LUN VN TT NGHIP

Su tm, xy dng v s dng h

thng bi tp ha hc hnh thnh v
pht trin khi nim axit baz trong
chng trnh ha hc v c trung hc
ph thng (nng cao)








1
PHN I: M U
1. L do chn ti
i mi gio dc l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca ngnh
gio dc o to trong giai on hin nay. i mi ni dung, phng php
dy hc c hiu qu cao cn trang b cho hc sinh h thng kin thc c bn
vng chc.Trn c s hc sinh bit vn dng sng to kin thc gii quyt
cc vn hc tp v thc tin cuc sng.
Mc tiu ca nh trng ph thng l trang b kin thc ph thng c
bn tng i hon chnh gip hc sinh nm vng hiu bit khoa hc. Mn
ha hc gp mt phn quan trng trong mc tiu o to trng ph thng.
Chng trnh ha hc ph thng bao gm cc khi nim ho hc c bn ban
u v dn pht trin nhng khi nim , vic ging dy ha hc ph thng
phi ch n nhiu khi nim, axit baz l mt trong nhng khi nim c
bn, c tm quan trng i vi khoa hc ha hc. hiu v truyn th y
ni dung v s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz. Gio vin
cn nm vng qu trnh hnh thnh pht trin khi nim ny m bo vic
ging dy c hiu qu p ng nhu cu gio dc.
Trong chng trnh ph thng khi nim axit baz c cp rt
sm ngay t phn m u v ha hc lp 8 v c cng c cc lp v cp
hc tip theo. Khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh ph thng c hnh
thnh v pht trin qua nhiu giai on, l mt trong nhng ti c tm quan
trng c bit.
Axit baz l cc hp cht quan trng v ph bin, c nhiu ng dng
trong i sng, trong sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc.
Cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch thng lin quan n khi nim
axit baz.
2
Khi nim axit baz v phn ng axit baz cho php h thng ha
cc hp cht ha hc, phn loi cc phn ng cc cht, gii thch cc hin
tng ha hc, chn tc nhn phn ng, cht xc tc
Sn phm tng tc axit baz hoc axit hay baz vi hp cht khc
u c ngha v mt thc tin. Nhiu phn ng ha hc v thc cht cng l
phn ng axit baz .
Vic hnh thnh khi nim axit baz ph thng t hiu qu cao khi
ngi gio vin nm vng ni dung v h thng qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin khi nim trong ton b chng trnh ph thng. ng thi gio vin
s dng phng php dy hc c hiu qu, ging dy c k hoch v lu ti
c im ca tng giai on c mt h thng bi tp c bn a dng phong
ph theo cc mc nhn thc khc nhau trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin khi nim axit baz.
Vi nhng l do trn, ti chn ti: Su tm, xy dng v s dng
h thng bi tp ha hc hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc v c trung hc ph thng (nng cao)
2. Khch th nghin cu
Qu trnh dy hc ha hc trng THPT
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
H thng bi tp ha hc hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc v c THPT (nng cao).
4. Mc ch v nhim v nghin cu
a. Mc ch nghin cu:
Nghin cu la chn xy dng h thng bi tp ha hc v phng
php s dng chng trong vic hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc v c THPT (nng cao).
3
b. Nhim v nghin cu.
- Nghin cu c s l lun v qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim ha hc
v ngha tc dng ca bi tp ha hc trong vic hnh thnh khi nim ha
hc cho hc sinh bc THPT.
- Phn tch chng trnh sch gio khoa phn ha hc v c bc THPT
xc nh ni dung v dung lng khi nim axit baz .
- La chn, xy dng h thng bi tp ha hc v axit baz trong
chng trnh ha hc v c THPT chng trnh nng cao.
- Nghin cu phng php s dng h thng bi tp trn hnh thnh
khi nim axit baz.
- Thc nghim s phm xc nh tnh ph hp ca h thng bi tp
trn v kim nghim tnh hiu qu ca cc xut.
6. Phng php nghin cu
S dng phi hp cc phng php sau:
- Nhm cc phng php nghin cu l lun.
- Nhm cc phng php nghin cu thc tin.
- Phng php hi tho chuyn , trao i kinh nghim.
- Phng php thc nghim s phm v x l thng tin.
7. Gi thuyt khoa hc
Trong dy hc ha hc nu gio vin xc nh ng ni hm v ngoi
din ca khi nim ng thi la chn xy dng c 1 h thng bi tp ha
hc a dng phong ph cc mc nhn thc khc nhau t s dng
chng 1 cch hp l v p dng nhng bin php rn luyn tch cc theo
hng dy hc tch cc, chng ta c th pht huy c t cht, nng lc sng
to, kh nng t duy ca hc sinh. T nng cao hiu qu ca vic dy hc.

