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Culture Documents
PH LC
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT
BL: Bng lan
CQ : Cm quan
VT: n v tnh
QCVN: Quy chun Vit Nam
TCVN: Tiu chun Vit Nam
DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1: Cy thanh long ..............................................................................5
Hnh 2: Tri thanh long trng v Thanh long .........................................11
Hnh 3: Bt m ..............................................................................................12
Hnh 4: Sa ti ...........................................................................................20
Hnh 5: ng ..............................................................................................22
Hnh 6: Trng g ...........................................................................................24
Hnh 7: Cu to ca trng g ........................................................................24
Hnh 8: Quy trnh nhn dch Thanh Long .....................................................30
Hnh 9: Quy trnh b sung Thanh Long vo............................................31
Hnh 10: S kho st t l ng v trng .........................................................33
Hnh 11: S kho st t l phi trn bt m b sung ..........................................35
CHNG 1
LI M U
1.1. t vn
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca nn k thut v s tin b ca khoa hc k
thut, ngnh cng ngh ch bin nc ta khng ngng i mi nng cao cht
lng cng nh a dng ha cc sn phm thc phm nhm p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.
Cuc sng ngy cng pht trin vn sc khe con ngi lun c t ln
hng u v nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng cao, tiu ch t ra l
phi ngon, b, khng c hi, h tr tt cho sc khe m khng phi l nhng cht
tng hp ha hc, nhng cht c nguy c c hi nh hng n sc khe ca con
ngi. c bit trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi bnh b dng khc nhau
nhm p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng nh bnh bng lan, bnh m,...V
c ngi tiu dng chp nhn th sn phm thc phm phi c y nhng cht
cn thit nh vi cht dinh dng, cc vitamin, cc cht chng oxy ha
Mt trong nhng loi qu p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng hin nay l
thanh long. Thanh long l ngun nguyn liu cha nhiu vitamin C, giu cht x v
cht khong, c bit l pht pho v canxi. Ht thanh long giu cht bo khng bo
ha. Ngoi ra thanh long cn cha mt lng ng k phytoalbumin cht chng oxy
ha, c tc dng ngn chn s hnh thnh bnh ung th. Trong thi tit ma h nng
bc, kht nc, n mt tri thanh long mt lnh khng nhng lm cho chng ta c
cm gic mt m, sng khoi v c gii kht, m chng ta cn ang lm p cho
ln da ca mnh mt cch n gin, th v, kinh t v nht l mang tnh nn tng hn
hn so vi vic s dng cc loi m phm t tin.
Thanh long c trng rt nhiu v ph bin nc ta. V vy n l ngun
nguyn liu rt phong ph cho chng ta s dng v nghin cu nhm nng cao gi tr
ca thanh long. V hin nay ngi tiu dng khng ch hng n cc loi bnh
mang tnh cht n b sung m cn ch trng n gi tr chc nng ca chng .
Xy dng quy trnh sn xut bnh Bng lan b sung thanh long
CHNG 2
Yu cu
1. Mu sc
2. Mi, v
3. Trng thi
Mn, mm, xp u
Mc
Do nh sn xut cng b
2,0
14 24
0,1
(HCL), % khng ln hn
Cc cht nhim bn
Bng 2.3. Hm lng kim loi nng trong bnh bng lan c quy nh
trong bn
Tn ch tiu
Hm lng asen (As)
Hm lng ch (Pb)
Hm lng thy ngn (Hg)
Hm lng cadimi (Cd)
Mc ti a (mg/kg)
0,1
0,5
0,05
1,0
bin v x l theo quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc
phm.
-
n:
http://www.google.com.vn/imgres)
thp nin 1980. Vit Nam hin nay l nc duy nht ng Nam c trng thanh
long tng i tp trung trn quy m thng mi vi din tch c lng 4000
hectare (1998), tp trung ti Bnh Thun 2.176 hectare, phn cn li l Long An, Tin
Giang, TP.HCM, Khnh Ha v ri rc mt s ni khc. Hin nay nc ta xut
khu thanh long qua nhiu nc di dng qu ti. Bnh Thun ni ring v Nam
b ni chung ma thanh long t nhin xy ra t thng 4 n thng 10, r nht vo
thng 5 n thng 8. Vo thi im y gi r, mt s nh vn tin b pht hin,
hon chnh dn tng bc k thut thp n to qu tri v ch ng thu hoch,
nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
2.2.2. c im sinh hc
Sinh thi
L cy trng c ngun gc nhit i, chu hn gii, nn c trng nhng
vng nng. Mt s vng chu c nhit t 50 n 55 C. Nhng n khng chu
c gi lnh. Chng thch hp nhng ni cng nh sng mnh, v vy h b
che nng thn cy s m yu v lu cho qu. Cy mc c trn nhiu loi t khc
nhau nh t xm bc mu (Bnh Thun), t phn (TP.HCM), t latosol (Long
Khnh)... n c kh nng thch ng vi cc chua (PH) ca t rt khc nhau. Khi
trng thanh long nn chn cc chn t c tng canh tc dy ti thiu 30 - 50cm v
c nng sut cao nn ti v gi m cho cy vo ma nng. Nhng cy thuc h
xng rng chu hn gii nhng chu c mn km, d vy c mt s h
Cn gi trng th thanh long trn t b nhim mn (0,8%) c ln lip v ci
to tng mt, ma kh khng ti.
Thanh long c mt qu trnh quang hp di. nh sng ban ngy cng di th
cng tt cho Hoa. Trong iu kin , thanh long ra hoa t thng 4 n thng 9
nhng tp trung nhiu nht vo thng 5 n thng 7 khi ngy di hn m (t 12,5
n 13 gi mt ngy). T thng 10 n thng 2, ngy ngn hn nn nng dn thng
thng dng in chiu sng cho hoa.
10
R cy
11
Trng
Di
TB TB (cm)
Dy v
Phn
12
(g)
lng TB (cm)
(mm)
c (g)
(g)
<330
330-<500
500-<700
700
20
65
12
3
270
410
565
750
12,5
13
15
16
11
12
12
13,5
4,8
4,6
4,5
3,8
17
315
400
550
Trong mt th nghim x l thanh long ra hoa trn t phn nng trng Phm
Vn Hai cn ngu nhin 150 qu, trng lng trung bnh l 568,8g. Di trung bnh l
12,28cm v ng knh trung bnh l 9,2cm, nh vy qu c v chc hn. Gn y
do thm canh cao, c nhiu qu ln trng lng t lkg n l,3kg. Thng qu
nng trn 300g l c th xut khu c.
