GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS

DERIVED FROM

MECHANICS
A TREATISE OF ARCHIMEDES

RECENTLY DISCOVERED AND TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK BY

DR.

J.

L.

HEIBERG

PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

DAVID EUGENE SMITH

PRESIDENT OF TEACHER
S

COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK

ENGLISH VERSION TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY LYDIA

G.

ROBINSON

AND REPRINTED FROM

"THE

MONIST,"

APRIL, 1909.

CHICAGO

THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY

LONDON AGENTS KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER &
1909
CO., LTD.

V
COPYRIGHT BY

THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING

1909

Co.

INTRODUCTION.

IFthe
was

of appropriateness in discovery, finding of this manuscript in the summer of 1906 one. In the first place it was appropriate that the dis
in
its first

there ever

was a case

covery should be made

that the West received

Constantinople, since it was here manuscripts of the other ex

tant works, nine in number, of the great Syracusan. It was furthermore appropriate that the discovery should be made

by Professor Heiberg,

facilis princeps among all workers in the field of editing the classics of Greek mathematics,

and an indefatigable searcher of the libraries of Europe for manuscripts to aid him in perfecting his labors. And finally it was most appropriate that this work should ap pear at a time when the affiliation of pure and applied
mathematics
the world.

becoming so generally recognized all over We are sometimes led to feel, in considering isolated cases, that the great contributors of the past have worked in the field of pure mathematics alone, and the saying of Plutarch that Archimedes felt that "every kind 1 of art connected with daily needs was ignoble and vulgar" may have strengthened this feeling. It therefore assists
is

us in properly orientating ourselves to read another treat

ise

from the greatest mathematician of antiquity that

sets

clearly before us his indebtedness to the mechanical appli cations of his subject. Not the least interesting of the passages in the manu1

Marcellus,

17.

009*76

INTRODUCTION.
one of long standing-.
propositions were sent

The statement
"some

time

that the preliminary bears out this idea ago"

more or
as he

of a considerable duration of friendship, and the idea that less correspondence had resulted from this com

munication

be inferred by the statement that he saw, had previously said, that Eratosthenes was capable scholar and a prominent teacher of philosophy," and also

may

"a

that he understood
of investigation
then,

"how

to value a

mathematical method

when
upon

new

light

the opportunity offered." have, the relations between these two men.

We

the leaders

the learned of their day. second feature of much interest in the treatise

among

is

the

intimate view that

of the author.

we have

It must medes was primarily a discoverer, and not primarily a com piler as were Euclid, Apollonios, and Nicomachos. There fore to have him follow up his first communication of theo rems to Eratosthenes by a statement of his mental proces

workings of the mind always be remembered that Archi

into the

reaching his conclusions is not merely a contribution to mathematics but one to education as well. Particularly
ses in
is

this true in the following statement,

"I

kept in mind in the present day:

to analyse
liar

will be possible for you certain mathematical ques how tions may be investigated by means of mechanics. And I am convinced that this is equally profitable in demonstrat to derive instruction as to

and lay down you method by means of which it

for

in

which may well be have thought it well this same book a pecu

ing a proposition itself; for much that was made evident to me through the medium of mechanics was later proved

by means of geometry, because the treatment by the former method had not yet been established by way of a demonstra tion. For of course it is easier to establish a proof if one
has in this
previously obtained a conception of the questions, than for him to seek it without such a prelim .Indeed I assume that some one among the inary notion.

way
.
.

4 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

investigators of to-day or in the future will discover by the method here set forth still other propositions which have not yet occurred to us." Perhaps in all the history of

mathematics no such prophetic truth was ever put into words. It would almost seem as if Archimedes must have seen as in a vision the methods of Galileo, Cavalieri, Pascal,

Newton, and many of the other great makers of the mathe matics of the Renaissance and the present time.
proposition concerns the quadrature of the parabola, a subject treated at length in one of his earlier communications to Dositheos. 5 He gives a digest of the
first

The

treatment, but with the warning that the proof is not com He has, plete, as it is in his special work upon the subject. in fact, summarized propositions VII-XVII of his com

munication to Dositheos, omitting the geometric treat ment of propositions XVIII-XXIV. One thing that he
does not state, here or in any of his works, is where the idea of center of gravity started. It was certainly a com mon notion in his day, for he often uses it without defining
it.

It

appears in Euclid

time, but

how much

earlier

we

cannot as yet say.

Proposition II states no new fact. Essentially it means that if a sphere, cylinder, and cone (always circular) have
the

same

radius,

r,

and the

altitude of the cone

is

and that
: :

of the cylinder 2r, then the volumes will be as 4 i 6, which is true, since they are respectively %?rr 3 Yz r 3 and 3 27rr The interesting thing, however, is the method pur the derivation of geometric truths from principles sued,
,
,

of mechanics.

There

is,

too,

in

every sentence, a

little

suggestion of Cavalieri, an anticipation by nearly two thou sand years of the work of the greatest immediate precursor And the geometric imagination that Archiof Newton.
5

TeTpa.yt*}vi(T/J.bs
c

Kevrpa papwv, for

"barycentric"

is

a very old term.

levi et

At any

rate in the

anonymous fragment DC

ponderoso, sometimes

attributed to him.

INTRODUCTION.

medes shows

noteworthy as one After I had thus of the interesting features of this work perceived that a sphere is four times as large as the cone
in the last sentence is also
"

it

occurred to

me

that the surface of a sphere

is

four times

as great as its largest circle, in which I proceeded from the idea that just as a circle is equal to a triangle whose base is

the periphery of the circle, and whose altitude is equal to its radius, so a sphere is equal to a cone whose base is the

same as the surface of the sphere and whose

altitude is

equal to the radius of the sphere." As a bit of generaliza tion this throws a good deal of light on the workings of

Archimedes

mind.

In proposition III he considers the volume of a sphe roid, which he had already treated more fully in one of his
letters to Dositheos,
8

and which contains nothing new from

a mathematical standpoint. Indeed it is the method rather than the conclusion that is interesting in such of the sub sequent propositions as relate to mensuration. Proposition

deals with the center of gravity of a segment of a conoid, and proposition VI with the center of gravity of a hemisphere,

thus carrying into solid geometry the work of Archimedes on the equilibrium of planes and on their centers of grav 9 The general method is that already known in the ity.
treatise mentioned,
sition

and

this is followed

through propo

X.

