Qun l Ngun ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng Ven bin tnh Sc Trng

Qun l Tng hp Vng Ven bin (ICAM)

Hi tho Quc gia t chc ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 24.11.2011

Phm Thy Dng, Bianca Schlegel

Xut bn Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Qun l Ngun ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng ven bin tnh Sc Trng Bin tp Phm Thy Dng, Bianca Schlegel nh ba L V Ho, 2011 giz, Thng 3 nm 2012

Qun l Tng hp Vng Ven bin (ICAM)

Hi tho Quc gia t chc ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 24 thng 11 nm 2011

Phm Thy Dng, Bianca Schlegel

Thng 3 nm 2012

Gii thiu v GIZ

T chc Hp tc Pht trin c GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH) c thnh lp ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2011, quy t nhng kinh nghim lu nm ca ba t chc tin nhim l DED (T chc Dch v Pht trin c), GTZ (T chc Hp tc K thut c) v InWEnt (T chc Bi dng v Nng cao Nng lc Quc t c). L mt t chc Lin bang, GIZ h tr Chnh ph c t cc mc tiu trong lnh vc hp tc quc t cho pht trin bn vng cng nh cng tc gio dc quc t trn ton cu. Cc hot ng ca GIZ c ti tr ch yu bi B Hp tc Kinh t v Pht trin Lin bang c (BMZ). Ngoi ra, GIZ cn thc hin s mnh ca mnh di s y nhim ca cc b khc ca c, Chnh ph cc nc v cc t chc quc t nh Lin Hp Quc (United Nations), Ngn hng Th gii (World Bank), cng nh hp tc cht ch vi khu vc t nhn thc y s hip lc gia cc lnh vc pht trin v ngoi thng. y ban Chu u (European Commission) v C quan Pht trin Quc t Australia (AusAID) l mt trong nhng i tc ca GIZ ti Vit Nam. Bn cnh , GIZ cn hot ng trong nhiu lnh vc khc bao gm pht trin kinh t v xc tin vic lm; xy dng nh nc v khuyn khch dn ch; an ninh, ti thit v gii quyt mu thun dn s; an ninh lng thc, y t, gio dc ph cp; bo v mi trng, bo tn ti nguyn v gim thiu tc ng ca bin i kh hu. Hn 15 nm qua, Vit Nam l i tc u tin ca Hp tc Pht trin c. Nhiu chng trnh, d n lin kt cht ch vi nhau trong mc tiu tng th Gim Ngho bao trm 3 lnh vc u tin sau y: 1) Pht trin Kinh t Bn vng v o to Ngh, 2) Chnh sch Mi trng, cc Ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin v Pht trin th v 3) Y t. Ngoi ra, GIZ cn c d n Hp tc vi Khu vc T nhn; Chuyn giao Tri thc bao gm cc Chng trnh Chuyn gia Ha nhp (IE) v Chuyn gia Hi hng (RE); Pht trin Ngun nhn lc (HCD); Chng trnh Cu hc vin (Alumni); X hi Dn s v iu hnh tt Chnh quyn a phng; v Chng trnh Tnh nguyn vin weltwaerts.

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Li ta
Qun l Tng hp Vng Ven bin (QLTHVVB) nhm qun l vng i b mt cch bn vng trong h tr cho cc mc tiu kinh t, x hi v mi trng cho tng khu vc ven bin c th. Tuy nhin, nhng nh qun l vng duyn hi ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc do lch s li v nhng thch thc mi ni. Nhng v d c rt nhiu t vn cht lng nc n bin i kh hu. Do nhng sng kin hp tc hc tp rt cn thit nht l khi phi xem xt n tnh cht phc tp v thay i nhanh chng in hnh ca nhiu khu vc ven bin. Vic t chc nhng din n nh Hi tho Quc gia v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin do t chc GIZ cng vi y ban Nhn dn tnh Sc Trng t chc l mt trong nhng sng kin to iu kin cho vic hc hi ln nhau gia nhng ngi trin khai hot ng QLTHVVB. S tham gia v tho lun rng ri ti cc din n (chnh thc v khng chnh thc) to ra chu trnh hc tp lu di t nhng kinh nghim v quan im khc nhau lm phong ph thm nhng phng php tip cn QLTHVVB cho tng lai. Nu khng c nhng din n ny, cc phng php tip cn QLTHVVB c th b nh tr v nhng ngi trin khai QLTHVVB ring l c th s khng c cung cp k nng v kin thc cn thit gii quyt cc vn hin ti ca vng ven bin. Ngoi ra, cc din n cn mang li nhng li ch b tr khc, v d nh vic thit lp mng li ca nhng ngi quan tm n tin trnh QLTHVVB c v l thuyt v thc hnh. Trng tm ca qun l vng ven bin thng c tp trung vo s nh i gia nhng li ch kinh t, x hi v cc cn nhc v mi trng. Tuy nhin, s ph thuc ln nhau v lu di gia nhng mi quan tm thng khng c ch ti. Kt qu cui cng l hu ht cc li ch s xut hin thng qua vic tp trung vo vic t c mt tp hp cc kt qu hon thnh c nhiu mc tiu. Bng cch tp hp nhiu ngun thng tin, chng ta s tng cng c kh nng tip cn, c kt v p dng kin thc vo nhiu bi cnh v nhiu quy m. Tt nhin tin trnh tp hp khng ch p dng i vi thng tin hay ch tng hp nhng cn nhc v kinh t, x hi v mi trng m cn cn thng nht nhng quan im v cch nhn khc nhau v cc vn v gi tr ca vng ven bin. Mt cch tip cn tng th cho php pht trin cc chin lc QLTHVVB bn vng, kh thi v thng xuyn c cp nht y thng tin, trn c s nhn thc v cc kch bn c th xy ra trong tng lai m c kh nng nh hng n vng ven bin v cc lnh vc, cc cng ng ph thuc. Cc din n nh Hi tho Quc gia v QLTHVVB to c hi cho vic chia s kin thc v kinh nghim ca nhng bi hc thnh cng v nhng thch thc trong qu trnh qun l vng duyn hi. Nhng bi hc ny s c m rng thng qua nhng quan im trn nhiu quy m khng gian t kinh nghim ca nhng sng kin ti a phng v tnh n nhng quan im trong nc v quc t, Vit Nam v nc ngoi. iu s gip chng ta tm hiu v s a dng ca nhng thch thc trong QLTHVVB v cc gii php tim nng. Nhng thch thc ca cc quc gia ven bin cng nhiu th nhu cu hc hi ln nhau trong nhng nm ti s cng tng ln. C ch chia s kinh nghim v thit lp mt cng ng nhng ngi trin khai QLTHVVB s rt hu ch nu chng ta mun c cuc sng bn vng trong mi trng ven bin y bin ng. Vi nhng sng kin ny, nhng ngi trin khai QLTHVVB c th gip cc cng ng ven bin xy dng kh nng phc hi v thch ng vi thay i. Ti vui mng ng h cho nhng n lc v cam kt ca UBND tnh Sc Trng v t chc GIZ trong vic tip tc trin khai QLTHVVB, cng nh s tham gia nhit tnh ca cc qu v i biu lm nn thnh cng ca hi tho ny.

Gio s Tim Smith Gim c Trung tm Nghin cu Bn vng Trng i hc Sunshine Coast -xtry-li-a

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Mc lc
Gii thiu v GIZ ......................................................................................................................................... ii Li ta ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Mc lc ....................................................................................................................................................... iv Danh mc hnh ........................................................................................................................................... iv Ch vit tt .................................................................................................................................................. v Tm tt bo co ......................................................................................................................................... vi 1. 2. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................................6 Cc bi thuyt trnh ...........................................................................................................................9 2.1 Kinh nghim quc t .................................................................................................................9 2.1.1 Quan im Quc t v QLTHVVB ......................................................................................9 2.1.2 QLTHVVB Bi hc kinh nghim t nc c ............................................................. 11 2.2 Cc kinh nghim trong khu vc ............................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Pht trin v thc hin QLTHVVB khu vc ng Nam ........................................... 13 2.2.2 Kinh nghim v QLTHVVB Phi-lp-pin ......................................................................... 15 2.3 Cc kinh nghim trong nc ................................................................................................ 17 2.3.1 Chin lc QLTHVVB ca Vit Nam .............................................................................. 17 2.3.2 Khi nim QLTHVVB tnh Sc Trng, Vit Nam .......................................................... 20 3. 4. Bn trn vi cc chuyn gia ......................................................................................................... 23 Tho lun chung ............................................................................................................................. 27

Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................................................................... 29

Danh mc hnh
Hnh 1: m my t hp thnh phn ca QLTHVVB ................................................................................ 14 Hnh 2: Lnh vc hot ng QLTHVVB ...................................................................................................... 19 Hnh 3: Cc bc v nguyn tc ca QLTHVVB ...................................................................................... 21 Hnh 4: Cc chuyn gia tham d phin Bn trn vi cc chuyn gia........................................................ 23 Hnh 5: Cc chuyn gia trong phin tho lun chung ................................................................................ 27

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Ch vit tt

BMZ B TN-MT CBD CENECCORD FARMC GDP GIZ GPA-LBA LGU MARPOL PEMSEA PES QLTHVVB RAMSAR SEAFDEC S NN-PTNT S TN-MT UBND UNCED UNCLOS UNEP UNESCO USAID VASI WSSD

B Hp tc Kinh t v Pht trin Lin bang c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Cng c v a dng Sinh hc Hi ng trung ng o Negros v Pht trin ngun ti nguyn ven bin Hi ng qun l ngun li thy sn a phng Tng sn phm quc ni T chc Hp tc Pht trin c Chng trnh Hnh ng Ton cu Bo v Mi trng Bin t cc Hot ng trn t lin n v chnh quyn a phng Phi-lp-pin Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim do tu gy ra T chc Hp tc khu vc trong qun l mi trng cc bin ng C ch chi tr dch v mi trng Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t Trung tm Pht trin Thy sn ng Nam S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn S Ti nguyn v Mi trng y ban Nhn dn Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Mi trng v Pht trin Cng c Lin hp quc v Lut Bin Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ha Lin hp quc C quan Pht trin Hoa K Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v Pht trin Bn vng

