s Thit k b lc bng phng php ly mu tn s Thit k b lc bng phng php lp.
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
Qu trnh lc tn hiu (filtering) nhm tin hnh vic phn b li cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu. Qu trnh lc tn hiu c thc hin thng qua cc b lc (filters). Da trn dy p ng xung ca b lc, c hai kiu b lc c quan tm trong qu trnh thit k l: B lc s c p ng xung chiu di hu hn, cn gi l b lc FIR v B lc s c p ng xung chiu di v hn, cn gi l b lc IIR. Phn ny quan tm n cc k thut tng hp b lc s FIR. Cc k thut tng hp b lc IRR c xem xt phn sau. V mt l thuyt, da trn c im ca p ng tn s, X l s tn hiu quan tm n 4 loi b lc l tng sau y:
a. B lc thng thp l tng
28
1 , 0 , n cn li
Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng vi tr nhm l: hd (n) = b. B lc thng cao l tng 1 , 0 , n cn li Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng cao l tng vi tr nhm l: hd (n) = (n ) c. B lc thng di l tng 1 ,
c1 c
sinc
(n )
sinc c( n )
c2
0 , n cn li Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng vi tr nhm l: hd (n) =

c2
d. B lc chn di l tng 0 ,
c1
< <
c2
1 , n cn li Khi p ng xung ca b lc chn di l tng vi tr nhm l: hd (n) = (n ) Ngoi ra, b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert cng c xem xt n bi chng c ng dng rt nhiu trong truyn thng. e. B vi phn l tng j ,0 < 0 j , <
c2
Khi p ng xung ca b vi phn l tng vi tr nhm l:
,n ,n =
p ng bin - tn s:http://www.ebook.edu.vn H d e(j )=
29
p ng bin - tn s: H d e(j )=
p ng bin - tn s: H d e(j ) =
sinc
c2
(n
c1
sinc
c1
(n
p ng bin - tn s: H d e(j ) =
sinc
c2
(n
)+
c1
sinc
c1
(n
p ng tn s: d (e j H
)=
cos (n hd ( n) = (n )
f. B bin i Hilbert j ,0 < j , < 0 Khi p ng xung ca b bin i Hilbert l tng vi tr nhm l:
2
(n ) (n )
,n ,n =
Chng ta c nhn xt l p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng ni trn c chiu di v hn, xut pht t ch s - n +, v khng nhn qu, dn n khng th thc hin c v mt vt l. Khi tng hp b lc thc t, ta phi chp nhn p ng xung phi xut pht t ch s 0 p ng iu kin nhn qu. Khi , p ng tn s ca b lc thc t c phn qu t di thng n di chn, hoc ngc li, v c gi l di chuyn tip (transition band). ng thi phi c s gn sng (ripple) c di thng v di chn hoc t nht ti mt trong hai, di thng hoc di chn. Vic thit k b lc l qu trnh tm ra cc tham s, hay dy p ng xung ca b lc, tho mn cc yu cu ch tiu k thut cho trc, c th l mt s hoc tt c cc tham s tuyt i (absolute specification) sau: Tn s ct di thng Tn s ct di thng B rng di qu gn sng di thng gn sng di chn
2 1 p s
Trn thc t, cc tham s thng c cho di dng tng i (relative specification) tnh theo n v decibels di dng sau y: gn sng di thng theo dB, c tnh bng cng thc: 1 [d B] 1 R p = 20 log 1 + 1
suy gim di chn theo dB c tnh bng cng thc:
As = 20 log
1 + 1
[d B]
Do p ng tn s l bin i Fourier ca dy p ng xung, m dy ny c tnh cht ri rc theo thi gian, nn hm p ng tn s ca mt h thng l tun hon vi chu k 2 . Bi yu cu thit k l b lc tng hp c v mt thc t, hay ni mt cch khc x l cc dy tn hiu vi gi tr thc, nn dy p ng xung h(n) l dy thc, do hm p ng tn s H(ej ) c tnh cht i xng Hermit, c ngha l H*(ej ) = H(e-j ). p ng tn s: d (e j ) = H
30
hd ( n) =
2 s n i 2
iu ny dn n vi mi b lc thc t p ng bin - tn s l mt hm chn, p ng pha - tn s l mt hm l. V vy, khi xem xt hm p ng tn s ca b lc, ch cn xem xt trong khong [0, ] l . B lc FIR c mt s u im v mt thc hin nh sau: p ng pha l tuyn tnh Tng i d thit k v lun lun l h thng n nh Thc hin c vi hiu qu cao C th thc hin c trn c s p dng bin i Fourier ri rc.
Vi b lc FIR ta lun t c iu kin pha tuyn tnh, iu ny c ngha p ng pha - tn s l mt hm s bc nht theo tn s , tng ng vi thc hin vic tr hm p ng xung min thi gian. Khi mt h thng c pha tuyn tnh, tr nhm (group delay) l mt hng s, th c u im l cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu ti u vo c cng thi gian tr nh nhau sau khi cho qua h thng ti u ra. Hm p ng pha - tn s ca b lc FIR c dng nh sau: H (e j
( )
,v i, l c c h n g s , v iA( e j
v hm p ng tn s ca b lc FIR c cho di dng ln v pha nh sau:
) = A( e )e
j
( )
) l h m
th c
Khi p t thm iu kin pha tuyn tnh vo b lc FIR, dy p ng xung ca b lc ch c th i xng hoc phn i xng. Da trn tnh cht i xng hay phn i xng ca dy p ng xung v chiu di N ca dy p ng xung, ngi ta phn loi b lc FIR lm 4 loi sau y: B lc FIR loi 1: h(n) i xng, N l, = 0, =
N 1 2
B lc FIR loi 2: h(n) i xng, N chn, = 0, =
N 1 2
B lc FIR loi 3: h(n) phn i xng, N l, = B lc FIR loi 4: h(n) phn i xng, N l, =
2 2
, = , =
N 1 2 N 1 2
p ng tn s ca b lc FIR cho tng loi l nh sau: a. FIR loi 1:

j
N 1
31
H (e
N21 = a( n) c o sn
n= 0
e j 2
vi
2 N 1 2
N 1
,h gdpu liyn muacgxn. a
2 N 1 2
dn n A( e j
)=
n= 0
N 1 2
b. FIR loi 2:
j
N 1 1 j2
vi
N 2
N 2
, vi 1
n
N 2
n= 1
N 1 2
c. F IR lo i 3 :
j
vi
N 1 2
N 1 2
N 1
dn nA( e j d. FIR loi 4:

j
)=
n= 1
N 1 2
N 1 1 j 2 2
N 2
vi
, vi
N 2
1 n N
N a( 0) = h n= 1 a( n) = 2h
N 2
N 1 2
n , vi 1 n http://www.ebook.edu.vn
32
a( n) c o sn
N2
, v
( )
H (e
)=
b( n) c o s n e =n 1
b( n) = 2h
dn n A( e j
)=
b( n) c o s n , v 1
( )
H (e
) = c( n) sin n e
c( n) = 2h
N 1
2 2
n , vi 1 n
c( n) sin n
H (e
, v
( )
= 2
)=
d ( n) sin n e =n 1
d ( n) = 2h
dn n A( e j
)=
d ( n) sin n , v 1
( )
i vi cc h thng FIR ni chung, hm truyn t H(z) c duy nht mt im cc ti 0, bc N-1, v min hi t RC: z > 0 .Bi dy p ng xung l dy thc nn hm truyn t c tnh cht i xng Hermit, cho nn nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th z0* cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Do dy p ng xung ca b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh l i xng hoc phn i xng, dn n nu z0 l mt im khng ca H(z) th 1/z0 cng l mt im khng ca H(z). Trng hp tng qut, nu nh bit mt im khng ca p ng tn s b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh H(z) ti z 0 = re , chng ta suy ra rng H(z)
1
r
1 *
trn n v, s im khng c suy ra suy gim cn 2, v khi im khng l 1 hoc -1, khng suy ra c thm im khng no. Tnh cht ny c th p dng trong thit k b lc bng cch mc ni tip nhiu khu, mi khu c p ng pha tuyn tnh. Theo sch gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s, c 3 phng php tng hp b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, l: Phng php ca s Phng php ly mu tn s Phng php lp
a. Phng php ca s T tng c bn ca phng php ca s l tm ra p ng xung ca b lc l tng ri sau ct xn hai u (hay nhn vi mt hm ca s) dy p ng xung sao cho ta thu c mt b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh, ng thi l nhn qu. im nhn mnh phng php ny l tm ra p ng xung thch hp ca b lc l tng v la chn hm ca s thch hp. V mt l tng, b lc thng thp l tng pha tuyn tnh c li di thng bng 1 v p ng tn s bng 0 trn ton di chn, tc l: e j , , n cn li 0
c
, vi
l tn s ct v l tr nhm
th ta s thu c dy p ng xung hd (n) = c tnh cht i xng ti . Vi cc b lc s l tng khc, bao gm thng cao, thng di, v chn di, dy p ng xung cng c dng tng t nh vy v c th suy ra t dng p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng ni trn. Vi b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert, bng bin i ton hc, ta cng c c p ng xung c tnh cht phn i xng ti . thu c p ng xung ca b lc FIR v mt thc t, phng php ca s dng k thut nhn hm p ng xung ca b lc l tng hd(n) vi mt hm ca s w(n), vi w(n) l mt hm i xng i vi trong khong t 0 n N-1 v bng 0 trong
c
sinc
(n )
33
c 4 im khng l:
z 04 = z 0
( )
z 01 = z 0 = re , z 02 = z 0
= 1 e , z 03 = z 0 = re , v
= 1 e . Trng hp c bit, im khng nm trn trc thc hoc ng
H d ( j ) = e
khong cn li. Kt qu l hm p ng xung ca b lc thc t h(n) l i xng hoc

