Phuong Trinh Vo Ty

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Dng 1.

2 2
0
k k
A
A B
A B

'

2 2
0
k k
B
A B
A B

'
Ch : Ta nn chn iu kin n gin gii mt cch d dng.

Dng 2.

2
2
0
k
k
B
A B
A B

'
Dng 3.

0
0
2
A
A B C B
A B AB C
+
'
+ +

Dng 4.
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 . A B C A B A B A B C + + + +

3
3 . . A B ABC C + +
Dng 5.
2 1 2 1 k k
A B A B
+ +

Dng 6.
2 1 2 1 k k
A B A B
+ +

Ch : Php bnh phng hai v ca mt phng trnh m khng c iu
kin cho hai v khng m l mt php bin i h qu. Sau khi tm c
nghim ta phi th li.
b. V d c s
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Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau :

3
2
1
1 1 3
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + + + +
+
Gii
iu kin : 1 x
Chc chng ta c ngay cc hng sau :
* Bnh phng hai v phng trnh.
* Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no.
Ta c nhn xt :
3
2
1
. 3 1. 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + +
+

T nhn xt ny ta c li gii nh sau :
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

3
2
1
3 1 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + +
+
Bnh phng hai v ta c :

3
2 2
1 3
1
1 2 2 0
3
1 3
x
x
x x x x
x
x

+

+
+
Th li : 1 3, 1 3 x x + l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho.

Qua li gii trn ta c nhn xt :
Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + +

M c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . f x h x k x g x
th ta bin i

Chp Cnh Nhng c M Bay Cao
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau : 3 3 1 2 2 2 x x x x + + + + +
Gii
Bnh phng hai v khng m ca phng trnh ta c :

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + + +
Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh :

3 1 2 2 4 3 x x x x + + +
Bnh phng hai v ta c :
2 2
6 8 2 4 12 1 x x x x x + + +
Th li x = 1 tha mn.
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + +

M c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x k x + +
th ta bin i phng trnh v dng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x
sau bnh phng gii phng trnh h
qu.
3 3
1 2 1 x x +
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( )
3 3
3 3 3 3
1 1 2
1 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 8
x x
x x x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + +
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3
2 1 2
0
x
x

( )
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
x x
x

+ +
Gii
Ta thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh.
Vi x khc 0 ta c 1 1 0 x + .

Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
4 1 1
4 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 2 1
1 3
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
+ +
+
+ + +
+

1
8
x
x

'

4 2 2 2
2 2 16 2 6 20 0 x x x x x x + + +
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi :
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( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 16 2 0
2 16 0
2 0
x x x x
x x x
x
+ +

2 2
2 16 0
2 0
x x x
x

2. K thut trc cn thc mu
Trong vic gii bi ton phng tnh v t th c mt phng php l
s dng cc biu thc lin hp. Ta bit ( ) ( )
a b a b a b +
vi a
v b l cc s khng m. Thc cht ca phng php ny l nu nhn mt
biu thc dng ( )
a b +
hay l ( )
a b
vi biu thc lin hp m xut
hin mt nhn t chung vi biu thc khc ca phng trnh th sau khi t
nhn t chung ta chuyn v gii phng trnh n gin hn.
2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung
a. Phng php c s
Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim
0
x
nh vy phng
trnh lun a v c dng tch ( ) ( )
0
0 x x A x
ta c th gii phng trnh
( ) 0 A x
hoc chng minh
( ) 0 A x
v nghim.
Ch iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh gi
( ) 0 A x
v nghim.
b. V d c s
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( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 3 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + +
Gii
Ta nhn thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 5 1 3 3 3 2 2 x x x x x +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 4 3 2 x x x x +

( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 3 1 2 3 4 x x x x x x x + +
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v ta c :

( )
2 2
2 2
2 4 3 6
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 1
x x
x x x x x x x
+
+ + + + +

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 3
2
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 1
x
x x x x x x x
_

+

+ + + + +
,

2 0 2 x x

2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + + +
Gii
phng trnh c nghim th :
2 2
5
12 5 3 5 0
3
x x x x + +
Ta nhn thy : x = 2 l nghim ca phng trnh nh vy phng trnh c
th phn tch v dng :
( ) ( ) 2 0 x A x
thc hin c iu ta phi nhm v tch nh sau :

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( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
12 4 3 6 5 3
4 4
3 2
12 4 5 3
2 1
2 3 0
12 4 5 3
2
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
+ + +

+
+ + + +
_
+ +

+ + + +
,

D dng chng minh c :
2 2
2 2 5
3 0,
3
12 4 5 3
x x
x
x x
+ +
< >
+ + + +
2 3 3
1 1 x x x +
Gii
iu kin :
3
2 x
Nhn thy x = 3 l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta bin i phng trnh

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 3 3
2
2 3
2 2 3
3
1 2 3 2 5
3 3 9
3
3 1
2 5
1 2 1 4
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
+
1
+ +
+
1
+
1
+
+ +
1
]

Ta chng minh :

( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 3 3
3
3 3
1 1 2
1 2 1 4 1 1 3
x x
x x x
+ +
+ + <
+ + + +
2
3
3 9
2 5
x x
x
+ +
<
+
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 3.
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2.2. a v h tm
a. Phng php c s
Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C + trong
A B C

y C c th l hng s, c th l biu thc ca
x
. Ta c th gii nh sau :

A B
C A B
A B

khi ta c h :

2
A B C
A C
A B

+
'

b. V d c s
2 2
2 9 2 1 4 x x x x x + + + + +
Gii
Ta thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 9 2 1 2 4 x x x x x + + + +
4 x khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Xt 4 x ta trc cn thc :

2 2
2 2
2 8
4 2 9 2 1 2
2 9 2 1
x
x x x x x
x x x x
+
+ + + +
+ + +
Do ta c h phng trnh :

2 2
2
2 2
0
2 9 2 1 2
2 2 9 6
8
2 9 2 1 4
7
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x x

+ + +

+ + +
'

+ + + + +

Th li nghim tha mn.
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l :
8
0 ;
7
S

' ;

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2 2
2 1 1 3 x x x x x + + + +
Gii
Ta thy : ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + +
nh vy khng tha mn iu
kin trn.
Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t
1
t
x
th bi ton tr nn n gin hn.