Tm tt bo co
Bn bo co ny gii thiu tng quan v cc bi thuyt trnh, ni dung tho lun v nhng khm ph mi qua mt ngy ca Hi tho Quc gia v QLTHVVB. Nhng kha cnh v thch thc khc nhau ca QLTHVVB c trnh by v tho lun thng qua quan im quc t, vng v quc gia. Cc bi thuyt trnh v phn tho lun tp trung vo mt thc t rng qun l tt vng ven bin, cn phi thit lp mt h thng quan im (cch tip cn tng th) v cn phi xem xt ng lot cc mc tiu khc nhau. iu ny c ngha rng QLTHVVB phi gii quyt cng mt lc nhiu vn v cn phi cn nhc nhiu li ch cng nh nhng xung t v khai thc khc nhau. QLTHVVB cn phi tnh n khng ch nhng vn kinh t hay mi trng m trc ht l vn x hi. Chnh v vy, hc hi (nht l t nhng bi hc trong qu kh v nhng sai lm) l yu t then cht cho vic trin khai thnh cng cch tip cn qun l vng ven bin sng to. Nhng nh quyt nh chnh sch QLTHVVB phi i mt vi mt s thch thc nh: phi a ra quyt nh trong mi trng thay i, cc quyt nh ph hp vi tng a im c th phi da trn s hiu bit y v iu kin hon cnh, phi thng bo v cc quyt nh vi tt c cc bn c lin quan v phi cn nhc n mi quan tm ca h na. Do vy, nu thc s l mt ngi ra quyt nh p dng ng cch tip cn QLTHVVB th h s khng th t ra quyt nh m quyt nh cn c thng qua qu trnh c s tham gia ca tt c cc bn c lin quan, bao gm c nhng ngi s b nh hng bi nhng quyt nh ny. thc hin c iu th cn phi c s hp tc cht ch vi tt c cc bn c lin quan v c bit, s phi hp vi cc vin khoa hc s l iu kin tin quyt cho mt qu trnh ra quyt nh da trn s thng tin y c thnh cng. S hiu bit chung v tha thun gia tt c cc bn lin quan s to iu kin tt cho s hp tc.

Khuyn ngh: Nn thay th cch tip cn truyn thng theo ngnh dc trong chnh sch v qun l. Cc c quan nn linh hot v ch ng hc hi c th ng ph vi s phc tp v nn trin khai cch qun l mang tnh thch ng vi kh nng thch nghi vi thay i. Cc qu trnh phc tp v s tng tc cn phi c tnh n, cng nh cn phi t c s ng thun lin ngnh v xuyn bin gii gii quyt cc xung t v hi ha quy hoch tng th.

Cn trnh thnh lp mt c quan QLTHVVB hon ton mi m nn tng cng s hp tc gia cc c quan chnh quyn, khoa hc, kinh t v cc t chc x hi.
Cch tip cn qun tr v b tr mi nn tp trung vo quan h i tc hp tc v s tham gia c hiu qu ca cng ng (ngi dn cn c tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh). iu ny s h tr cho vic ra quyt nh v vic trin khai quyt nh. Cc gii php cn phi mang tnh c th vi tng a im v ph hp vi nhng yu cu v c im ca a phng cng nh nhng u tin trong qun l vng ven bin khc nhau gia khu vc ny vi khu vc khc. Gii php mm, gn gi vi thin nhin s gip tit kim chi ph hn so vi cc gii php k thut cng, t tin. Khi nim phn khu nn c p dng h tr tng cng qun l v cho vic s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ven bin. Nn tng php l r rng c vai tr rt quan trng do cn cc bn lin quan cn nhc nhiu vn v mc tiu. c cc bn chp thun l bc u tin quan trng nht khi gii thiu nhng khi nim mi, v d nh QLTHVVB.

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1.

Gii thiu

D n hp tc pht trin Vit c Qun l Ngun ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng ven bin tnh Sc Trng, Vit Nam c mc ch bo v v s dng bn vng vng t ngp mn Sc Trng v li ch ca ngi dn a phng. Nhm thc hin c mc ch ny, d n p dng phng php tip cn h sinh thi, mt chin lc qun l tng hp t, nc v cc ngun ti nguyn trong thc y s cn bng gia bo tn v s dng bn vng. iu ny c th thc hin c thng qua Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin (QLTHVVB), mt phng php tip cn tng th, lin ngnh, lin lnh vc trong khu vc t lin v bin vng ven bin c qun l theo mt th thng nht. Vng ven bin chnh l li th ln ca Vit Nam. Nhng gi tr c o ca vng ven bin v ngun ti nguyn c vai tr sng cn i vi t nc. V vng ven bin l trng tm ca hot ng kinh t, cng nghip v x hi. Vit Nam c b bin di gn 3.260 km, l ni sinh sng ca khong 30 triu ngi dn, gn 1/3 tng dn s. Tuy nhin, vng ven bin li cng l khu vc nhy cm v d b tn thng nht, b cc hot ng ca con ngi khai thc kit qu, b nhim do cht thi sinh hot, cht thi nng v cng nghip v b nhim do hot ng ca tu b. Trong khi , vng ven bin cn phi chu tc ng t qu trnh t nhin nh thin tai, xi mn, bo lt c bit trong bi cnh nc bin dng v bin i kh hu. Theo Ngn hng Th gii (nm 2007), Vit Nam s l 1 trong 5 quc gia b nh hng nng n nht do nc bin dng, trong , khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long l mt trong ba ng bng chu th d b tn thng nht trn th gii do bin i kh hu. ng bng sng Cu Long ng vai tr quan trng v y l va la ca Vit Nam. Nhng khu vc ny cng phi i mt vi thch thc gia mt bn l pht trin kinh t, xa i gim ngho v mt bn l nhng lo ngi ngy cng gia tng v tc ng n mi trng v x hi. Hon cnh ny i hi cn pha c mt phng php tip cn tng hp v mt chin lc qun l tng hp t, nc v ngun ti nguyn thc y bo tn v pht trin bn vng. Thiu phi hp n lc ca tt c cc bn lin quan, vng ven bin v mi trng bin Vit Nam s phi chu p lc ngy cng ln trong thp nin ti. Trong khi nhng n lc tp th trong nc tp trung vo ci thin cht lng nc v nhim mn khu vc gip lm li cho mi trng ven bin, vic tip tc qun l mt cch ch ng nhng tc ng ca con ngi ln vng ven bin cng rt cn thit nu nh chng ta mong mun bo v bn vng cc h sinh thi ven bin khe mnh v tr ph. Cn t duy hng ti khi ng mt n lc tp th quc gia tp trung t c s pht trin bn vng thn thin vi mi trng thng qua qun l tng hp vng ven bin. y l lc thc y hn na vic trin khai cc hot ng phc hi, bo v v nng cao c hiu qu ca nhng li th ln ny qua vic ch ng lp k hoch v qun l. QLTHVVB, khc vi cch tip cn truyn thng theo ngnh dc, l mt phng php tip cn tng th, lin ngnh, lin lnh vc trong t lin v bin vng ven bin c qun l theo mt th thng nht. QLTHVVB (hay cn gi l Qun l tng hp i b, hay Qun l tng hp vng duyn hi) c cng nhn l cng c hiu qu nht trin khai Cng c v a dng Sinh hc, tun th ng quy nh v bo tn v s dng bn vng s a dng sinh hc ven bin v ca bin. QLTHVVB l qu trnh tp hp cc bn lin quan t lnh vc cng v cng ng, t gii khoa hc v qun l, v ca cc mi quan tm li ch chung v ca tng ngnh, chun b v trin khai k hoch tng th v bo v v pht trin cc h sinh thi v ti nguyn ven bin. Theo UNESCO (nm 2006), phng php tip cn QLTHVVB c cng nhn l mt cng c ph hp gip m bo s pht trin bn vng vng ven bin ti Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Mi trng v Pht trin (UNCED) nm 1992, Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v Pht trin Bn vng (WSSD) nm 2002 cng nh ti mt s cng c quc t v khu vc (nh Cng c v a dng Sinh hc - nm 1995, Chng trnh Hnh ng Ton cu Bo v Mi trng Bin t cc Hot ng trn t lin - nm 1995). iu ny cho thy QLTHVVB khng phi l mt khi nim mi nhng nhng thc t trin khai thnh cng trn th gii li rt a dng ty theo cch hiu v cch trin khai. QLTHVVB bao gm chu trnh y : thu thp v x l thng tin, lp k hoch, ra quyt nh, qun l v gim st vic trin khai. S tham gia v hp tc ca tt c cc bn lin quan c cung cp y thng tin l yu t ch cht nh gi cc mc tiu x hi tng khu vc vng ven bin, v hnh ng nhm hng ti nhng mc tiu ny. QLTHVVB nhm cn bng gia tt c cc mc tiu mi trng, kinh t, x hi, vn ha v gii tr trong khun kh cho php do tin trnh pht trin t 7

nhin quy nh. Nhng tin trnh pht trin din ra khu vc vng ven bin to ra nhng h sinh thi a dng v phong ph, vn c vai tr rt quan trng i vi c dn v i hi phi xt n nhiu mc tiu cng nh nhiu cng c cn c t c nhng mc tiu . Tng hp ngha l tt c cc chnh sch c lin quan n cc khu vc, cc ngnh v cc cp chnh quyn phi c thit lp nh mt th thng nht v i vi cc thnh phn trn t lin v bin khu vc trin khai, v khng gian v thi gian, cng phi nh vy. QLTHVVB ngha l p dng phng php tip cn c s tham gia qun l nhiu li ch khc nhau khu vc vng ven bin c trn t lin v trn bin. l qu trnh lm hi ha cc chnh sch v c cu ra quyt nh khc nhau v tp hp cc bn c lin quan cng phi hp hnh ng hng ti cc mc tiu chung. Mt mc tiu chnh ca QLTHVVB l duy tr, phc hi hoc ci thin cht lng h sinh thi ven bin trong c nhng dch v a dng sinh hc m h sinh thi cung cp cho cc hot ng thng mi v phi thng mi. Mt mi trng trong lnh c vai tr rt quan trng i vi nhng hot ng kinh t ven bin: nh bt, nui trng thy sn, tu thuyn, nng nghip, du lch v pht trin ni chung. QLTHVVB tt s cn bng c gia s pht trin hoc s dng bn vng v nhu cu bo tn. Hi tho c t chc nhm gii thiu tng v cch nhng bi hc kinh nghim quc t c th ng gp cho vic trin khai hiu qu QLTHVVB Vit Nam. Cc bn ra quyt nh t cp trung ng, cc nh khoa hc v i din cc t chc quc t, cc t chc phi chnh ph v nh ti tr cng tham gia hi tho ny cung cp kin thc chuyn mn v khi nim QLTHVVB cng nh chia s v hc hi thm t nhng kinh nghim trin khai QLTHVVB trn th gii v trong khu vc, v to ra s hiu bit chung v QLTHVVB Vit Nam v c bit l khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long.