2
trong khong [0,N-1].
Mt s ca s thng dng c la chn l: Ca s ch nht 1 ,0 n N 1 0 , n cn li Vic nhn ca s ch nht vi p ng xung ca b lc l tng min thi gian tng ng vi ly tch chp lin tc tun hon min tn s gia p ng tn s ca b lc l tng vi nh qua php bin i Fourier ca hm ca s. ~ 2 1
d R j j (
) d
Bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht c cho nh hnh v di ( c thc hnh Bi 1). y ta c mt s nhn xt v hm bin i Fourier ca dy ch nht v p ng tn s ca b lc thc t khi dng ca s ch nht: Bi ca s w(n) c rng bng N nn trong khong [- , ] min tn s, WR(ej ) c mt bu chnh bin rt cao, rng 4 /N v cc bu bn c bin nh hn. Tch chp tun hon gia p ng tn s ca b lc s l tng Hd(ej ) vi WR(ej ) s to ra p ng tn s ca b lc H(ej ) ging vi dng ca Hd(ej ) nhng b x i. Bu chnh ca WR(ej ) s to ra di chuyn tip ca H(ej ), bu chnh ca WR(ej ) cng hp, tng ng vi N ln, di chuyn tip ca H(ej ) s cng nh. Cc bu bn ca WR(ej ) s to ra s gn sng nh nhau c di thng v di chn ca H(ej ). L thuyt v thc t chng t mt s c im chnh ca b lc thc t c tng hp theo phng php ca s ch nht nh sau: Gi tr xp x ca rng di chuyn tip (tnh t nh gn sng cui cng ca di thng n khi p ng tn s gim n khng) bng rng ca bu chnh v bng
N
T s gia nh bu bn u tin v nh bu chnh l 13dB. Sau php tnh tch chp lin tc tun hon, p ng bin c tch lu vi nhiu bu lin tip v bu bn u tin di chn s ri vo v tr suy gim 21dB so vi
34
phn i xng i vi =
N 1
w r ( n) = rectN ( n) =
)( ) H e j = H d ( j ) * W(R e j = e
( )
H ( e )W (e
nh di thng, gi tr ny khng ph thuc M. Do suy gim di chn ti thiu l 21dB v cng khng ph thuc M. Nhng c im trn ni ln rng dng ca s ch nht c mt s nhc im sau: Cho d chiu rng ca ca s N tng, rng ca mi mt bu bn gim i nhng din tch tng i ca tng bu i vi bu chnh khng h thay i nn suy gim di chn ti thiu vn gi nguyn khng thay i l 21dB. suy gim di chn ti thiu l 21dB trong nhiu trng hp l khng vi yu cu ca thit k. Ca s ch nht c s thay i t ngt vin ca s, tc l n gin ta ch ct c hai u ca p ng xung b lc l tng hd(n), dn n hin tng Gibb. Nhn trn p ng tn s s thy cc b gn dy ln khi tin ra cnh ca di thng v di chn. Nhm tng suy gim di chn v hn ch hin tng Gibb, mt s dng ca s sau c a ra v c p dng rt nhiu trong thit k cc b lc thc t: Ca s Bartlet (hay ca s tam gic) N 1 2n 2 N 1 2n N 1 N 1 2 0 , n cn li Ca s Hanning (hay ca s Hann) 0,5 0,5 cos ,0 n N 1 N 1 0 , n cn li Ca s Hamming 0,54 0,46 cos ,0 n N 1 N 1 0 , n cn li Ca s Blackman: cho n hi bc hai
0,42 0,5 cos 0
+ 0,08 cos
,0 n N 1
, n cn li
R rng lun c s nh i gia tnh cht hp ca di chuyn tip v tnh gn sng di thng v di chn. Cc loi ca s lm gim hiu ng gn sng di thng v di chn lun c xu hng lm cho b rng ca di chuyn tip tng ln. Di y l bng tng kt cc thng s v rng di chuyn tip v suy gim di chn ti thiu i vi tng loi ca s:
35
w( n) = 2
,0 n
n N 1
w( n) =
2 n
w( n) =
2 n
w( n) =
Tn ca s
rng di chuyn tip Xp x

4 N 8 N 8 N 8 N 12 N
suy gim di chn ti thiu
Chnh xc
1,8 N 6,1 N 6, 2 N 6,6 N 11 N
Ch nht Bartlett Hanning Hamming Blackman
21dB 25dB 44dB 53dB 74dB
Dng ca s cng phc tp, b cho suy gim di chn thp v gim hin tng Gibb th phi nh i ly di chuyn tip c rng ln hn hay cn di p ng xung N ln hn nu mun duy tr di chuyn tip c rng khng i v ng nhin l b lc s c thit k phc tp hn. Ca s Kaiser:
L dng ca s hiu qu nht cho php thit k vi b lc c suy gim di chn i hi rt nh. Phng trnh ca s c cho bi:
2
I0
I 0 [
w( n) =
vi I0[] l hm Bessel bc khng. Trong sch gio trnh X l tn hiu v lc s, tham s c thay bng
N 1 2
di y v hm to ca s kaiser ca MATLAB. Cc cng thc tnh rng ca s N v tham s c tnh t rng di chuyn tip, gn sng di thng, v suy gim di chn nh sau: rng di chuyn tip c chun ho: f =
s
Bc ca b lc:
As 7 ,95 14,36f
+1
36
2n N
, tuy nhin phn tm tt l thuyt ny ghi l cho ph hp vi cng thc tnh
0,4
Cc hm ca s ni trn u c MATLAB cung cp sn. b. Phng php ly mu tn s T tng ca phng php ny l xy dng mt b lc c p ng xung chiu di N v c p ng tn s xp x vi p ng tn s ca b lc l tng. C th, ta c th xt ti N mu ri rc cch u nhau trong khong t 0 n 2 , hm p ng tn s ca b lc thc t bng ng vi hm p ng xung ca b lc l tng. Nu nh ta bit N mu ri rc H(k) trn hm p ng tn s, tng ng vi N mu nh qua php bin i Fourier ri rc ca dy p ng xung h(n), ta hon ton c th xy dng hm p ng tn s H(ej ) bng php ni suy theo cng thc: H (e j
)=
1 e j N N 1 N k=1
X k(
j
)
j 2 N k
ng nhin l cc gi tr X(k) chnh l cc gi tr ca H(ej ) ti cc mu ri rc:
Do H(ej ) l p ng tn s ca mt h thng c trng bi dy p ng xung n v thc nn H(ej ) c tnh cht i xng Hermit, tm i xng ti 0, ng thi H(ej ) tun hon chu k 2 hay H(k) tun hon chu k N. Do cc mu ri rc X(k) phi c tnh cht: H (k
= H* ( N k
) v ik =
1 ,..., 1 N
Ring mu ng vi k=0 l mt ngoi l bi n l tm i xng nu xt trong chu k tun hon ca H(ej ) l [- , ]. Nu p ng tn s c vit di dng ln v pha: H (e j v pha: H (k
) = A( e )e
j
( )
, v iA( e j
), ( ) l c c h m th c
( k ) l c c d y th c
k
nh ca h(n) qua php bin i Fourier ri rc cng c vit di dng ln
= A( k ) e j
(k )
, v iA( k ) ,
th ln v pha ca dy H(k) s c tnh theo cng thc:
2
j
Do H(ej ) v H(k) u c tnh cht i xng Hermit nn: A( k
= A( N k
) v ik = 1 ,...,N 1
(0As 1 81 ) ,07 2 ,
As 5 ,0 37
0,5842 As 21http://www.ebook.edu.vn,21 < As < 50 ( ) 0,07886( As 21)
1 e
H (k
j 2N , vi k = 0,1,..., N 1 k
A( k
= A e N v
(k )
= k
v: k =1 , , . . . , 2 2 2 , k = 1,..., 2 2 N 1 2 N + 2 i vi b lc FIR loi 3: 2
2 2 2
, k = 1,..., 2 2 2 22 2 , k = 1,...,
2 Nu coi hm sai s xp x c tnh bng sai lch gia p ng tn s ca b lc l tng vi p ng tn s ca b lc thc t , ta c cc nhn xt sau: Hm sai s xp x bng khng ti cc tn s c ly mu Hm sai s xp x ti cc tn s khc ph thuc vo mc dc hay bin i t ngt ti tn s . Ti tn s c p ng cng dc, v d gn bin ca di thng v di chn, th c hm sai s xp x cng ln. Dy p ng xung ca b lc c suy ra t bin i Fourier ri rc ngc ca dy cc mu X(k): h( n) = ID F [X ( k T
)]
v hm tm bin i Fourier ri rc ngc bng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh c th c p dng trong trng hp ny. Nu nh chng ta p dng k thut th, tc l cc mu c nhn gi tr bng 1
ti di thng v nhn gi tr bng 0 ti di chn, hin tng gn sng, hay hin tng Gibb, gn ra cc di l tng i ln, suy gim di chn rt nhiu trng hp l khng t yu cu. Chng ta li c nhn xt l t suy gim di chn ti thiu cng nhiu ta lun phi nh i ly i rng di chuyn tip ln (ging nh c phn tch phng php ca s). K thut ca chng ta c th p dng l to ra mt s mu di chuyn tip c th nhn cc gi tr trung gian nm gia 0 v 1. S mu di chuyn tip = http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2 + N 1 N 1 2 N 1 N
i vi b lc FIR loi 1: ( k
(N k ) , k =
38 N + 1 ,..., N 1
i vi b lc FIR loi 2: ( k
N 1 2 2N k N ( N k ) , k = 2 ,..., N 1
1 2N 1 N + N 1 k 2 N 2 i vi b lc FIR loi 4: ( k
(N k ) , k =
1 2N 2
N + 1 ,..., N 1
N = + N 1 k 2 N 2
(N k ) , k =
N ,..., N 1
l khng ln, ch cn t 1 n 2 mu l do trn thc t di chuyn tip l rt nh so vi di thng v di chn. Thay i cc gi tr chuyn tip qu c th dn n kt qu tt hn, ni mt cch khc suy gim di chn ti thiu ln hn. Bi ton t ra y l vic phi tm cch ti u ho gi tr ti 1 hay 2 mu t c suy gim di chn ti thiu ln nht tng ng vi vic ti thiu ho bu bn ln nht. Trong ti u ho, bi ton ny gi l bi ton minimax, v MATLAB cng cung cp hm ny trong b cng c Optimization Toolbox. Tuy nhin trong phn thc hnh ny, cc gi tr di chuyn tip l cho trc. c. Phng php lp Hai phng php c trnh by trn, phng php ca s v phng php ly mu tn s, tn ti mt s bt cp. Th nht ta khng th nh c chnh xc cc tn s ct p v s. Th hai ta khng th rng buc iu kin ng thi iu kin v gn sng 1 v 2 c di thng v di chn. Th ba l hm sai s xp x phn b khng u trn cc di v c xu hng tng ln khi n gn di chuyn tip. Phng php lp da trn thut ton ti u c th gii quyt c cc vn trn. Phng php ny c cc ti liu cp n vi mt s tn gi khc nhau: Optimal (Optimum) Equiriple, Remez Exchange. Bn cht ca phng php ny l xut pht t mt chiu di dy N cho trc, bng thut ton trao i Remez tm ra dy p ng xung sao cho cc i ca hm sai s gia p ng tn s ca b lc l tng v p ng tn s ca b lc thc t l nh nht. Nu nh hm p ng tn s ng vi dy p ng xung tm c ni trn vn cha tho mn iu kin yu cu ca thit k, gi tr N cn phi tng. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li n khi tm ra c b lc tho mn cc yu cu c t ra. Di y s trnh by tm tt v mt l thuyt qu trnh ti thiu ho sai s cc i gia p ng tn s ca b lc thc t v p ng tn s cat b lc l tng. Trc tin, ta a hm ln ca p ng tn s ca 4 loi b lc FIR v dng sau: A( e j
) = P(
) Q( )
R n= 0
Bng sau y a ra gi tr R, cc hm P( ) v Q( ) cho 4 loi b lc: Loi b lc FIR loi 1 Q( ) 1 R

N 1 2
R
P( )
n= 0
FIR loi 1
cos
N 2
1
n= 0
FIR loi 1
sin
N 1 2
1
n= 0
39
vi P( ) l hm c dng: P(
( n) c o sn
a ( n) cos n b ( n) cos n c ( n) cos n
FIR loi 1
s in
N 1 2
n= 0
Hm sai s gia b lc l tng v b lc thc t c xy dng nh sau: E(
= W(
) [A ( ) A( ) ] v i
d
S = 0,
] [
Hm E( ) c min xc nh ch l phn di thng v di chn, m khng xc nh ti di chuyn tip. Hm W( ) c gi l hm trng s c tc dng tri u sai s gia b lc thc t v b lc l tng trn c di thng v di chn.
Nu ta la chn hm trng s trong trng hp gn sng ca di thng v di chn, l:
> 1 , vi 1 v
ln lt l
d i thng
1 d i chn th hm sai s c di thng v di chn u khng vt qu c di thng v di
chn. iu ny c ngha nu nh ta ti thiu ho cc i ca hm sai s E( ) l 2 ta t ng c lun cc i ca sai s gia b lc thc t v b lc l tng di chn l 2 v di thng l 1 . Chng ta nhn thy l hm Q( ) 4 loi b lc l khc nhau, trit tiu hm ny, hm sai s c bin i nh sau: A ( Q(
) )
y nu nh nh ngha cc hm trng s bin dng v hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc l tng bin dng l:

Ad ( Q(
th hm sai s ca c 4 loi b lc c cng dng chung: E(
d ( n) n h m t i th i u h o c c i c a tr tu y t i h m sa i s tr n d i th n g v d i c h n , tc l tm ra:
tr o n g t p c c h s
) [A d ( ) P( ) ] Bi ton Chebyshev t ra l: Tm cc h s a ( n) , h o c b n) , h o c c n) , h o c ( ( )
= W(
min
[m aE(x ) ]
nh l xoay chiu: S l mt khong ng bt k (cn gi l on v n cha c bin) trn on [0, ], gi s P( ) c d n g :
d ( n) c o sn
40
W(
=2
E(
= W(
)[A ( ) A( )] = W( )[A ( ) P( )Q( )] = W( )Q ) ( P( )

d d
W(
= W(
) Q( ) v A ( )
d
P(
n=0
( n) cos n
Hm sai s E(
) c tn h th e o c n g th c :
E(
= W (
) [Ad ( ) P( ) ]
) d u y n h t v x p x th e o k i u c c i l n h n h t, theo ngha gn ng Chebyshev, so vi A d ( ) tr n S l : m s a i Es( ) p h i c t i H

thiu R+2 gi tr cc tr i du xen k nhau trn S m: E(
i
iu kin cn v P(
= E(
0
i 1
) S =
2
max E(
)
R +1
vi
<
<
< ... <
nh l ni trn khng ch ra cch thc thu c hm P( ) . T u y n h i n n c h ra rng nghim tn ti, khng nhng th nghim l duy nht v iu kin bit l nghim khi hm sai s E( ) c t n h t R + 2 c c tr, c c c c tr n y c g i tr tu y t i bng nhau, hai cc tr lin tip c mt l cc i v mt l cc tiu. tm ra hm P( ) , thut ton trao i Remez c tin hnh nh sau: 1. Chn ly R+2 im ri rc, gi s l cc cc tr ca hm sai s 2. Trn c s ti R+2 im ri rc ni trn, hm E( tr tuyt i bng mt gi tr no , tnh ni suy li gi tr v hm P( t tnh ra hm sai s E( ) , tn h c g i tr c c tr th c c a h m sa i s
) lu n p h i n i d u v c
),
3. Xem xt xem cc gi tr ri rc c chn ban u c thc s l cc im m hm sai s E( ) t c c tr v c tr tu y t i b n g n h a u h a y k h n g . N u khng, tm cc im ti E( ) t c c tr. 4. Trong cc im cc tr ca E( bc 2.
) l y r a R + 2 i m
v q u a y v l p l i t
5. Lp li cc bc 2, 3, v 4 cho n khi tp hp cc im ri rc hi t 6. T tp cc im ri rc cui cng, tnh ra hm P( ( n) .
) , t tn h ra c c h s
Vng lp tip theo bao gi cng thu c R+2 im ri rc tin gn ti nhng cc tr ca hm P( ) m c h n g ta m o n g m u n g n d n ) i eA n g h a C h e b y sh e v ( g v th o hn, v cui cng n s hi t v cc im cc tr thc. Mt vn trong vic s dng chng trnh my tnh tm ra nghim l my tnh khng th lm vic vi cc gi tr lin tc trn min S m ch c kh nng tnh ton trn tp cc gi tr ri rc. Thc t ta c th thit k mt li cc gi tr ri rc trn min S ri tnh gn ng trn . Parks v McClellan a ra gii php s dng thut ton Remez tm ra p ng xung ca b lc ti u nht, tc l gn ng theo ngha Chebyshev i vi mt b
41
lc l tng, cho gi tr N l chiu di ca dy p ng xung no vi cc iu kin rng buc v gn sng di thng v di chn nh sau: 1. Xc nh loi b lc, tnh gi tr R v xy dng cc hm W ( 3. S dng thut ton trao i Remez tm ra hm ti u P( 4. Tnh cc gi tr ca dy p ng xung h(n) Tt nhin khi chn gi tr N cng chun th kt qu l thu c b lc c hm p ng tn s cng gn vi yu cu bi ton. Nu nh vi gi tr N no m cha tho mn c yu cu cu ca bi ton th ta phi tng gi tr N n khi no tho mn cc iu kin rng buc cho 1 v 2 (hay As v Rp) th thi. V mt kinh nghim, mt s ti liu a ra cng thc la chn ban u cho chiu di N ca dy p ng xung l:
N = 20 log 1 2 13 14,6f
) , Q( )
) , A d ( )
2. Xy dng bi ton gn ng bng cch xc nh cc hm W (
,vi f =
Trong MATLAB, vic tm ra dy p ng xung ca b lc ti u vi gi tr N v hm p ng tn s l tng cho trc c thc hin bi hm firpm.
4.
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. freqz: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng ti mt s hu hn cc im ri rc trn vng trn n v khi bit hm truyn t ca n sin, cos, sinc: tr v cc hm ton hc th hin cc cng thc lng gic boxcar, bartlett, hanning, hamming, blackman, kaiser: tr v cc hm ca s vi chiu di cho trc firpm: thc hin cng vic tm ra dy p ng xung ca b lc ti u theo ngha Chebyshev bng thut ton ca Parks v McClellan. Ngoi ra, b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox ca MATLAB cung cp rt nhiu hm hu ch thit k b lc nh fir1, fir2, firls... Thm vo na b cng c ny cng cung cp mt gi phn mm thit k sn vi tn FDATool gip cc k s gim thi gian rt nhiu trong thit k cc h s ca b lc. Tuy nhin b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox c th khng c cung cp km theo phin bn phn mm MATLAB dnh cho sinh vin thc hnh. ng thi, gip sinh vin hiu r thm v bn cht ton hc trong qu trnh thit k b lc, phn thc hnh ny yu cu tin hnh tng bc thit k cc b lc rt c th. Ch c mt hm thit k b lc c sn trong b cng c nn c dng l firpm bi xy dng li mt chng trnh phn mm theo thut ton ca Parks v McClellan dng thut ton trao i Remez l kh phc tp.
42
5.
2.1.
Cc bc thc hnh
To cc hm th hin ln ca p ng tn s cc b lc FIR loi 1 v FIR loi
2 t dy p ng xung ca chng theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho 2 bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo cc tn tp ln lt l Hr_Type1.m v Hr_Type2.m: function [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h) % Tinh ham do lon cua dap ung tan so Hr(w) % bo loc FIR loai 1 % --------------------------------------------------% [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h) % Hr = Do lon % w = Vector tan so trong khoang [0 pi] % a = Cac he so cua bo loc FIR loai 1 % L = Bac cua bo loc % h = Dap ung xung cua bo loc FIR loai 1 % M = length(h); L = (M-1)/2; a = [h(L+1) 2*h(L:-1:1)]; n = [0:1:L]; w = [0:1:500]'*pi/500; Hr = cos(w*n)*a'; Hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 1: Hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 2: 2.2. Vit chng trnh tnh hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc FIR loi 3 v b lc
FIR loi 4 vi cc tham s u vo v u ra c nhp theo cc cu lnh: >> [Hr,w,c,L] = Hr_Type3(h) -> cho b lc FIR loi 3 >> [Hr,w,d,L] = Hr_Type4(h) -> cho b lc FIR loi 4 2.3. Cho b lc FIR vi p ng xung nh sau:
function [Hr,w,b,L] = Hr_Type2(h) % Tinh ham do lon cua dap ung tan so Hr(w) % bo loc FIR loai 2 % --------------------------------------------------% [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type2(h) % Hr = Do lon % w = Vector tan so tron khoang [0 pi] % b = Cac he so cua bo loc FIR loai 2 % L = Bac cua bo loc % h = Dap ung xung cua bo loc FIR loai 2 % M = length(h); L = M/2; b = 2*h(L:-1:1);
= [1:1:L]; n = http://www.ebook.edu.vn w = [0:1:500]'*pi/500; Hr = cos(w*n)*b';
43
n-0.5;
h( n) =
{ 4 , 1, 2 , 5 ,1,2, , 4,} 1 , 6 5, 1
a. Xc nh loi ca b lc. Tnh v biu din trn th: b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc c. Cc h s ca b lc d. Hm ln ca p ng tn s e. Phn b im cc v im khng theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_3.m h = [-4,1,-1,-2,5,6,5,-2,-1,1,-4]; M = length(h); n =0:M-1; [Hr,w,a,L] = Hr_Type1(h); a, L amax = max(a)+1; amin = min(a)-1; % subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,h); axis([-1,2*L+1,amin,amax]); title('Impulse Response'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)'); % subplot(2,2,3); stem(0:L,a); axis([-1,2*L+1,amin,amax]); title('a(n) coefficients'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('a(n)'); % subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,Hr); grid; title('Type-1 Amplitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr'); % subplot(2,2,4); zplane(h,1); G lnh Solution_2_3 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc th. 2.4. Cho b lc FIR vi p ng xung nh sau:
h( n) = 4 ,11 , 2 ,5 ,66 , 5 ,1 ,21 ,4 , , ,
a. Xc nh loi ca b lc. Vit chng trnh tnh v biu din trn th: b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc c. Cc h s ca b lc
44
d. Hm ln ca p ng tn s Phn b im cc v im khng 2.5. To hm th hin dy p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng t cc
tham s u vo l tn s ct c v chiu di p ng xung M theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l ideal_lp.m: function hd = ideal_lp(wc,M) % Ideal LowPass filter computation % -------------------------------% [hd] = ideal_lp(wc,M) % hd = ideal impluse response between 0 to M-1 % wc = cutoff frequency in radians % M = length of the ideal filter % alpha = (M-1)/2; n = [0:1:(M-1)]; m = n - alpha + eps; hd = sin(wc*m) ./ (pi*m); 2.6. Hm freqz ca MATLAB tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng s khi bit trc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s theo z-1 ca hm truyn t H(z). Trong nhiu trng hp, thun tin ta cn tm thm cc thng s: hm ln ca p ng tn s, hm pha ca p ng tn s, hm tr nhm, th hin ln theo thang decibels. To hm tnh p ng tn s c tn sau freqz_m nhm tnh cc thng s trn theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l freqz_m.m: function [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(b,a) % Phien ban sua doi cua ham freqz % ------------------------------------% db = Do lon tuong doi theo dB tren doan tu 0 den pi % mag = Do lon tuyet doi tren doan tu 0 den pi % pha = Dap ung pha tren doan tu 0 den pi % grd = Tre nhom tren doan tu 0 den pi % w = Cac mau tan so doan tu 0 den pi % b = Cac he so da thuc tu so cua H(z) (voi FIR: b=h) % a = Cac he so da thuc mau so cua H(z)(voi FIR: a=[1]) % [H,w] = freqz(b,a,1000,'whole'); H = (H(1:1:501))'; w = (w(1:1:501))'; mag = abs(H); db = 20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag)); pha = angle(H); grd = grpdelay(b,a,w);
45
2.7. sau:
Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php ca s vi cc tham s u vo nh
= 0,2
, R p = 0,25dB , As = 50dB
= 0,3
Vi iu kin cho ca bi ton, da trn bng tham s ca cc ca s cho phn tm tt l thuyt, ca s Hamming v ca s Blackman l c th tho mn yu cu v suy gim di chn hn 50dB. Tuy nhin ta th tnh trc cc tham s theo gn di thng. Phn thit k v d di y la chn ca s Hamming. Tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc l tng b. Dy hm ca s c. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s d. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_7.m wp = 0.2*pi; ws =0.3*pi; tr_width = ws - wp; M = ceil(6.6*pi/tr_width) + 1 n = [0:1:M-1]; wc = (ws+wp)/2; hd = ideal_lp(wc,M); w_ham = (hamming(M))'; h = hd .* w_ham; [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]); delta_w = 2*pi/1000; Rp = -(min(db(1:1:wp/delta_w+1))) As = -round(max(db(ws/delta_w+1:1:501))) %plot subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,hd); axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]); title('Ideal Impulse Response'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('hd(n)'); % subplot(2,2,2); stem(n,w_ham); axis([0,M-1,0,1.1]); title('Hamming Window'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('w(n)'); % subplot(2,2,3); stem(n,h); axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]); title('Actual Impulse Response'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)');
46
% subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,db); grid; axis([0,1,-100,10]); title('Magnitude Response in dB'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels'); G lnh Solution_2_7 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc kt qu hin th ca s lnh (Command Window) v trn th. 2.8. sau: Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php ca s vi cc tham s u vo nh
s1
= 0,2
, As = 60dB
p1
= 0,35 = 0,65
, R p = 1dB , R p = 1dB , As = 60dB
p2
s2
= 0,8
V mt l thuyt, chng ta thy rng p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng l hiu p ng xung ca hai b lc thng thp l tng. Dng hm ideal_lp c vit trn l c th tnh c p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng. Tn s ct c th ly l trung bnh cng ca cc tn s ct di thng v tn s ct di chn. Ca s Blackman l c th tho mn yu cu ca bi ton i vi suy gim di chn. Tham s rng di chuyn tip tnh chiu di dy p ng xung (hay bc ca b lc) c th la chn l gi tr nh nht ca rng hai di chuyn tip, di chuyn tip t di chn ln di thng [ s1, p1] v di chuyn tip t di thng xung di chn [ p2, s2]. Vit chng trnh tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc l tng b. Dy hm ca s c. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s d. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s 2.9. Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php ly mu tn s vi cc tham s u
vo nh sau:
p
= 0,2
, R p = 0,25dB , As = 50dB
= 0,3
Gi s rng ta chn p ng xung c chiu di 60 tng ng vi ly 60 mu tn s trong khong [0,2 ). Di thng c rng l 0,2 tng ng vi 7 mu nhn gi tr 1. Gi s tip rng qu trnh ti u ho ch ra nn chn di chuyn tip 2 mu nhn cc gi
tr T1 = 0,5925 v T2 = 0,1099. Vy dy mu cc tn s c cho nh sau:
47
H (k ) = 1 ,1,1 ,1 ,1 ,1T,1,T2 , 01,..., 0 ,T2 , T1 ,1,1 1 ,1 ,1 ,1 1 , 2 3 43 mu 0 Tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy cc mu tn s b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t c. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s d. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_9.m M = 60; alpha = (M-1)/2; l = 0:M-1; wl = (2*pi/M)*l; Hrs = [ones(1,7),0.5925,0.1099,zeros(1,43), 0.1099,0.5925,ones(1,6)]; % Day dap ung tan so mau ly tuong Hdr = [1,1,0,0]; wdl = [0,0.2,0.3,1]; % Dap ung tan so ly tuong de bieu dien do thi k1 = 0:floor((M-1)/2); k2 = floor((M-1)/2)+1:M-1; angH = [-alpha*(2*pi)/M*k1, alpha*(2*pi)/M*(M-k2)]; H = Hrs.*exp(j*angH); h = real(ifft(H,M)); [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,1); [Hr,ww,a,L] = Hr_Type2(h); %plot subplot(2,2,1); plot(wl(1:31)/pi,Hrs(1:31),'o',wdl,Hdr); axis([0,1,-0.1,1.1]); title('Frequency Samples: M=40, T2 = 0.5925, T1 = 0.1099'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(k)'); % subplot(2,2,2); stem(l,h); axis([-1,M,-0.1,0.3]); title('Impulse Response'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)'); % subplot(2,2,3); plot(ww/pi,Hr,wl(1:31)/pi,Hrs(1:31),'o'); axis([0,1,-0.2,1.2]); title('Amplitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(w)'); % subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,db); axis([0,1,-100,10]); grid title('Magnitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels');
48
G lnh Solution_2_9 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc kt qu hin th ca s lnh (Command Window) v trn th. 2.10. Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php ly mu tn s vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
s1
= 0,2
, As = 60dB
p1
= 0,35 = 0,65
, R p = 1dB , R p = 1dB , As = 60dB
p2
s2
= 0,8
Gi s rng ta chn p ng xung c chiu di 40 tng ng vi ly 40 mu tn s trong khong [0,2 ). Di thng c rng l 0,3 tng ng vi 7 mu nhn gi tr 1. Gi s tip rng qu trnh ti u ho ch ra nn chn trn c 2 di chuyn tip 2 mu nhn cc gi tr T1 = 0,109021 v T2 = 0,59417456. Vy dy mu cc tn s c cho nh sau: ,...,
mu 7 mu 1 9 mu 0
,...,
7 mu 1 4 mu 0
Vit chng trnh tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy cc mu tn s b. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t c. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s d. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s 2.11. Thit k b lc thng thp theo phng php lp (thut ton ca Parks v McClellan) vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
p
= 0,2
, R p = 0,25dB , As = 50dB
= 0,3
Trc tin xut pht t di ca dy p ng M theo cng thc