Phn tch thnh phn sinh ha cho thy trong 100 g tht qu chn: hm lng
ng tng s c th bin ng t 8g n 12g, vitamin C t 3,8mg n 9,4mg. C s
bin ng ny l do phn bn, ch chm sc v thi gian hi, qu chn trn cy
cng lu cng ngt. Trong bn d tho m t sn phm thanh long m phn vin
Cng Ngh Sau Thu Hoch xy dng cho thy Brix ca thanh long Bnh
Thun bin thin t 11% n 15,3%, theo ngoi cht ng, sinh t, qu cn cha
nhiu mui khong nh K, Ca v Mg.
Kt qu
13
6,1
11,5
0,13
0,53
13
K (mg)
P2O5 (mg)
Ca(mg)
Mg (mg)
Vitamin C (mg)
X (g)
212,2
8,7
134,5
60,4
9,4
0,71
(ngun: Phn tch ti B mn Sinh l - Sinh ha v B mn Thy Nng thuc i hc Nng Lm TP.
HCM)
14
Thanh long rut c c tnh hon ton khc so vi loi thanh long trng
thng thng ngoi th trng hin nay. Bn ngoi thanh long c v cng, mu
m ti sng; bn trong ngoi mu thm nh son, l mt th thnh phn dinh
dng gp i thanh long trng. Vi cc ch s Vitamin C 12 - 6, Protid 1,30 1,08,
Vitamin A, Glucid, Lipit th thanh long rut mang li gi tr dinh dng rt cao.
Thanh long rut l mt sn phm mi, l, ngon, b dng, mt sn phm
"made in Vietnam". Trng lng tri trung bnh t 200 n 700g, hin nay do b con
nh vn thm canh cao nn c nhiu tri ln trn 1kg.
(ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_long_(thc_vt)
15
Hnh 3. Bt m
2.3.1. Khi nim
16
17
ho hng
Hng I
Hng II
2,5
3,5
77,5
71
14
14,5
2,0
2,8
0,3
0,8
2,3
0,7
1,2
1,5
1,9
(ngun: http://community.h2vn.com/index.php?topic=4881.0)
Protit ca bt m :
Hm lng protit c trong cc hng bt m khc nhau th khng ging nhau.
Hm lng protit tng dn t bt hng cao n bt hng thp, nhng v mt dinh
dng th protit trong bt hng cao gi tr hn protit trong bt hng thp Protit trong
bt m gm 4 loi:
-
18
Tinh bt: l gluxit quan trng nht ca tinh bt. Trong hng bt cao cha n
80% tinh bt. Tinh bt ca cc loi bt khc nhau th khng ging nhau v hnh dng,
kch thc, kh nng trng n v h ha. ln v nguyn ca ht tinh bt c
nh hng n tnh rn chc, kh nng ht nc v hm lng ng trong bt nho.
Trong cc ht tinh bt, ngoi tinh bt ra cn c mt lng nh axit photphoric. Axit
silicic, axit bo v cc cht khc.
-
nhng cht keo to thnh vi nc mt dung dch dnh. Khi lng phn t v tnh
cht ca dextrin ph thuc vo mc thy phn ca tinh bt.
19
Xenluloza: cng c cng thc chung ging tinh bt nhng rt khc nhau v
hecxozan (C6H10O)n. Hemixenluloza khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong kim.
N d thy phn hn xenluloza. Hm lng hemixenluloza ph thuc vo hng bt,
thng khong 2 8%, c th ngi khng tiu ha c hemixenluloza.
-
20
Men trong bt: l nhng protit c tnh cht xc tc. Trong bt c cha rt
nhiu men lm nh hng n cht lng bt, cc loi men quan trng nh: Men
thy phn tinh bt v protit nh: proteinaza, polipeptidaza, anpha-amilaza, betaamylaza. Ngoi ra bt m cn c cc men khc nh: lipaza, lipoxydaza
2.3.4. Vic phn hng v nh gi cht lng bt m
Vic phn hng bt m l ht sc quan trng bi v i vi tng hng th thnh
phn ha hc, ha l rt khc nhau dn n tnh cht rt khc nhau.
Thc t phn loi da rt nhiu vo qu trnh ch bin. sn xut bt m
thng dng dy chuyn nghin bt nhiu h c phn loi. to hm lng Gluten,
ln mu scca bt sau mi h nghin rt khc nhau c trng cho tng hng.
nh gi cht lng bt m theo tiu chun ca Nh nc th cc ch s
trong tiu chun cht lng bt m c c trng bng tnh trng v sinh v hng
bt . Cc ch s cht lng y gm c: mi v, nhim trng, hm lng cc cht
st v m.
Bt phi khng c mi l, v l, hm lng tp cht khng qu 3mg/kg bt,
m ca bt phi nh hn 15%...
Cc hng bt khc nhau th khc nhau v tro, trng, mn, axit v
hm lng Gluten t.
tro l ch s c bn xc nh hng ca bt, thm vo ngi ta cn
dng trng v mn na. Cn hm lng Gluten, axit khng c trng cho
hng ca bt v ch s ny lun lun bin ng.
21
Gluten.
Gluten ca bt hng cao hn thng c mu sng hn v ht nc ln hn.
Bt c hm lng Gluten cao thng c tnh cht nng bnh cao ph thuc vo cht
lng Gluten.
Kh nng to kh ca bt c c trng bng CO2 thot ra trong mt thi
gian nht nh v ng vi mt lng bt nho nht nh. Kh nng to kh ph thuc
vo hm lng ng v kh nng sinh ng ca bt. Cht lng cc Gluten cng
cao th cht lng ca bt m cng cng cao. Gluten ca bt hng cao thng c mu
sng cao hn v ht nc ln hn.
22
Bt m hng cao (hng nht hoc hng hai) c cha nhiu protit, ht nc nhiu v
to thnh bt nho c tnh n hi d gia cng c hc. Trong bt nho bt m hng
cao, men thy phn protit hot ng rt chm v bnh bch quy lm t loi bt ny s
c hnh dng ng v xp u.
Kh nng sinh ng v to kh ca bt m:
nc rt mnh.
- Qu trnh oxi ha cht bo c trong bt.
- Qu trnh thy phn nh cc men c trong bt.
- Qu trnh phn hy protit c trong bt to ra axit amin, NH3 .
23
cc.