4
8. ng gp mi ca ti
- Phn tch qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng.
- Xy dng v su tm: H thng cc bi tp c bn, nng cao nhm
hnh thnh khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh ha hc v c trung hc
ph thng (nng cao).
- xut phng php s dng h thng bi tp trong vic hnh thnh
khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng.


















5
PHN II: NI DUNG
Chng 1:
C S L LUN V THC TIN CA TI
1.1. Nhng c s phng php lun ca s hnh thnh khi nim
ha hc
1.1.1. nh ngha khi nim [27]
Khi nim l hnh thc phn nh s vt v hin tng t cc mt ca
cc du hiu v cc mi quan h ch yu ca chng. Ni dung ca khi nim
c m t bng li, bng cc k hiu ca ngnh khoa hc. Lnin nhn xt:
khi nim- sn phm cao nht ca tr tu, sn phm cao nht ca vt cht.
Trong l thuyt nhn thc, khi nim c xem xt nh l mt trong cc hnh
thc phn ng mt mc t duy tru tng.
Trong dy hc ho hc, khi nim l dng khi qut ho ca kin thc
v hnh thc t duy ca hc sinh trong qu trnh nm vng kin thc. S hnh
thnh khi nim l mt trong cc vn trung tm quan trng ca qu trnh
dy hc ho hc. S hnh thnh khi nim chnh l qu trnh nhn thc c s
dng cc thao tc t duy khc nhau nhn thc cc du hiu, cc mi quan
h ca khi nim. S s dng cc khi nim trong qu trnh nhn thc chnh
l qu trnh hc cch t duy, thc hin qu trnh tm kim sng to. V vy n
kch thch s pht trin tr thng minh ca hc sinh.
1.1.2. Cu trc ca khi nim [27]
Khi nim bao gm hai mt dung lng v ni dung, chng c mi lin
h cht ch vi nhau.
Dung lng ca khi nim (ngoi din) c c trng bng s i
tng c khi qut trong khi nim. Dung lng phn nh mt s lng
ca qu trnh nhn thc.
6
V d: Dung lng ca khi nim axit THCS l tt c cc cht c
cha nguyn t H kt hp vi gc axit, THPT bao gm cc cht c kh
nng nhng H
+
cho cc cht khc, c th xy ra trong cc dung mi, cng c
th l dung mi nc hoc cc dung mi khc nc, c th xy ra gia cc
cht ho hc trong cc phn ng ho hc,
Ni dung ca khi nim (ni hm) l s tng hp cc du hiu c
bn, du hiu bn cht chnh ca khi nim, ni dung chnh ca khi nim
phn nh mt cht lng ca kin thc th hin mc su rng ca khi
nim trong nhn thc. Ni dung ca khi nim axit THCS l c mt nguyn
t H lin kt vi gc axit; baz l cht c nhm hiroxyl lin kt vi nguyn
t kim loi v phn ng axit-baz l phn ng gia axit v baz.
Ni dung ca khi nim axit THPT l nhng cht c kh nng
nhng ion H
+
cho baz , cn phn ng axit-baz l phn ng c s trao i
H
+
gia cc cht phn ng.
Dung lng v ni dung l c tnh logic ca khi nim. Khi pht trin
mt khi nim th dung lng ca n c m rng v ni dung ca n c
o su, cc mi lin h ca n vi cc khi nim khc c thay i, m
rng v pht trin ln. Nh vy cu trc ca khi nim nh l h thng cc
du hiu c bn m c m ra qua ni dung khi nim.
1.1.3. C s phng php lun hnh thnh khi nim ho hc [27]
Th gii vt cht xung quanh chng ta l ngun gc to ra cc khi
nim. S hnh thnh khi nim l mt qu trnh nhn thc phc tp, c da
trn logic ca s nhn thc khoa hc v s chuyn bin khch quan t khng
bit n hiu bit trong nhn thc ca con ngi.
Phng php lun ca qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim l hc thuyt
nhn thc ca Lnin: T trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng v t
7
n thc tin l con ng bin chng ca s nhn thc chn l, nhn thc
thc tin khch quan. Nhng iu thu nhn c t trc quan sinh ng
(cm gic, tri gic biu tng) l im xut pht ban u ca vic dy v hc
cc khi nim ho hc.
Con ng nhn thc, hnh thnh khi nim c m t bng s
sau:






S vn ng ca nhn thc t cm gic n t duy tru tng l s
vn ng ng thi ca kin thc t hin tng n bn cht. S chuyn i
ca t duy (cm gic n tru tng) trong qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim
v s vn dng khi nim o su, m rng kh nng nhn thc v dung
lng v ni dung trong nhn thc ca cc c th. V vy trong qu trnh
hnh thnh khi nim cn xc lp mi lin h cht ch ca khi nim vi
biu tng, s tru tng l thuyt vi thc nghim v nhng kt lun v ni
dung ca khi nim phi c hnh thnh trong hot ng thc tin, vn
dng khi nim.
Trong dy hc, s hnh thnh khi nim c th i theo mi lin h h
thng ca qu trnh nhn thc ni chung: T trc quan sinh ng cm gic
s phn nh tri gic biu tngkhi nim.
Qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim bng s t duy l thuyt c rt
ngn bc nghin cu thc nghim v tng cng mc l thuyt, thay s
Trc quan
Cm gic

Tri gic

Biut- ng

Khi nim
(nh
ngha)
Hnh
thnh
T- duy tru t- ng
Khi
qut
Vn
dng

Thc tin
8
quan st thc tin (th nghim ho hc) bng m hnh, phng tin k thut v
s dng rng ri phng php nu vn , xut gi thuyt, suy din-din
dch, m hnh ho thc hin cc bc i khi qut ho l thuyt. Qu trnh
ny khng lm gim vai tr thc nghim ho hc, hoc cc s kin, kinh
nghim c ca hc sinh hay php qui np trong dy hc.
V vy tu theo ni dung khi nim, logic bn trong ca n m gio
vin c th chn cc con ng hnh thnh khi nim t trc quan hay t t
duy l thuyt khi hnh thnh biu tng khi qut hnh thnh khi nim.
1.1.4. Nguyn tc hnh thnh khi nim ho hc trng ph
thng [27]
Trn c s l lun dy hc v tm l dy hc cng vi tnh cht c th
v quy lut ca s nhn thc ho hc m s hnh thnh cc khi nim ho hc
trong dy hc ho hc ph thng cn m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
1. S hnh thnh khi nim ho hc cn i t cc v d v i tng,
hin tng ho hc in hnh, phn tch, xc nh ng ni dung ca
khi nim.
2. Cn t khi nim nghin cu ban u trong s pht trin (theo dung
lng-ni dung) ca n v cc mi lin h vi cc khi nim khc. m bo
tnh nh hng pht trin ca khi nim.
3. C s thng nht hp l cc mt cm gic trong ni dung ca khi nim,
php qui np v suy din trong hot ng t duy hnh thnh khi nim.
4. Tng cng s dng cc k hiu, ngn ng ho hc nh l mt hnh
thc biu th khi nim v vn dng chng trong hc tp.
5. C s thng nht trong m t nh lng v nh tnh ca khi nim.
6. Cn ch n tnh thng nht ca nhng nt ring bit, c th v
chung nht trong khi nim v cc mi lin h qua li gia chng.
9
7. S hnh thnh khi nim phi c thc hin trong cc hot ng
hc tp th hin cc mi quan h kin thc v k nng, kin thc v thc tin.
8. Tng cng kh nng vn dng ca cc khi nim c hnh
thnh qua hot ng hc tp ti u ho s pht trin t duy hc sinh.
Nh vy nhng con ng phng php lun ca s hnh thnh khi
nim ho hc c xc nh vi s cn nhc, tnh ton n cu trc ca khi
nim, tnh cht v vai tr ca n trong ton b h thng khi nim ho hc