2. 2.1 2.1.1

Cc bi thuyt trnh Kinh nghim quc t Quan im Quc t v QLTHVVB1

Gs. Tim Smith- Gim c Trung tm Nghin cu Bn vng, i hc Sunshine Coast, -xtry-li-a

Vi tng lai, nhim v ca bn khng phi l d don m l cho php n xy ra ~ Antoine de Saint-Exupery T trc n nay, phng php tip cn t trn xung di c s dng trn ton th gii. Phng php tip cn ny cha thc s thnh cng trong thc t bi v n khng hiu qu v khng c kh nng i ph vi s phc tp, trong khi tnh phc tp chnh l mt c im chnh ca qun l vng ven bin. Nhng vn ca phng php tip cn ny l khng ph hp v thm quyn, li ch, chi ph v trin khai thc hin, thiu s phi hp v tin tng (thiu s chia s thng tin trong ni b v gia cc c quan vi nhau), s chm chp ca cc c quan... Mt trong nhng thch thc khi ta ch nhn vo tng thnh phn l chng ta s rt kh nhn thy bc tranh tng th. Tuy nhin c mt s phng php c th gip chng ta: Bng cch kt ni h thng x hi v sinh thi, cng lc , tp trung vo vic hc hi bn vng. Hc hi l cha kha thnh cng cho vic i mi qun l vng ven bin. i vi qun l vng ven bin, cn phi p dng h thng quan im (phng php tip cn ton din) v c gng t c nhiu mc tiu cng lc. Thng qua cc phng php tip cn qun tr v sp xp cch qun tr mi, trong tp trung vo quan h i tc hp tc v s tham gia hiu qu ca cng ng, ngi dn tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. L do cn c s tham gia ca cng ng l trc ht, bi v ngi dn nn tham gia vo cc quyt nh c nh hng n mnh (theo l thng); th hai l v ngi dn c th c nhng ng gp c o cho cc quyt nh chung v cc gi tr cng nh hiu bit v mt k thut ca ngi dn c th gip cung cp thng tin trc khi quyt nh cui cng c thng qua (theo ng danh ngha) v cui cng l v khi ngi dn tham gia quyt nh, h s khng ch ng h kt qu ca quyt nh m cn to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh thc hin quyt nh ( ngha thc tin).

ng dn ti ti liu v cc bi thuyt trnh: http://czm-soctrang.org.vn/EN/ICAM/Download.aspx

Qun l vng ven bin pht trin kh nhanh, c bit l trong vng 30-40 nm tr li y. N tri qua mt s thay i m hnh t qun l sang qun tr, t phng php ch o t trn xung di sang cch tip cn tng th v c s tham gia. Nhng tnh phc tp ca ch ny (cc c cu t chc, cc k hoch qun l vng ven bin ca tng vng, k hoch s dng t, v.v... khc nhau) v nhng iu cha chc chn v tc ng ca bin i kh hu l nhng thch thc quan trng i vi cng tc qun l vng ven bin trn ton th gii. Khng qu kh i ph vi vn nc bin dng, nhng cc hin tng thi tit cc oan li l mt thch thc ln! Chnh v vy, nng cao nng lc thch ng i ph vi cc hin tng thi tit cc oan thng qua v d cc mng li gio dc v x hi l ht sc cn thit thch ng vi nhng thc thc khu vc vng ven bin trong tng lai. iu quan trng l chng ta hy cng nhau suy ngh xem cch no lin kt qun l tng hp vng ven bin vi cc k hoch bo tn, pht trin, tng trng kinh t, m bo cng bng v hi nhp quc t v lm th no ha nhp cc hot ng qun l vng ven bin vo dng chy chnh. Ni mt cch tm tt, chng ta c th thy, cc phng php tip cn qun l vng ven bin s cn tip tc pht trin nhanh chng. iu em li c hi tp trung vo cc sng kin qun l vng ven bin, v d nh xy dng s ng thun v s tham gia ca ngi dn trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. Hin c nhiu thut ng ch qun l vng ven bin nh: qun l tng hp vng ven bin, qun l tng hp i b m ta c th thy c im chung ca cc thut ng ny l qun l tng hp. Qun l tng hp trc tin c ngha l x l nhiu vn cng mt lc. Th hai, n c ngha l thc hin nhiu mc tiu v kt qu cng mt lc. V th ba, n c ngha l c gng thit lp h thng x hi v sinh thi lm mt th thng nht. Tt c nhng thch thc ca qun l vng ven bin (bao gm c s cng bng hay vn nhim...) s tr nn trm trng trong bi cnh bin i kh hu. Do chng ta cn xem xt cch ng ph vi tc ng ca bin i kh hu. Bin i kh hu thng c xem l mt cch tip cn mi trng, trong khi trn thc , bin i kh hu l mt vn x hi. Qun l vng ven bin c thc hin thng qua qu trnh x hi. nh ch qun l tng hp vng ven bin cn c tnh thch ng cao v cng cn lng ghp vo cc hot ng khc. Tnh d b tn thng l vn ht sc phc tp v ph thuc vo tng hon cnh c th. S xung cp ca mi trng c th lm gia tng tnh d b tn thng. Chng ta nht thit cn phi hiu c c im ca vng, s thay i v mc tip xc, tnh nhy cm v kh nng ca ngi dn ng ph vi nhng thay i ny. V vic hc hi chc chn rt quan trng c c sng kin qun l vng ven bin tch cc. Khi i ph vi tnh phc tp v kh khn ca mi trng hay nhng tc ng cha chc chn ca bin i kh hu, cn phi c phng php tip cn su hn cho qun l vng ven bin. Cc c quan cn gi vng tinh thn hc hi, nht l vic hc hi t kinh nghim qu kh v cc tht bi. Hon cnh mi nc c th khc nhau nhng nguyn tc QLTHVVB mang tnh ton cu. Vn l ch, cn tm ra gii php ng n v ph hp vi tng vng.

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2.1.2

QLTHVVB Bi hc kinh nghim t nc c

Bianca Schlegel C vn k thut, D n Qun l ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng ven bin ca t chc GIZ, Sc Trng, Vit Nam

c, ta c th quan st rt nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca QLTHVVB. V vn Qun l ngp lt th, thnh ph Hamburg l mt v d quan trng v thnh ph ang phi i ph vi nhiu thch thc. Nm cch ca sng Elbe, Hamburg vn chu nh hng thy triu ca dng song. Cng Hamburg c vai tr rt quan trng v y l cng ln nht nc c v ln th 3 chu u sau cng Rotterdam v Antwerp. Chnh v vy, cng Hamburg c vai tr ch cht khng ch i vi thnh ph Hamburg m cn i vi c khu vc. Thnh ph c ba phng php phng chng lt: v tng, cc cng trnh xy dng trn g t nhn to v cc gii php ph hp vi tng a im. Phng php s dng g t nhn to c vai tr quan trng thnh ph mi Hafen, ni m tt c cc cng trnh c xy dng pha trc ca v cc khu vc c cho php b ngp. thnh ph ny, cc gii php c th cho c s h tng v cc gii php bo v tng khu vc l cn thit. Sng Elbe l ca sng nng ng v d b tn thng trc tc ng ca con ngi. Chnh v vy, Qun l ca sng l vn quan trng cho vic qun l vng ven bin t thnh ph Hamburg n Bin Bc. Nhng tc ng ca con ngi trc y nh vic o su hn ng dn cho php tu b ln hn c th i vo cng gy nhiu tranh ci dn n tng phm vi thy triu v tc dng chy. iu ny hin ang e da cc chc nng sinh thi. Ch c mt lng nh trm tch c vn chuyn ngc dng theo con nc ln l c chuyn xui dng tr li theo con nc triu xung. y l hin tng tng bm thy triu, lm gia tng trm tch v y l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht thnh ph Hamburg. Chnh v vy, khi nim v qun l v pht trin bn vng trm tch ca sng Elbe c thit lp. Khi nim ny bao gm cc bin php k thut cng nh to ra cc khu vc lu gi mi, v ci thin qun l trm tch. Do tnh phc tp v s lin quan n nhiu bn, vic qun l ch c hiu qu khi c s tham gia. Khi qun l tng hp vng ca sng tt hn l qun l theo ngnh dc. Vi hn 800 nm kinh nghim i ph vi triu cng do bo v xy dng iu, cc thit k xy dng c ci thin dc vng ven bin Bc nc c. iu to nn ro chn nhn to v i hi cn phi c nhng gii php k thut cho h thng thot nc. Vic x nc mt an ton c vai tr rt quan trng i vi vic phng chng l lt v hot ng nng nghip. min Bc nc c, mt h thng cc knh o v mng cho php x nc vng ven bin v ca triu hay cc trm bm th x nc b mt. Nhng trm tch ngy cng tng cng vi nc bin dng s tr thnh thch thc ln hn na trong tng lai. Mt gii php ht sc c o v ring bit, l qun o Halligen (s nhiu ca t Hallig-trong ting c) nc c. Mt o Hallig l mt o nh, khng c vng Bin Bc, thng xuyn