-
bnh, lm cho nhng chic bnh tr nn ngon ming v hp dn hn. Liu lng cho
php ca mt s cht ni thng c s dng:
-
Bnh bao: 3 5%
Hnh 4: Sa ti
24
25
26
Hnh 5: ng
Saccharose l mt disacarit c cng thc phn t C12H22O11. Tn gi h thng
ca n l -D-glucopyranozyl-(12)--D-fructofuranozit (kt thc bng "ozit" v n
khng phi l ng kh).
N c bit n nhiu v vai tr ca n trong khu phn dinh dng ca con ngi
v n c hnh thnh trong thc vt ch khng phi t cc sinh vt khc nh ng
vt
Sucroza cn c gi vi nhiu tn nh ng knh, ng n, ng ct,
ng trng, ng nu, ng ma, ng phn, ng c ci, ng tht nt hay
mt cch n gin l ng.
2.5.2. Tnh cht ca ng
Sucroza tinh khit thng thng nht hay c sn xut di dng bt kt tinh
mn mu trng, khng mi vi v ngt d chu, di tn gi ph bin l ng hay
ng n. Cc tinh th ln i khi lng xung t dung dch nc cha sucroza thnh
mt chui (hay b mt kt nhn khc) to ra ko cng, l mt dng bnh ko.
Ging nh cc cacbohydrat khc, sucroza c t l hir trn xy l 2:1. N
bao gm 2 monosacarit l -glucoza v fructoza, c kt ni bng lin kt glicozit
gia nguyn t cacbon 1 ca khi glucoza vi nguyn t cacbon 2 ca khi fructoza.
Sucroza nng chy v phn hy 186 C to ra caramen (ng thng), v
khi chy to ra cacbon, ixt cacbon, nc.
27
Hnh 6: Trng g
2.6.1. Cu to ca trng
28
Hnh 7: Cu to ca trng g
Bnh thng trng c dng e-lip, t l gia chiu di v chiu rng t 1,13
1,67. Trng lng ca trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: ging, tui v nht l ch
nui dng gia cm. Trng lng trung bnh ca mi qu trng t 60 - 80 gram. T
trng ca trng thay i theo thi gian bo qun v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, do
c th cn c vo t trng ca trng nh gi mc ti ca trng. i vi
trng ti t trng (d) khong 1,078 1, 096. Cu to ca trng gm: v, long trng,
lng . T l cc phn ny ph thuc vo ging, hnh dng, kch thc qu trng.
Bng 2.7 T l cc thnh phn ca trng
Thnh phn
Lng
Lng trng
V
T l (%)
35,7 35,9
53,5 53,7
10,4 10,8
Trng l loi thc phm cha nhiu m, bo, ng thi giu vitamin v
khong vi lng. tuy nhin thnh phn dinh dng ca trng ph thuc vo thc n,
mi trng sng, trng thi sc khe v thi gian khai thc gia cm.
Cu to ca trng gm 6 phn:
V cng
Ti kh (bung kh)
Lng trng
29
Lng
Bng 2.8 Thnh phn cc cht trong v
Thnh phn
Cht hu c
CaCO3
MgCO3
P2O5
T l (%)
4,15
93,70
1,4
0,75
T l (%)
74
12,8
11,5
Glucide
0,7
Khong
158 calo
Ry
Trn bt
Trng +
ng (nh
ni)
30
Nng (180oC,25 pht)
khun
Lm ngui
Sn phm
31
CHNG 3
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1. Thi gian v a im thc hin ti
3.1.1. Thi gian
ti c nghin cu trong khong thi gian t: 03/2012 n 07/2012
3.1.2. a im
Ti phng th nghim thc phm dinh dng & Chc nng ,Trng i hc
Bnh Dng, 504 i l Bnh Dng- Tx. Th Du Mt- Tnh Bnh Dng.
3.2. Vt liu
3.2.1. Nguyn liu
-
32
ng nghim
Pipet
Cn phn tch
Erlen
Giy lc
Cc s
Chn cn
Chn nung
Bnh nh mc
Bnh tam gic
Chn sy
Vi lc
3.3.2. Thit b
Bng 3.2. Thit b my mc
Tn thit b
My nh trng
Khay nng
L nung
Bnh ht m
T ng
Xut x
Trung Quc
Vit Nam
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
Nht
Tn thit b
Bp in
L nng
May ghp m
T sy
B ct m
Xut x
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
c
Trung Quc
kiedal
3.4. Phng php nghin cu
3.4.1. Phn tch l ha [2]
-
Xc nh protein (ph lc 2)
Xc nh n (ph lc 2)
Xc nh m (ph lc 2)
3.4.2. Ch tiu vi sinh
33
Mu c xp v tr th ba quy i ra im l -1,03
Mu c xp v tr th t quy i ra im l -0,30
Cch i im i vi 5 mu sn phm:
-
Mu c xp v tr th ba quy i ra im l 0,00
Mu c xp v tr th t quy i ra im l -0,50
Mu c xp v tr th nm quy i ra im l -1,16
3.4.3.2. Php th cho im cht lng tng hp ca sn phm [5]
[8] (ph lc 3)
3.4.4. Phng Php x l kt qu [4]
Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin, cc kt qu thu thp c trong
thi nghim c tng hp v x l bng phn mm Microsoft Excel v StatGraphics
Plus 3.0. Da vo kt qu thng k, tin hnh phn tch v nh gi s khc bit gia
cc nghim thc trn c s kin thc chuyn mn v chn ra thng s ti u cho
tng th nghim.
3.5. Xy dng quy trnh
3.5.1. Xy dng quy trnh nhn dch Thanh Long
34
Thanh Long
X l
Nghin
Lc
Dch TL + ht
Trng
3.5.2. Xy dng
quy trnh b sung
Thanh Long vo
Phi trn vi ng
Bt m
Sa bt
Trn
Bt ni
vo khun
35
Sn phm
3.6. B tr th nghim
3.6.1. Th nghim 1: Kho st Hiu sut thu hi dch v ht qu Thanh long
Mc ch th nghim
Tnh c hiu sut s dng tri Thanh Long
Bng 3.3 : Bng b tr th nghim kho st hiu sut thu hi dch ht TL (TN1)
Nghin qu
ht
qu Cht thi
thanh long
Qu 1
Qu 2
Qu 3
36
Qu 4
Qu 5
Qu 6
Qu 7
Qu 8
Qu 9
Qu 10
Cch tin hnh
Thanh Long ti bc v, em i ra ri ro. Sau tin hnh p, tch ht.
Hiu sut thu hi dch v ht Thanh Long: Thanh Long cn m1, dch v ht thu c
cn m2, ph thi m3. Tnh c hiu sut thu hi sn phm.