M= 20 log 1 2 13 14,6f
,vi f =
Lp cng vic tm b lc ti u theo ngha Chebyshev v tng M sau mi ln lp tm ra b lc tho mn yu cu thit k, sau tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t b. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s d. Hm sai s E(
49
H (k
= 01,..., 0, T1 ,T2 ,1{1,T2 , T1 , 01,..., 0,T1 ,T2 ,1{1, T2 ,T1 , 01,..., 0 3 2 3 23 52 0
theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_11.m wp = 0.2*pi; ws =0.3*pi; Rp = 0.25; As = 50; delta_w = 2*pi/1000; wsi = ws/delta_w+1; delta1 = (10^(Rp/20)-1)/(10^(Rp/20)+1); delta2 = (1+delta1)*(10^(-As/20)); deltaH = max(delta1,delta2); deltaL = min(delta1,delta2); weights = [delta2/delta1 1]; deltaf = (ws-wp)/(2*pi); M = ceil((-20*log10(sqrt(delta1*delta2))13)/(14.6*deltaf)+1) f = [0 wp/pi ws/pi 1]; m = [1 1 0 0]; h = firpm(M-1,f,m,weights); [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]); Asd = -max(db(wsi:1:501)) while Asd<As M = M+1 [h,ERR,RES] = firpm(M-1,f,m,weights); [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]); Asd = -max(db(wsi:1:501)) end %plot n = [0:1:M-1]; subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,h); axis([0,M-1,-0.1,0.3]); title('Impulse Response'); xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)'); % subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,db); grid; axis([0,1,-80,10]); title('Magnitude Response in dB'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels'); % subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,mag); grid; axis([0,1,-0.2,1.2]); title('Magnitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(w)'); % subplot(2,2,4); plot(RES.fgrid,RES.error); grid; axis([0,1,-0.0150,0.0150]); title('Error Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Er(w)');
50
G lnh Solution_2_11 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc kt qu hin th ca s lnh (Command Window) v trn th. 2.12. Thit k b lc thng di theo phng php lp (thut ton ca Parks v McClellan) vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
s1
= 0,2
, As = 60dB
p1
= 0,35 = 0,65
, R p = 1dB , R p = 1dB , As = 60dB
p2
s2
= 0,8
Vit chng trnh lp cng vic tm b lc ti u theo ngha Chebyshev v tng M sau mi ln lp tm ra b lc tho mn yu cu thit k, sau tnh v biu din trn th: a. Dy p ng xung ca b lc thc t b. Hm ln tuyt i ca p ng tn s c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s d. Hm sai s E(
6.
M rng
Vit cc chng trnh m phng thit k cc b lc FIR khc bao gm: b lc thng cao, b lc thng di, b lc chn di, b vi phn, b bin i Hilbert theo c 3 phng php.
B. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI V HN (B LC S IIR) 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim
Sinh vin nm vng cc kin thc v thit k b lc tng t v cc nh dng ca b lc tng t, c th: Bin i Laplace, hm truyn t ca h thng tng t Cc nh dng mu (prototype) ca b lc tng t: Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II, Elliptic. Sinh vin nm vng cc phng php chuyn i t h thng tng t sang h thng s bao gm:
Phng php bt bin xung Phng php bin i song tuyn
Phng php tng ng vi phn Phng php bin i Z thch ng.
51
ng thi sinh vin cng cn nm vng cc kin thc trong php nh x hm bin phc chuyn i bng tn s.
2.
Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Thit k b lc thng thp tng t theo nh dng Chebyshev I Chuyn i b lc thng thp tng t sang b lc thng thp s Chuyn i b lc thng thp sang b lc thng di.
3.
Tm tt l thuyt
B lc s FIR c u im ni bt l pha tuyn tnh. Ni mt cch khc, b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh m bo c cng mt tr vi cc nhm tn s, mi nhm l mt tp hp cc tn s ln cn no . Thc nghim cho thy tai ngi v phn no c kh nng nhn bit c tr nhm ca tn hiu m thanh. B lc c p ng xung chiu di v hn, hay b lc s IIR, khng m bo c tnh cht ny. Trong nhng trng hp pha tuyn tnh khng phi l yu cu bt buc trong thit k th vic la chn b lc FIR hay b lc IIR u c chp nhn. Tuy nhin, b lc IIR thng c la chn hn v mt s l do. Th nht, nu c cng yu cu v suy gim th b lc IIR n gin hn nhiu so vi b lc FIR dn n s php tnh thc hin trong b lc IIR t hn b lc FIR v cc phn t nh trong kt cu ca b lc IIR s t hn b lc FIR. Th hai, b lc IIR c thit k thng qua vic chuyn i cc thit k ca b lc tng t sang b lc s v rt may mn l cc bng thng s trong thit k b lc s c th tra c trong rt nhiu cc ti liu. B lc s IIR, trn nguyn tc l chuyn i t thit k ca b lc tng t thng qua mt trong mt s phng php chuyn i b lc. Cc phng php chuyn i s c trnh by tm tt trong phn ny. Mt mt, cc nh dng c sn v cc bng tra cho chng ch p dng i vi b lc thng thp. Do , c c kt qu cui cng l b lc s vi cc loi khc, v d b lc thng di, qu trnh thit k cn c mt bc thc hin vic chuyn i bng tn s theo1 trong 2 cch tip cn: hoc chuyn i bng tn s tng t, hoc chuyn i bng tn s s. Ni chung con ng i n mt thit k b lc s IIR c 2 cch thc c a ra hnh v di y.
52
Cch thc th nht Thit k b lc thng thp tng t
Chuyn i bng tn s
ss
Chuyn i b lc
sz
B lc IIR theo thit k
Cch thc th hai Thit k b lc thng thp tng t
Chuyn i b lc
sz
Chuyn i bng tn s
zz
B lc IIR theo thit k
Trong phm vi phn th nghim ny, chng ta s tin hnh cc bc theo cch tip cn th hai bao gm cc bc: Thit k b lc thng thp tng t Chuyn i t b lc thng thp tng t sang b lc thng thp s Chuyn i bng tn s thu c cc b lc khc t b lc thng thp.
1. Thit k b lc tng t Cc yu cu thit k cho b lc tng t da trn iu kin gii hn cc ch tiu k thut cho hm bnh phng bin ca hm p ng tn s. Ging nh khi chng ta quan tm ti cc h thng s, hm truyn t Ha(s) ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin tng t l bin i Laplace hm p ng xung ha(t) ca h thng v Ha(s) chnh bng t s gia bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u ra vi bin i Laplace ca tn hiu u vo. Hm p ng tn s Ha(j) ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l hm th hin p ng ca h thng vi u vo l cc gi tr tn s khc nhau. Do , hm p ng tn s l bin i Fourier hm p ng xung ha(t) ca h thng v hm Ha(j) cng chnh l hm h thng Ha(s) nh gi trn trc o. i vi cc h thng thc hin c v mt vt l, p ng xung bao gi cng l mt hm thc. Do , hm truyn t lun i xng qua trc thc. Mt khc, mt h thng tng t l nhn qu v n nh nu v ch nu tt c cc im cc ca hm truyn t nm na bn tri ca mt phng s hoc cng lm l nm gc to . Khi ta xt n hm bnh phng bin , hay bnh phng mun, ca hm h truyn t, cc im cc ca hm s ny s phn b trn tt c cc gc phn t ca mt phng S. Lc ny, vic xt p ng tn s ca h thng cng thun tin v tt c cc im cc nm bn tri mt phng S ca hm |Ha(s)|2. Yu cu v ch tiu k thut ca b lc thng thp tng t thng c cho di dng cc tham s tuyt i nh sau:
1 1+
2 2
53
Ha
( j)
1,
1 A2
vi p v s ln lt l cc tn s ct di thng v tn s ct di chn tnh theo n v rad/s, l tham s gn sng v A l tham s suy gim. Mi quan h gia v A vi Rp v As hay 1 v 2 nh sau: 1 = 10 10 1 R p = 10 log 1 + 2
As
Rp
A 1 1 1 + 1 = 1+ =
2
1 1
1 + 1
1 A
A =
1+
2
Tt c cc nh dng b lc u da trn nguyn tc la chn hm p ng tn s ca b lc thc t xp x vi p ng tn s ca b lc l tng v im cc ca hm p ng tn s ca b lc thc t c phn b sao cho h thng l nhn qu v n nh. Cc hm s bnh phng bin thng c la chn c dng gn sng va phi trong khong t 0 n tn s ct v gim mnh khi vt ra ngoi tn s ct ng thi c xu hng gim v n 0. iu ny tng ng vi hm gn sng b chn trong khong t 1 n 1 ( vi 1 l tn s c chun ho bi tn s ct c) v tng nhanh khi vt ra ngoi 1. C 4 nh dng c bn thng c vn dng trong qu trnh thit k b lc tng t l: b lc Butterworth, b lc Chebyshev-1, b lc Chebyshev-2 v b lc Elliptic. a. B lc thng thp Butterworth: Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Butterworth bc N c cho bi phng trnh:
2
1 c
2N
vi c l tn s ct
Cc im cc ca hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |Ha(s)|2 l : s pk = c e