3. Phng trnh bin i v tch
a. Phng php c s
* Tm tp xc nh ca phng trnh.
* Dng cc php bin i i s, a phng trnh dng
( ). ( )... ( ) 0 f x g x h x
T suy ra
( ) 0 ; ( ) 0 ;...; ( ) 0 f x g x h x
l nhng phng trnh quen
thuc. Nghim ca phng trnh l tp hp cc nghim ca cc phng trnh
( ) 0 ; ( ) 0 ;...; ( ) 0 f x g x h x
thuc tp xc nh.
* i khi dng n ph thay th cho mt biu thc cha n, a v dng tch
Gii phng trnh vi n ph, t tm nghim ca phng trnh cho.
* Dng cch nhm s hng, hoc tch cc s hng a phng trnh
v dng quen thuc m ta bit cch gii
b. V d c s

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
2 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 2 x x x x + + + + + +
Gii
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( ) ( )
3 3
0
1 1 2 1 0
1
x
x x
x

+ +

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : S = {0 ; 1}

2 2 3 3 3 3
1 x x x x x + + + +
Gii
Ta thy 0 x khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Khi 0 x ta chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho x ta c :

( )
3 3 3
3 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
x x
x x x x
x x
_
+ +
+ + +

,
2
3 2 1 2 4 3 x x x x x x + + + + + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 x .
( ) ( )
1
3 2 1 1 0
0
x
x x x
x

+ +


{ } 0 ; 1 S
4
3 4
3
x
x x
x
+ +
+
Gii
iu kin : 0 x
Chia c hai v cho 3 x + ta c :
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2
4 4 4
1 2 1 0 1
3 3 3
x x x
x
x x x
_
+

+ + +
,
3 3 x x x +
Gii
iu kin : 0 3 x khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi :

3 2
3 3 0 x x x + +
3
3
1 10 10 1
3 3 3 3
x x
_
+

,
Vy
3
10 1
3
x

l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

2
2 3 9 4 x x x +
Gii
iu kin : 3 x
Khi phng trnh cho tng ng vi :

( )
2
2
1 3 9
3 1 3
3 1 3
1
5 97
18
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ +

+ +

5 97
1 ;
18
S

+

' ;

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Chng II. Phng php t n s ph
1. Phng php t n ph thng thng
i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t gii chng ta c th t
( ) t f x

v ch iu kin ca
t
nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh
cha mt bin
t
quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh theo
t

th vic t ph xem nh hon ton. Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c
th t hon ton
( ) t f x
thng l nhng phng trnh c bn m thi.
2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 x
Nhn xt.
2 2
1. 1 1 x x x x +
t
2
1 t x x
th phng trnh c dng:
1
2 1 t t
t
+
Thay vo tm c 1 x
Vy x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
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2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x +
Gii
iu kin :
4
5
x
t 4 5 0 t x + th
2
5
4
t
x

. Thay vo phng trnh cho v sau
n gin ta c phng trnh sau :

4 2
22 8 27 0 t t t +
2 2
( 2 7)( 2 11) 0 t t t t +
Ta tm c bn nghim l :

( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 t t t t + + ; ; ;
Do
0 t
nn ch nhn cc gi tr
1 3
1 2 2 1 2 3 t t + + ;
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : ( )
1 2 2 1 2 3 S + + ;
Cch khc : Ta c bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh cho
vi iu kin
2
2 6 1 0 x x
Ta c:
2 2 2
( 3) ( 1) 0 x x x t ta tm c nghim tng ng.
n gin nht l ta t : 2 3 4 5 y x + v a v h i xng.
5 1 6 x x + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 6 x
t 1 0 y x th phng trnh cho tr thnh :

2 4 2
5 5 10 20 0 y y y y y + + + vi 5 y

2 2
( 4)( 5) 0 y y y y +

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1 21
2
1 17
2
y
y
T ta tm c cc gi tr ca
11 17
2
x

Vy
11 17
2
x

Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau :
( )
( )
2
2004 1 1 x x x +
Gii
iu kin : 0 1 x
t
1 y x
. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 1002 0
1 0
y y y
y x
+

2
1
2 3 1 x x x x
x
+ +
Gii
iu kin : 1 0 x <
Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho x ta c :

1 1
2 3 x x
x x
+ +
t
1
t x
x

ta lp tc c ngay li ngay thi m.
2 4 2 3
2 1 x x x x + +
Gii
Ta thy 0 x khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
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Chia c hai v cho x ta c :
3
1 1
2 x x
x x
_
+

,
t t =
3
1
x
x
. Khi ta c :
3
2 0 t t +
1 5
1
2
t x
t

Th li ta thy
1 5
2
x
t
tha mn phng trnh cho.
1 5 1 5
;
2 2
S

+
' ;

Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt
lp bi n gin m thi, i khi phng trnh i vi
t
li qu kh gii.
2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi hai bin :
Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh :
2 2
0 u uv v + +
bng cch :
Ta thy v = 0 khng tha mn phng trnh cho.
Xt
0 v
phng trnh cho tr thnh :
2
0
u u
v v

_ _
+ +

, ,
Cc trng hp sau cng a v c dng :
2 2
0 u uv v + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x +

2 2
u v mu nv + +
Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc
( ) ( ) ; A x B x
bi cc biu thc v t th s
nhn c phng trnh v t theo dng ny.
a. Phng trnh dng : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x +
Nh vy phng trnh ( ) ( ) Q x P x
c th gii bng phng php trn
nu
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. P x A x B x
Q x aA x bB x

'
+

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Xut pht t ng thc :

( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 1 x x x x + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + +
Cc bn hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn. Chng hn nh
phng trnh :
2 4
4 2 2 4 1 x x x + +
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : ( )
2 3
2 2 5 1 x x + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 x . Khi ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
2 1 1 5 1 1 x x x x x x
1
+ + + + +
]

t
2
1, 1 u x v x x + + . Phng trnh tr thnh :
( )
2 2
2
2 5
1
2
u v
u v uv
u v

Khi ta tm c
5 37
2
x
t
5 37 5 37
;
2 2
S

+
' ;

2 3
2 5 1 7 1 x x x +
Gii
iu kin : 1 x
Nhn xt : Ta vit ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + + +
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ng nht thc ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + + +
t
2
1 0 ; 1 0 u x v x x + + >
ta c :
9
3 2 7
1
4
v u
u v uv
v u

Khi ta tm c : 4 6 x t tha mn phng trnh cho.