Proposition XI is the interesting case of a segment of a right cylinder cut off by a plane through the center of the lower base and tangent to the upper one. He shows
this to equal one-sixth of the

scribes the cylinder.

formula v

= 2r h/^ the volume of the prism being

2

This

is

square prism that circum well known to us through the

2

4.r h,

and requires a knowledge of the center of gravity of the cylindric section in question. Archimedes is, so far as we
8

Ilepi Kwvoeidewv /ecu

E7ri7re
5wj>

iffoppoiriwv

rj

Kevrpa ftapaJv iirur&wv.

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

know, the first to state this result, and he obtains it by his usual method of the skilful balancing of sections. There
are several lacunae in the demonstration, but enough of it remains to show the ingenuity of the general plan. The

culminating interest from the mathematical standpoint lies in proposition XIII, where Archimedes reduces the whole
question to that of the quadrature of the parabola. He shows that a fourth of the circumscribed prism is to the

segment of the cylinder as the semi-base of the prism

the parabola inscribed in the semi-base; that
i)

is

to
:

= yb
2

(%

Vzb )
it is

whence v

= %p.

is,

that V*p
is

Proposition

XIV

in

complete, but
ositions.

the conclusion of the

two preceding prop

In general, therefore, the greatest value of the work

lies in
1.

the following:
It

throws light upon the hitherto only suspected re lations of Archimedes and Eratosthenes. 2. It shows the working of the mind of Archimedes in the discovery of mathematical truths, showing that he often obtained his results by intuition or even by measurement, rather than by an analytic form of reasoning, verifying
these results later by strict analysis. 3. It expresses definitely the fact that Archimedes

was

the discoverer of those properties relating to the sphere and cylinder that have been attributed to him and that are

given in his other works without a definite statement of

their authorship.
4. It

shows that Archimedes was the

first to state

the

volume of the cylinder segment mentioned, and it gives an interesting description of the mechanical method by which he arrived at his result. DAVID EUGENE SMITH. TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM

MECHANICS.
ARCHIMEDES TO ERATOSTHENES, GREETING: Some time ago I sent you some theorems I had discovered, writing down only the propositions because I wished you to find their demonstrations which had not been given. The propositions
of the theorems which
1.

sent

you were the following:

If in a perpendicular
is

a cylinder

2 prism with a parallelogram for base inscribed which has its bases in the opposite paral

2 lelograms and its surface touching the other planes of the prism, and if a plane is passed through the center of the circle that is the

base of the cylinder and one side of the square lying in the opposite plane, then that plane will cut off from the cylinder a section which

bounded by two planes, the intersecting plane and the one in which the base of the cylinder lies, and also by as much of the surface of the cylinder as lies between these same planes and the detached section of the cylinder is of the whole prism. 2. If in a cube a cylinder is inscribed whose bases lie in oppo site parallelograms 2 and whose surface touches the other four planes, and if in the same cube a second cylinder is inscribed whose bases lie in two other parallelograms 2 and whose surface touches the
is
;

four other planes, then the body enclosed by the surface of the cylinder and comprehended within both cylinders will be equal to of the whole cube.

These propositions
covered
;

differ essentially

from those formerly

dis

for then

we compared

those bodies

(conoids, spheroids

and their segments) with the volume of cones and cylinders but none of them was found to be equal to a body enclosed by planes. Each of these bodies, on the other hand, which are enclosed by two planes and cylindrical surfaces is found to be equal to a body enclosed
8

This must mean a square.

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

The demonstration
of these propositions I
I

by planes.

am

accordingly

have previously said, that you are a capable scholar and a prominent teacher of philosophy, and also that you understand how to value a mathematical method of in vestigation when the opportunity is offered, I have thought it well to analyze and lay down for you in this same book a peculiar method by means of which it will be possible for you to derive instruction as to how certain mathematical questions may be investigated by means of mechanics. And I am convinced that this is equally profit
able in demonstrating a proposition itself for much that was made evident to me through the medium of mechanics was later proved
;

sending to you in this book. Since I see, however, as

by means of geometry because the treatment by the former method had not yet been established by way of a demonstration. For of course it is easier to establish a proof if one has in this way pre
viously obtained a conception of the questions, than for him to seek it without such a preliminary notion. Thus in the familiar propositions

the demonstrations of which

Eudoxos was

the

first

to discover,

namely that a cone and a pyramid are one third the size of that cylinder and prism respectively that have the same base and alti tude, no little credit is due to Democritos who was the first to make that statement about these bodies without any demonstration. But we are in a position to have found the present proposition in the same way as the earlier one and I have decided to write down and make known the method partly because we have already talked about it heretofore and so no one would think that we were spread ing abroad idle talk, and partly in the conviction that by this means we are obtaining no slight advantage for mathematics, for indeed I assume that some one among the investigators of to-day or in the future will discover by the method here set forth still other propo sitions which have not yet occurred to us. In the first place we will now explain what was also first made
;

clear to us
is

through mechanics, namely that a segment of a parabola of the triangle possessing the same base and equal altitude following which we will explain in order the particular propositions discovered by the above mentioned method and in the last part

of the book
propositions.
4

we
4

will present the geometrical

demonstrations of the

In his

"Commentar,"

Professor Zeuthen

calls attention to the fact that

was already known from Heron s recently discovered Metrica that these propositions were contained in this treatise, and Professor Heiberg made the same comment in Hermes. Tr.
it

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

the

1. If one magnitude is taken away from another magnitude and same point is the center of gravity both of the whole and of the part removed, then the same point is the center of gravity of the

remaining portion. 2. If one magnitude

is

taken away from another magnitude and

the center of gravity of the whole and of the part removed is not the same point, the center of gravity of the remaining portion may

be found by prolonging the straight line which connects the centers of gravity of the whole and of the part removed, and setting off

upon

it

another straight line which bears the same ratio to the

straight line

of the magnitude which has been taken of the one remaining [De plan, aeqml.
3.

between the aforesaid centers of gravity, as the weight away bears to the weight
I,

8].
lie

If the centers of gravity of

any number of magnitudes

same straight line, then will the center of gravity of all the upon magnitudes combined lie also upon the same straight line [Cf. ibid.
the
i.

si4.