11

b ngp trong ma ma bo. Do vy, nh ca c xy trn cc g t nhn to (cn gi l Warften trong ting c). Nc c u t rt nhiu kinh ph bo tn qun o Halligen v c im c mt khng hai ni y. Nm trong s cc o nh ca qun o Halligen c UNESCO cng nhn l khu d tr sinh quyn do c sinh cnh, h sinh thi v vn ha bao quanh c nht v nh. Khu d tr sinh quyn l mt danh mc trong lut lin bang v bo v thin nhin ca nc c v n i din cho mi trng sng quan trng ca c vi cnh quan c o v cc h sinh thi, h ng thc vt a dng ca t nc. Khu d tr sinh quyn cng l nhng im n yu thch ca khch du lch v mi trng t b tc ng v cnh p hp dn. Hin ang c mt s cn bng nng ng ca trm tch v mc nc bin dng vo khong 4-5mm/nm ca c hai hin tng trn. iu ny c ngha l ti thi im ny, qun o Halligen ang thch nghi mt cch t nhin. Tuy nhin, mc nc bin dng trong tng lai chc chn s i hi nhng bin php thch ng hn na. Ngoi ra, chi ph dnh vic bo tn o Sylt, o ln nht khu vc o pha Bc, cng rt cao. Hin tng l thng xuyn xy ra v trong sut my thp nin gn y, mt s bin php bo v vng ven bin c th nghim v mt s b tht bi. Cui cng, bin php bi p bi bin em li thnh cng, v phi tri qua mt qu trnh th nghim v gi y ct ch c t ni cn thit. y l gii php t v iu ch c th c l gii t khon thu nhp cao do ngnh du lch em li. Mt cng c qun tr bo v vng ven bin rt hay c c gi l Hi ng T vn Bo v Tng hp Vng ven bin trc thuc B Mi trng, c s tham gia ca cc cng ng, th trng, cc nh bo v mi trng v nhiu ngi khc. Hi ng ny hp hai ln/nm. Ti cc cuc hp, nh nc s lng nghe nhu cu ca cng ng a phng. Hin nay, mt k hoch tng th ang c pht trin qun l tng hp vng ven bin trong tp hp tt c cc kha cnh: quy hoch s dng t ven bin, cc hot ng kinh t/du lch, cng nh phng chng thin tai v bo v thin nhin. Hot ng kinh t du lch c vai tr rt quan trng, bi v Bin Wadden c cng nhn l Di sn Th gii v thu ht nhiu du khch. y l mt v d rt tt cho vic kt hp gia bo v vng ven bin v mi trng. Thng thng cc tai nn v trng hp khn cp t khi dng li trong phm vi ca tng nc hay quc t. Do vy, cn thit phi c mt c ch hiu qu qun l cc trng hp khn cp v xuyn bin gii. c, Trung tm ch huy cc tnh hung khn cp bin c trch nhim lp k hoch, tp hun v trin khai cc bin php ng ph. H cng tham gia cng cc nc lng ging trong khu vc phn ng nhanh, l ni h c th hot ng trong tnh hung khn cp m khng cn thng qua cc knh ngoi giao. Trung tm ch huy c th s dng trang thit b v nhn lc ca i tc v c quyn gim st hot ng v phi hp chung, thm ch l xuyn bin gii, cho ti khi tnh hung khn c gii quyt xong. Trung tm ch huy hot ng c lp, khng phi chu bt c s ch o bn ngoi no trong qu trnh hot ng v c nn tng php l r rang. Qun l vng ven bin khng ch c ngha l bo v vng ven bin hoc bo v thin nhin m n cn lin quan n cc hot ng kinh t, v d: nng lng gi. Nng lng gi ngoi khi l mt cch s dng trc tip v kinh t ca vng ven bin. Nc c c hn 20 nm kinh nghim v nng lng gi ngoi khi Bin Bc l Bin Ban-tch. Gi mnh v lin tc cung cp iu kin tt hn so vi t lin. Cc phng php mi c th nghim thng xuyn v cc tc ng n mi trng cng c tnh n. Tm li, cc bi hc kinh nghim chnh t nc c l: Khng c mt gii php duy nht cho ton b vng b bin Cn c s kt hp gia cc gii php trn quy m ln v cc gii php ring ph hp c im v yu cu ca tng a phng i hi nhng gii php ring

QLTHVVB bn vng cn phi: Quy hoch ngy nay cn phi tnh n cc kch bn trong tng lai (+ i ph vi nhng iu khng chc chn) S tham gia ca nhiu bn c lin quan vo cc quyt nh Xem xt cc qu trnh phc tp v mi tng tc gia chng Cn c s ng thun lin ngnh v xuyn bin gii 12

2.2 2.2.1

Cc kinh nghim trong khu vc Pht trin v thc hin QLTHVVB khu vc ng Nam

Ts. Stefan Alfred Groenewold Vin Dragon, Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn Thin nhin, i hc Cn Th, Vit Nam

Bi thuyt trnh nhm tr li hai cu hi chnh: (1) Phng php tip cn QLTTVVB thay i nh th t qu kh n hin ti, c bit l trong 10 nm tr li y? Phng php ny c trin khai nh th no nhng ni khc nhau? (2) Bi hc v cch trin khai no c th c s dng cho vic thc hin QLTHVVB Vit Nam? Gi tr kinh t rng ngp mn ng Nam c nh gi l hn 5 t la M (UNEP 2007). Bn v tnh d b tn thng trc nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu cho thy Vit Nam l nc d b tn thng nht, tip theo l Phi-lp-pin v cc nc khc ng Nam . Ngi dn sng vng ven bin c bit d b tn thng. Kh nng thch ng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, v d: kh nng ti chnh, gio dc... Hin nay kh l kh tm c cc ch s v vic trin khai QLTHVVB. Mt ch s c th l v khu vc c bo v, thng c coi l cng c kh hiu qu i vi bo tn v s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn bin. Ly v d v Ma-lay-xi-a, nc ny c t l phn trm cao nht ca vng lnh hi vi cc khu bo tn bin. Tuy nhin, nu ch c t l phn trm th khng cung cp thng tin v cht lng ca khu vc c bo v. Qu trnh QLTHVVB v l trnh bao gm nhiu kha cnh, v d nh nh gi ngun ti nguyn, nh gi ri ro, tm nhn chnh sch, lp k hoch c s tham gia v quy hoch khng gian, xy dng nng lc, o to ngh, cc chin dch truyn thng-gio dc v gim st v nh gi. Khi nim v QLTHVVB xoay quanh nhng nguyn tc quan trng ca mi trng bn vng, nguyn tc phng nga, nh gi tc ng ln mi trng, pht trin cng bng, cch tip cn a ngnh v qun l da trn h sinh thi. Tt c cc hot ng lin quan n QLTHVVB cn phi tun th cc nguyn tc ny. D n FISH (Ci thin ngnh thy sn v khai thc bn vng) ca t chc USAid Phi-lp-pin l mt v d tt v cch a vic qun l da trn h sinh thi, qun tr tt v thch ng vi bin i kh hu thng nht vi qun l vng ven bin ti a phng. Bi hc t d n ny ca USAid l cn phi c s cam kt lu di, tng bc hi nhp v can thip a cp.

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Hin ti, ch c mt vi trng i hc ng Nam ng vai tr l trung tm cung cp t vn k thut v QLTHVVB. Nhng t chc khc trong mng li kin thc tt c cc quc gia l cc b Mi trng, Thy sn, K hoch hoc l b Ti nguyn Bin. Hai t chc chnh lm v QLTHVVB l SEAFDEC (Trung tm Pht trin Thy sn ng Nam ) v PEMSEA (T chc Hp tc khu vc trong qun l mi trng cc bin ng ). y l hai v d tt cho cc sng kin chu . Cc ro cn chnh trong qu trnh trin khai QLTHVVB l quyn hn v ti nguyn ven bin khng r rang v ngi dn cng vi chnh quyn a phng cha tun th y quy nh ca nh nc. Ngun ti nguyn thin nhin a phng thng nm di s kim sot ca mt bn lin quan nh c nh hng. Tng kt li, QLTHVVB thnh cng l theo cch tip cn ph hp ring vi tng a im! Cc chin dch thng tin gio dc v xy dng nng lc rt quan trng, c bit trong qu trnh khi ng trin khai QLTHVVB. QLTHVVB ph hp vi nhng khu vc c cng nghip ha cao cng nh vi cc khu vc nng thn. QLTHVVB l s cam kt di hn, v l mt qu trnh cn c duy tr thng xuyn. Bn bi hc trin khai QLTHVVB v qun tr vng ven bin hiu qu l: Hiu v xem xt kinh t bin qua mt gc khc l cn thit, khng ch tp trung vo bo v cc h sinh thi bin nh mi trng sng m cn cn xem xt cc gi tr sinh thi v kinh t. ng h qun l da trn h sinh thi. Khi nim ny cn c u tin cao trong mi hot ng. Quy hoch khng gian cn s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan v cn tnh n nhng li ch khc nhau trn cng mt khu vc. chnh l cng c quan trng nht trong ton b tin trnh. M rng xy dng nng lc trong khu vc c cng xa cng tt thng qua tp hun v cung cp cc kha o to nng cao l ht sc quan trng.

Hnh 1: m my t hp thnh phn ca QLTHVVB

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2.2.2

Kinh nghim v QLTHVVB Phi-lp-pin

Nguyn c Hong Chi cc Kim Lm tnh Sc Trng, Vit Nam

Nc Phi-lp-in c GDP gn ging Vit nam. Sinh k ca ngi ngho vng nng thn ph thuc nhiu vo cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin dc b bin. Vi hn 7.000 hn o v b bin di hng ngn ki-l-mt, Phi-lp-pin c ngun li thy sn giu c v a dng, v cng c rt nhiu kinh nghim bo v v qun l ngun thy sn. QLTHVVB, khc vi cch qun l truyn thng theo tng ngnh ring l, l mt cch tip cn ton din, a ngnh v theo nhiu phng php khc nhau qun l ti nguyn t v bin vng ven bin mt cch thng nht. Phng php tip cn lin ngnh c th hiu khng ch l v s hp tc trong ni b cc c quan m cn c th hiu l s tham gia ch ng ca a phng trong vn qun l vng ven bin. Cch tip cn a ngnh c th thy trong vic phn khu v thit lp cc khu vc bin c bo v s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. S ng thun c th hin qua s lin kt ca cc c quan chnh ph a phng. quc gia ny, chnh quyn a phng c chia lm 4 cp: a) Khu vc t tr, b) Cc tnh thnh ph c lp mt tnh, c) Hp phn thnh ph v th v d) Barangay (n v hnh chnh nh nht ca Phi-lp-pin, tng ng vi cp x, phng). Cc cp di cp khu vc c gi l n v chnh quyn a phng (LGU). Mt lin minh LGU bao gm cc n v chnh quyn a phng cc khu vc ln cn hp tc cng nhau ng thun v vic phn khu cho ng qun l. Li ch ca Lin minh LGU l: cc quy nh c kt hp hi ha v s dng ti nguyn, tng cng vic thc thi php lut v khc phc c vic thiu nng lc qun l v chuyn mn k thut. Mt v d v Lin minh LGU l CENECCORD (Hi ng trung ng o Negros v Pht trin ngun ti nguyn ven bin). Hi ng ny bao gm 7 thnh vin l cc thnh ph v th gn nhau. H cng nhau pht trin mt chng trnh qun l nghu dc a phn b bin. Kt qu l, ng dn cc lin minh LGU ng theo chng trnh qun l v nghu c bo v rt tt. Cc hi ng qun l ngun li thy sn a phng (FARMC) l mt v d in hnh v s tham gia tch cc ca ngi dn a phng vo vic qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ven bin. Hi ng ny c nhim v theo quy nh trong php lut tt c cc cp chnh quyn a phng Phi-lp-pin. Hi ng c cc i din cho ngi dn nh bt c v cc c quan, v hn 50% cc i din trong hi ng phi l ng dn. Cc hi ng FARMC t vn cho cc c quan chnh quyn v qun l ngun ti nguyn ven bin thng qua lut v quy nh v chnh quyn phi lng nghe kin ca cc i din ca ng dn. Nhn thy c cc li ch ca cc hi ng FARMC, chnh quyn a phng n lc ng h v tng cng cc hi ng ny. Tng cng hi ng FARMC s nng cao nhn thc ca ng dn v 15

bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v s tham gia ca h cp a phng nhm ci thin vic qun l ngun li thy sn. Nhn thc c nng cao s khuyn khch ngi dn thnh lp cc t/nhm t nguyn, v d nh: T bo v rng t nguyn BantayDagat v T gim st thy sn BantayKatunggan (nhng ngi t nguyn nng cao thc thi php lut ti a phng). Do ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng c mi quan h cht ch, mi trng l mt kha cnh rt quan trng trong qun l vng ven bin. S Sagay v San Carlos, nng cao thc c t bit tp trung vo i tng tr em. V d nh vic khuyn khch hc sinh ti s dng cht thi v d nh chai nha, ti ni-lng v giy lm cc sn phm th cng hoc trng by bo tang u tin v bin cho tr em Phi-lp-pin. y, khch tham quan s c cc em hc sinh t 8-13 tui gii thiu v mi trng bin, rng ngp mn v h sinh thi ven bin. Ngoi ra, mt trung tm sinh thi cho ti ch v ti s dng c thnh lp. Nhm h tr cc hot ng ny, cc thnh ph cng c nhng quy nh rng ngi dn phi phn loi rc ti ngun, tc l ti gia nh. Thm vo l mt khon ph s dng nc c thu bo v ngun nc khu vc thng ngun. San Carlos, c mi mt khi nc, ngi dn phi np thm 0.7 p-s. Cc qu ny c s dng cho vic phc hi v ti trng rng khu vc thng ngun. QLTHVVB cng bao gm phn khu v thit lp khu vc bin c bo v. Khu vc bin c bo v l ni cho cc loi thy sn phc hi v pht trin. iu ny to ra c hi phc hi h sinh thi b xung cp. Phn khu nhm mc ch hn ch s nh bt qu mc ca ng dn. khu vc bin c bo v, khi c bo v tt, ngun thy sn s phc hi v sinh si ny n v t s c nhiu ngun li hn nhng khu vc c khai thc. Sagay, nng sut nh bt/ngi/ngy tng t 3.3 kg (nm 1997) ln n 8.3 kg (2010). Quy nh v lut nghim khc gip pht trin tt cc khu vc c bo v. S phi hp gia cc c quan/chnh quyn cng l mt phn quan trng ca QLTHVVB. Cc bn c lin quan l nhng ngi c chung nhng li ch cn phi cng nhau lm vic. tnh Negros, tt c cc c quan c lin quan nh S NN-PTNT v S TN-MT u nhn thc c vai tr ca h trong vic hp tc v mc tiu qun l vng ven bin hiu qu.

Mt s bi hc t Phi-lp-pin l: S tham gia tch cc ca ngi dn a phng l mt phn khng th thiu ca QLTHVVB. Mt s hi thy sn cng c Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, s tham gia ca h vo qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cn rt hn ch. Cc khu vc bin c bo v ng gp rt ln cho vic bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn bin. Phn khu nn c p dng cho vic nng cao qun l v s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ven bin. Phn loi rc thi v ti ch l quan trng. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cha t c nhng kt qu mong i do cc quy nh trin khai cn thiu. Mt phn quan trng khc l s hp tc gia cc c quan chnh quyn, cc t chc v ngi dn a phng s gip gim xung t v em li sc mnh on kt. Vit Nam, vn cn c hoi nghi v kh nng gii quyt c vn ny v hin ti, s phi hp gia cc c quan chnh quyn cha c tt lm. V cui cng l s lnh o ng n cng vi ngun nhn lc gii l yu t ch cht thc y s pht trin bn vng ca a phng.

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2.3 Cc kinh nghim trong nc 2.3.1 Chin lc QLTHVVB ca Vit Nam

Ts. Nguyn Chu Hi Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam

Chin lc QLTHVVB Vit Nam hin vn cn l bn tho v sau khi hon thnh chin lc, B TN-MT s trnh ln b trng. Vit Nam l mt quc gia bin vi hn 3.260 km ng bin v khong 30 triu ngi sng 125 huyn ven bin. B bin cung cp 80% lng nh bt thy sn ca c nc v ng gp gn 4.5 t la M gi tr xut khu vo GDP nm 2010 v khong 5 t la M vo nm 2011. Bn cnh nhng tim nng ca h sinh thi v cc ngun ti nguyn sinh thi v sinh hc, khu vc ven bin ca Vit Nam cn giu v cc ngun ti nguyn khc nh du m, khong sn v kh t. Khong sn c phn b dc b bin. Tim nng du lch duyn hi cng cao vi 125 bi bin ln v mt s di sn th gii vng ven bin (Vnh H Long, Qung Bnh, Hu, Hi An). Do , khu vc ven bin ca Vit Nam c vai tr rt quan trng trong chin lc pht trin ca quc gia cng nh trong h thng qun l ca chnh ph. Nhng Vit Nam li cha cng nhn l mt quc gia mnh v QLTHVVB v kinh t bin. B bin ca Vit Nam ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu e da, v d nh: mt a dng sinh hc, h sinh thi bin xung cp, mi trng sng ven bin b ph hy v cc tc ng ca hot ng trn t lin gia tng. Thm vo , do c im v v tr a l, Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia b nh hng nhiu nht t thin tai. S c bin ng nh trn du cng s nh hng n Vit Nam. Vit Nam nm trong danh sch 5 quc gia s b nh hng nng n nht do bin i kh hu v nc bin dng. Trong khi , Vit Nam cng ang phi i mt vi vn nn khai thc cn kit v pht trin ngnh nui trng thy sn ven bin qu mc. Nui trng thy sn khin cho mt i 70% h sinh thi t ngp mn ven bin. Mc d s dng nhiu ngun ti nguyn ven bin. Nhng phng php tip cn truyn thng trong qun l v chnh sch vn cn . Gii quyt xung t v s dng ti nguyn i hi s qun l hiu qu cc h sinh thi v cn c s tham gia ca tt c cc bn c lin quan phi hp vi nhau. Khu vc bin v ven bin Vit Nam do 15 b/ngnh qun l theo ngnh dc do c s chng cho v phn tn. Do , cn phi c mt c quan trung ng phi hp lin ngnh v b bin, bin v o v cng cn c chnh sch qun l vng ven bin lin ngnh. T nm 1995, sng kim Qun l tng hp i b c xy dng cp trung ng v trin khai di dng d n th im do nha nc v cc t chc quc t ti tr cp a phng. Nm 1996, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh h tr cc d n quc gia nghin cu pht trin k hoch Qun l Tng hp i b gn gi h sinh thi v bo v mi trng. l nghin cu u tin cp n cm t Qun l tng hp i b Vit Nam. Cho n nm 2005, mc d c nhiu d n th

17

im QLTHVVB c trin khai, nhng a phn thnh cng mi ch dng li mc nng cao nhn thc. Trong thc t, cha c nhiu thnh tu v thc hin QLTHVVB, tr m hnh ca PEMSEA Nng. Nm 2007, b TN-MT ra quyt nh s 158 v trin khai QLTHVVB khu vc Bc Trung b v Duyn hi Trung b, 4 tnh t Thanh Ha n Bnh nh. Chnh ph h tr 100 t ng cho giai on 2007-2010 v t 2011-2015 s l 500 t ng. n nm 2010, vo cui giai on 1, hu nh cha thc hin c g nhiu v QLTHVVB. Trin khai mi ch dng li cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc. Vit Nam cng k vo mt s cc cng c v hip nh quc t chnh nh Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim do tu gy ra (MARPOL), Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit nh l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc (RAMSAR), Cng c Basel v Kim sot vic vn chuyn xuyn bin gii v tiu hy cc cht thi nguy him v Cng c Lin hp quc v Lut Bin (UNCLOS). Tuy nhin, vic th ch ha cc cng c quc t vo lut quc gia vn cha r rng. Chng trnh PEMSEA ca khu vc t c nhng thnh tu trin khai QLTHVVB, ang c p dng cp a phng v rt ph hp vi cc tnh ca Vit Nam. Cc d n PEMSEA c thc hin t 2001-2008. M hnh Nng, Qung Nam v Hu c nhn rng sang 7 tnh khc (Khnh Ha, Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Nam nh, B Ra Vng Tu, Sc Trng v Kin Giang). Cc nh ti tr quc t em li s thay i ng k trong t duy v hnh ng cho h thng hnh chnh quc gia vi s nhn mnh vo tm nhn rng ln hn, hnh ng tng th v s lm ch vng mnh hn. Tuy vy, hu ht cc chnh sch quc gia, nh Lut Bo v Mi trng (1993, 2004), Lut Thy sn (2003), Lut a dng Sinh hc (2009) v B lut Hng hi (1990, 2005), ...vn cn l lut ca cc ngnh p dng cho cch qun l theo ngnh dc. Cc vn ca Qun l tng hp i b mi y c nhc n trong Ngh nh s 25/2009 ca chnh ph v Qun l Tng hp Ngun ti nguyn Bin v Bo v Mi trng. y l chnh sch qun tr u tin v lnh vc qun l b bin, bin v o Vit Nam. Trong Ngh nh ny c mt s hng dn trin khai qun l tng hp i b Vit Nam, phn khu vng ven bin v quy hoch vng ven bin. Vit Nam ang c nhng tin b hng ti th ch ha QLTHVVB v to nn tng php l cho QLTHVVB, v d nh: Lut Bin v Lut ti nguyn bin v Mi trng ang c son tho. y l nhng vn bn lut tp trung vo QLTHVVB v quy hoch v qun l phn vng khng gian bin. Lut v QLTHVVB ang c bn lun. Sau khi thnh lp Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam (VASI), b TN-MT giao cho VASI nhim v qun l tng hp bin v o v trc tip qun l cc hot ng vng ven bin. Thch thc/tr ngi chnh cho trin khai QLTHVVB Vit Nam l: Thiu c ch cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cc cp Thiu h thng quc gia v chnh sch v lut cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin v thc thi cha tt C ch phi hp lin ngnh/lin b v gia cc bn c lin quan v pht trin v trin khai Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cn nhiu hn ch Lng ghp Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin vo k hoch kinh t-x hi ca quc gia v tnh cn yu v thiu nhng hng dn k thut c th Lng ghp vic qun l nh hng ca bin i kh hu v nc bin dng vi Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cha c thc hin Thiu ngun nhn lc v nng lc v pht trin v trin khai Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin Thiu c ch ti chnh bn vng cho k hoch trin khai Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cp trung ng v a phng Nhn thc v s tham gia ca cng ng ti a phng vo Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cha r rng Chng trnh tp hun v o to v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cn hn ch K nng ca cn b cc c quan chu trch nhim v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cp trung ng v a phng cn yu