j
2N
( 2k +1+ N )
Dn n cc im cc ca hm truyn t Ha(s) l N im nm trn na ng trn tm O bn knh c na bn tri mt phng S v N im ny i xng qua trc thc.
54
0 Ha
( j)
1 As = 10 log 2 A = 10 10
Ha
( j)
= 1 +
Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Butterworth c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Rp As
N=
(gi tr nguyn nh nht ln hn hoc bng biu thc trong du ) b. B lc thng thp Chebyshev-1: Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Chebyshev-1 bc N c cho bi phng trnh:
2
1
2
c vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, TN(x) l a thc Chebyshev bc N c cho bi cng thc:
TN ( x) = 1 x 1
1
x> 1
Cc im cc ca hm bnh phng bin ca hm truyn t |Ha(s)|2 c dng:

s pk =
k
+ j k 2
( 2k + 1)
2N
( 2k + 1)
2N
vi a = 1
1 2
Hay 2N im cc ca hm bnh phng bin hm thng phn b u trn mt ng ellip c cc bn knh l (ac) v (bc). Dn n cc im cc ca hm truyn t Ha(s) l N im nm trn na ng elip na bn tri mt phng S v N im ny i xng qua trc thc. Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Chebyshev-1 c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn log 10 10 110 10 1 2 log s p
55
Ha
( j)
= 1+
[] [ cosh N cosh ( x) ]
s N o 1 ( x) c s o
k =
( b ) sin
c
N 1 , b = + N 1 , v = + 1 +
N= vi g =
2
s p
(A
1)
v r =
c. B lc thng thp Chebyshev-2: Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Chebyshev-2 bc N c cho bi phng trnh:
2
1
2
vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, TN(x) l a thc Chebyshev bc N. Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Chebyshev-2 c tnh ging theo cng thc cho vi b lc Chebyshev-1. d. B lc thng thp Elliptic: Hm bnh phng bin ca p ng tn s b lc Elliptic bc N c cho bi phng trnh:
2
1
2
vi c l tn s ct, l tham s gn sng di thng, UN(x) l a thc elliptic Jacobian bc N. Gi tr thch hp ca bc b lc thng thp Elliptic theo cc ti liu c tnh theo cng thc sau:
2 2
vi k = p s v k1 =
K (k1
(A
0 2
http://www.ebook.edu
K(x) l hm s cho bi biu thc tch phn ( x) = K
d 1 log g + g 1 1
()
x 2 56 sin
2
log r + r
Ha
( j)
= 1+
Ha
( j)
= 1 + 2U
N
N=
K1 k
K (k
K 1 k1
MATLAB cung cp hm ellipke tnh gn ng biu thc ca K(x) cho bi phng trnh trn. 2. Chuyn i b lc: Trn nguyn tc, vic chuyn i b lc tp trung vo nghin cu cc php bin hnh, hay nh x, chuyn i mt phng s v mt phng z. Trn l thuyt c mt s phng php chuyn i sau y. a. Phng php bt bin xung (Impulse Invariance Transformation): Bn cht phng php bt bin xung l php bin hnh sao cho dy p ng xung ca b lc s chnh l hm p ng xung ca b lc tng t c ly mu cc im ri rc. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
z = e sT
vi:
z l bin s c lp ca hm H(z) trn min Z s l bin s c lp ca hm Ha(s) trn min S T l chu k ly mu ca hm p ng xung h thng tng t
Mi quan h gia hm truyn t H(z) min Z v hm truyn t Ha(s) min s c cho bi cng thc sau:
H (z ) = 1 T
a k =
Cc na sc ngang di v hn c b rng
2 T
v nm na bn tri mt
phng S c nh x vo bn trong ng trn n v trn mt phng Z theo nguyn tc nhiu - mt. Bi php bin hnh nh x ton b na mt phng bn tri ca mt phng S vo bn trong ng trn n v ca mt phng Z nn n bo ton tnh n nh ca h thng (da trn phn b ca cc im cc). Nu nh b lc tng t l thng thp l tng v chu k ly mu nh :
Ha
( j)
= Ha
( j T )
= 0 ,
th
H e j
( )=
1 T
Ha T
th khng c hin tng chng ph (aliasing). Tuy nhin b lc thng thp thc t khng th c ph hu hn nn hin tng chng ph gy ra bi php bin hnh vn xy ra. b. Phng php bin i song song tuyn (Bilinear Transformation) Bn cht ca php bin i song tuyn l php bin hnh da trn nguyn tc a phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng c trng cho mt h thng tng t v gn ng mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, m phng trnh sau c th c trng cho mt h thng s. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin:
57
H s
, j
s=
2 1 z 1
1
z =
1 + sT 2 1 sT 2
Php bin hnh ny nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong ng trn n v trn mt phng Z trn nguyn tc mt - mt nn n bo ton tnh n nh ca h thng. Mt khc nguyn tc nh x mt - mt t mt phng S n mt phng Z cho php hon ton khng xy ra hin tng chng ph. c. Phng php tng ng vi phn (Approximation of Derivatives Transformation) Phng php ny da trn vic thit lp mt s tng ng gia nh ngha ca vi phn v nh ngha ca sai phn. Php bin hnh cho ta cng thc i bin: s= 1 z 1 1 z = T 1 sT
Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong ng trn tm (,0) bn knh R = . Php bin hnh nh x ton b na bn tri mt phng S vo bn trong ng trn n v trn mt phng Z nn n bo ton tnh n nh ca h thng. Tuy nhin tp hp cc im cc ca h thng b co li trong mt phm vi nh nn c th dn ti hin tng cng hng phm vi tn s no .
d. Phng php bin i Z thch ng (Matched-Z Transformation) Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc nh x trc tip cc im cc v im khng ca hm truyn t h thng tng t thnh cc im cc v im khng ca hm truyn t h thng s. Gi s hm truyn t ca h thng tng t c dng:
M
H a (s) = C
r=1 M k=1
0r
pk
th php bin hnh bin i cc phn t ( s a) tr th n h e a T z 1 th u c h m tru y n 1 t ca h thng s

M s0 Tr
H (z) = C
z 1 z 1
r=1 M k=1
s pT k
Vi phng php ny phi chn chu k ly mu T nh cc im cc v im khng phn b mt cch thch hp trn mt phng Z, trnh hin tng chng ph, t m bo c p ng tn s ca b lc s gn ging vi p ng tn s ca b lc
tng t.
58
T1+ z
(s s ) (s s )
(1 e (1 e
3. Chuyn i bng tn s Vic chuyn i bng tn s, xut pht t b lc thng thp c tn s ct c, c a ra theo cc cng thc nh x bng di y: Loi chuyn i Thng thp Cng thc chuyn i Cc tham s
z1
z1 1 z1
: Tn s ct ca b lc mi