The
The

center of gravity of a straight line

I,

is

the center of that

line [Cf. ibid.

5.

4].

straight lines

center of gravity of a triangle is the point in which the drawn from the angles of a triangle to the centers of
is

the opposite sides intersect [Ibid. I, 14]. 6. The center of gravity of a parallelogram
its

the point

where

diagonals meet [Ibid. I, 10]. 7. The center of gravity [of a circle]

8.

is

the center

[of that

circle].

9.

The center of gravity of a cylinder [is the center of its axis]. The center of gravity of a prism is the center of its axis. 10. The center of gravity of a cone so divides its axis that the
is

section at the vertex

11.

three times as great as the remainder.

laid

Moreover together with the exercise here

down

I will

make use

of the following proposition: If any number of magnitudes stand in the same ratio to the

same number of other magnitudes which correspond pair by pair, and if either all or some of the former magnitudes stand in any ratio whatever to other magnitudes, and the latter in the same ratio
to the corresponding ones, then the sum of the magnitudes of the first series will bear the same ratio to the sum of those taken from

the third series as the the

sum

of those of the second series bears to

sum

of those taken from the fourth series [De Conoid. I],

IO GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED

FROM MECHANICS.

Let a(3y [Fig. i] be the segment of a parabola bounded by the Let ay be bisected at 8, 8/?e straight line ay and the parabola a/3y. being parallel to the diameter, and draw a(3, and /3y. Then the

segment

a/?y will

From

be as great as the triangle a/2y. the points a and y draw a S/?e, and the tangent y ; produce [y/? to K, and
1
1

make

*0

= y*]

Think of
let

y0 as a scale-beam with
the center at K and
ju

be any straight line what ever cS- Now since y/?a

1
1

is

a parabola, y

a tan

gent and yS an ordinate, then c(3 = /3S; for this in

deed has been proved in the Elements [i. e., of

conic sections,
parab. 2].
cf.

Quadr.
a and
*

For

this rea-

son and because

ILV

= V,

and
is

Fig.

1. ica.

And
:

because ya:a

=
in a corollary,
[cf.

for this

shown

Quadr. parab. 5]), ya:a| = y/c:*v; and y/c = K0, therefore OK:KV-H^\ o- And because v is the center of gravity of
the straight line j*, since juv = v, then if we make r^ = |o and as its center of gravity so that rO - 6rj, the straight line will be in rOrj
in its present position because Ov equilibrium with inverse proportion to the weights rrj and i^, and OK KV =
:

is
/*

divided in
:

r;r

there

the center of gravity of the combined weight of the two. In the same way all straight lines drawn in the triangle ay||e8 are
fore K
is

in their present positions in equilibrium with their parts cut off by the parabola, when these are transferred to 6, so that K is the center of gravity of the combined weight of the two. And because the

triangle

ya

segment
triangle

consists of the straight lines in the triangle a(3y consists of those straight lines within the
|o,

ya

and the

segment of

the parabola corresponding to the straight line

therefore the

ay in its present position will be in equilibrium at the as point K with the parabola-segment when this is transferred to its center of gravity, so that K is the center of gravity of the combined

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

II

= weights of the two. Now let y* be so divided at x that y* 3*x; then x will be the center of gravity of the triangle ay, for this
has been shown in the Statics
3 with Eutokios, S. 320,
[cf.

De

plan, aequil.

I,

15, p.

186,

the triangle ay in its present 5ff.]. is in equilibrium at the point K with the segment pay when position as its center of gravity, and the center of this is transferred to
gravity of the triangle ay is x hence triangle ay segm. a/3y when But 0K = 3*x; as its center of gravity =OK:KXtransferred to hence also triangle ay = 3 segm. a/?y. But it is also true that triangle
\ :

Now

ay = 4Aa/?y because

=
is

KO.

and aS = 8y; hence segm.

a/?y

the

triangle a/?y. It is true that this

This

is

of course clear.

not proved by what

is

but

it

indicates that the result

it

correct.

And

we have said here so, as we have just

;

seen that
result
is

we

has not been proved but rather conjectured that the we have devised a geometrical demonstration which made known some time ago and will again bring forward
correct

farther on.

n.

That a sphere

is

four times as large as a cone whose base

is

equal to the largest circle of the sphere and whose altitude is equal to the radius of the sphere, and that a cylinder whose base is equal to the largest circle of the sphere and whose altitude is equal to the

diameter of the circle

is

one and a half times as large as the sphere,

may be seen by the present method in the following way: Let aftyS [Fig. 2] be the largest circle of a sphere and ay and /38 its diameters perpendicular to each other let there be in the sphere a circle on the diameter /2S perpendicular to the circle a/2yS, and
;

on

this perpendicular circle let there be a cone erected with its vertex at a producing the convex surface of the cone, let it be
;
;

cut through y by a plane parallel to its base the result will be the On this circle perpendicular to ay whose diameter will be c.
circle erect

aries are eX

a cylinder whose axis = ay and whose vertical bound and 77. Produce ya making a6 = ya and think of y0 as

a scale-beam with

its center at a. Then let /JLV be any straight line and o, the whatever drawn ||/?8 intersecting the circle a/?y8 in diameter ay in cr, the straight line ae in TT and a in p, and on the

straight line fj.v construct a plane perpendicular to ay it will inter sect the cylinder in a circle on the diameter \*v the sphere a/?y8, in a circle on the diameter |o the cone ae in a circle on the diameter
; ;
;

12

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

acr
JUCT

Now because ya X ?rp. aa = a| 2 = a 2 + a-* 2 then

=
x

/ACT CTTT

<TTT

for ay
2
<T7r

2
<r

= ayx, acr tra) and ya X Moreover, because ya acr = /ACT CTTT and ya = a0, there
,
:

fore

Oa

acr

= /ACT
it

CTTT

2
//.cr
:

/ucrXo-Tr.