S dng cng thc tnh:
H(%) =(m2/m1) x 100
Trong :
H(%) l hiu sut thu hi dch Thanh Long
M1 l khi lng Thanh Long ban u
M2 l khi lng dch v ht Thanh Long sau khi p
3.6.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st t l Trng v ng
Theo cc mc sau: A1=(0,5 : 1), A2= (1: 1), A3= (1,5 : 1), A4=(2 : 1)
Mc ch th nghim
Chn ra t l Trng : ng ph hp nht t cht lng ch tiu v cm
quan.
B tr th nghim
37
Trng + ng
A1(0,5 : 1) A2(1 : 1)
A3(1,5 : 1)
A4(2 : 1)
nh ni
Sa ti
Bt n
Phi trn
To hnh
0,5
1,5
T l ng (%)
2
1
nh gi cm
n (cm3)
38
nh gi cm quan
Mc ch th nghim
B tr th nghim
B1= 40%
B2 = 45%
B3 = 50%
B4 = 55%
B5 = 60%
39
S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
nh ni
Bt n
Sa ti
B1 (40)
Phi trn vi Bt m
B2 (45) B3 (50)
B4 (55)
To hnh
Nng (160oC, 30 pht)
Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 11: S kho st t l phi trn bt m b sung thm hn
hp A
Bng 3.5: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t phi trn bt m b
sung thm hn hp A ( TN3)
Th nghim 3 (TN3)
Bt m (%)
40
45
50
55
60
im cm quan
nh gi cm quan
Ch tiu theo di
nh gi cm quan
40
B tr th nghim
C1= 0,5%
C2= 1%
C3= 1,5%
C4= 2%
C5= 2,5%
S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
nh ni
Sa ti
Dich ht TL
( chn TN2)
Phi trn vi Bt n
Bt m
41
C1 (0,5) C2 (1)
C3 (1,5) C4 (2)
C5 (2,5)
To hnh
Nng (160oC, 30 pht)
Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 12: S kho st t l bt n b sung
Bng 3.6: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l bt n b sung
( TN4)
Bt n (%)
im trung bnh CQ
nh gi cm quan
Th nghim 4 (TN4)
0,5
1
1,5
2,5
Ch tiu theo di
-
nh gi cm quan
xp
42
D1 = 2%
D2 = 4 %
D3 = 6%
D4 = 8%
D5 = 10%
S b tr
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
Dch ht thanh long
nh ni
( chn TN4)
Bt n
( chn TN3)
Phi trn vi Sa ti
Bt m
D5 (10)
To hnh
43
Th nghim 5 (TN5)
4
6
10
nh gi cm quan
Ch tiu theo di
nh gi cm quan
mn
xp
Kt lun
nht
44
B tr th nghim
E0 = 0%
E1 =10%
E2=15%
E3 =20%
E4 =25%
S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn TN2)
Sa ti ( chn TN5)
nh ni
( chn TN4)
Bt n
( chn TN3)
E0(0)
E1(10)
E1(15)
E3 (20)
Bt m
E4 (25)
To hnh
45
Dch ht TL (%)
Th nghim 6 (TN6)
0
10
15
20
25
im cm quan
nh gi cm quan
Ch tiu theo di
xp
sn
phm tt nht
46
15
20
25
30
160
180
200
250
Ch tiu theo di
nht.
-
xp
47
CHNG 4
KT QU V BIN LUN
4.1 Kt qu kho st hiu sut thu hi dch v ht qu Thanh long
kho st nguyn liu thanh long, ta cn trng lng qu thanh long sau
bc v cn tht qu, v.
S dng cng thc:
48
Nghin qu
Qu thanh
long (g)
Dch v ht
Hiu sut
qu thanh
Cht thi
80
78,08
(%)
Qu 1
365
long
285
Qu 2
350
265
85
75,71
Qu 3
355
267
88
72,21
Qu 4
320
225
85
70,31
Qu 5
340
250
90
73,52
Qu 6
345
260
85
75,36
Qu 7
338
240
98
71,00
Qu 8
345
255
90
73,91
Qu 9
350
265
85
75,71
Qu 10
368
280
88
76,08
Tng
3476
2592
874
741,89
Trung bnh
347,6
259,2
87,4
74,189
49
n
(cm3)
A1 = (0,5 : 1)
49,5
A2 = (1 : 1)
155
nh gi cm quan
Trng thi
Bt t n, bnh
c bn trong,
bn ngoi b
nt, bn trong
bt vn khng
chn u.
Bnh n u,
nh hnh c
cu trc, bnh
khng b nt v
ngoi v bn
trong n u c
Mu, mi,v
Cn mi bt
sng,
bnh
vng
khng
u, v rt
ngt.
Bnh vng
u, c mi
thm ngon c
trng, khng
c v l, c v
ngt va,
50
n hi tt
A3= (1,5 : 1)
A4= (2 : 1)
135,3
99,6
Bnh n to
hn, nh hnh
c cu trc,
v bnh khng
b nt, n hi
hi km, bnh
hi t v b
xp nh
Bnh n rt to,
n hi rt
km, xp rt
nhanh, bn
trong t.
khng chua
Vng u, c
mi thm c
trng, bnh
hi nht
Bnh c mu
vng hi nht,
c mi thm
t, v rt nht.
51
n hi km v c v rt nht.
- T l phi trn 1 : 1 lm cho bnh n to v chn u, c v ngt va, c
Bt m
(%)
40
45
50
55
60
Th nghim 3 ( TN3)
im trung bnh CQ
nh gi cm quan
im cm
1,2
quan
-0,482
1
0,482
0,8
0,962
0,6
-0,1
0,4
-0,638
0,2
im
trung
bnh
CQ
0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
im trung bnh CQ
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
-0,482
0,482
0,962
-0,1
-0,638
52
53
im cm quan
0,5
-0,614
0,016
1,5
0,926
0,266
2,5
-0,63
nh gi cm quan
Bnh n t, hnh dng khng ng u, rut khng
xp, khng c mi c trng.
Bnh hi n, rut bnh hi xp, n hi tng
i, c mu vng, v ngt c trng v khng c
mi l.
Bnh c n, xp cao, hnh dng ng u,
rut c n hi tt, c v ngt thm ngon c
trng, khng c mi l.
Bnh c n cao, hnh dng ng u, rut bnh
c xp, n hi cao, c v ngt c trng,
hi c mi khai.
Bnh n rt tt, xp cao, hnh dng ng u,
rut bnh c n hi rt cao, c v ng v c
mi rt khai
54
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
-0,614
0,016
0,962
0,266
-0,63
55
56
-0,448
0,016
0,962
0,166
10
-0,696
Th nghim 5 (TN5)
nh gi cm quan
Bnh c mu vng u, c mi rt tanh ca
trng, cu trc cha mm, mn.