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : { }
4 6 ; 4 6 S +
( )
3
3 2
3 2 2 6 0 x x x x + +
Gii
Nhn xt : t 2 y x + ta s bin phng trnh trn v phng trnh thun
nht bc 3 i vi x v y :

( )
3 2 3
3 3
3 2 3
3 2 6 0
2 3 2
3 2 0
2
x x y x
x y x x
x xy y
x y
x y
+
+ +
+

Khi phng trnh c nghim : 2 ; 2 2 3 x x

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l : { }
2 ; 2 2 3 S
b. Phng trnh dng :
2 2
u v mu nv + +

Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn, nhng
nu ta bnh phng hai v th a v c dng trn.
2 2 4 2
3 1 1 x x x x + +
Gii
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Ta t
2 2
; 1 u x v x .
Khi phng trnh tr thnh :
2 2
3 u v u v +
Do ( )
2
2 2
3 u v u v +

( )
2
10 6 0
2 3 5 0
v uv
v u v
+
+
Ch rng u v v l hai s khng m nn v = 0.
T
2
1 0 x . Ta tm c
1 x t
{ } 1 ; 1 S
2 2
2 2 1 3 4 1 x x x x x + + + +
Gii
iu kin :
1
2
x
. Bnh phng hai v ta c :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x + + + +
Ta c th t
2
2 ; 2 1 u x x v x + . Khi ta c :

2 2
1 5
2
1 5
2
u v
uv u v
u v
Mt khc do u v v l hai s dng nn

1 5
2
u v
+
Do ( )
2
1 5
2 2 1
2
x x x
+
+
T ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh cho.
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + +
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Gii
iu kin : 5 x . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c :

( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 5 20 1 x x x x x + +
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s
,
: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 20 1 x x x x x + + +

vy ta khng th t
2
20 ; 1 u x x v x + .
Nhng may mn thay ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
20 1 4 5 1 4 4 5 x x x x x x x x x + + + +
Ta vit li phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 5 3 4 5 ( 4 5)( 4) x x x x x x + + +
.
n y chng ta c li gii ca bi ton.
3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton
T nhng phng trnh tch
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 0 x x x + + +
v ( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 2 0 x x x x + + +

Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm
thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng
trnh tch m ta xut pht .

T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng nyPhng php
gii c th hin qua cc v d sau .
( )
2 2 2
3 2 1 2 2 x x x x + + + +
Gii
Dng php t
2
2 t x +
. Khi ta c :

( )
2
3
2 3 3 0
1
t
t x t x
t x

+ +


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T ta tm c : 7 x t tha mn phng trnh.
7 ; 7 S
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : ( )
2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + +
Gii
Dng php t :
2
2 3 2 t x x +
. Khi phng trnh tr thnh :

( )
2
1 1 x t x + + ( )
2
1 1 0 x x t + +
By gi ta thm bt c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 1 2 1 0
1 2 1 0
2
1
x x x t x
t x t x
t
t x
+ + +
+ +

T mt phng trnh n gin : ( ) ( )

1 2 1 1 2 1 0 x x x x + + +
khai
trin ra ta s c phng trnh sau.
2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + + +
Gii
Dng php t : 1 t x
Phng trnh cho tr thnh : 4 1 3 2 1 x x t t x + + + + (1)
Ta rt
2
1 x t thay vo th c phng trnh :
( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 4 1 1 0 t x t x + + + +
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t
( ) ( )
2
2 1 48 1 1 x x + + + khng c dng bnh phng .
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Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo
( ) ( )
2 2
1 , 1 x x +
C th nh sau :
( ) ( ) 3 1 2 1 x x x + +
thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c :
2
2 2 4 4 2 9 16 x x x + + +
Gii
Bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + +
Ta t : ( )
2
2 4 0 t x
. Khi
2
9 16 32 8 0 x t x +
Ta phi tch ( ) ( )
2 2 2
9 2 4 9 2 8 x x x + +
lm sao cho
t
c dng chnh
phng .

Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t
c mc ch.
4. t nhiu n ph a v tch
Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng
phng trnh v t m khi gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi
quan h gia cc n ph a v h.
Xut pht t ng thc ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
3 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + + + + + + +
Ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
0 a b c a b c a b a c b c + + + + + + +
T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc
ba. Chng hn :

2 2 3 3 3
7 1 8 8 1 2 x x x x x + + +

3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 4 3 0 x x x x + + +
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21
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Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 . 3 3 . 5 5 . 2 x x x x x x x + +
Gii
Dng php t : 2 ; 3 ; 5 u x v x w x
Khi ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
3 3
5 5
u v u w u uv vw wu
v uv vw wu u v v w
w uv vw wu v w u w
+ + + +

+ + + +
' '

+ + + +

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c :
30 239
60 120
u x
Vy
239
120
x

2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +
Gii
t
2 2 2 2
2 1 ; 3 2 ; 2 2 3 ; 2 a x b x x c x x d x x + + +
Khi ta c :
2 2 2 2
2
a b c d
x
a b c d
+ +

'

Vy 2 x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

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22
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5. t n ph a v h
5.1 t n ph a v h thng thng
t
( ) ( ) , u x v x
v tm mi quan h gia
( ) x
v
( ) x
t
tm c h theo u,v.
Chng hn i vi phng trnh :
( ) ( )
m m
a f x b f x c + +
ta c th t :
( )
( )
m
m
u a f x
v b f x
'
+

ta c h
m m
u v a b
u v c
+ +
'
+

( )
3 3 3 3
25 25 30 x x x x +
Gii
t
3 3 3 3
35 35 y x x y +
Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau :
3 3
( ) 30
35
xy x y
x y
+
'
+
Gii h phng trnh ny ta tm c

( ; ) (2 ; 3) (3 ; 2) x y
.
{ } 2 S ; 3
4
4
1
2 1
2
x x +
Gii
iu kin : 0 2 1 x
t
4
4
2 1
0 2 1, 0 2 1
x u
u v
x v

'


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23
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Ta a v h phng trnh sau :
4
4
2
2 4 4
4
1
1
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
u v
u v
u v v v
' '
_

+ +

,
Gii phng trnh th 2 :
2
2 2
4
1
( 1) 0
2
v v
_
+ +

,

T tm ra
v
ri thay vo tm nghim ca phng trnh.
5 1 6 x x + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 x
t 1 0 5 1 0 a x b x + ;
Th ta a v h phng trnh sau :