But
<r

has been
/xo-x
2
-<r

proved that hence a$ (TTT 2 But it o-TT

J
.

+ cnr2 =
2

acr=/xcr
is

true that
2
/XV
I

2
.
<P

2
g(T

H<T

CT7T

|0

= the circle in the cyl 7r/D inder whose diameter is

2

/uvithe circle in the

cone

whose diameter
circle in

+ the the sphere whose

is 7rp

diameter
/c

is

hence Oa

*^
/"

acr

= the
:

circle in the cvl-

p.

inder

the circle in the

circle in the

sphere + the
cone.
will

Therefore the

circle in the cylinder in its present position

be in equilibrium at the point a with the two circles whose that is the diameters are o and TT/O, if they are so transferred to
In the same

center of gravity of both.

way

it

can be shown that

when another

straight line is

drawn

in the parallelogram

e,

and upon it a plane is erected perpendicular to ay, the circle pro duced in the cylinder in its present position will be in equilibrium at the point a with the two circles produced in the sphere and the cone when they are transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam
at the point
if

that

is

the center of gravity of both.

filled

Therefore

up with such circles then the cylinder, in its present position will be in equilibrium at the point a cylinder with the sphere and the cone together, if they are transferred and
is the center of that so arranged on the scale-beam at the point of both. Now since the bodies we have mentioned are in gravity

sphere and cone are

equilibrium, the cylinder with K as its center of gravity, the sphere as and the cone transferred as we have said so that they have

But Oa = center of gravity, then Oa:aK = cylinder sphere + cone. and hence also the cylinder = 2 x (sphere + cone). But it is also 2aK,
:

true that the cylinder

cones = 2 cones

hence 3 =3 cones [Euclid, Elem. XII, 2 spheres. If 2 cones be subtracted from both sides, then the cone whose axes form the triangle ae, = 2 spheres. But the cone whose axes form the triangle ae = 8 cones whose axes
io]>

-f

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS. 13

form the triangle a/28 because e = 28, hence the aforesaid 8 cones = 2 spheres. Consequently the sphere whose greatest circle is a/?y8 is four times as large as the cone with its vertex at a, and whose base is the circle on the diameter (3S perpendicular to ay. and Draw the straight lines ay through p and S in the parallelogram A and imagine a cylinder whose bases are the Now circles on the diameters $$ and x w and whose axis is ay. is twice since the cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram and as large as the cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram the latter is three times as large as the cone the triangle of whose axes is a/38, as is shown in the Elements [Euclid, Elem. XII, 10], the is six times as large cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram as the cone whose axes form the triangle a/38. But it was shown that the sphere whose largest circle is a/?y8 is four times as large as the same cone, consequently the cylinder is one and one half times as large as the sphere, Q. E. D. After I had thus perceived that a sphere is four times as large as the cone whose base is the largest circle of the sphere and whose
1

<f>/3x

^8<o

<o>

<8

<w

is equal to its radius, it occurred to me that the surface of a sphere is four times as great as its largest circle, in which I pro ceeded from the idea that just as a circle is equal to a triangle whose

altitude

base
its

the periphery of the circle and whose altitude is equal to radius, so a sphere is equal to a cone whose base is the same as the surface of the sphere and whose altitude is equal to the radius of the sphere.
is

in.

By
is

this

method

it

may

also be seen that a cylinder

equal to the largest circle of a spheroid equal to the axis of the spheroid, is one and
as the spheroid,
if

and when

this is

whose base and whose altitude is one half times as large recognized it becomes clear that

a spheroid is cut through its center by a plane perpendicular to its axis, one-half of the spheroid is twice as great as the cone whose base is that of the segment and its axis the same.

For
ay and

let

a spheroid be cut by a plane through

its

its

axis and

let

there be in
/?8

surface an ellipse a/?y8 [Fig. 3] whose diameters are and whose center is K and let there be a circle in the

spheroid on the diameter /?8 perpendicular to ay; then imagine a cone whose base is the same circle but whose vertex is at a, and

producing

its

surface, let the cone be cut by a plane through y

14 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

parallel to the base; the intersection will be a circle perpendicular

to ay with
is

as

its

diameter.

Now

imagine a cylinder whose base

c
;

and whose axis is ay let ya be produced so that aO = ya; think of Oy as a scale-beam with its center at a and in the parallelogram A draw a straight line pv e, and on /xv construct a plane perpendicular to ay this will intersect the cylinder in a circle whose diameter is juv, the spheroid in a circle
the same circle with the diameter
\ \

whose diameter
irp.
/ACT
<r|

Because ya
:

CT7T.

But
Ky
:

JUCT
/c/?

= a* x

and the cone in a circle whose diameter is = ca air JLMT CTTT, and ya = aO, therefore Oa aa = 2 2 X CT7T and /ACT X OTT = X O~y CTTT = + 2 fOT 2 2 = a* K/2 ( for both ratios are equal to the ratio
is

|o

acr

fJL(T
:

jU,(T

TTO"

<r

>

ttO"

between the diameter and the

parameter
I,

21 ]) =
2
:

ao-

[Apollonius, Con. 2 2 o-TT therefore

:

acr

acr

X cry =

Trcr

2
:

cr

cnr 2

X TT/JL, consequently JJLTT X Tro= o-| 2 If Trcr2 is added to both sides then JUG- x cnr = Tro-2 + o- 2
crir
.

Therefore ^aiao- =
o-

2
/xoo-TT
:

Tro-

2
.

But
in

2
/xo:

2 a| +

= the

circle

the cylinder whose diameter is /^i/ the circle with

:

the diameter |o + the circle with the diameter ?rp hence

;

the circle whose diameter

is

Y
Fig. 3.

fjiv

be

will in its present position in equilibrium at the point

a with the two circles whose

diameters are

are transferred and so arranged TT/O on the scale-beam at the point a that 6 is the center of gravity of both; and 6 is the center of gravity of the two circles combined
o

and

when they

hence Oa
if

whose diameters are o and -n-p when their position is changed, = the circle with the diameter juv the two circles whose
:
a<r

diameters are

and

trp.