Bnh c mu vng u, cu trc tng i mm,
mn,c mi hi tanh ca trng, c v ngt.
Bnh c mu vng p, cu trc rt tt, rt mm
v mn, c mi v hi ha.
Bnh vng u, c mi thm nh ca sa.
Bnh c mi thm ca sa cao, mi ca hn hp
nh.
57
Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu x l s liu thng k bng phn mm stagraphics (Bng 4.4ph lc 4) cho thy im trung bnh gia cc t l sa ti b sung tng t mu
D4= 8% n mu D3= 6%, Thp nht l mu D5= 10%, D1= 2% v D2= 4%.
Trong mu c im trung bnh cao nht l D3 v mu c im trung bnh
thp nht l D5.
Ngoi ra da vo bng ANOVA cho thy t l sa ti b sung khc
nhau c nh hng ngha thng k n kt qu nh gi cm quan ca sn
phm tin cy l 95% (vi F= 11,87 v P-value= 0,0000<0,05). Nghim thc
t l sa ti b sung 6% (mu D3) c im trung bnh cao nht v khc bit c
ngha thng k tin cy 95% theo trc nghim LSD (P<0,05) so vi cc
nghim thc cn li nn ti chn t l sa ti b sung l 6%
Kt qu:
Sau khi tin hnh kho st nh gi, ti chn mu D3 vi t l sa b
sung l 6%, c im cm quan cao nht lm thng s c nh cho cc th nghim
tip theo.
4.5 Kt qu kho st t l dch ht thanh long b sung.
Chng ti tin hnh kho st b sung dch ht thanh long vo bnh
bng lan nhm mc ch tng hm lng cht x v to s hi ha cho bnh.
Ngoi ra n cn gip cho vic tiu ha d dng hn. Do chn c t l
dch ht thanh long b sung hp l, ti cn kho st nhu cu x v khong c
php s dng trong mt ngy. Ngoi ra ta cn kho st thm liu lng s dng
bnh bng lan ti a v ti thiu trong mt ngy.
Liu lng cht x c php s dng trong mt ngy l: 12 -30g/ ngy
Qua kho st 100 sinh vin v vic s dng bnh bng lan trong mt ngy, ta c
kt qu nh sau:
Bng 4.6 T l % ngi s dng bnh bng lan trong mt ngy
S gam bnh
bng lan
20
40
50
100
58
T l % s
ngi s
35
42
12
dng bnh
T l % ngi s dng bnh bng lan trong 1 ngy c thc hin
th di y:
T l % s ngi s dng bnh BL trong mt ngy
42
45
40
35
35
30
25
20
15
10
12
8
3
5
0
0g
20g
40g
50g
100g
59
E2(g)
E3(g)
E4(g)
250
250
250
250
840
840
840
10
15
20
12,5
1100
1105
1110
1102,5
840
Ghi ch :
E0 : mu khng b sung dch thanh long
E1 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 10% dch ht thanh long
E2 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 15% dch ht thanh long
E3 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 20% dch ht thanh long
E4 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 25% dch ht thanh long
Khi b sung dch thanh long vo bnh c mu hng nht.
kho st nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n cm quan, n, n xp
ca bnh. Chng ti tin hnh b sung nh sau: b sung trc tip vo khi bt
t sau cho tt c cc nguyn liu khc vo trn u hn hp.
4.5.1 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n n ca bnh Bng
Lan
Cc mu bnh bng lan c thc hin theo quy trnh trn v c cc
thng s: thi gian nh bt, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau.
Khi lng bt t mi bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g.
Bng 4.8 nh hng ca dch thanh long n n ca bnh bng lan
Mu
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
60
59,9
40,5
41,7
38, 3
35,4
Sau khi nng xong, cc mu bnh bng lan c trng lng 45 47g. Ti
tin hnh o th tch ca cc mu bnh bng lan v thu c kt qu biu th
th 4.6
61
E0
260
E1
91,5
E2
120
E3
89,5
E4
81,3
Sau khi nng xong, cc mu bnh bng lan c trng lng 45 47g. Ti
tin hnh o th tch ca cc mu bnh bng lan v thu c kt qu biu th
th 4.7
nh hng ca dch thanh long n xp
ca bnh bng lan
70
60
59,9
50
40
40,5
41,7
E1
E2
36,3
34,2
E3
E4
)
(%
p
30
20
10
0
E0
Mu sn phm
th 4.7 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n xp ca bnh bng lan.
62
Nhn xt:
Cc mu bnh bng lan khng b sung dch ht thanh long c xp 59,9%,
cc mu c b sung u b gim th tch v nm trong khong 34,2 41,7 %.
Mu E3, E4, E1, u c th tch nh hn E2. Nhng mu bnh c b sung dch ht
thanh long mc 20%, 25% th c xp gim hn so vi mu ch b sung 15%
Kt lun:
Nh vy , vic b sung thanh long c nh hng n xp ca bnh bng
lan lm cho th tch ca bnh gim so vi cc mu bnh khng b sung thanh long .
V vy ti chn mu E2= 15%, v c xp 41,7%. L mu c xp cao hn so vi
cc mu cn li nn ti mu E2= 5% l ph hp nht.
E0
E1
17,5
bnh
E2
19,6
E3
23,5
E4
26,3
29,1
25
20
17,5
26,3
29,1
19,6
)
(%
m
15
10
5
0
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
Mu sn phm
63
Thi gian
nng (pht)
Nhit
nng (0C)
Khi lng
bnh trc
15
25
30
35
160
180
200
250
50
50
50
50
48
45
47
49
nng (g)
nh gi cm Bnh cha n
Bnh n u, c
Bnh c n
Bnh n
quan
u, bn trong
n hi tt, c
tng i
nhanh, xp
khi bt cn t,
mu vng, v
c mi hi thm
ngt, mi thm
v ngt, mu
ngoi b chy,
cha c trng.
hi ha.
vng, mi
v ng, mi
64
Ghi ch:
MB : L k hiu thi gian v nhit nng cho mu bnh bng lan
MB1: 160oC/15 pht
MB2: 180oC/25 pht
MB3: 200oC/30 pht
MB4: 200oC/35 pht
65
Mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht), bnh t ch tiu cm quan cao nht l 0,73 bnh c
mu vng c trng, n u, v ngt v mi thm hi ha hn cc mu bnh
khc.