18

Mc tiu chung ca QLTHVVB Vit Nam n nm 2020 l: QLTHVVB c p dng trn 28 tnh duyn hi Pht trin k hoch QLTHVVB 22 tnh duyn hi Thng qua v trin khai k hoch QLTHVVB 20 tnh duyn hi Th ch ha cc hot ng QLTHVVB Nng cao ngun nhn lc v nng lc cho pht trin v trin khai QLTHVVB Cc hot ng u tin l: Thit lp c ch cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cp trung ng v a phng: Ban iu hnh , Vn phng v n v k thut cng vi mng li i tc Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin (cc t chc phi chnh ph, trng i hc, lnh vc t, cc nh ti trtrong v ngoi nc) Trin khai Chng trnh Quc gia s 158 v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin 14 tnh duyn hi min Trung Vit Nam Tip tc trin khai thm Chng trnh hp tc Vit Nam-PEMSEA v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin cho 7 tnh duyn hi quan trng (2011-2015): Qung Ninh, Hi Phng, Nam nh, Khnh Ha, B Ra-Vng Tu, Sc Trng v Kin Giang Pht trin h thng chnh sch v lut to iu kin cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin, bao gm Lut Bin, Lut Ti nguyn Bin v Mi trng v c th l c Lut v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin v cc khu vc bin c bo v (?) Nng cao nng lc cho cn b thuc h thng quc gia v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin, bao gm Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam, cc tnh duyn hi v cc ban ngnh lin quan. Xy dng ti liu hng dn k thut v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin h tr vic trin khai ti a phng Pht trin Chng trnh tp hun v o to v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin mt s trng i v trung tm o to (?) Xy dng c ch ti chnh bn vng cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin Xy dng v trin khai chin lc v k hoch hnh ng cho Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin p dng quy hoch v k hoch s dng khng gian bin Xy dng ti liu hng dn lng ghp bin i kh hu v nc bin dng vo chin lc v k hoch Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin Trin khai hp tc quc t v chia s v trao i bi hc, kinh nghim v cc cch lm hay Trin khai k hoch quc gia v qun l nhim bin do cc ngun t t lin gy ra Trin khai k hoch cho cc vng bin c bo v Pht trin v p dng 1 b ch s Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin nh gi tin trin khai ca k hoch Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin Gii php chnh cho trin khai chin lc l: Phi hp lin b/ngnh Hp nht QLTHVVB vo k hoch pht trin kinh t-x hi Lng ghp QLTHVVB vo k hoch ca vng duyn hi thch ng vi bin i kh hu v nc bin dng V khoa hc-k thut: c s d liu vng ven bin, tnh trng ca cc b bin, k hoch phn vng chc nng vng ven bin, cc vng bin c bo v Hp tc quc t T chc k hoch hnh chnh cho trin khai chin lc (B Ti nguyn-Mi trng/Tng cc Bin v Hi o, UBND cc tnh c lin quan)

Hnh 2: Lnh vc hot ng QLTHVVB

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2.3.2

Khi nim QLTHVVB tnh Sc Trng, Vit Nam

Ts. Klaus Schmitt, C vn trng, D n Qun l Ngun ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng ven bin ca t chc GIZ, Sc Trng, Vit Nam

QLTHVVB l v cc gii php c th v ph hp cho tng a im. Nhng gii php ny cn phi c p dng c dc b bin nh mt cu trc tuyn tnh v dc vng ven bin t bin n t lin. iu quan trng l cn phi xem xt cc qu trnh phc tp v nhiu li ch khc nhau ca cc bn c lin quan vng ven bin.Quyt nh cn phi c a ra vi s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan v d trn s ng thun lin ngnh v xuyn bin gii. Mc tiu ca d n Sc Trng l cc vng t ngp mn ven bin c bo v v s dng bn vng v li ch ca ngi dn a phng. iu ny c th c thc hin thng qua qun l hiu qu rng ngp mn trong nhn mnh vo kh nng phc hi ca rng trc tc ng ca bin i kh hu, bao gm phc hi rng ngp mn v qun l rng ngp mn, v hc hi t nhng kinh nghim trong qu kh cng vi vic th nghim cc cch tip cn mi. hiu v cc can thip ca d n Sc Trng, cn phi hiu v c im ca vng ven bin. Mt c im ni bt ca ng bng Sng Cu Long l ng b bin nng ng do ch dng chy ca sng M-cng, dng chy dc b (do gi ma, ng bc v ty nam dc theo b bin) v ch thy triu ca bin ng. Ngoi ra, mt c im khc l ai rng ngp mn hp dc b bin. Rng ngp mn c vai tr thit yu v y l phng tuyn bo v u tin. Thch nghi vi nc l, rng ngp mn to thnh hng ro t nhin ngn xi l v triu cng do bo. Tuy nhin, theo thng k, c n gn mt na din tch rng ngp mn Vit Nam b ph, ch yu lm ao nui tm. Mt mi e da khc l bin i kh hu, vi nhiu bo hn, nhiu hin tng thi tit cc oan hn, nc bin dng, ngp lt, nhim mn v thay i lng ma v nhit . i ph vi bin i kh hu c ngha l i ph vi nhng iu khng chn chn. Chnh v vy, chin lc dn tri ri ro cn c p dng. Khng th ch c mt gii php duy nht c. Trng rng ngp mn c th l gii php mm bo v trc xi l v nc bin dng. Xy dng iu c th l gii php cng. C nhng ni cn kt hp gii php mm v cng. Cho d lm g i na, gii php cn phi c th, ph hp vi a im nht nh nh l mt phn ca phng php tip cn tng hp i vi qun l vng ven bin. QLTHVVB khng ch bao hm qun l, n l tng th chu trnh t thu thp d liu/thng tin, lp k hoch thng qau ra quyt nh cho n qun l v gim st. V mt iu ht sc quan trng trong bi cnh ca ng bng sng Cu Long l nhn thc c rng nu ch nhn vo thc trng hin nay th cha a ra quyt nh. Do , nn s dng thng tin trong lch s v hiu v s bin ng ca vng ven bin pht trin bn vng vng ven bin v c nhng gii php thch ng vi bin i kh hu. Tuy nhin, trng rng cng ch em li mt li ch nh m thi. Rng trng cn phi c bo v v qun l. Vi trng hp ca Sc Trng, iu ny c ngha l ng qun l. ng qun l phi l mt

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phn ca QLTHVVB v cng h tr sinh k cho ngi dn a phng. Tt c cc hot ng ny phi c thc hin trong khun kh khung xy dng nng lc cho cn b a phng v nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn. Cc kinh nghim trong qu kh cho thy vic giao t hay hp ng bo v rng khng c hiu qu khi ch c mt di rng ngp mn hp dc theo b bin nhiu bin ng. Do , mt cch thc qun l mi c th nghim Sc Trng: ng qun l, mt cch thc qun l da trn tha thun, qu trnh ra quyt nh c s tham gia, mt mc chia s quyn hn v s phn phi li ch cng bng gia tt c cc bn lin quan. ng qun l l qu trnh bao gm 4 bc v 4 nguyn tc. C 3 thnh phn chnh: qu trnh c s tham gia; tha thun v qun tr c ch a nguyn. Thm vo l tnh bn vng t c thng qua c ch chi tr dch v mi trng (PES). Nguyn tc chung l QLTHVVB, do ng qun l phi l mt b phn trong . Nhng nguyn tc quan trng khc l s tham gia, phn khu, gim st v nh gi. Hnh 4 th hin 4 bc v s lin kt gia chng. Tha thun thng qua 6 cu hi: ai lm ci g, khi no v u, nh th no v bao nhiu. ng qun l rng ngp mn c chng minh l thnh cng. M hnh ny ci thin sinh k ca ngi dn theo cch to ra nhiu thu nhp hn t vic thu hoch c t ngun thy sn di do hn. Ngi dn cng khng phi i xa thu hoch ti nguyn. C ngha rng s dng khi nim phn khu trong c khu vc bo v v khu vc s dng bn vng thc s ci thin s phc hi ngun ti nguyn v qua , ngi dn s c ngun ti nguyn di do hn thu hoch.

Hnh 3: Cc bc v nguyn tc ca QLTHVVB

Tm quan trng ca vic c s tham gia ca cc cng ng a phng cng c nhn mnh trong bo co Ti nguyn Th gii 20102011, trong kt lut rng Kinh nghim ca Vit Nam cho thy cch tip cn thch ng ch c mt mc tiu n l nh bo v c s h tng vng ven bin trc nc bin dng, c th s dn n nhng xung t v mt li ch, cn tr vic trin khai, c bit khi khng c s tham gia ca cng ng a phng. Mt kha cnh quan trng khc l thit lp c ch ti chnh bn vng. Mt ln na, cn phi nhn b bin l mt th thng nht. Rng ngp mn cung cp vn m, thc n v ni tr ng ca nhiu loi thy sn. Pha trc rng ngp mn l bi bi v bi ct ni ngi dn c th thu hoch nghu. bi bi pha trc ca p u Th B, d n GIZ h tr thnh lp hp tc x nghu, kt hp qun l rng ngp mn v hp tc x nghu trong phng php tip cn tng hp. Rng ngp mn c qun l v bo v tt s cung cp nhiu li ch phi tin t cho bi bi, v hp tc x nghu hng li t nhng iu ny thng qua vic thu hoch c nhiu nghu hn. V vy, li ch tin t (chi tr cho dch v sinh thi) phi chy t hp tc x nghu n nhm ng qun l h tr qun l v bo v rng ngp mn. Quan trng l phi hiu c cc qu trnh t nhin v s cn bng nng ng ca b bin khi tm kim gii php cho QLTHVVB. Vi trng hp ni b xi l nghim trng, chng ta cn s hiu bit y v qu trnh dn ti xi l v sau p dng gii php ph hp. i vi vic phc hi rng ngp mn ti cc im xi l, cn phi hiu rng rng ngp mn ch mc c dc theo b bin c che ch. V th, im xi l ni rng ngp mn khng mc c, vic trc tin cn lm l gim xi l, tng cng (thc y) trm tch v khi c mi c th trng c rng ngp mn. Gim xi l c th thc hin c thng qua, v d hng ro chn sng. Thit k hng ro chn sng cn

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phi c thit lp theo cch c th gim thiu xi l cui dng cng nhiu cng tt. iu ny c th c thc hin thng qua nghin cu ng lc hc hnh thi v m hnh ton s m phng thy ng lc hc v s pht trin ca b bin. Ngoi ra, m hnh vt l trong mng sng h tr thit k hng ro chn sng hin ti vi vt liu v thm ph hp. Tm li, QLTHVVB cn c s hiu bit y v tnh trng/qu trnh t nhin v, da trn , trin khai cc gii php thch hp. Bi hc t d n Sc Trng l: ng qun l l cch duy tr v tng cng hiu qu vic bo v chc nng ca ai rng ngp mn v ng thi ci thin sinh k ca ngi dn a phng. Chi tr dch v sinh thi ng gp cho s bn vng ca ng qun l v ci thin sinh k. Cn phi c nhng gii php c th v ph hp vi tng a im. y l mt phn ca cc tip cn tng hp dc theo vng ven bin (khng nn ch nhn vo mt khu vc hoc tip cn theo ngnh dc). Trc mi e da ca bin i kh hu, chin lc dn tri ri ro cn phi c trin khai cng vi vic th nghim cc gii php sng to v mi. Cn c s h tr ton din v mt chnh sch t tt c cc cp, tha thun gia tt c cc bn c lin quan, ng thun v tham gia. Th ch QLTHVVB cn thch ng vi thay i v hc hi t nhng tin trnh trin khai QLTHVVB. M hnh ton s gip hiu c cc qu trnh phc tp v bin ng ca b bin. Bn thn m hnh khng a ra quyt nh nhng n gip cc nh hoch nh a ra quyt nh ng n.