2
2
5
5
( )( 1) 0
1 0
1
a b
b a
a b a b
a b
a b
'

+ +
+

Do
11 17
1 1 5 1 1 5
2
x x x x x

+ +
Vy
11 17
2
x

6 2 6 2 8
3 5 5
x x
x x
+
+
+
Gii
iu kin : 5 5 x < <
t 5 0 ; 5 10 u x v y > <
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24
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Khi ta c h phng trnh :

2
2 2
( ) 10 2
10
2 4 4 4 8
( ) 1 2( )
3 3
u v uv
u v
u v u z
uv u v
+ +
+

' '
_
+ + +

,
T ta c li gii ca bi ton.
5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II
Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch
a v h i xng loi II
Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
( )
( )
2
2
1 2 (1)
1 2 (2)
x y
y x
+ +
'
+ +

vic gii h ny th n gin
By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t
( ) y f x
sao cho
(2) lun ng 2 1 y x + , khi ta c phng trnh :
( )
2
2
1 ( 2 1) 1 2 2 x x x x x + + + + +
gii phng trnh :
2
2 2 x x x + + ta t li nh trn v a v h
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 :
( )
( )
2
2
x ay b
y ax b

+ +
'
+ +
Ta s xy dng c phng trnh dng sau : t y ax b + +

khi ta c phng trnh : ( )
2 a
x ax b b

+ + +
Tng t cho bc cao hn : ( )
n
n
a
x ax b b

+ + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25
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Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + + + v t
n
y ax b + + a v h, ch v
du ca
.
Vic chn
;
thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + + + l chn c.
2
2 2 2 1 x x x
Gii
iu kin :
1
2
x
Phng trnh c vit li nh sau :
2
( 1) 1 2 2 1 x x
t 1 2 1 y x th ta a v h sau :
2
2
2 2( 1)
2 2( 1)
x x y
y y x
'

Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c

( )( ) 0 x y x y +
Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l : 2 2 x +
Vy 2 2 x + l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x +
Gii
iu kin :
5
4
x
Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau :

2 2
4 12 2 2 4 5 (2 3) 2 4 5 11 x x x x x + + +
t 2 3 4 5 y x + ta c h phng trnh :

2
2
(2 3) 4 5
( )( 1) 0
(2 3) 4 5
x y
x y x y
y x
+
'
+
Vi 2 3 4 5 2 3 x y x x x + +
Vi 1 0 1 1 2 x y y x x +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26
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2 3 1 2 S + ;

5.3 Dng h gn i xng
Ta xt h phng trnh sau :
2
2
(2 3) 2 1
(1)
(2 3) 3 1
x y x
y x
+ +
'
+

y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng chng ta vn gii h c v t
h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau :
2
4 5 13 3 1 0 x x x + + +
Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc

2
13 33
2 3 1
4 4
x x
_
+

,
t
13
2 3 1
4
y x +
th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m
chng ta c th gii c.
thu c h (1) ta t : 3 1 y x + + chn
,
sao cho h chng ta
c th gii c. Ta c h phng trnh :

( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
3 1

4 13 5
2 3 1 0 (1)
(*)
4 13 5 0 (2)
y x
x x y
y y x
x x y

+ +
'
+
+ +
'
+ + +

gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2) v mong mun ca ca
chng ta l c nghim
x y
Nn ta phi c :
2 2
2 3 1
4 13 5

+
ta chn c ngay
2 ; 3
Ta c li gii nh sau :
iu kin :
1
3
x
t ( ) 3 1 2 3 x y +
vi
3
2
y
Ta c h phng trnh sau :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

27
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2
2
(2 3) 2 1
(2 3) 3 1
( )(2 2 5) 0
x y x
y x
x y x y
+ +
'
+
+

Vi
15 97
8
x y x

Vi
11 73
2 2 5 0
8
x y x
+
+
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : S =
15 97 11 73
;
8 8

+
' ;

Ch : khi lm quen chng ta c th tm ngay
;
bng cch vit li
phng trnh ta vit li phng trnh nh sau :
2
(2 3) 3 1 4 x x x + + +
khi t 3 1 2 3 x y + + nu t 2 3 3 1 y x + th chng ta khng thu
c h nh mong mun, ta thy du ca
cng du vi du trc cn.

* Mt cch tng qut .
Xt h phng trnh :
( ) . . (1)
( ) '. ' (2)
f x A x B y m
f y A x m
+ +
'
+
h c nghim x = y th :
'
A A B v ' m m
Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc
( ) y g x
thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
Nh vy xy dng phng trnh theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm
ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii c.
Chng III. Phng php nh gi
1. Dng hng ng thc
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

28
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T nhng nh gi bnh phng :
2 2
0 A B + ta xy dng phng trnh
dng
2 2
0 A B +
T phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
5 1 2 9 5 2 1 0 x x x x + + ta khai trin ra
c phng trnh :
( )
2
4 12 1 4 5 1 9 5 x x x x x + + +
2. Dng bt ng thc
Mt s phng trnh c to ra t du bng ca bt ng thc :
A m
B m

'

nu du bng (1) v (2) cng t c ti
0
x
th
0
x
l nghim ca phng
trnh A B .
i khi mt s phng trnh c to ra t tng :
( )
( )
A f x
B f x

'

Khi :
( )
( )
A f x
A B
B f x

'
Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn

nhng c nhiu bi nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c ta vn
dng bt ng thc nh gi c.
Bi 1. ( OLP 30 thng 4 nm 2007 )
Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2
9
1
x x
x
+ +
+
Gii
iu kin : 0 x
Ta c : ( )
2 2
2
2 2 1
2 2 1 9
1 1 1
x
x x x
x x x
1
_ _
1
1
+ + + + +

1
] + + + 1
, ,
]
Du bng xy ra
2 2 1 1
7 1 1
x
x x

+ +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

29
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Vy
1
7
x
2 4 2 4
13 9 16 x x x x + +
Gii
iu kin : 1 1 x
Bin i phng trnh ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2
13 1 9 1 256 x x x + +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c :

( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
13. 13. 1 3. 3. 3 1 13 27 13 13 3 3 x x x x + + + + +
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
13. 13. 1 3. 3. 3 1 40 16 10 x x x + +
p dng bt ng thc Csi :
( )
2
2 2
16
10 16 10 64
2
x x
_