In the same

way

it

can be shown that

this line last

parallelogram A I! e and on constructed perpendicular to ay, then likewise the circle produced in the cylinder will in its present posi tion be in equilibrium at the point a with the two circles combined

another straight line

is

drawn
is

in the

drawn a plane

which have been produced

tively

when they
is

that 6

in the spheroid and in the cone respec are so transferred to the point on the scale-beam the center of gravity of both. Then if cylinder, spheroid

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

and cone are
cone

filled with such circles, the cylinder in its present posi tion will be in equilibrium at the point a with the spheroid + the
if they are transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam at the point a that is the center of gravity of both. Now K is the center of gravity of the cylinder, but 0, as has been said, is the

center of gravity of the spheroid and cone together. Therefore 6a:aK = cylinder But aO = 2aK, hence also the spheroid + cone.
:

= 2 x (spheroid + cone) = 2 x spheroid + 2 x cone. But the cylinder = 3 x cone, hence 3 x cone = 2 x cone + 2 x spheroid. Subtract 2 x cone from both sides then a cone whose axes form the triangle ae = 2 x spheroid. But the same cone = 8 cones whose axes form the A a/38 hence 8 such cones = 2 x spheroid, 4 x cone = spheroid whence it follows that a spheroid is four times as great as a cone whose vertex is at a, and whose base is the circle on the diameter (38 perpendicular to Ae, and one-half the spheroid is twice as great as the same cone. In the parallelogram A draw the straight lines and ay the points (3 and 8 and imagine a cylinder whose bases through are the circles on the diameters $$ and x w an d whose axis is ay. Now since the cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram is twice as great as the cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram
cylinder
; ; ;
1
1

4>x

^o>

>

<o>

<f>8

because their bases are equal but the axis of the

first is

twice as

great as the axis of the second, and since the cylinder whose axes form the parallelogram is three times as great as the cone whose
<S

vertex

is

at a

and whose base

is

the circle on the diameter

(38

per

pendicular to ay, then the cylinder whose axes form the parallelo is six times as great as the aforesaid cone. But it has gram
<f>w

been shown that the spheroid is four times as great as the same cone, hence the cylinder is one and one half times as great as the spheroid. Q. E. D.

IV.

That a segment of a right conoid cut by a plane perpendicular axis is one and one half times as great as the cone having the same base and axis as the segment, can be proved by the same method in the following way
to
its
:

Let a right conoid be cut through its axis by a plane inter let it be also cut secting the surface in a parabola a(3y [Fig. 4] another plane perpendicular to the axis, and let their common by line of intersection be /?y. Let the axis of the segment be 8a and
;

l6 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

let it

be produced to 6 so that 0a = a&

its

Now
;

imagine 80 to be a

scale-beam with
circle

center at a

on the diameter /?y is the circle on the diameter /ty, and whose vertex is at a. base diameter fly Imagine also a cylinder whose base is the circle on the its axis a8, and in the parallelogram let a straight line pv be and drawn /?y and on pv construct a plane perpendicular to a8 it will intersect the cylinder in a circle whose diameter is //, and the seg
1
1

the base of the segment be the perpendicular to a8 imagine a cone whose

;

let

whose diameter is o. Now since |o- and /?8 its ordinates, 2 2 But 8a = a(9, therefore oSa ao- = (3B then [Quadr. parab. 3] - pa 2 a| 2 But /xcr 2 (j| 2 = the circle in the cylinder whose Oa aathe circle in the segment of the right conoid whose diameter is diameter is o, hence Oa aa- = the
ment of the right conoid
(lay is

in a circle
its

a parabola, a8

diameter and
:

p>

with the diameter \w the circle with the diameter o there

circle
:
;

fore the circle

in
is

the cylinder
/xv

whose diameter

is

in

its

equilibrium present position, at the point a with the circle whose diameter is o if this be
transferred and so arranged on is its the scale-beam at that
center of gravity. And the center of gravity of the circle whose
Fig. 4.

in

diameter
circle

is

\w

is

at a, that of the
is

whose diameter

when

its

6, position changed, Oa aa = the circle with the diameter pv

:

is

is

and we have the inverse proportion,

:

the circle with the diameter

be drawn in the parallelogram cy

if another straight line the circle formed in the f$y cylinder, will in its present position be in equilibrium at the point a with that formed in the segment of the right conoid if the latter
o.

In the same

way

it

can be shown that

1

is

so transferred to 6 on the scale-beam that 6

is its

center of grav

the cylinder and the segment of the right conoid ity. are filled up then the cylinder in its present position will be in equilibrium at the point a with the segment of the right conoid if

Therefore

if

the latter
is its

is

transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam at

that

center of gravity. And since these magnitudes are in equi librium at a, and * is the center of gravity of the cylinder, if a8 is
bisected at K

and

6 is the center of gravity of the

segment trans-

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

f erred

the inverse proportion Oa .aKand also the cylinder = 2 x segment. cylinder segment. But the same cylinder is 3 times as great as the cone whose base is the circle on the diameter f3y and whose vertex is at a therefore it is clear that the segment is one and one half times as great as the same cone.
to that point, then
:

we have
2a/c

But Oa -

v.

That the center of gravity of a segment of a right conoid which cut off by a plane perpendicular to the axis, lies on the straight line which is the axis of the segment divided in such a way that
is

the portion at the vertex

is

twice as great as the remainder,

may

be perceived by our method in

the following way: Let a segment of a right conoid cut off by a plane per

pendicular to the axis be cut by another plane through the axis,

and

let

the intersection in

its

sur

face be the parabola a0y [Fig. 5] and let the common line of inter
section of the plane which cut off the segment and of the intersect ing plane be 0y; let the axis of

the segment and the diameter of the parabola a0y be aS produce

;

8a so that aO

= aS and imagine
its

80

Fig. 5.

to be a scale-beam with
at a
;

center

then inscribe a cone in the segment with the lateral boundaries 0a and ay and in the parabola draw a straight line o 0y and let it cut the parabola in and o and the lateral boundaries of the cone
1
1

in

TT

and

p.