Mu MB3 (200oC/30 pht) c im cm quan xp th 2 sau mu MB2 l
0,133, nhit cao bnh n tng i nhanh, v xp dn, c v ngt, bn ngoi
hi b chy.
Mu MB4 (250oC/35 pht) c im cm quan l -0,605. L mu c im
cm quan thp nht v nhit qu cao bnh s n rt nhanh v chn nhanh,
bn ngoi b chy, c v ng, mi kht.
Ngoi ra da vo bng ANOVA cho thy khong thi gian v nhit
khc nhau c nh hng ngha thng k n kt qu nh gi cm quan ca
sn phm tin cy l 95% (vi F= 11,87 v P-value= 0,0056<0,05). Nghim
thc MB2 (180oC/25 pht) c im trung bnh cao nht v khc bit c ngha
thng k tin cy 95% theo trc nghim LSD (P<0,05) so vi cc nghim
thc cn li nn ti chn mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht).
Kt lun:
Nh vy qua qu trnh kho st ti chn mu MB (180oC/25 pht) l ph
hp nht. V mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht) chn vng u, c n hi tt, c v
ngt thm ngon c trng, khng c mi l v khng b kht.
4.7 Kt qu nh gi cht lng sn phm cui
Sau khi sn phm ch bin xong c em i nh gi cm quan. Kt qu ghi nhn
bng 4.12 v th 4.10
Mu
Mi
Trng thi
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
66
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh cha c TL
H s trng lng
Trung bnh c trng lng
Cng
3
4
4
4
5
4
5
41
4,1
1
2,46
4
5
4
4
5
5
4
44
4,4
0,6
4,4
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
48
4,8
1,2
5,76
5
4
5
5
5
5
4
47
4,7
1,2
5,64
18,26
67
VT
Protein
Lipid
Khong
X
Phng Php
%
%
%
%
Kt Qu
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2
7,89
7,17
1,83
0,60
Qua bng kt qu 4.19 cho thy sn phm b sung thanh long vo bnh
bng lan th nghim c hm lng protein l 7,89%, lipid th l 7,117%.
Hm lng khong l 1,83% v cht x l 0,60%.
4.8.2 Kt qu xc nh ng tng, ng kh (ph lc 2)
- ng tng = 5,11%
- ng kh = 26,88%
4.8.3 Kt qu phn tch ch tiu vi sinh
Chng ti chn mu bnh c nng nhit 180oC trong 20 pht l
mu i din kim tra vi sinh gy h hng cho sn phm. Mu c gi n
CNG TY CP DV KHCN SC K HI NG nh tnh v nh lng hm
lng vi sinh gy bnh c trong sn phm. Kt qu thu c nh sau:
Bng 4.20 Kt qu kim tra vi sinh gy bnh cho sn phm
STT Ch tiu kim nghim
VT
Phng php
Kt qu
68
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
CFU/g
Clostridium perfringens
CFU/g
Staphylococcus aureus
CFU/g
Salmonella spp
CFU/2
5g
CHNG 5
KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Sau qu trnh th nghim, chng ti to ra c sn phm b sung
thanh long vo bnh bng lan vi cc thng s kho st c nh sau:
- T l phi trn trng : ng l ( 1 :1)
- T l bt m l 50%
69
- T l bt n b sung l 1,5%
- T l sa ti b sung l 8%
- T l dch thanh long b sung l 15%
a ra quy trnh sn xut th nghim b sung thanh long vo bnh bng
lan
Thnh phn x trong bnh bng lan b sung thanh long cao hn, cn i
hn so vi bnh bng lan khng b sung thanh long .
im trung bnh cm quan tng i kh
Dch thanh long sau khi b sung vo bnh bng lan u c nh hng n
n, xp, m ca bnh.
70
Trng
Phi trn vi ng
Bt m
(50%)
nh ni
Dch ht TL
(15%)
Trn
Sa bt
(6%)
Bt ni
(1,5%)
vo khun
Nng(180oC/20pht)
Sn phm
71
72
kin cho qu trnh bao gi, trnh m ngng t sau khi bao gi v hn ch nhng bin
i ca bnh. Bnh c lm ngui n nhit 40o 45oC.
Thnh phn
Thanh long
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bt m s 8
Trng g
ng
Sa ti
Bt n
Du n
S lng
150g
Gi
50.000/kg
200g
20.000/kg
150
2.500/50g
120
20.000/kg
60ml
6.500/220ml
15g
20.000/kg
5ml
40.000/lt
Thnh phm
Gi thnh sn phm (20 ci/50g)
Thnh tin
(vn)
7,500
4,000
7,500
2,400
1,772
300
200
23,672
1,1836
5.2 ngh
V thi gian nghin cu c hn nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st.
sn phm b sung bnh bng lan hon thin hn v c th phn phi trn th
trng chng ti c mt s kin ngh sau:
- Nghin cu th nghim vi qu thanh long trng
73
74
[10]. http://community.h2vn.com/index.php?topic=4881.0
[11]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
[12]. http://nguyenphuongco.wordpress.com/2011/06/24/vinamilk
[13]. http://rttc.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=8137&ur=rttc
[14].http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ky-thuat-phan-tich-cam-quan-thuc-phamchuong-1.775553.html
[15]. http://www.chatxotieuhoa.com/gi%E1%BB%9Bi-thi%E1%BB%87u
[16]. http://www.daleysfruit.com.
[17].http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/fr/nghien-cuu-giang-day/quy-trinh-hoahoc/1152-07052011.html.
[18].http://www.scribd.com/doc/73814144/Tieu-Luan-Hoan-Chinh-Nhat-PTSP
PH LC 1
MT S QUY NH V CHT LNG SN PHM BNH
BNG LAN THEO TCVN
Bnh bng lan c trng thi xp, mm, mn. Mu sc c trng cho bnh, khng
c mi v l, khng mc meo, khng c mi kht. Ly ngn tay n nh phi tr
li trng thi ban u, khng qu t hoc qu kh.
m trung bnh 14 24
Hm lng tro khng tan trong HCl 10%, khng ln hn 0,1.
75
PH LC 2
Chn sy
- Bnh ht m
2.1.3 Tin hnh
- Cn khong 5 g bt nghin nh trong chn sy bit trng lng.
76
Trong :
- m1: khi lng mu trc khi sy (g)
- m2: khi lng mu au khi sy (g)
2.2.4 Kt qu
V = V1 V2
Trong :
V1: th tch ban u
V2: th tch sau khi o
2.3 Phng php xc nh xp ca bnh bng lan
2.3.1 Nguyn tc
77
Trong :
27: l th tch khi bnh bng lan (3.3.3=27cm3)
V1: th tch ete du ha cu bnh bng lan.