,
Du bng xy ra
2
2
2 2
2
1
5 1
3
2
10 16 10
5
x
x
x
x
x x

+

'

2 2
;
5 5
S
_

,

2 2 2 4
6 11 6 13 4 5 3 2 x x x x x x + + + + + +

Gii

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30
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( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4
3 2 3 4 2 1 3 2 x x x + + + + + +
Mt khc ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4
3 2 3 4 2 1 2 4 1 3 2 x x x + + + + + + + +
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
( )
( )
2
2
3 0
2 0
x
x
'

iu ny l khng th xy ra c.
Vy phng trnh cho l v nghim.
3. Chng minh nghim duy nht
mt s phng trnh ta c th th trc tip thy nghim ca chng
ri tm cch chng minh rng ngoi nghim ny ra khng cn nghim no
khc na.
6 4 3
5 3 2 1 x x
Gii
* Nu | x | > 1 th
6
5 4 x < v
4
3 2 1 x >
Khi
6
5 < 2 x v
4 3
3 2 < 1 x

6 4 3
5 3 2 < 1 x x
Do phng trnh v nghim.
* Nu | x | < 1 th phng trnh cho cng v nghim.
* Vi | x | = 1 th
4 6
1 x x
Khi phng trnh cho c nghim ng.
Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : S = { 1 ; 1}
Bi 2. ( Tp ch ton tui th THCS )
Gii phng trnh sau :

2 2 2 2
3 7 3 2 3 5 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31
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Gii
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 5 1 2 x x x x x x x x + +
(*)
* Nu x > 2 th v tri ca (*) nh hn v phi ca (*)
* Nu x < 2 th v tri ca (*) ln hn v phi ca (*)
* Vi x = 2 th (*) c nghim ng.
Chng IV. Phng php hm s n iu
1. Phng php c s
* S dng tnh cht c bn ca hm s gii mt s phng trnh quen
thuc. Ta c mt s hng sau :
Hng 1. Thc hin theo cc bc :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

32
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Bc 1 : Chuyn phng trnh v dng:
( ) f x k
Bc 2 : Xt hm s
( ) y f x
Bc 3 : Nhn xt :
* Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k
do
0
x
l nghim
* Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k > >
do phng trnh v nghim
* Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k < <
do phng trnh v nghim
* Vy
0
x
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Bc 1 : Chuyn phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( ) f x g x
Bc 2 : Dng lp lun khng nh rng
( ) f x
v g(x) c nhng tnh cht

tri ngc nhau v xc nh
0
x
sao cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x
Bc 3 : Vy
0
x
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Bc 1 : Chuyn phng trnh v dng
( ) ( ) f u f v
Bc 2 : Xt hm s
( ) y f x
, dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu
Bc 3 : Khi
( ) ( ) f u f v u v
2. V d c s
Gii phng trnh : ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 4 4 4 3 2 9 3 0 x x x x x + + + + + + +
Gii

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3
2 1 3
x x x
f x f x
+ + + + +
+
Xt hm s ( )
( )
2
2 3 f t t t + +
l hm ng bin trn R
Do ta c
1
5
x
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

33
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Chng V. Phng php lng gic ha
1. Mt s kin thc c s
Nu | x | 1 th c mt s t vi
;
2 2
t
1
1
]
sao cho :
sint x
v
mt s y vi [ ]
0; y
sao cho
cos x y
Nu
0 1 x
th c mt s t vi
0;
2
t
1
1
]
sao cho :
sint x
v mt
s y vi
0;
2
y
1
1
]
sao cho
cos x y
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

34
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Vi mi s thc x c
;
2 2
t
_

,
sao cho :
tan x t
Nu x v y l hai s thc tha :
2 2
1 x y +
th c mt s t vi
0 2 t
sao cho
sin , cos x t y t
T chng ta c phng php gii ton :
Nu | x | 1 th t
sint x
vi
;
2 2
t
1
1
]
hoc
cos x y
vi
[ ]
0; y
Nu
0 1 x
th t
sint x
, vi
0;
2
t
1
1
]
hoc
cos x y
, vi
0;
2
y
1
1
]

Nu :
x
,
y
l hai s thc tha:
2 2
1 x y +
, th t
sin , cos x t y t

vi 0 2 t
Nu | x | a ta c th t :
sin
a
x
t
, vi
;
2 2
t
_

,
, tng t cho
trng hp khc.
x l s thc bt k th t :
tan , ;
2 2
x t t
_

,
Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ?
Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin
( ) x f t
th phi m bo vi mi
x

c duy nht mt
t
v iu kin trn m bo iu ny.
2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ?

T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin : cos3 sin t t ta c th to ra
c phng trnh v t.
Ch :
3
cos3 4cos 3cos t t t ta c phng trnh v t:
3 2
4 3 1 x x x
(*)
Nu thay
x
bng
1
x
ta li c phng trnh :
2 2 2
4 3 1 x x x
(**)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (*) bi
( ) 1 x
ta s c phng trnh v t
kh :
3 2 2
4 12 9 1 2 x x x x x +
(***)
Vic gii phng trnh (**) v (***) khng n gin cht no.
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35
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Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x ; sin 4x ; ta cng xy dng c
nhng phng trnh v t theo kiu lng gic.
3. V d c s
Gii phng trnh sau :
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
x
x x x

1
+ + +
1
]
Gii
iu kin : | x | 1
Vi
[ 1; 0] x
th
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 0 x x +
Phng trnh cho v nghim.
[0;1] x
ta t :
cos , 0;
2
x t t
1

1
]
. Khi phng trnh tr thnh :

1 1
2 6 cos 1 sin 2 sin cos
2 6
x t t t
_
+ +

,
Vy
1
6
x

Chng VI. Tuyn chn mt s bi ton hay
Bi 1. ( Mathemtical Olympiad 30 thng 4 nm 2006 )

3
3 2 x x x +

2 2
1
1 1 2
2
x x x

1 3
1 0
4 2
x
x x
+

+ +

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36
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4 3 2
2006 1006009 2 2007 1004 0 x x x x x + + + + +
( )
2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + +
( ) ( )
2 2 2 4
3 2007 2005 4 4 30. 1 2006 x x x x x x x x + + + +

3 2 3
2 1 1 3 2 x x x x + + + +
( )
2 2 2
11 14 9 11 2 3 17 2 3 2 2 4 x x x x x x x + + + + + + +