Now
2

because

|o-

diameter of the parabola, 8a 8a ao- = (38 TTO- = 0S 2 08 x TTO-,

: :

and 08 are drawn perpendicular to the 2 2 ao- = 08 [Quadr. parab. 3]. But 2 2 = otherefore also 0S 2 08 08 x TTO-.
:
<r

o- = Consequently 08 x TTO- and 08 2 2 o-TT But 08 TTO- = 8a ao- = 0a ao-, itr

:

0-

<r

TTO-,

therefore

08:^02

=
.

therefore also Oa .aa--

go-

an 2

On

o construct a plane perpendicular to aS; this will intersect the

segment of the right conoid in a circle whose diameter is o and the = o- 2 o-rr2 cone in a circle whose diameter is Trp. Now because and o- 2 :o-7r 2 = the circle with the diameter o the circle with the
6a:a<r
:

iS GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED

diameter
trp,
:

FROM MECHANICS.
is

therefore 6a ao-=the circle whose diameter

is
irp.

|o

the circle
is

whose diameter
circle

Therefore the
is irp

circle

whose diameter

will in its present position

be in equilibrium at the point a with the

whose diameter
is its

when

this is so transferred to 6

on the

scale-beam that 6

center of gravity.

Now

since a

is

the center

of gravity of the circle whose diameter is |o in its present position, and 6 is the center of gravity of the circle whose diameter is -rrp if its position is changed as we have said, and inversely Qa:a<r = the
circle

with the diameter

the circle with the diameter

TT/O,

then

the circles are in equilibrium at the point a. In the same way it can be shown that if another straight line is drawn in the parabola /3y and on this line last drawn a plane is constructed perpendicular
I
!

to aS, the circle

its

formed

in the

segment of the right conoid

will in

present position be in equilibrium at the point a with the circle

formed in the cone, if the latter is transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam at 6 that 6 is its center of gravity. Therefore if the
segment and the cone are filled up with circles, all circles in the segment will be in their present positions in equilibrium at the point a with all circles of the cone if the latter are transferred and so ar ranged on the scale-beam at the point 6 that 6 is their center of Therefore also the segment of the right conoid in its gravity.
present position will be in equilibrium at the point a with the cone if it is transferred and so that 6 is its arranged on the scale-beam at
center of gravity. Now because the center of gravity of both mag nitudes taken together is a, but that of the cone alone when its

changed is 0, then the center of gravity of the remaining magnitude lies on aO extended towards a if a* is cut off in such a way that aO a* = segment cone. But the segment is one and one half the size of the cone, consequently aO = %a* and K, the center of
position
is
:

gravity of the right conoid, so divides aS that the portion at the vertex of the segment is twice as large as the remainder.

VI.

[The center of gravity of a hemisphere

:

is

so divided on
is

its

axis] that the portion near the surface of the hemisphere ratio of 5 3 to the remaining portion.

in the

Let a sphere be cut by a plane through its center intersecting the surface in the circle a/3y8 [Fig. 6], ay and /38 being two diameters of the circle perpendicular to each other. Let a plane be con-

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

structed on
is (38

perpendicular to ay.

Then imagine a cone whose base

whose vertex
is

the circle with the diameter

(38,
;

at a

and

its

lateral

boundaries are

(3a

and a8

imagine the straight

line

ya be produced so that aO = ya, to be a scale-bearn with its center at a Oy

let
1 1

and in the semi-circle (3a8 draw a straight line |o (38 let it cut and o, the lateral boundaries the circumference of the semicircle in
;

of the cone in
dicular to ae;

TT

and

p,

and ay
in

in

it

will intersect the

diameter

o,
:

and the cone

:

plane perpen hemisphere in a circle with the a circle with the diameter irp. Now
e.
:

On

o construct a

because ay ae = a 2 ae 2 and

a2
2
:

C7T

2
:

eTT

2.

But
:

eTT

= ae 2 + e| 2 and ae = CTT, therefore ay 2 C7T = the circle with the diameter

:

ae

the circle with the diameter

irp

the circle with the diameter

o

irp,

+ and
o

ya =

aO,

hence 0a ae = the
irp
:

circle

with the diameter

irp.

+ the

circle

with

the diameter

circle

with the diameter

Therefore the two

are
o

circles

whose diameters

and

irp

in their present position are in

equilibrium

at

whose diameter

the point a with the circle is irp if it is transferred and

so arranged at 6 that 9 is its center of gravity. Now since the center of gravity of the two circles whose diameters are o and irp in their

present position
circle
is

[is

the point
is irp

e,

but of the
its
:

whose diameter

when

position

changed is the point 0, then 9a ae = the circles whose diameters are] o [, irp: the circle whose diameter is irp. In the same if another straight line in the] hemi way sphere (3a8 [is drawn 11/38 and a plane is
constructed]

perpendicular to [ay the] two [circles produced in the cone and in the hemi

which

sphere are in their position] in equilibrium at a [with the circle is produced in the cone] if it is transferred and arranged on
6.

the scale at

[Now

if]

up with circles then

cone]
will in

all circles in

the hemisphere and the cone [are filled the] hemisphere and those [in the

their present position

be in equilibrium

[with

all

circles] in the cone, if these are transferred

and so arranged on the

;

scale-beam at 9 that 9

hemisphere and cone

their center of gravity [therefore the are in their position [in equilibrium at also]
is

the point a] with the cone if it is transferred and so arranged [on the scale-beam at 0] that 9 is its center of gravity.

2O GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

VII.

By [this method] it may also be perceived that [any segment whatever] of a sphere bears the same ratio to a cone having the same [base] and axis [that the radius of the sphere + the axis of the
opposite segment
the axis of the opposite segment] on pv construct a plane perpendicular to ay; it will and [Fig. 7] intersect the cylinder in a circle whose diameter is fiv, the segment of the sphere in a circle whose diameter is |o and the cone whose base is the circle on the diameter c and whose vertex is at a in a circle whose diameter
:

is

7T/3.

In the same
it

way
be

as

before

may
is

shown that a
diameter
is

circle whose

pv

in its

present position in equi librium at a with the two

circles

are

[whose diameters and irp if they are so arranged on the scaleo

beam

that

is

their cen

ter of gravity.

[And the same can be proved of

corresponding
cir

all

cles.]