V2: th tch du ha ban u
2.4. Phng php xc nh chua ca bnh bng lan
2.4.1 Nguyn tc
Dng dung dch NaOH 0,1N trung ha cc acid t do c trong mu th
vi phenolphthalein lm cht ch th mu.
2.4.2 Cch tin hnh
- Cn chnh xc 10g mu nghin nh.
- Cho vo bnh inh mc dung tch 100ml vi khong 80ml nc ct.
- Cho thm 5 git phenolphthalein vo dung dch phi c mu hng pht.
Nu khng mu nh dung dch NaOH 0,1N cho n khi mu hng pht.
78
Trong :
n: s ml NaOH dng chun
p: khi lng mu
20 : 1000/V, vi V l th tch mu s dng
2.5. Phng php xc nh hm lng lipid th bng my Soxhlet
2.5.1 Nguyn tc
Trong t bo, lipid dng t do v dng lin kt . Lipid t do tp trung
ch yu cc c quan d tr nh: ht, qu ( thc vt) v m m ( ng vt).
Trong thc t, s xc nh lipid da vo hm lng lipid c rt ra khi
nguyn liu bng cc dung mi hu c. C hai phng php xc nh:
- Phng php xc nh trc tip: chit xut lipid trc tip ra khi nguyn
liu v cn trc tip.
- Phng php xc nh gin tip: chit xut lipid ra khi nguyn liu v
cn li nguyn liu.
Cc dung mi chit xut lipid thng dng l ete etylic (ete du ha, ete
petrol, benzene xng, chloroform). Trong phng th nghim thng dng ete
etylic v n c bay hi cao, nhit thp, tc ca qu trnh chit xut lipid
ph thuc vo mc nghin nh nguyn liu.
79
80
81
Cn 5 20g mu, chuyn ton b vo bnh tam gic dung tch 250ml,
trng k cc bng nc ct. Lng nc cho vo bnh khong 100 150ml.
Thm 5ml axit clohydric m c vo bnh mu, y nt cao su c cm sinh hn
ngc v un trn bp cch thy si trong 2 gi. Ly bnh ra lm ngui, trung
ha mu bng natri hidroxit 30%, kh protein, lc, chuyn ton b dch mu vo
bnh nh mc 250ml, thm nc ct n vch, lc k.
Ht 5 25ml dch lc chuyn vo bnh tam gic dung tch 250ml, thm
vo 50ml hn hp pheling A, B. Lt nh, t trn bp in c li aming v
un 3 pht k t lc si. ngui bt v lng kt ta ng axit. Lc dung dch
qua phu lc.
Ch lc no trn mt kt cng c mt lp dung dch hay nc ct.
Ra k kt ta trn phu lc vo trong bnh tam gic bng cch un si. Chuyn
phu lc sang bnh tam gic c kt ta, ha tan kt ta trn phu vo trong bnh
bng 10 20ml dung dch st (III) sunfat 5%.
Chun lng st (II) hnh thnh trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch
kali pemanganat 0,1N cho n khi dung dch c mu hng sm bn vng trong 1
pht. Ghi li ch s ml kali pemanganat 0,1N dng.
2.6.4 Tnh kt qu
Hm lng gluxit tng s (X) tnh bng % theo cng thc:
Trong :
- a : lng glucose tng ng (g)
- V : dung tch bnh nh mc (ml)
- V1 : th tch mu ht lm phn ng vi dung dch pheling (ml)
- m : lng mu cn (g)
82
Trong :
X: Phn trm hm lng Vitamin C
V: S ml dung dch I2 0,01N dng chun (ml)
V1: Th tch mu th nghim (ml)
V2: Th tch mu ly xc nh (ml)
m: Khi lng mu (g)
0,00088: S gam Vitamin C tng ng vi 1ml dung dch I2 0,01N
2.8 Xc nh ng tng, ng kh.
2.8.1 Nguyn tc
83
84
Xt =
Trong :
0,5.Vg .V .100
100 .Vk .m
Xk : lng ng kh (%)
Vg : th tch dch glucose 0,5% cho chun (ml)
Vk : th tch dung dch ng kh cho chun (ml)
V : th tch bnh nh mc ca dung dch xc nh ng kh (ml)
m : khi lng mu (g)
2 H2O + 2 SO2 + O2
85
NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
86
Trong :
V1 : th tch HCl 0,1N chun mu tht
Vt : th tch HCl 0,1N chun bng mu trng
V : th tch mu ly ban u
0,0014 : s gam nit ng vi 1ml HCl 0,1N.
PH LC 3
cui.
Sau khi ghi nhn kt qu, tnh im trung bnh c trng lng. ng thi,
nh gi sn phm da vo phng php cho im theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN
3215 79 theo bng 3.2.
87
im cha
nh
c trng
gi
lng
C s nh gi
Trong ch tiu ang xt, sn phm c tnh cht tt c trng
88
im s
18,2 20 im
15,2 18,1 im
11,2 15,2 im
7,2 11,2 im
0 7,2 im
H s quan trng
Theo %
25
25
30
100
Theo s
0,8
0,6
1,4
1,2
i vi bnh bng lan th ch tiu v v trng thi l quan trng nht sau
n mu v mi.
Cch tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm nh sau:
Xc nh mu sc: bnh c mu vng u, c trng. Quan st bng mt
thng.
Mi: c mi thm hi ha, c trng, khng c mi l.V c tin hnh
ni thong khng c mi l
89
Mu
im H s quan trng
Yu cu
Vng nht
Vng hi nht
Vng rt nht
Mi thm rt c trng, kt hp hi
3
2
Mi thm c trng, kt hp hi ha
gia sa ti v dch thanh long
0,6
Mi thm km c trng, mi ca sn
phm km hi ha
Mi thm nh km hi ha
Mi thm ca sn phm rt nh
90
v.