2 2
Thng cao
z 1
z 1 + 1 + z 1
: Tn s ct ca b lc mi

2 2
Thng di
z 1
z 2 2 z k+ 1
k k + 1 k + 1 k k +
k 1
c1
: Tn s ct thp ca b lc mi : Tn s ct cao ca b lc mi
cos c 2 2 cos c 2 2
c2
'
Chn di z 1
z 2 2 z k+ 1
+1 k + 1 k
k k+ 1
k 1
c1
: Tn s ct thp ca
c2
: ct cao
l c mi
cos c
b lc mi
Tn s ca b
cos c 2 2
'
c
59
sin
sin
c
cos c cos ' +

c
z 1 + k 12 2 z 1 + 1
+
k = tan cot c 2 c c1 z 1 + k 12 2 z 1 + 1
+
k = tan tan c 2 c c1
4.
Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. freqs: tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng tng t khi bit hm truyn t c cho di dng phn thc hu t ca n impluse: tr v p ng xung ca mt h thng tng t khi bit hm truyn t c cho di dng phn thc hu t ca n buttap, cheb1ap, cheb2ap, ellipap: tr v cc im khng, im cc, v li trong thit k ca mt hm truyn t b lc thng thp bc N, tn s ct c chun ho bng 1 vi cc nh dng ln lt l Butterworth, Chebyshev-I, Chebyshev-II, v Elliptic impinvar, bilinear: tr v cc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s hm truyn t ca h thng s xut pht t h thng tng t qua cc phng php chuyn i ln lt l phng php bt bin xung v phng php bin i song tuyn butter, cheby1, cheby2, ellip: trc tip tr v cc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s hm truyn t ca b lc s da trn tham s u vo l cc tn s ct, phng php chuyn i c s dng trong cc hm ny l phng php bin i song tuyn Ngoi tr hai hm u tin, cc hm cn li u nm trong b cng c Signal Processing Toolbox. Chng l cc hm c to sau ny da trn cc hm nguyn th ban u ca MATLAB nhm phc v tnh ton v m phng trong X l s tn hiu. Ngoi ra, cn mt lot cc hm khc mnh hn trong b cng c ny c th h tr thit k da trn cc ch tiu k thut u vo v a ra kt qu vi bc ca b lc N c la chn ti u. Trong phm vi cc bi th nghim nhm mc ch hiu r c ch thit k b lc, khng cn thit phi s dng cc hm m c th tng bc t thit k v thc hin chng.
5.
Cc bc thc hnh
2.13. Hm freqs ca MATLAB tr v p ng tn s ca mt h thng tng t khi bit trc h s ca a thc t s v a thc mu s ca hm truyn t Ha(s). Trong nhiu trng hp, thun tin ta cn tm thm cc thng s: hm ln ca p ng tn s, hm pha ca p ng tn s, hm tr nhm, th hin ln theo thang decibels. To hm tnh p ng tn s c tn sau freqs_m nhm tnh cc thng s trn theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l freqs_m.m:
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function [db,mag,pha,w] = freqs_m(b,a,wmax); % Modified version of freqs subrountine % ------------------------------------% [db,mag,pha,w] = freqs_m(b,a,wmax) % db = Do lon tuong doi theo dB tren doan tu 0 den wmax % mag = Do lon tuyet doi tren doan tu 0 den wmax % pha = Dap ung pha tren doan tu 0 den wmax % w = Cac mau tan so tren doan tu 0 den wmax % b = Cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s) % a = Cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s) % wmax = Tan so cuc dai theo don vi rad/sec tren doan % tan so mong muon tim dap ung tan so % w = [0:1:500]*wmax/500; H = freqs(b,a,w); mag = abs(H); db = 20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag)); pha = angle(H); 2.14. Hm cheb1ap tr v danh sch cc im khng, im cc v li ca hm truyn t cho thit k b lc dng Chebyshev I, tn s ct c chun ho. To hm c tn sau u_chb1ap nhm tr v h s ca cc a thc t s v a thc mu s ca hm truyn t cho thit k b lc dng Chebyshev I c tn s ct tu theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l u_chb1ap.m: function [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,Omegac) % Bo loc thong thap dang Chebyshev-1 % tan so cat khong duoc chuan hoa % -----------------------------------------------% [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,Omegac) % b = cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s) % a = cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s) % N = Bac cua bo loc Chebyshev-I % Rp = Do gon dai thong theo don vi dB; Rp > 0 % Omegac = tan so cat theo don vi radians/sec %
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[z,p,k] = cheb1ap(N,Rp); a = real(poly(p)); aNn = a(N+1); p = p*Omegac; a = real(poly(p)); aNu = a(N+1); k = k*aNu/aNn; B = real(poly(z)); b0 = k; b = k*B; 2.15. Hm s m t trn tr v hm truyn t vi bc N cho trc. Bc ca b lc c th la chn cho ph hp ti u vi cc ch tiu k thut yu cu u vo. To hm tr v thit k b lc thng thp tng t, nh dng Chebyshev c bc ti u theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l afd_chb1.m: function [b,a] = afd_chb1(Wp,Ws,Rp,As) % Analog Lowpass Filter Design: Chebyshev-1 % ----------------------------------------% [b,a] = afd_chb1(Wp,Ws,Rp,As) % b = cac he so da thuc tu so cua Ha(s) % a = cac he so da thuc mau so cua Ha(s) % Wp = tan so cat dai thong theo don vi rad/sec; Wp >0 % Ws = tan so cat dai chan theo don vi rad/sec; Ws>Wp >0 % Rp = Do gon dai thong theo don vi dB; (Rp > 0) % As = Do suy giam dai chan theo don vi +dB; (Ap > 0) % if Wp <= 0 error('Tan so cat dai thong phai lon hon 0') end if Ws <= Wp error('Tan so cat dai thong phai lon hon tan so cat dai chan') end if (Rp <= 0) | (As<0) error('Do gon dai thong va/hoac Do suy giam dai chan phai lon hon 0') end %
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ep = sqrt(10^(Rp/10)-1); A = 10^(As/20); OmegaC = Wp; OmegaR = Ws/Wp; g = sqrt(A*A-1)/ep; N = ceil(log10(g+sqrt(g*g1))/log10(OmegaR+sqrt(OmegaR*OmegaR-1))); fprintf('\n*** Bac cua bo loc Chebyshev-1 = %2.0f\n',N); [b,a] = u_chb1ap(N,Rp,OmegaC); 2.16. Thit k b lc thng thp tng t, nh dng Chebyshev-I, ca s vi cc tham s u vo nh sau:
p
= 0,2
, R p = 1dB , As = 16dB
= 0,3
Vit chng trnh tnh v biu din trn th: a. ln ca p ng tn s b. Hm p ng pha ca b lc c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s d. Hm p ng xung ca b lc tng t 2.17. Chuyn i b lc vi cc tham s cho phn 2.16 sang b lc s bng phng php bin i song tuyn. Hm bilinear cho php thc hin vic chuyn i ny. Tnh v biu din trn th: a. ln ca p ng tn s b. Hm p ng pha ca b lc c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s d. Tr nhm theo tn s. theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng di y vo ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l Solution_2_17.m
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% Chi tieu ky thuat cua bo loc so: wp =0.2*pi; % digital Passband freq in Hz ws =0.3*pi; % digital Stopband freq in Hz Rp = 1; % Passband ripple in dB As = 15; % Stopband attenuation in dB % Chi tieu ky thuat cua bo loc tuong tu: Anh xa nguoc T = 1; Fs =1/T; % Dat T=1 OmegaP = (2/T)*tan(wp/2); OmegaS = (2/T)*tan(ws/2); % Tinh toan bo loc tuong tu: [cs, ds] = afd_chb1(OmegaP,OmegaS,Rp,As); % Bien doi song tuyen: [b,a] = bilinear(cs,ds,Fs); % [db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(b,a); %plot figure(37); clf; % subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,mag); axis([0,1,0,1.2]); grid title('Amplitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('|Hr(w)|'); % subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,db); axis([0,1,-30,10]); grid title('Magnitude Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels'); % subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,pha/pi); axis([0,1,-1,1]); grid title('Phase Response'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Angle(Hr(w))'); % subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,grd); axis([0,1,0,15]); grid title('Group Delay'); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Samples'); G lnh Solution_2_17 ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB chy kch bn ni trn v xem cc kt qu hin th ca s lnh (Command Window) v trn th. 2.18. Thc hin yu cu ca cu 2.17 theo phng php bt bin xung, dng hm impinvar ca MATLAB. So snh kt qu thu c vi cu trn.
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2.19. To hm thc hin vic chuyn i bng tn s, tr v hm truyn t ca b lc mi vi tham s u vo l hm truyn t ca b lc thng thp, hm a thc th hin php i bin s c lp theo chng trnh mu bng cch g cc dng lnh cho bng vo y trong ca s son tho (Editor) v ghi li theo tn tp l zmapping.m: % function [bz,az] = zmapping(bZ,aZ,Nz,Dz) % Chuyen doi bang tan so tu mien Z sang mien z % ------------------------------------------------------% [bz,az] = zmapping(bZ,aZ,Nz,Dz) % perform: % b(z) b(Z)| % ---- = ----| N(z) % a(z) a(Z)|Z = ---% D(z) % bzord = (length(bZ)-1)*(length(Nz)-1); azord = (length(aZ)-1)*(length(Dz)-1); bz = zeros(1,bzord+1); for k = 0:bzord pln = [1]; for l = 0:k-1 pln = conv(pln,Nz); end pld = [1]; for l = 0:bzord-k-1 pld = conv(pld,Dz); end bz = bz+bZ(k+1)*conv(pln,pld); end % az = zeros(1,azord+1); for k = 0:azord pln = [1]; for l = 0:k-1 pln = conv(pln,Nz); end pld = [1]; for l = 0:azord-k-1 pld = conv(pld,Dz); end az = az+aZ(k+1)*conv(pln,pld); end % az1 = az(1); az = az/az1; bz=bz/az1;
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2.20. Vit chng trnh chuyn i t b lc thng thp theo thit k ca cu 2.17 sang b lc thng cao c tn s ct c=0,6 . Tnh v biu din trn th: a. ln ca p ng tn s b. Hm p ng pha ca b lc c. Hm ln tng i tnh theo dB ca p ng tn s d. Tr nhm theo tn s.
6.
M rng
1. Vit chng trnh m phng thit k cc b lc thng thp tng t theo cc nh dng khc bao gm: Butterworth, Chebyshev-2, Elliptic. 2. Vit chng trnh m phng thit k vic chuyn i t m lc thng thp s sang cc b lc s khc bao gm: chuyn i thng thp thng thp, chuyn i thng thp thng di, v chuyn i thng thp chn di.
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BI 3.
1.
GII THIU V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
Mc ch:
Kt thc bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th gii thch s khc nhau gia mt b x l tn hiu s (DSP) v mt b x l mc ch chung. Xa hn mt bc, sinh vin c th lm quen vi qu trnh thit k cho cc chng trnh cho DSP.
2.
C s l thuyt.
B x l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processor - DSP) l mt b phn x l mnh v rt nhanh, n c th iu khin qu trnh phn tch tn hiu trong thi gian thc. Bi cc phn t kho cho cc mch logic c thit k chuyn dng cho cc php ton nhn v cng nn thi gian tnh ton trong cc DSP ni chung thng nhanh hn so vi cc b vi x l khc.
Cc b x l tn hiu s c c trng bi: Cc cu trc chuyn mn ho cho php chng thc hin cc lnh mi mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu Cc ch th nhn nhanh Mt s rt gn cc lnh lm cho qu trnh lp trnh DSP n gin hn
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Cc DSP lm cuc cch mng trong cng ngh in t vin thng. DSP c th coi nh tri tim trong hng lot cc thit b hin i nh in thoi di ng, cc thit b nhn dng v tng hp ting ni, b chi DVD (Digital Versatile), v cc thit b an ton mc cao. Khng nhng vy, rt nhiu ng dng ngy nay c tch hp DSP nh l trung tm iu khin ca h thng bao gm cc b iu khin a cng, cc h thng treo xe t, trong cc mng x l tn hiu nh y t, v cc h thng radar.
DSP bt u xut hin vo cui nhng nm 1970 v vo u nm 1980 vi DSP1 ca Bell Lab, 2920 ca Inlel, uPD7720 ca NEC. Vo nm 1982, Texas Instrument a ra TMS32010, thnh vin u tin ca h DSP du phy tnh 16 bit. DSP ny c tc tnh ton l 8MIPS. Cc bc nhy vt lin tip xut hin. C th l vo nm 1998, cc DSP s dng x l song song t ti tc tnh ton 1600MIPS.
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Trong h thng th nghim Lab-Volt DIGITAL SIGNAI PROCESSOR, loi DSP c s dng l Texas Instrument TMS320C50. y l loi DSP th h th ba vi thit k bn trong da trn DSP th h th nht TMS320C10.
Cng vo nm 1982, cc b x l du phy ng u tin c sn xut bi Hitachi. Khun dng s ny tng ng k khong tnh ton ng ca DSP. Hai nm sau NEC a ra cc DSP 32 bit du phy ng u tin c tc tnh ton 6,6MIPS. Ni chung, cc tn hiu ca th gii thc (v d: m thanh, radar) c x l tt hn bng cc DSP du phy ng. Cc tn hiu c xy dng (v d nh: vin thng, nh v iu khin) ni chung c x l tt hn bng cc DSP du phy tnh . Trn th gii, xu th pht trin cc sn phm da trn DSP tng nhanh v: Chng cho php x l phc tp hn cc mng tng t. Chng cung cp tnh nng x l tn hiu lp i lp li. M ngun c th d dng c sa i v vic cp nht. Ni mt cch khc, thay i thit k ca n l mm do hn.
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Chng thng c cho gi thnh pht trin thp hn cc thit k tng t vi cc bc tnh nng tng ng.
Mt h thng mun vn hnh cn phi thng qua s ch th t mt phn mm c lp trnh t trc. Phn mm bao gm mt tp cc ch dn, hay cn gi l cc lnh, bo cho h thng bit s lm cc cng vic g mt cch tun t v h thng cn thao tc th no mt khi c mt iu kin c d on trc xa ra.. Chng trnh ny c lu tr nh m my bn trong DSP. Hi: La chn no trong cc la chn di y l mt lnh nm trong chng trnh? a. ADD #214, 4 b. F9E7h c. 1011,1110 0001 0110 d. Tt c cc la chn trn
Xy dng mt chng trnh DSP m n thun t m my l khng kh thi. V l do ny, ngn ng assembler (hp ng) c pht trin vit chng trnh cho DSP. y l ngn ng lp trnh m cc ch th ca n dng gi nh l biu tng v thng tng ng mt mt vi cc ch th my.
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B dch (assembler) v b lin kt (linker) c s dng dch chng trnh c vit bng hp ng thnh cc m my ca DSP. Assembler dch tp chng trnh thnh tp ch, cc tp ny sau c lin kt vi nhau (link) to ra tp m my vn hnh bn trong DSP. Hi: S la chn no trong cc cu lnh di y c vit bng hp ng? a. IF (i.NE.27) THEN (omega=2*sin(x)) b. 982Eh c. 1011 1110 0001 0110 d. DMOV *, AR1
Ngn ng C l ngn ng bc cao c s dng ngy cng nhiu lp trnh cc DSP phc tp hoc thc thi cc thut ton c phc tp cao. Lp trnh bng C n gin ho thit k ca cc ng dng DSP v ngi lp trnh khng cn b gii hn bi tp ch th nh ca cc ngn ng bc thp (nh hp ng). B bin dch (compiler) C c s dng dch cc m ngun C thnh cc m hp ng DSP thch hp.
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Phn cui ca lp trnh bao gm vic kim tra li chng trnh v lm thay i cho n khi thc hin tt chc nng mong mun. Qu trnh cui cng trong chui cc qu trnh pht trin mt phn mm thng c gi l g ri (debugging). Chng trnh gip cho vic g ri phn mm c gi l b g ri (debugger). Mt b g ri cho php ngi lp chng trnh kh nng phn tch vn kt hp vi cc chng trnh DSP ca h. iu ny c thc hin trc khi g ri c s dng vi DSP m ta lm th nghim. C5x Visual Development Environment (C5x VDE) l b g ri c s dng vi DSP m chng ta lm th nghim.
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Nhng ngi pht trin h thng DSP him khi g ri mt DSP m khng s dng mt b g ri hay debugger. V vy, h thng s dng EVMs, emulators v simulators tr gip cho vic ny. B DSP c s dng vi b mch l mt b phn ca module TM320C5x DSK (Digital Signal Processing Kit). Khi s dng EVMs, emulators v simulators, ngi pht trin c th thay i trong qu trnh pht trin m hnh ca DSP dang c th nghim Mt khi hot ng c, th nghim cui cng ca chng trnh ny c ci t trn h thng DSP.
Cc chng trnh c bao gm v s dng trong Digital Signal Processor c vit bng hp ng. Hp ng c s dng nh mt c trng ca TM320C5x EVMs, n cng thm cc ch th trong n, v c gi l cc ch th DSK.
3.
Yu cu thit b
hon thnh c cc bi tp sau y, ta cn: FACET base unit. B mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR. Chng trnh C5x VDE. Cc tp chng trnh (dsk) v hp ng (asm) 1_1, Exl_2 My hin sng ng h o in a chc nng
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BI 4.
1.
LM QUEN VI B TH NGHIM LABVOLT DSP
Mc ch
Kt thc bi ny, sinh vin c lm quen vi v tr v chc nng ca mi linh kin khc nhau trong h thng DSP
2.
Tho lun
Bo mch c hai vng chc nng: vng cha cc ph kin ca bo mch v vng cha DSP v ngoi vi ca n. Vng cha cc ph kin ca bo mch bao gm: DOWER SUPPLY vi AUXILIARY POWER INPUT DC SOURCE. MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIEF AUDIO AMPLIFIER
Chc nng: Khi mch POWER SUPPLY cung cp mt ngun DC c chnh lu v lc cho ton b b mch. Bo mch c th c vn hnh theo hai cch khc nhau : hoc in p vo ca Power Supply c th c nhn t Lab-BoIl FACET base Unit hoc c th c nhn t cc kt ni 15V ngoi c tm thy trn khi AUXILIARY POWER INPUT. Khi DC SOURCE cung cp mt in p DC thay i v ph thuc vo v tr ca chit p, gia -3,5V de v + 3,5Vdc. Khi DC SOURCE c th c dng ngun ca mt tn hiu tham chin u vo cho chng trnh chy trn DSP. Khi MICROPIIONE PRE-AMPLIFIER c s dng iu chnh mt tn hiu micro thnh mt mc thch hp vi u vo ca DSP. Chit p GAIN thay i mc ra gia mt gi tr thp v mt gi tr cao. c th nghe thy tn hiu t ANALOG OUTPUT, c nh v trn khi CODEC, khi AUDIO AMPLIER c s dng. Vng chc nng th hai ca b mch l DSP v cc ngoi vi ca n bao gm:
DSP CODEC I/O INTERFACE
INTERRUPTS AUXILIARY I/O SERIAL PORT.