2 2 2
45
2 5 4 40 5
4
x x x x x x + + + + +

2 3
2 11 21 3. 4 4 0 x x x +

2
2008 2007
2008 2008
2007
x
x
x
+

( )
( )
( )
2 2
3 2 9 3 4 2 1 1 0 x x x x x + + + + + + +
( )
3
5 1 1 3 4 x x x + + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

37
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2
2 27
4 1 9 26 0
3 3
x x x + + +

4
2 2 2 2 1 x x +

4 2 4
4 1 8 3 4 3 5 x x x x x + +

3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x x +
( )
2 3 3 3
12 46 15 5 1 2 1 x x x x x + + +
( )
3 2
4
15 30 4. 27 1 x x x x + + +
Bi 20. ( Mathemtical Olympiad 30 thng 4 nm 2010

3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x +
( ) ( )
2
3 2 4 2 1 3 x x x x x + + + +

1 1 1
4 30 30 30 30
4 4 4
x x + + + +
Bi 23. ( OLP Duyn Hi ng Bng Bc B nm 2011 )
( )
2
4 12 1 27 1 x x x x + + +
Bi 24. ( thi chn i tuyn thi Ton Ton Quc nm 2009 )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

38
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4 3 4
20 7 9 x x x + + + +
Bi 25. ( Childhood journal of mathematics 60 )

2 2
8 3 6 4 3 2 x x x x x + + +

2 3 2 3
9 15 9 3 3 1 2 x x x x x x + + + + +


( )
2
2 8 3
4
5.
144 1
x x x
x
x
+ +
+

3
3
3 3 2 0
2
x
x
+ +
+
Bi 29. ( Documents mathematical equations )

2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + +
( ) ( )
3 4 4
4
2 4 2 4 6 3 30 x x x x x x x + + + +
( )
2 2 2 2
1
3 1 1 7 4
2 2
x x x x x x x + + +

2 2 2
1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + + +

2
2
1 2
1
x x x
x x
+
+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

39
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2 2 3 3 3 3
3 2001 3 7 2002 6 2003 2002 x x x x x + +

2 2 4 6
1 1 1 1 x x x x + + +

2
2
2
1
3
x x
_

,

2 3 3
2 2 x x

8 8 3 4
17 2 1 1 x x
( )
4 2 2 2
19 10 14 5 38 2 x x x x +

2 2
9
1
x x
x
+ +
+
13 1 9 1 16 x x x + +

2
4
28 27
2. 27 24 1 6
3 2
x x x + + + +

2 3
5 1 9 2 3 1 x x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

40
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( )
3
3 2
3 2 2 6 0 x x x x + +
( ) 2 1 2 2 0 x x x +

3 3 x x x +

( )
( )
2
2004 1 1 x x x +

2 2
4 4 10 8 6 10 x x x x

4 3 3
16 5 6. 4 x x x + +

2
1000 1 8000 1000 x x x +

5 1 6 x x +

1 1 1
2 1 3
x
x x
x x x
+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
3 2 4
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x + + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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( )
2 3
2 3 2 3 8 x x x + +
( )
( )
2
15 15 2 2004 30060 1 1 x x x + +

2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + + +

2 2 3
15 3. 2 8 x x x + + +
( )
2 2 2
19 7 8 13 13 17 7 3 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +

2 2 2 4 4
4 4 1 2 3 16 5 x x x y y x y + + + + +

2 3
1 4 3 x x x

( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 x x x x + + + +

( )
2 4 2
3
3 1 1
3
x x x x + + +

2
1 1 2 2 x x x x + + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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2
6 4
2 4 2 2
4
x
x x
x

+
+

2 3
2 11 21 3. 4 4 x x x +
3 3 1 2 2 2 x x x x + + + + +

3
2
1
1 1 3
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + + + +
+

2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + + +

2
1
2 3 1 x x x x
x
+ +

4
4
1
2 1
2
x x +

2
2 2
7 7
x x x
x x
+

2 4
6 5 5. 5 x x x x +

5 1
5 2 4
2 2
x x
x x
+ + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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2
1
2 3 1 x x x x
x
+ +

2 4 2 3
2 1 x x x x + +

3 2 3 2
2 1 3 x x x x + + + +

( )
3
4 1 3 2 1 3
x
x x x x
x
+

3
2 2
2
3
1 1
x x
x x

( )
2
3 7
3 2 8
2
x
x x x
x
+
+

2 2
2 3 5 2 3 5 3 x x x x x + + + +

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 x x x + +
( )
2 2
2 8 6 1 2 1 x x x x + + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4 1
3 1 2
3
x
x x

+
3 2 1 4 x x x + +

2
1
3 1 1
x
x
x
+
+


( )
2
2
4
1 1
x
x
x

+ +
( )
2 1 1 1 x x x + +

2
3 1 2 2 2 5 3 9 2 x x x x x + + + +

2
1 1
2 2
1
x
x
+

2
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 48 x x x x x + + +

2 2 2
7 2 3 3 19 x x x x x x + + + + + + +

2
1 1 2
4
x
x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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( ) ( )
5 5
2 2
1 1 123 x x x x + + + +

4 4 2 2
2002 2002
2002
2001
x x x x + + +


6 10
4
2 3 x x
+


2 2
1 2 4 1 2 1 x x x x + +
( ) ( )
3 3
3 1
3 1 2
1 3
x x
x x
x x

+

( )
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 1 x x x x x + +

2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + + +

2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +

2 2
2 2
12 12 25
12
12
x x
x x
+ + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3 3
3 3
10 8
9
10 8
x x
x
x x
+


2
4 2 1 5 12 x x x + + +

( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
1 2 1 x x x x +
2 1 5 5 5 11 x x x + + + + +

2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x x
_
+ +

,
( )
3 2
1 1 2 2 2 x x x x x x + + +

2 2 2
4 8 4 12 10 9 30 50 10 x x x x x x + + + + + +

2
53
5 5
2
x x x x x + +

4 2
43 43 x x + +

2 2
2 4 4 x y x y x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

47
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2 3
23 5 7 6 5 2 x x x + + + + +

2
2
5 10 1
2
6 11
x x
x
x x
+

+
Bi 114. ( thi HSG Ngh An nm 2008 )

3 2 3
16 24 12 3 x x x x +
Bi 115. ( thi HSG Cn Th nm 2008 )