Now
are

since cylin

der, cone,

segment
Fig
7.

and spherical rilled up

circles,

with

such

the

cylinder in its present position [will be in equilibrium at a] with the cone + the spherical segment if they are transferred and attached to the scale-beam at 0.

Divide a^ at

<j>

and x so that a X = xn an ^

=
W>

%a

<

then x will be the

center of gravity of the cylinder because it is the center of the axis Now because the above mentioned bodies are in equilibrium ay. at a, cylinder cone with the diameter of its base e + the spherical
:

segment fia8 = Oa Therefore also

ax-

And
=

because

rja

= 3*7$ then

[yrj

*rj4>]

= %ar) Xrjy.

-yrjxr)(f>

vua.

way it may be perceived that any segment of an cut off by a perpendicular plane, bears the same ratio to ellipsoid

In the same

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS. 21

a cone having the same base and the same axis, as half of the axis of the ellipsoid + the axis of the opposite segment bears to the axis of the opposite segment

VIII.

produce ay [Fig. 8] making aO = ay and y = the radius of the sphere imagine y6 to be a scale-beam with a center at a, and in the plane cutting off the segment inscribe a circle with its center at y and its radius = ay on this circle construct a cone with its vertex at a and
; ;

its lateral

boundaries ae and a.

Then draw a

straight line *A

let

it

cut the circumference of the

at K

segment
at
TT.

and

A,

the lateral
at p
:

aries of the cone ae

and

bound and ay
:

and
also
07T

ica

2
.

because ay air = a* 2 a?r 2 = aTr2 + TTK Z and a?r 2 = TTo 2 ( since 2 = 2 then ya a?r = K7T2 + Tro 2 ar} erj ), But K7T2 + 7T0 2 7TO 2 = tllC Circle

NOW

with the diameter *A + the

circle

with

the diameter op: the circle with the diameter op and ya = a0; therefore
0a:a7r

= the

circle

with the diameter

K\+ the circle with the diameter op: the circle with the diameter op.
since the circle with the diameter
:

Now
/cA

the circle with the diameter op the circle with the diameter op = aO: TTO.,
let

the circle with the diameter op be

transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam at B that 6 is its center of

Fig. 8.

gravity; then 0a:a7r = the circle with the diameter *A+ the circle with the diameter op in their present the circle with the diameter op if it is transferred and positions
:

so arranged on the scale-beam at B that B is its center of gravity. Therefore the circles in the segment (3a8 and in the cone ae are in
all circles in

equilibrium at a with that in the cone ae. And in the same way the segment /?a8 and in the cone ae in their present
positions are in equilibrium at the point a with all circles in the ae if they are transferred and so arranged on the scale-beam
is

cone

at B that 6

their center of gravity

then also the spherical segment

22 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

a(38

and the cone

ae

in their present positions are in equilibrium

at the point a with the

cone
that

ea

if it is

transferred and so arranged

center of gravity. Let the cyl inder p.v equal the cone whose base is the circle with the diameter e and whose vertex is at a and let a?/ be so divided at that arj

on the scale-beam

at

is its

<

4<prj

then

the center of gravity of the cone ea as has been previously Moreover let the cylinder pv be so cut by a perpendicularly proved. intersecting plane that the cylinder /* is in equilibrium with the
<

is

cone ea.

Now

since the

segment

a(3S

+ the cone

ea

in their present
it

positions are in equilibrium at a with the cone ca if ferred and so arranged on the scale-beam at 6 that 6

is

trans

is

its

center
/x

of gravity, and cylinder pv

are

cone

ea

and the two cylinders

with both bodies, then will also the cylinder v be in equilibrium with the segment of the sphere at the point a. And since the spherical segment fiaB the cone whose
to 6
/u,i/

moved

and

is

in equilibrium

is

the circle with the diameter

(for this

(3S,

and whose vertex

is

at a

has previously been proved [De sph. et cyl. II, 2 67:177 and cone /2aS cone ca = the circle with the diameter Coroll.]) the circle with the diameter c = /fy 2 ^e 2 and ft-rf = yrj x ya, (3S
:
: :

and 777 x 770, 7?a 2 = yrj rja, therefore cone /3a8 cone ea = But we have shown that cone (3a$ segment /?a8 = 77; 77^, 777:770. hence Si urou segment (3aS cone ea = And because ax -XV7701. = 2 7*7 + *? a 47*7 + *7 a an d by addi rja + 4777 en/ + 27/7 so inversely 77^ x a tion rja ax - 6777 + 2rja rja + 47/7. f= But 77^ = % ( 6777 + 2r)a ) and y (4777 + T/a) for that is evident. Hence ya a\ = 67 4 consequently also 77 7701 = the x- But it was also demonstrated that
77e

- Tja 2

77

y(f>

y<f>>

7<

77:77(1=

segment whose vertex is at a and whose base is the circle with the diameter (3B the cone whose vertex is at a and whose base is the circle with the diameter e; hence segment /?a8 cone ca = X a.
: :
y4>:

And
is

since the cylinder /* is in equilibrium with the cone ea at a, and the center of gravity of the cylinder while is that of the cone
<

= ya cu. But cylinder JJLV = ea, then cone ea cylinder /* = Oa cone a hence by subtraction, cylinder ^ cylinder v = 7$. And = Oa hence cone ea cylinder pv - cone ea cylinder v - ya
:
:
:
a^>

a<f>:

y<j>

y<j>.

But

it

was
Bi

also demonstrated that

hence

tcrov

strated that

segment j8a8 segment /?a8 is

:

segment (3a$ cone ca = 7<:xa; cylinder v = t,a a^. And it was demon
: :

in equilibrium at a with the cylinder v

and

is

point x

is

the center of gravity of the cylinder v, consequently the also the center of gravity of the segment

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS. 23

IX.

way it can also be perceived that the center of grav any segment of an ellipsoid lies on the straight line which is the axis of the segment so divided that the portion at the vertex of the segment bears the same ratio to the remaining portion as the axis of the segment +4 times the axis of the opposite segment bears to the axis of the segment + twice the axis of the opposite
In a similar
ity of

segment.

can also be seen by this method that [a segment of a hyperboloid] bears the same ratio to a cone having the same base and axis
It

as the segment, that the axis of the segment + 3 times the addition to the axis bears to the axis of the segment of the Ifyperboloid + twice

and that the center of gravity of the its addition [De Conoid. 25] hyperboloid so divides the axis that the part at the vertex bears the same ratio to the rest that three times the axis + eight times the
;

addition to the axis bears to the axis of the hyperboloid + 4 times the addition to the axis, and many other points which I will leave aside since the method has been made clear by the examples already

given and only the demonstrations of the above given theorems re main to be stated.
XI.