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DSP c coi nh l tri tim ca h thng x l tn hiu s. Khi DSP cha mt vi mch DSP TM320C50 trong mt chp 132 chn dn trn b mt (surface mount). N c th t ti tc thc hin 50MIPS. C nhiu li DSP chng c th thay i v cc tc chu trnh. Tuy nhin, tc c gii hn bi cc rng buc ca h thng bn trong vi mch. DSP c th s dng mt b to dao ng bn trong thit lp ng h hoc cng c th s dng b to dao dng ngoi. DSP c dng trn b mch th nghim c t cu hnh s dng b to dao ng ngoi. Khi OSCILATOR c t trn b mch cung cp cho n mt tn hiu tham chin 40 MHz. DSP chia tn hiu ny to ra tn hiu bn trong 20Mhz (tn s tn hiu ch) m n s dng tnh ton thi gian cc chu trnh ch th ca n. Khi CODEC thng c cu thnh bi cc linh kin sau: mt u vo GAIN lp trnh c mt ANTI-ALISING FILTER (b lc chng trm ph) mt b bin i tng t - s mt b bin i s - tng t mt POST-GILER (b lc sau)
Khi I/O INTERFACE l mt phng tin hin th v np v thng tin chng trnh. Chuyn mch DIP8 c chc nng a 8 bit vo cu hnh DSP. Ph thuc vo chng trnh ang c s dng, thng tin c th c x l theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc b hin th LED 7 thanh c s dng a ra thng tin chng trnh cho ngi s dng DSP. Nh hu ht cc b vi x l, cc DSP u c kh nng iu khin ngt. Hai nt c th c s dng nh cc thit b vo ca ngi s dng cho mt chng trnh. Khi mt trong cc nt nhn c nhn th mt ngt c sinh ra bn trong DSP v m chng trnh kt hp vi n c thc hin. Vng AUXILARY I/0 c cng thm vo cho mc ch gim st tn hiu v v lm nguyn mu cho cc bi tp DSP thm vo c thc hin trn bo mch. Cc u ca khi AUXILARY I/O c th c s dng giao tip DSP vi mt mch ngoi. Mch ngoi ny c th c cp ngun bi u 10 chn t trn khi AUXILARY I/O. Vng AUXLIIARY I/O c ba cng: Cc im kt ni 5Vdc v 5Vdc c sn s dng trn u phi c 10 chn, chng c th c s dng cp ngun cho mt mch ngoi. Cc b cung cp ca bo mch c cng im t. u tri ca 8 chn LSB (c nh nhn t D0 n D7) ca bus d liu ca DSP ngoi, v bao gm 4 ng a ch c tin m ho (c nh nhn t PA0# n PA3#). u gia c cc phn vo/ra (I/O) bao gm:
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chn d liu (DS#), chng trnh (PS#), khong vo/ra (IS#) u ra b nh thi chn u (RD#) v cho ghi (WE#) cho cc thit b ngoi chn c/ghi (R/W#) cho cc truy nhp ngoi. tn hiu bo cho bit nhn c ngt (IACK#) u vo ngt ngoi (INT4#) chn hng (DIR) v chn chp (CS#) iu khin vic truyn d liu ngoi. DSP trn bo mch c lp trnh thnh vai tr server i vi my tnh trong vai tr client. b DSP hot ng, bo mch SERIAL, PORT phi c ni vi mt trong cc cng ni tip ca my tnh ca bn. Ch : Nu my tnh ch khng c mt kt ni tip th hai th vo thi im thch hp trong tin trnh thc hin bi tp sinh vin c th tho kt ni tip ca Base Unit v dng n ni bo mch SERIAL PORT vi my tnh C5x VDE (C5x Visual Davelopment Environment) qun l vic bt tay gia bo mch v my tnh. N iu khin tt c cc u vo v u ra t b nh ca DSP cng ni tip. Mt khi kt ni lin lc gia my tnh ca bn v bo DSp c thit lp, C5x VDE c th c s dng np mt chng trnh vo DSP.
3.
Tin trnh th nghim
Gii thiu bo mch: Trong phn ny, bn s lm quen vi m t s cc linh kin v khi mch trn b mch DIGIAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR. 1. nh v trn bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR tt c cc thit b u cui chung. Dng mt in tr k kim tra cc thit b u cui c ni vi nhau hay cha. Hi: Tt c cc thit b u cui c ni vi nhau? C khng
2. Bt ngun cung cp cho b mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR. 3. Dng mt volt k kim tra in p mt chiu bng cch thay i chit p ca DC SOURCE t gi tr nh nht cho ti gi tr ln nht ca n. o in p DC ti u ra ca DC source in p DC nh nht (VDC min) v in p DC ln nht (VDC max) a ra t DC source? VDC min VDC max = = V V
4. Thc hin cc kt ni vi DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
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Ch : Nu cht lng audio t loa khng tt, c th dng tai nghe km theo bo mch. Ni tai nghe vo u cm tai nghe c t trn khi mch AUDIO AMPLIFIER. 5. Ni vo micro, xem xt s thay i ca m thanh pht ra trong khi cng thc hin thay i chit p ca MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER v ca AUDIO AMPLIFIER 6. Tho ton b cc kt ni hin c trn b mch. Lm quen vi b mch dng mt chng trnh DSP: Trong mc ny, C5x VDE s c dng np v chy mt chng trnh bn trong DSP Ch : Trc khi s dng C5x VDE, hy chc chn rng ngun ca b mch c bt v kt ni ni tip l hin c gia my tnh v khi mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR c nh nhn SERIAL PORT. 7. M chng trnh C5x VDE: 8. Dng lnh Load Program trong menu File np chng trnh ex1_1.dsk vo DSP. Hi: Hai ca s no ang c m trong C5x VDE? a. C5x Registers v Peripheral Registers. b. Dis-Assembly v Periphearal Registers. c. C5x Registers v Dis-Assembly. d. Peripheral Registers v File Selection 9. Kt ni bo mch nh hnh v . iu ny cho php chng trnh ex1_1.dsk vn hnh ng n
Ch : Dng tai nghe nu cn thit. 10. Thc hin ln RUN trn thanh cng c ca C5x VDE. 11. Quan st nhng g c ra c hin th bn trong khi mch I/O INTERFACE. iu chnh chuyn mch DIP (tt c cc bit u v tr 0) sao cho hin th c c l 0000.
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12. Nhn nt th nht INT# trn bo mch INTERRUPTS chuyn ti DSP cc gi tr c nhp vo thng qua chuyn mch DIP. 13. Dng micro, cho mt tn hiu (ging ni) vo DSP Ch : iu chnh cc chit p GAIN ca MICROPHONE PRE-AMPLIFIER v ca AUDIO AMPLIFIER ci thin m thanh u ra. 14. Lu rng trong khi ang ni vo micro, cc chm trn mn hnh ca khi mch I/O INTERFACE bt sng. 15. iu chnh chuyn mch DIP sao cho mn hnh I/O INTERFACE c c l 0015. 16. Truyn gi tr ca chuyn mch DIP vo DSP bng cch nhn nt nhn INT#. 17. Quan st kt qu ca s thay i ca x l tn hiu trong m thanh ca ging ni. 18. Lp li cc bc t 15 n 17 cho mi mt gi tr c hin th trn I/O INTERFACE sau y: 0031, 0063, 0127, 0255 Nh nhn nt INT # sau khi t chuyn mch DIP ti mt gi tr mi. Hi: S la chn no sau y l m t ng n nht v chng trnh ex1_1.dsk c np vo DSP? a. y l mt b ghi ting ni b. y l h iu hnh Base Unit c. y l mt my pht chc nng d. y l mt my pht ting vng. Hi: Con s c hin th trn I/O INTERFACE t l vi ci g? a. Thi gian tr (theo ms) gia cc ting vng lin tip b. S cc ting vng c to ra c. Thi gian cn dng (theo ms) sinh ra cc ting vng cho mt m thanh d. S cc mu phi ly trn tn hiu ra trong mt giy 19. Thc hin lnh Halt trn thanh cng c ca C5x VDE. ng C5x VDE.
4.
Kt lun
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR c hai vng: vng cc ph kin ca bo mch v vng DSP vi cc ngoi vi. Bo mch c chia thnh cc khi mch ring r. Trc khi mt chng trnh DSP c th c np hoc s dng, ngun cung cp ca DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR phi c bt ln v kt ni ni tip gia khi mch SERIAL PORT v my tnh phi c thc hin Cc khi mch CODEC, I/O INTERFACE, INTERRUPT v AUXILIARY I/O c th ch c p dng bi ngi s dng nu chng trnh np vo DSP i hi vic s dng chng.
78
5.
Cu hi n tp
1. Trc khi bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR sn sng s dng c mt s bc bt buc cn phi theo. Mnh no sau y l bc cn thit phi thc hin trc khi s dng bo mch ? a. Chc chn rng cc chuyn mch ca I/O INTERFACE u v tr 0 b. Chc chn rng kt ni ni tip l hin c gia my tnh ch v khi mch DIGITAL, SIGNAL PROCESSOR c nh nhn SERIAL PORT. c. Chc chn rng ngun cung cp ca bo mch c bt d. Cc mnh b v c. 2. Khong in p DC m chit p cho ngun DC iu chnh c l bao nhiu? a. 3,3V n +3,6V b. 3,0V n + 3,0V c. 3,5V n + 3,5V d. Khng c mnh no trong cc mnh trn l ng. 3. Chn no trong s cc chn sau y c t trn u gia ca bo mch AUXILIARY I/O ? a. 4 ng a ch tin m ho (c nh nhn t PA0# n PA3#) b. TOUT, IACK #, INT4#, v RD# c. DS#, D0, D1, v D2 d. CS#, INT4#, DS#, v PA1# 4. DSP TMS320C50 trn bo mch DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR s dng ng h h thng c tn s l bao nhiu (nhc li rng y l ng h t tc tnh ton cho DSP)? a. DSP dng b to dao ng bn trong 20MHZ b. DSP dng b to dao ng bn ngoi 40MHZ c. Thng qua kt ni ni tip, DSP dng b to dao ng bn trong 33.3MHz CODEC d. Thng qua kt ni bo mch SERIAL PORT, DSP dng b dao ng trong ca my tnh ch. 5. Linh kin no trong cc linh kin sau y thng c tm thy trong CODEC a. Mt b lc chng trm ph b. Mt b bin i tng t s c. Mt b bin i s tng t d. Tt c cc b ni trn.
79
TI LIU THAM KHO:

[1] Ingle V., Proakis J., Digital Signal Processing using MATLAB v.4, 1997, PWS Publishing Company, ISBN 0-534-93805-1. [2] Nguyn Quc Trung, X l tn hiu v lc s, Tp 1 v Tp 2, Nh xut bn KHKT 2004. [3] Proakis J., Manolakis D., Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications, Third Edition, 1996, Prentice-Hall International Inc., ISBN 0-13394336-9. [4] Rorabaurg Britton, Digital Filter Designers Handbook Featuring C Routines, McGraw-Hill Education Europe, 1993, ISBN 0-07-911166-1 [5] Lab-Volt Ltd, Digital Signal Processors, Student Workbook, First Edition, 2000, ISBN 2-89289-473-5.
LINKS
MATLAB website: www.mathworks.com LABVOLT website: www.labvolt.com Texas Instrument website: www.ti.com
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HNG DN THC HNH TH NGHIM

TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................................. 80 LINKS .............................................................................................................................. 80

M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB

A. GII THIU V MATLAB:

B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC n 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

l tn s gc tnh theo n v radians

d. Dch (Tr): Lm tr mt dy i mt khong n0 mu thu c dy mi:

{y( n)} = {x( n

{y( n)} = {x( n)}

g. Cng sut: Cng sut trung bnh ca mt dy tun hon:

hay c th vit di dng sau thch hp vi th hin m hnh s khi ca h thng:

nhp theo cu lnh: [x,n] = expseq(a,n1,n2)

u ra c nhp vo theo cu lnh: Ex = energy(x,n); 1.6. Th hin trn th dy x( n) = 2

2 n 10 . Vit chng trnh th trn

vi -4 n 10 1.12. Vit chng trnh th hin trn th kt qu hm t tng quan ca dy sau:

Cho h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh

C. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN Z, MIN TN S LIN TC , V MIN TN S RI RC k 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

x(k ) ( n k ) = x(k ) T [ ( n k ) ] = x( k ) h( n k ) = x(n) * h( n)

Php bin i Fourier cho dy s x(n), vi x(n) tho mn iu kin

Bin i Fourier ngc i vi hm X(ej ):

: L ph bin ca tn hiu x(n) : L ph pha ca tn hiu x(n)

X e j ( e=)X je [Xjae(] )r ( )eg X= je (j )( ) arg[X (e

Do x(n) ch xc nh trong mt khong hu hn 0 n N 1 nn:

Khi ly M+1 im ri rc cch u nhau trong khong [0, ], bin lin tc

Cng thc trn c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn nh sau:

ly chuyn v ca c hai v, phng trnh trn tr thnh

, x(n) v X(k) ch khc 0

trong khong t 0 n N-1. Di dng ma trn cc cng thc trn c th hin:

vi X, x, v WN l cc vector v ma trn c nh ngha:

Hm s X(z) c th vit di dng t s ca hai a thc theo z-1 nh sau X (z) = z 3z 2 4z + 1 = z 1 3 4z 1 + z 2 = 0 + z1 3 4 z1 + z2

a. Dy c chiu di N = 40 v x( n) = b. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x( n) = c. Dy c chiu di N = 60 v x( n) =

THIT K B LC S BNG MATLAB

A. THIT K B LC S C P NG XUNG CHIU DI HU HN (B LC S FIR) 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim

a. B lc thng thp l tng

0 , n cn li Khi p ng xung ca b lc thng di l tng vi tr nhm l: hd (n) =

Khi p ng xung ca b vi phn l tng vi tr nhm l:

p ng bin - tn s:http://www.ebook.edu.vn H d e(j )=

suy gim di chn theo dB c tnh bng cng thc:

v hm p ng tn s ca b lc FIR c cho di dng ln v pha nh sau:

B lc FIR loi 2: h(n) i xng, N chn, = 0, =

p ng tn s ca b lc FIR cho tng loi l nh sau: a. FIR loi 1:

,h gdpu liyn muacgxn. a

dn nA( e j d. FIR loi 4:

= 1 e . Trng hp c bit, im khng nm trn trc thc hoc ng

khong cn li. Kt qu l hm p ng xung ca b lc thc t h(n) l i xng hoc

trong khong [0,N-1].

0,42 0,5 cos 0

rng di chuyn tip Xp x

suy gim di chn ti thiu

Ch nht Bartlett Hanning Hamming Blackman

21dB 25dB 44dB 53dB 74dB

, tuy nhin phn tm tt l thuyt ny ghi l cho ph hp vi cng thc tnh

ng nhin l cc gi tr X(k) chnh l cc gi tr ca H(ej ) ti cc mu ri rc:

nh ca h(n) qua php bin i Fourier ri rc cng c vit di dng ln

th ln v pha ca dy H(k) s c tnh theo cng thc:

Do H(ej ) v H(k) u c tnh cht i xng Hermit nn: A( k

0,5842 As 21http://www.ebook.edu.vn,21 < As < 50 ( ) 0,07886( As 21)

v: k =1 , , . . . , 2 2 2 , k = 1,..., 2 2 N 1 2 N + 2 i vi b lc FIR loi 3: 2

Bng sau y a ra gi tr R, cc hm P( ) v Q( ) cho 4 loi b lc: Loi b lc FIR loi 1 Q( ) 1 R

a ( n) cos n b ( n) cos n c ( n) cos n

Hm sai s gia b lc l tng v b lc thc t c xy dng nh sau: E(

Nu ta la chn hm trng s trong trng hp gn sng ca di thng v di chn, l:

1 d i chn th hm sai s c di thng v di chn u khng vt qu c di thng v di

y nu nh nh ngha cc hm trng s bin dng v hm ln ca p ng tn s b lc l tng bin dng l:

= [1:1:L]; n = http://www.ebook.edu.vn w = [0:1:500]'pi/500; Hr = cos(wn)*b';