4
V
Trng
thi
3.2
1,2
C v rt l, kh n
Rt c trng, cu trc ng u
1,2
91
Ngi th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh
Mu
A1
-1,03
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-1,03
-7,38
-0,738
A2
1,03
1,03
0,30
0,30
1,03
1,03
1,03
0,30
1,03
0,30
7,38
0,738
A3
0,30
0,30
1,03
-1,03
0,30
-0,30
0,30
1,03
0,30
1,03
3,26
0,326
A4
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
1,03
-1,03
0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-0,30
-0,30
-3,26
-0,326
Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B1
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
2
5
5
B2
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
Mu
B3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
B4
3
3
2
4
4
3
1
5
4
3
B5
4
5
4
3
3
5
4
4
3
4
Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150
92
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh
B1
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-6,38
B2
0,50
0,50
0
1,16
0,50
0,50
0
0
0,50
1,16
4,82
Mu
B3
1,16
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
9,62
-0,638
0,482
0,962
B4
0
0
0,50
-0,50
-0,50
0
1,16
-1,16
-0,50
0
-1
B5
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
0
-1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0
-0,50
-4,82
-0,1
-0,482
Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C1
4
5
5
4
5
3
3
5
4
3
41
C2
3
4
2
3
1
4
4
2
3
4
30
Mu
C3
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
13
C4
2
1
3
2
3
1
2
4
5
2
25
C5
5
3
4
5
4
5
5
3
2
5
42
Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150
93
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh
C1
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
0
0
-1,16
-0,50
0
-6,14
C2
0
-0,50
0,50
0
1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0,50
0
-0,50
0,16
Mu
C3
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
1,16
9,62
-0,614
0,016
0,962
C4
0,50
1,16
0
0,50
0
1,16
0,50
-0,50
-1,16
0,50
2,66
C5
-1,16
0
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-6,3
0,266
-0,63
Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D1
4
5
4
2
5
3
3
4
5
3
38
D2
3
4
2
3
4
4
1
3
2
4
30
Mu
D3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
13
D4
2
1
3
4
1
5
4
2
3
2
27
D5
5
3
5
5
3
2
5
5
4
5
42
Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150
94
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh
D1
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
0
0
-0,50
-1,16
0
-4,48
D2
0
-0,50
0,50
0
-0,50
-0,50
1,16
0
0,50
-0,50
0,16
Mu
D3
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
9,62
-0,4480
0,016
0,962
Tng
D4
0,50
1,16
0
-0,50
1,16
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
0
0,50
1,66
D5
-1,16
0
-1,16
-1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-6,96
0,166
-0,696
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E1
4
5
5
3
5
4
2
5
2
1
36
E2
3
4
1
4
2
5
4
3
3
4
34
Mu
E3
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
14
E4
2
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
5
4
26
E5
5
3
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
41
Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150
95
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh
E1
-0,,16
-1,16
-1,16
0
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
0,50
1,16
-3,48
E2
0
-0,50
1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
0
-1,16
-2,16
Mu
E3
1,16
0,50
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
0,50
8,92
-0,348
-0,216
0,892
E4
0,50
1,16
0
0,50
0
1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-0,50
2,16
E5
-1,16
0
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
-1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0
-5,48
0,216
-0,548
Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ngi th
Mu
Tng
1
2
3
4
5
6
MB1
3
4
2
3
4
4
MB2
1
2
1
2
1
1
MB3
2
1
4
1
3
2
MB4
4
3
3
4
2
3
10
10
10
10
10
Tng
29
14
19
34
100
10
10
10
10
10
10
Mu
MB1
-0,30
MB2
1,03
MB3
0,30
MB4
-1,03
Tng
0
96
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh
-1,03
0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-0,30
0,30
-0,30
1,03
-2,66
-0,266
0,30
1,03
0,30
1,03
1,03
0,30
1,03
1,03
0,30
7,38
0,73
1,03
-1,03
1,03
-0,30
0,30
1,03
-0,30
0,30
-1,03
1,33
0,133
-0,30
-0,30
-1,03
0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-1,03
-0,30
-6,05
-0,605
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mu
Mi
Trng thi
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
5
41
4,1
1
2,46
4
4
5
4
5
4
4
5
5
4
44
4,4
0,6
4,4
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
48
4,8
1,2
5,76
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
4
47
4,7
1,2
5,64
18,26
PH LC 4
97
98
Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
Between groups
21,4314
5,35784
Within groups
10,4806
45
0,232903
F-Ratio
P-Value
23,00
0,0000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
31,912
49
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 23,0046, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate.
Since the
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------B1
10
-0,862
B5
10
-0,482
XX
B4
10
-0,1
B2
10
0,482
B3
10
0,962
X
X
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/-
Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------B1 - B2
*-1,344
0,434696
B1 - B3
*-1,824
0,434696
B1 - B4
*-0,762
0,434696
B1 - B5
-0,38
0,434696
B2 - B3
*-0,48
0,434696
B2 - B4
*0,582
0,434696
B2 - B5
*0,964
0,434696
99
B3 - B4
*1,062
0,434696
B3 - B5
*1,444
0,434696
B4 - B5
0,382
0,434696
100
101
Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
12,948
4
3,23699
7,77
0,0001
Within groups
18,7373
45
0,416385
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
31,6853
49
The StatAdvisor
The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 7,77404, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------E5
10
-0,548
X
E1
10
-0,314
XX
E2
10
-0,216
XX
E4
10
0,216
X
E3
10
0,896
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------E1 - E2
-0,098
0,581226
E1 - E3
*-1,21
0,581226
E1 - E4
-0,53
0,581226
E1 - E5
0,234
0,581226
E2 - E3
*-1,112
0,581226
E2 - E4
-0,432
0,581226
E2 - E5
0,332
0,581226
E3 - E4
*0,68
0,581226
E3 - E5
*1,444
0,581226
E4 - E5
*0,764
0,581226
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 7. Kt qu thng k s khc bit thi gian v nhit nng
thng k s khc bit
Bng 4.6 ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
5,11081
2
2,5554
6,31
0,0056
Within groups
10,9326
27
0,404911
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
16,0434
29
102
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 6,31102, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------BM4
10
-0,605
X
BM1
10
-0,266
XX
BM3
10
0,133
X
BM2
10
0,738
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------BM1 - BM2
*-1,004
0,545598
BM1 - BM3
-0,399
0,545598
BM1 - BM4
0,339
0,545598
BM2 - BM3
*0,605
0,545598
BM2 - BM4
*1,343
0,545598
BM3 - BM4
*0,738
0,545598
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 8 kt qu nh gi cm quan
Bng 4.7
Mu
ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
6,35
0,496429
Between groups
Within groups
25,4
17,375
4
35
Total (Corr.)
42,775
39
F-Ratio
P-Value
12,79
0,0000
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 12,7914, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
103
Mi
104
E2 - E3
0,5
0,77447
E2 - E4
*1,75
0,77447
E3 - E4
*1,25
0,77447
--------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
TRNG THI
ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by TRANGTHAI
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
25,4
4
6,35
12,79
0,0000
Within groups
17,375
35
0,496429
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
42,775
39
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 12,7914, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of
TRANGTHAI to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine
which means are significantly different from which others, select
Multiple Range Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
105
MUC LUC
LI CM N
106