2 2
5 10 60 24 5 x x x x +
Bi 116. ( thi HSG Thanh Ha nm 2008 )

2 2
4 2 4 x x x x + +
Bi 117. ( thi HSG Qung Bnh nm 2008 )

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2009
2009 2009
1 .2 1 .3 1 0 x x x + + +
Bi 118. ( thi HSG Thi Bnh nm 2008 )

2
2008 16064 1 2008 x x x +
Bi 119. ( thi HSG Bc Ninh nm 2008 )

2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + + +

3
2 (7 3 ) 5 3 x x x x +
Bi 121. ( thi HSG Ngh Anh nm 2005 )

( )
( )
( )
2 2
3 2 9 3 4 2 1 1 0 x x x x x + + + + + + +
Bi 122. ( thi HSG H Ni nm 2006 )

3 2 2 3
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

48
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Bi 123. ( thi HSG Ph Th nm 2007 )

2 3
3 2 4 4 1 0 x x x + +

( )
9 4 1 3 2 3 x x x +
Bi 125. ( thi HSG Bnh nh nm 2009 )

3 2 2 3 3
10 17 8 2 . 5 x x x x x x + +
Bi 126. ( Bi T4/394 THTT )

3 2
3 8 2 6 4 x x x + +
Bi 127. ( Bi T9/351 THTT )

3
3 2 x x x +
Bi 128. ( Bi T4/362 THTT )

2 4 3 2
2 4 7 4 3 2 7 x x x x x x + + + +
Bi 129. ( Bi T4/364 THTT )

( )
2 2 2
7 22 28 7 8 13 31 14 4 3 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
Bi 130. ( Bi T4/366 THTT )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 3
2 1 6 9 6 1 9 38 10 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +
Bi 131. ( Bi T4/365 THTT )

( )
2 3 3
2 8 5 8 x x + +
Bi 132. ( Bi T7/384 THTT )

2
3 2 4 21 22 x x x +
Bi 133. ( Tp ch ton hc v tui tr )

3
1
3 4 2
x
x
x x

Bi 134. ( Bi T4/388 THTT )

2
2 4 2 5 2 5 x x x x x + +
Bi 135. ( Bi T6/389 THTT )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

49
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2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 9 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Bi 136. ( Tp ch ton hc v tui tr )

2
9 1 11 2 3 x x x x x + + +
Bi 137. ( Bi T6/391 THTT )

( )
3
4 3 2
3 4 1 1 x x x +
Bi 138. ( thi chn i tuyn tnh Lm ng nm 2010 )

2 3
6 7 1 x x x + +
Bi 139. ( thi chn i tuyn trng Chuyn HSP H Ni nm 2010 )

( )
3 2 3 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 x x x x x x x + + + + + + +
Bi 140. ( thi HSG Hi Phng nm 2010 )

3 2 3
2 2 1 27 27 13 2 x x x x +
Bi 141. ( thi chn i tuyn tnh Ph Yn nm 2010 )

9 2
3
9 1
2 1
3
x x
x
+
+

2
1 1 2 2 x x x x + + + +
Bi 143. ( thi vo trng KHTN nm 1993 )

1 1
2
2 4
x x x + + + +

2 3
2 4 3 4 x x x x + + +
1 4 3 x x + +

( )
3
1 1 2 1 2 x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3 8 5 x x x + + +

2 2
2 8 4 x x + +
3 7 2 8 x x x +
Bi 150. ( thi vo lp chuyn Ton trng KHTN nm 1999 )

2
7
8 2 2 1
1
x
x x
x
+
+ +
+

3 2 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x + + + + +

4 1 5
2 x x x
x x x
+ +
( ) ( )
2
3 1 1 2 x x x x x +

2
4 1 5 14 x x x + +

8 5 5 x x + +

2 2
3 2 3 2 2 3 x x x x x x + + + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

51
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( ) ( )
2
5 2 1 7 10 3 x x x x + + + + +
3 1 2 x x + +
4 3 2 3 2 11 x x x + + +

2
2 2 4 2 x x x + + +

3 4
7 80 x x x + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
3 3
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 x x x x x x x + + +

( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
32
1 1 4 4
2 3
x x x x x
x x
+ + + +
+

2 3
2 11 21 3 4 4 0 x x x +

5 3
15 11 28 1 3 x x x + +

( )
2 2
4 1 1 2 2 1 x x x x + + +
Bi 167. ( thi HSG Hu nm 1999 )
( ) ( )
2 5
4
34 64 1 33 1 x x x x +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

52
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Bi 168. ( thi HSG Bc Ninh nm 2010 )
( )
2
2
1 1
5 6
5 7 1
x x
x x


2 2
5 5 3 4 1 7 2 6 x x x x x + + + +

( )
( )
2
2
2 3
9
3
x
x x
x
+
+

( )
4 3 2
16 2 16 72 81 28 x x x x x + +

2 2
9
1
x x
x
+ +
+

4 3 2 3 4
2 3 4 1 2 4 4 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + + +

2
2
2
3 1 1 2 3 1
1
1
x x x x
x x
x x
+ + + + +


4 3 4
20 7 9 x x x + + + +

( )
2
1 1 0 x x x x x x +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

53
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( )
( )
2
3
2
2
5
25
x
x
x
+
+
( ) ( )
3 3 3
1 1 8 2 x x x + + +

4 2 2
16 80 19 64 64 x x x +

2
2 4
1
3 9
x
x x +

2
1 36 x x x + + +

3 2 2 3
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + +
( )
3 2
3 4 2 3 2 3 1 x x x x x + + + + +

3 2 3
15 78 141 5 2 9 x x x x +
( )
3
2 5 3 5 3 2 5 3 x x x x x + +
( )
2 2 2 2
1
1 3 1 7 4
2 2
x x x x x x x + + +
Bi 187. ( BoxMath mathematical journal )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

54
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2
3 2
6 1
7 11 25 12
2
x x
x x x
+
+

2 2 3
3 8 15 2 x x x + + + +
( )
2 2 2 2
3 34 14 17 37 98 65 63 9 17 450 66 17 x x x x x x x x + + + +