When
inscribed

in

a perpendicular prism with square bases a cylinder

lie

is

whose bases

in

opposite squares and

whose curved

surface touches the four other parallelograms, and when a plane is passed through the center of the circle which is the base of the
cylinder and one side of the opposite square, then the body which of the entire is cut off by this plane [from the cylinder] will be This can be perceived through the present method and prism.

when
of
it.

it is

so warranted

we

will pass over to the geometrical proof

Imagine a perpendicular prism with square bases and a cyl inder inscribed in the prism in the way we have described. Let the
prism be cut through the axis by a plane perpendicular to the plane

which cuts
the

off the section of the cylinder; this will intersect the

in the parallelogram a(3 [Fig. 9] and intersecting line of the plane which cuts off the section of the cylinder and the plane lying through the axis perpendicular

prism containing the cylinder

common

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26 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

and the straight lines Or) and 0/* and x- Upon *A and TV construct two planes perpendicular at to op and extend them towards both sides of the plane in which lies the circle lovrp; they will intersect the half-cylinder whose base is the semicircle o-rrp and whose altitude is that of the cylinder, in a and the other = the axis of parallelogram one side of which the cylinder; and they will intersect the prism %4, likewise in a parallelogram one side of which is equal to AX an ^ tne other equal to the axis, and in the same way the half-cylinder in a parallelogram one side of which = T and the other = the axis of the cylinder, and the prism in a parallelogram one side of which =v$ and the other = the axis of the cylinder ...................
K

and
<f>

T,

the diameter op at

<r

and

=K<T

XIII.

Let the square a/?yS [Fig. 12] be the base of a perpendicular prism with square bases and let a cylinder be inscribed in the prism whose base is the circle efyO which
P\

^-~ *^^

\lf

touches the sides of the parallelogram and 0. Pass a plane a/3y8 at e, rj

,

through

its

center and the side in the

square opposite the square a/2y8 corre

sponding to the side y8 this will cut off from the whole prism a second prism which is the size of the whole prism and which will be bounded by three
;

parallelograms and two opposite

Fig. 12.

tri

axis

is

*,

and
2
:

In the semicircle efy describe angles. a parabola whose origin is ye and whose in the parallelogram 8^ draw pv K this will cut
\
I

the circumference of the semicircle at

the parabola at A, and

p V xvX-v^
pv v\
:

(for this
.

is

= K-rf Xa2

Upon

evident [Apollonios, Con. I, n]). Therefore this will juv construct a plane parallel to ey
;

prism cut off from the whole prism in a right-angled triangle one side of which is pv and the other a straight line in the plane upon y8 perpendicular to yS at v and equal to the axis of the
intersect the

cylinder, but

intersect the portion

whose hypotenuse is in the intersecting plane. It will which is cut off from the cylinder by the plane and the side of the square opposite the side yS passed through ey in a right-angled triangle one side of which is i^ and the other a straight line drawn in the surface of the cylinder perpendicular

GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS. 2/

to the plane KV, and the hypotenuse and all the triangles in the prism all the triangles in the cylindersection = all the straight lines in the parallelogram 8*7 all the straight
: :

lines

between the parabola and the straight

line

ery.

And

the prism

consists of the triangles in the prism, the cylinder-section of those in the cylinder-section, the parallelogram 877 of the straight lines in the parallelogram 8*7 K and the segment of the parabola of the
1
1

by the parabola and the straight line er? hence that is prism cylinder-section = parallelogram 778 segment bounded by the parabola and the straight line 07. But the parallelo gram 877 = % the segment bounded by the parabola and the straight line as indeed has been shown in the previously published work, 7 hence also the prism is equal to one and one half times the cylindersection. Therefore when the cylinder-section - 2, the prism = 3 and the whole prism containing the cylinder equals 12, because it is four
straight lines cut off
:

e>/

times the size of the other prism to of the prism, Q. E. D.

hence the cylinder-section

is

equal

XIV.

[Inscribe a cylinder in] a perpendicular prism with square bases [and let it be cut by a plane passed through the center of the base of the cylinder and one side of the opposite square.] Then this plane will cut off a prism from the whole prism and a portion of

the cylinder from the cylinder. It may be proved that the portion cut off from the cylinder by the plane is one-sixth of the whole prism. But first we will prove that it is possible to inscribe a solid figure in the cylinder-section and to circumscribe another composed

of prisms of equal altitude and with similar triangles as bases, so that the circumscribed figure exceeds the inscribed less than any

given magnitude But it has been shown that the prism cut off by the inclined plane

Now the prism the body inscribed in the cylinder-section. <% cut off by the inclined plane the body inscribed in the cylindersection = parallelogram 8*7 the parallelograms which are inscribed
: :

in the

segment bounded by the parabola and the straight

line 07.

Hence the parallelogram 877 <% the parallelograms in the segment bounded by the parabola and the straight line cq. But this is im
possible because
877 is

we have shown elsewhere that the parallelogram one and one half times the segment bounded by the parabola
line
77,

and the straight

not greater

consequently

is

28 GEOMETRICAL SOLUTIONS DERIVED FROM MECHANICS.

And all prisms in the prism cut off by the inclined plane: prisms in the figure described around the cylinder-section =
parallelograms in the parallelogram 8rj figure which is described around the
:

all all

all

parallelograms in the

segment bounded by the

parabola and the straight line ?, i. e., the prism cut off by the in the figure described around the cylinder-section = clined plane
:

the figure bounded by the parabola and the But the prism cut off by the inclined plane is greater than one and one half times the solid figure circumscribed around the cylinder-section

parallelogram
straight line

877

ey.

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