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3.

Bn trn vi cc chuyn gia

Hnh 4: Cc chuyn gia tham d phin Bn trn vi cc chuyn gia

T tri qua phi: Ts. Thorsten Albers (von Liebermann GmbH, CHLB c), Ts. Klaus Schmitt (GIZ Sc Trng), Gs. Tim Smith (Trng i hc Sunshine Coast, -xtry-li-a), Ts. Stefan Groenewold (Trng i hc Cn Th), Ts. Andrea Barcelona (GIZ Phi-lip-pin), Ts. Nguyn Hng Thy Phn (y hi sng M Cng) v Ts. Nguyn Chu Hi (Ph tng cc trng Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam)

Ts. Thorsten Albers, chuyn gia k thut sng v ven bin ngi c, iu hnh phin bn trn vi cc chuyn gia tho lun v cc vn sau. u l phng tin thch hp nht th ch ha QLTHVVB ng bng sng Cu Long? c phi l th ch QLTHVVB? Hay l ban t vn QLTHVVB? Cc chuyn gia ng l thit lp c mt t chc mi s khng phi l mt kin hay v iu i hi rt nhiu thi gian cho ti khi th ch mi c th i vo hot ng thc s. S nhanh hn nu tp hp cc t chc v th ch c sn cng chia s kinh nghim v hc hi ln nhau, nhng iu quan trng hn na, l cng nhau lp k hoch. Cn thit phi c mt nn tng php l r rng. iu c ngha l cn phi c khun kh php l trong i hi cc th ch khc nhau phi xem xt ti nhiu mc ch v vn . Vic th ch ha v n nh QLTHVVB v lu di (thm ch sau khi cc nh ti tr ri i) l thit yu QLTHVVB thnh cng v bn vng. S tham gia ca nhiu ngnh l cn thit gii quyt xung t v s dng ti nguyn v lm hi ha k hoch tng hp. B Barcelona nhn mnh mt kinh nghim ca Phi-lp-pin, l, ni c lin minh gm nhm cc thnh ph, hp sc vi nhau to thnh mt c quan qun l gii quyt cc vn bc xc ti vng ven bin v ngun ti nguyn ven bin, v c s tham gia ca i din t cc tnh cng nh cc c quan chnh quyn trung ng. Vit Nam, c k hoch thnh lp Ban iu hnh QLTHVVB, hoc l do mt Ph Th tng hoc do mt B trng hoc mt Th trng ca b TN-MT, bao gm mt vn phng h tr v nhm chuyn gia k thut h tr vn phng. Ngoi ra, s c mt mng li chuyn gia k thut QLTHVVB (quc t). iu mong i l mt vn phng QLTHVVB c th ch ha c th c gp trong ban ch o quc gia ca ng bng sng Cu Long. Yu t ch cht l mt th ch trong trin khai cch qun l thch ng, hc hi t cc kinh nghim khc nhau v khng b rng buc phi thnh cng 100%, c kh nng th nghim nhng iu mi v hc qua , bi v chng ta ang phi i ph vi mt mi trng ang thay i. 23

Cc nguyn tc cn bn ca QLTHVVB c th c gn vo bt c th ch v cu trc no. Cn phi hiu bi cnh rng hn trong th ch cn hot ng c v cc hot ng c lng ghp ty theo cc k hoch khc nhau.

u l nhng yu t quan trng nht v nng lc ca nhng ngi lp k hoch v trin khai QLTHVVB? l nhng ngi ra quyt nh. Do , nhng ngi ra quyt nh v QLTHVVB cn thch ng vi bin i vng ven bin v h cng cn ra quyt nh da trn s hiu bit y v bi cnh c th. Mt ngi ra quyt nh ng n phi phn tch tnh hnh, hiu tnh hnh v sau a ra quyt nh c th ph hp v khng c gi nh hay da trn cc quyt nh nh cch trc y tng lm. Vic trao i thng tin l ct yu. Ngi a ra quyt nh cn trao i thng tin v truyn thng c s tham gia ca nhiu ngi. Qun l vng ven bin c s tham gia ca nhiu ngi v nhiu mi quan tm, mt nh qun l tt v ngi ra quyt nh ng phi hiu iu v trao i vi mi ngi v nht l khng c ngi mt ch ri a ra quyt nh v khng hi kin ca nhng ngi khc. Tm li, vic ra quyt nh trong bi cnh mi trng ang thay i, ra quyt nh c th, ph hp vi tng a im da trn s hiu bit y v tnh hnh v trao i thng tin v cc quyt nh vi tt c cc bn c lin quan v coi trng nhng mi quan tm ca h. Tt c yu t s to nn mt ngi ra quyt nh v QLTHVVB ng n.

Xem xt mt s trng hp tht bi trn th gii, ti sao li c mt s n lc QLTHVVB tht bi? Nhiu mi quan tm thc s l mt thch thc i vi QLTHVVB. Do , nhiu thng ip cn phi c truyn thng, khng ch mt thng ip duy nht. iu ny l rt kh khn. Nhng cc cng c truyn thng cng c vai tr rt quan trng. Mt s ngi thch cc phng tin truyn thng k thut s, mt s ngi khc li thch c bo in, mt s khc th thch ngi trao i. iu ny cn phi c tnh n khi mun truyn thng v QLTHVVB. Mt vic cn thit l phi nhn thc c nhng ng lc thc y v mi quan tm khc nhau ca cc bn lin quan (mt s ngi quan tm n bo tn, tnh an ton, sinh k, kinh t ...). y khng nht thit l mt vn ln nhng m QLTHVVB, v bn cht, cn tng hp c tt c cc mi quan tm. Cn phi quan tm ti nh nc. Nh nc v cc t chc bn ngoi s c nh hng nh th no vi th ch QLTHVVB? y nhim s nh th no? Cc ngun lc (nhn lc v ti chnh) s nh th no?

Lm sao chng ta tng cng nhng th ch quc gia v khu vc c sn v cc mng li pht trin v tng hp cc kin thc thc tin v QLTHVVB? Vai tr ca cc trng i hc v vin khoa hc quc t trong vic thc y v tng cng QLTHVVB? Khoa hc ng vai tr cn bn. Qun l vng ven bin bt u vi s hiu bit ng v tnh hnh. iu ny cn thc hin vi vic nh gi ngun ti nguyn ven bin c s tham gia, nhng n nn c ng h mnh m ca khoa hc. lp k hoch thnh cng cn xy dng m hnh v d on cc kch bn. iu g s xy ra khu vc khi nc bin dng, iu g s xy ra nu khng c trm tch ng bng sng Cu Long na... Cc nh khoa hc gip nh gi tnh hnh. H c th nh gi tin trnh QLTHVVB. Mt c quan nghin cu bn ngoi c th hot ng nh l nhm tham kho kin nh gi xem hot ng c c trin khai hiu qu theo cc nguyn tc QLTHVVB khng. Xy dng nng lc khoa hc trong khu vc c vai tr rt quan trng, bao gm c mng li bn ngoi. 24

Ai l cc bn lin quan chnh d n QLTHVVB do t chc GIZ h tr Phi-lp-pin? Nhng ngi hng li l chnh v u tin, ngi dn nh bt c, khng phi l chnh quyn, khng phi l vin nghin cu; mi vic c thc hin ci thin sinh k ca ng dn. Sau l nhng ngi trin khai, tc l nhng ngi cung cp dch v cho ngi nh bt c (cn b n v chnh quyn a phng). Nhng ngi ny c y quyn theo lut nh thc hin cc dch v cho qun l ngun ti nguyn ven bin, quy hoch s dng t... V cc c quan cp chnh quyn cao hn ni m bo mi vic c thc hin theo k hoch quc gia. T chc GIZ ch n h tr k thut.

y ban Sng M-cng phi lm vic vi nhiu th ch khc nhau, v phi hp cc quc gia lun l mt thch thc. Vy, lm sao c hiu qu? u l nhng kh khn ca cch tip cn xuyn bin gii? Ni v vic phi hp xuyn bin gii, v tr ca y ban Sng M-cng l khc vi cc th ch khc, v y l mt t chc lin chnh ph do cc quc gia thnh vin lp nn. V cn bn, lm vic vi nhiu mc ch, nhiu li ch nh QLTHVVB hay cc vn xuyn quc gia khc khng bao gi l d dng. Nhng iu li cung cp nn tng cho vic tho thun, xy dng hiu bit chung v iu rt c ch. iu chi phi s hp tc l s hiu bit chung v tha thun gia tt c cc quc gia thnh vin hay cc bn lin quan.

Bin Wadden c l Di sn Th gii. Bi bi Sc Trng th cng khng khc l my. Liu c th c Khu vc Bin c Bo v Sc Trng mt ngy no ? Khu vc c bo v c th h tr s pht trin v bo tn ca khu vc. Bi bi l h sinh thi c o. V mt s kha cnh, s cn phi xem xt khu vc ny l tnh trng c bit cng nhn tm quan trng ca n. c th l yu t thu ht du khch hoc mt phng tin ti chnh gip ngi dn a phng ci thin sinh k, dng vic khai thc cn kit, cung cp cho ngi dn sinh k thay th. y chc chn l mt vn cn c cc cp c thm quyn xem xt.

u l khung thi gian thc tin cho chin lc QLTHVVB? 2020, 2050, 2011? L trnh ca Vit Nam c chia lm hai giai on theo 2 giai on pht trin kinh t-x hi (2011-2015 v 2016-2020). y l khung thi gian cho trin khai chin lc QLTHVVB. Khi chin lc ny c Th tng thng qua, s cn phi c mt k hoch hnh ng chi tit. Th t u tin cng phi thay i ty vi tng tnh, theo kh nng ring ca tng tnh v c im mi trng ring.