19
64
x x x x +

2
1 2 1 7
2 4 1 x x x
+ +

2 2 3
1
8 1 2
1
x x x x
x
+ + + + + +
+

2 2
2
1 1
2
4 2
1
x x x
x
x
+ +
+ +
+
+

( )
2
5 8 1 3 4 1 1 x x x x + + +
( ) ( )
2
1 5 3 2 2 x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55
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2 2
5 5 3 4 1 7 2 6 x x x x x + + + +

2 3 2
3 11 1 13 2 2 1 x x x x x + +

( )
2 2 3 2 3
10 17 8 2 2 2 1 x x x x x x x + + + +

( ) ( )
4 3 2 2 3 2
3
6 30 90 225 36 2 1 8 21 14 x x x x x x x x + + +

3 2 3
6 2 2 1 x x x x + +
( ) ( )
4 3 2 2 2
3 9 17 11 8 1 3 4 5 3 x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +

2 2
2 1 2 3 4 1 x x x x x + + + +

( )
3 2
2 8 4 4 2 4 x x x x x x x x + +

2 3 2
3 11 1 13 2 2 1 x x x x x + + +

2
2
2
3 1 2 3 1
1
1
x x x x
x x
x x
+ + + +

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

56
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2
4 4
1
9 3
x
x x +

( )
3
4 3 2
3 4 1 1 x x x + +

2
2 2
3
1 1
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + +

2 4 3 2
2 4 7 4 3 2 7 x x x x x x + + + +

4 3 2 2
4 6 4 2 10 2 x x x x x x + + + + + +

( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
32
1 1 4 1
2 3
x x x x x
x x
+ + + +
+
( ) ( )
2 2 2 3
2 1 6 9 6 1 9 38 10 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +

4 2 3
16 5 6 4 x x x + +

2 3
5 1 9 2 3 1 x x x x + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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2
1
3 2 1 2 1 3 1 0
2
x
x x x x x
+
+ + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 12 4 28 x x x x + +

2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + + +

3
2
2
3
3 4 0
4
x
x x x
x
+ + +

2 3 3
1 2 x x x +

( ) ( )
4
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 x x x x x x x + + +

2
20 4 2 4 x x x x + + + +

2
2
2 18
25 9 9 4
1
x
x x
x x
+ +
+

2
1 1 4 3 x x x + + +
( )
( )
3
2 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 x x x x +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

58
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( )
2 2
10 3 6 2 3 1 2 1 x x x x + + +

( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x

2 2 3 3
2 2 x x x x x + + +

2 2 2
18 16 4 2 5 3 7 4 2 2 7 2 8 6 x x x x x x x + + + + + + +

3 2
1 3 5 4 x x x x + +
( )
4 3 2
2
2
3 9 17 11 8
1 3
3 4 5
x x x x
x x
x x
+ + + +
+ +
+ +

( )
3
3
1 2 2 x x + + +

2
2 4 2 5 2 5 x x x x x + +

( )
3 2 2 6 2 x x x + +
8 1 3 5 7 4 2 2 x x x x + + + +

( )
3 2 2 2
8 6 3 6 5 2 2 2 2 1 x x x x x x x +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4 2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + +

2
9 11 11 3 2 3 x x x x x + + +

2
21 25 2 2 19 2 1 x x x x x + + + +

4 3 10 3 2 x x

3 2
1 5 4 3 x x x x + + +

2
9 11 11 3 2 3 x x x x x + + +
( )
2
2 1
1
1 3 1
x x
x x
x
+

+ +

( )
2 2
2 3 1 2 1 10 3 6 x x x x + +

2
4 3 2
18 13 2
81 108 56 12 1
3
x x
x x x x
+
+ +

2 2 8 6 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x + + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Chng VII. Hc ton trn mng Internet
Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng nh hng nhiu ti mi mt
ca i sng, ngay c i vi ton hc cng vy. Hin nay, cng trao i
thng tin v tho lun mt vn no ca ton hc d dng hn nhiu so
vi mt vi nm trc kia, khi mng Internet cha pht trin. C nhiu trang
web hay v ton hc cc bn tho lun trao i v download load ti liu.
Ti xin c gii thiu mt s trang web cc bn tham kho.
1. http://kinhhoa.violet.vn/user/show/id/16999
2. www.diendantoanhoc.net
3. www.kalva.demon.co.uk
4. www.mathnfriend.net
5. www.mathvn.com
6. http://ebooktoan.com
7. http://forum.mathscope.org/index.php
8. http://boxmath.vn/4rum/
9. http://mathdoi.com
10.www.mathlinks.ro
11.http://tailieu.vn/index.html
12.http://thay-do.net/
13.http://hocmai.vn/
14.http://www.truonghoc.com.vn/
15.http://truonglang.wordpress.com/
16.http://www.math.ac.vn/
17.http://thichhoctoan.wordpress.com/
18.http://olympiavn.org/forum/index.php
19.http://diendankienthuc.net/diendan/forum.php

Vic hc tp v download load ti liu trn mng Internet gip chng ta
tip cn vi nhng iu mi m hn nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. Hy vng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

61
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rng th gii ton hc trn mng s ngy cng gn gi v tr thnh mt cng
c hiu qu v b ch vi tt c cc bn trong thi gian khng xa.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

62

Phuong Trinh Vo Ty

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www.nguoithay.

Ch : Ta nn chn iu kin n gin gii mt cch d dng.

Th li : 1 3, 1 3 x x + l mt nghim ca phng trnh cho.

Vy x = 8 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

Vy x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

th bi ton tr nn n gin hn.

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l : S = {0 ; 1}

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l :

l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l :

Chp Cnh Nhng c M Bay Cao

Khi ta tm c : 4 6 x t tha mn phng trnh cho.

Khi phng trnh c nghim : 2 ; 2 2 3 x x

Mt khc do u v v l hai s dng nn

Chp Cnh Nhng c M Bay Cao

T mt phng trnh n gin : ( ) ( )

Vy 2 x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :

Gii h phng trnh ny ta tm c

Chp Cnh Nhng c M Bay Cao

Ta s xy dng c phng trnh dng sau : t y ax b + +

Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c

cng du vi du trc cn.

Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn

Vy phng trnh cho c tp nghim l :

Bi 80. ( Documents mathematical equations )

Bi 90. ( Documents mathematical equations )

Bi 134. ( Bi T4/388 THTT )

Bi 171. ( Documents mathematical equations )

Bi 192. ( BoxMath mathematical journal )

Bi 219. ( BoxMath mathematical journal )

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