Ni n bin i kh hu, triu cng do bo, sng thn v ng t: Liu c kh nng bo v mt s vng ven bin, hay l c cn thit s tn ngi dn? Cn thit c gng s tn v nu c tn nhiu tin bo v mi th th y cng c th l gii php tnh th trc mt. y l vn phc tp. iu quan trng cn xem xt l nhn mnh vo cc gi tr m ngi dn c-ngi dn c kh nng s tn nhng g hoc gi li nhng g, nhng g cn c bo v...

Ti sao phn vng khng gian bn vng c vai tr ch cht trong qu trnh QLTHVVB, c bit trong bi cnh bin i kh hu? V n c kh nng nh gi vic chng ta ang lm v nh gi tnh trng mi trng, s dng vin thm.

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nh gi tng hp tc ng cng vi phn vng khng gian c th gip hnh dung iu ny v pht trin cc kch bn trong tng lai. Phn vng khng gian c th l cng c thit yu cho ton b qu trnh, khng ch giai on lp k hoch m cn i vi qun l thch ng v nh gi.

u c th l cc cng c nhim mu gip bin chin lc thnh nhng bin php c th? l lut quc gia mng m trong quy nh, v d, tt c cc cp chnh quyn a phng phi kt hp quy hoch s dng t tng th cho khong thi gian 5 nm. Phi-lp-pin, mt c quan chnh quyn gim st tt c cc n v chnh quyn c giao nhim v tng hp tt c cc k hoch (k hoch qun l thin tai, k hoch s dng t rng, k hoch qun l ngun ti nguyn ven bin, k hoch v vn gii, k hoch phng chng tham nhng...). Gi y, h thc s ch lp ra mt k hoch tng hp.

Liu c hnh ng no c th m qu v c th xut l bc tip theo ca QLTHVVB khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long? Bc c th c th ng gp cho QLTHVVB bn vng c th l mt cng c h tr ra quyt nh. ng bng sng Cu Long l khu vc rt nhiu bin ng v n khng thay i theo mt chiu hng duy nht v theo nhiu hng, v cc nh ra quyt nh phi hiu nhng thay i ny a ra nhng quyt nh da trn hiu bit y . V vy, vi QLTHVVB, nhng ngi ra quyt nh c th hng li t mt cng c h tr ra quyt nh d on s pht trin ca b bin. The possibility of carrying out a large study which will result in a computer-based decisionsupport tool is currently in a discussion process. Kh nng trin khai mt nghin cu quy m ln c kt qu to ra cng c h tr ra quyt nh da trn my tnh hin ang c tnh n. lm c iu , chng ta cn trao i thng tin, li ko s tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan. V d, vi hi tho ny chng hn, i din cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long v cc t chc lin quan c th n tham gia, cng nhau tho lun v kh nng hp tc quyt nh v cng c .

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4.

Tho lun chung

Hnh 5: Cc chuyn gia trong phin tho lun chung

T tri qua phi: Ts. Thorsten Albers (von Liebermann GmbH, CHLB c), Ts. Klaus Schmitt (GIZ Sc Trng), Ts. Nguyn Chu Hi (Ph tng cc trng Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam), Ts. Stefan Groenewold (Trng i hc Cn Th) v Gs. Tim Smith (Trng i hc Sunshine Coast, -xtry-li-a)

Trong phin tho lun chung, cc i biu c thi gian trao i cng cc chuyn gia. Di y l tm tt cc kin trao i.

Bc u tin khi gii thiu nhng khi nim mi nh ng qun l l cn t c s chp nhn. l bc u tin quan trng nht v l ro cn ln nht cn vt qua. Vi tt c cc khi nim mi, cn trc tin l thuyt phc tt c cc nhng chnh tr gia ra quyt nh v sau l nhng bn lin quan cn li rng khi nim mi ny ng c th nghim. Thng tin v t vn l nhng kha cnh quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai khi nim mi, khng ch vi ng qun l m cn cn c s chp thun v ng h chung. Mt mt quan trng ca qu trnh xy dng v trin khai QLTHVVB Sc Trng cng nh i vi vic phn vng khng gian l s tham gia ca tt c cc bn c lin quan, c ngha l, khng ch nhng ban ngnh k thut c trch nhim m cn c ngi dn a phng b nh hng do cc quyt nh. K hoch phi l mt k hoch tng hp. K hoch ca cc ngnh nh khng thi s khng c li ch m cn k hoch ca tt c cc ngnh c tng hp trong k hoch chung. S c mt k hoch chin lc pht trin cho vng ven bin Sc Trng, trong bao gm rng ngp mn, khu vc ngp nc v ca sng. Li ch ca tt c cc ngnh l phi c trch nhim tng hp nhng iu vo mt k hoch tng th. ng qun l c vai tr quan trng trong QLTHVVB. Bn cht ca ng qun l l chnh quyn v ngi dn cng hp tc v chia s li ch. iu khng c ngha l nh nc v ngi dn phn chia hot ng theo kiu 50-50. iu quan trng l s hp tc gia chnh quyn v ngi dn chia s trch nhim v gn k ngi dn a phng vi vic qun l v ra quyt nh. Gn ng qun l vo Lut Thy sn c th l mt kin hay. Chng ta c

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th coi ng qun l l mt cng c h tr cho qun l tng hp, c bit trong vic thu ht s tham gia ca cng ng v xy dng s ng thun v mc tiu chung v gii quyt cc vn c th vng ven bin. p u Th B, chi tr dch v sinh thi trong tng lai s h tr s bn vng v mt ti chnh. Chi ph cho hot ng ng qun l u Th B s c thanh ton nh vo li nhun ca vic khai thc nghu bi ct pha trc rng ngp mn. V vn bo v vng ven bin, cn phi c s can thip c th ph hp vi tng a im. mt s ni c th p dng nhng bin php gi r v hn na l c th trnh c nhng gii php t . V d rng ngp mn c th gip gim chi ph tu sa iu v n gip gim nng lng sng. Sc Trng, c th s dng tre lm hng ro chn sng. Bt c hnh thc s dng h thin nhin no cng thng ko theo vic tip din s dng v iu c th to ra s ph thuc. C nhng cng c gip tm ra nhng gii php tt nht cho nhng trng hp cn bo v khn cp. Da trn s phn tch chi ph-li ch th s d tm gii php tt v chi ph hiu qu. i tm s tr gip t thin nhin gip ta thy nhng g ang xy ra v hiu, nh th vic tm gii php s d dng hn m khng i hi qu nhiu v mt k thut hay ti chnh. Chng ta cn tm cc gii php gn gi vi thin nhin v khng chng li thin nhin. Nhng u tin ca qun l vng ven bin thay i ty thuc vo tng vng khc nhau, ph thuc vo c im a l, mi trng, kinh t, x hi v chnh sch ca tng ni. Nhng bi hc ca Phi-lp-pin cho thy h rt thnh cng vi khu vc khng nh bt. Vit Nam, nhng khu vc nh th cha c lp ra. Nhng trn l thuyt, khu vc khng nh bt hay khu vc li c nh du khi thit lp khu vc bin c bo v, v d Nha Trang c Hn Mun l khu vc li v khng cho php nh bt thy sn. Tuy nhin, vn chnh nm vic thc thi (trin khai v gim st). Yu t gip vic thc thi nghim tc Philp-pin l vai tr ca cng ng. Thin nhin, cu trc v nhn thc ca cng ng vng venbieern Vit Nam rt khc so vi Phi-lp-pin. Nh Tin s Hi c ni, ngi Vit Nam khng tch cc v thng b ng v li nh nc. Hin ti, VASI ang nm gi 20 t ng cho vic lp k hoach s dng bin (k hoch tng) cho c nc, trong khu vc khng nh bt l mt phn ca khi nim phn khu. V vic hi ha v iu phi cc ngun ti tr tt hn gia cc d n v qun l vng ven bin, Tin s Hi cho bit l vi mt d n cp tnh, UBND tnh nn l u mi tng hp v do khng cn thit phi c mt c quan hay th ch mi. u mi UBND s m bo khng c hot ng trng lp, ti u ha cc ngun u t v iu phi cc d n/u t ca nc ngoi. Bn cnh , cc tnh khng nn ngi i u t ca nc ngoi m nn ch ng cp vn cho cc d n QLTHVVB. nh gi tnh d b tn thng l cng c sng cn, c bit trc nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu khi qun l vng ven bin. Cn phi c s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng vi kin thc ca h vo qu trnh lp k hoch QLTHVVB. C rt nhiu phng php v cch tip cn nh gi tnh d b tn thng. Thng thng, nh gi tnh d b tn thng c coi l phng php thch ng vi bin i kh hu nhng l t kha cnh ri ro m thi. Khi hn ch cch tip cn ny, cc c hi s d dng b b qua, v d nh vic bin i kh hu cng c th em li nhng tc ng tch cc chng hn. Chng ta cn lu n iu ny khi i ph vi nhng thch thc vng ven bin, ch khng nn ch duy tr mi th theo hin trng, m nn ci m vi nhng c hi mi c th n.

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Ti liu tham kho

BASEL (1989): The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. CBD (1995): Report of the Second Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Jakarta. GPA-LBA (1995): Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities. Washington, D.C. MARPOL (1997): International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. The Protocol of 1997 (MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI). RAMSAR (1971): Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Ramsar. UNCLOS (1982): United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Montego Bay. UNEP (2007): Procedure for Determination of National and Regional Economic Values for Ecotone Goods and Services and Total Economic Values of Coastal Habitats in the context of the UNEP/GEF Project Entitled: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. In: South China Sea Knowledge Document UNEP/GEF/SCS/Inf.3 UNESCO (2006): A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management.IOC Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier, 2. Paris World Bank (2007): World Development Report 2007. Development and the Next Generation. Washington, D.C. World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank (2011):World Resources 2010 2011: Decision Making in a Changing ClimateAdaptation Challenges and Choices. Washington, DC: WRI

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Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Qun l Ngun ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng ven bin tnh Sc Trng 134 Trn Hng o, Thnh ph Sc Trng, Vit Nam T + 84 79 3622164 F + 84 79 3622125 I www.giz.de www.czm-soctrang.org.vn

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