ph thng.
1.2. Cc giai on quan trng ca s hnh thnh khi nim ho
hc [27].
Qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim ho hc trng ph thng bao gm
cc giai on: S hnh thnh khi nim, s pht trin khi nim v s lin kt
cc khi nim c lin quan trong ni dung ca n.
S la chn phng php hnh thnh cc khi nim c th cn cn c
vo c im ca khi nim, mc nhn thc ca khi nim (dung lng
ca khi nim), mc kin thc ca hc sinh, vai tr, ngha v tm quan
trng ca khi nim trong chng trnh ho hc ph thng.
1.2.1. S hnh thnh khi nim [27].
Trong qu trnh dy hc ho hc, h thng cc khi nim ho hc c
hnh thnh dn dn v pht trin trn c s cc hc thuyt ho hc khc nhau.
Thng qua cc qu trnh ny m dung lng v ni dung ca khi nim c
m rng, o su dn.
Hnh thnh khi nim ho hc c bn nht c thc hin ngay t cc
bi hc ho hc u tin THCS. Cc khi nim ho hc c bn c hnh
thnh bng hai con ng khi qut qui np t cc ti liu cm gic v con
ng kt lun suy din t cc qui lut, hc thuyt, nh lut bit lp
lun, khi qut thnh khi nim.
10
i vi giai on u ca s dy hc ho hc (THCS) s hnh thnh
khi nim bng con ng khi qut qui np l c trng nht, c s ca n l
s khi qut ho t cc t liu thc nghim hnh thnh khi nim.
+ Khi qut quy np l phng php xy dng khi nim i t thc
nghim hay cc t liu nghin cu khi qut thnh khi nim (nh
ngha)Bc u, chn v d thc nghim, t liu hay s kn in hnh, em
phn tch, so snh tm ra cc du hiu chung ca khi nim. Trong cc du
hiu chung , xc nh du hiu bn cht, t rt ra nh ngha khi nim
v tin ti vn dng khi nim. Sau thit lp mi lin h gia khi nim
c hnh thnh vi cc khi nim gn k. S hnh thnh khi nim bng con
ng khi qut qui np c thc hin theo mt logic xc nh bao gm cc
giai on:
1. Phn tch, so snh cc i tng in hnh lm r cc du hiu
chung ca khi nim.
2. La chn v lm chnh xc ho cc du hiu bn cht tc l tch du
hiu bn cht khi cc du hiu khng bn cht.
3. Pht biu nh ngha v khi nim.
4. Thit lp cc mi lin h gia khi nim vi cc khi nim khc
v phn chia gii hn vi cc khi nim gn k.
5. Xc nh v tr ca khi nim trong s phn loi tng ng v vn
dng khi nim c hnh thnh.
+ Suy din - din dch l phng php xy dng khi nim bng con
ng lp lun theo logic nhn thc. Phng php ny thng c dng
xy dng khi nim ho hc sau khi nghin cu ni dung l thuyt c bn.
Bc u cn chn tin cho s kt lun ca khi nim, tip theo a ra
nh ngha khi nim, phn tch nh ngha lm sng t cc du hiu bn
cht, sau thit lp mi lin h vi cc khi nim gn k v vn dng. S
11
hnh thnh khi nim bng con ng suy din l thuyt c s dng hnh
thnh cc khi nim tru tng bng cch lp lun theo logic hnh thc xut
pht t cc hc thuyt, qui lut, nh lut m phn tch cc hin tng tm ra
nt bn cht ca khi nim. V d nh cc khi nim nguyn t, ng v, lin
kt ho hc, ho tr, obitan nguyn tCu trc ca logic hnh thnh khi
nim bng con ng suy din l thuyt bao gm:
1. S la chn tin xut pht cho kt lun ca khi nim.
2. Nu kt lun v nh ngha khi nim v lm chnh xc ho cc du
hiu bn cht ca n.
3. Xc nh v tr ca khi nim trong h thng kin thc l thuyt v
mi lin h vi cc khi nim khc.
4. Chnh xc ho khi nim, phn bit vi cc khi nim gn k, m
rng khi nim trong cc tnh hung ring bit.
5. Vn dng khi nim vo vic gii cc bi tp nhn thc khc nhau.
Nh vy cc khi nim ho hc c th c hnh thnh bng cc con
ng nh:
* T th nghim ho hc cc qui lut s m t nh tnh, nh
lngkhi qut nt bn cht khi nimvn dng.V d: Cc khi nim
phn ng ho hc, n mn in ho, nh hng ca nng , nhit , xc tc
n tc phn ng ho hc, s in li
* T s t duy l thuyt da trn cc hc thuyt phn tch cc hin
tng tm ra nt bn cht t hnh thnh khi nim.
V d: Cc khi nim lin kt ho hc, ho tr, s oxiho, s lai ho cc
obitan, phn ng oxiho kh.
* T s m t kinh nghim i n gii thch l thuyt v ni hm ca
khi nim
12
V d: Phn tch cu trc phn t cc cht hu c qua m hnh gii
thch v tnh cht cc loi hp cht hu c, phn tch cu trc tinh th, cc
dng mng tinh th gii thch tnh cht cc cht c cu trc, dng mng tinh
th tng ng.
1.2.2. S pht trin khi nim [27]
Trong chng trnh ho hc ph thng, cc khi nim hnh thnh
giai on u nghin cu ho hc THCS c pht trin lin tc theo ba
con ng c bn l: S o su khi nim hay tng ni dung ca khi
nim. S o su bn cht ca khi nim bng cch m ra qui lut mi bn
trong khi nim v thay i cc mi lin h bn trong gia cc thnh t ca
chnh bn trong khi nim.
Khi nim axit-baz THCS nghin cu phn t hp cht c cha
nguyn t H (axit) hay cha nhm nguyn t OH (baz). Khi nim ny c
pht trin THPT bng cch o su bn cht ca khi nim l c s cho v
nhn proton v phn ng axit-baz l phn ng c s trao i proton. Nh
vy, ni dung ca khi nim tng ln vi c nhng cht khng c nguyn
t H cng c tnh axit (nh ion
2
Cu
+
) hay vi nhng cht khng c nhm OH
cng c tnh baz (nh
3
NH ). Cng vi khi nim axit-baz , khi nim
mui cng c m rng v pht trin hn THPT (mui l nhng cht),
v do dung dch mui c th c mi trng axit, baz hay trung tnh tu
thuc vo thnh phn cu to ca mui. Cc khi nim ho hc c bn khc
cng c pht trin bng con ng ny.
S m rng khi nim bng cch tng dung lng ca khi nim hay
cn gi l con ng m rng din. Cc khi nim c pht trin bng cch
khi qut cc i tng mi trong khi nim ny. Khi nim axit-baz c bn
cht l s cho nhn proton. Cc cht c th khng c du hiu l nguyn t H
13
hay nhm nguyn t OH nhng vn th hin tnh cht axit hay baz . T s
m rng din ca khi nim m cn xc nh cc mi lin h mi gia khi
nim v s phn loi cc i tng. Vi cch m rng din m khi nim ho
hc c pht trin dn, cc khi nim cht, PHH c pht trin a dng
v ngy cng i su vo bn cht ca chng.
1.2.3. S lin kt cc khi nim [27].
S pht trin khi nim c hon thin bi s lin kt ca cc khi
nim tc l s thng nht ca chng trong mt h thng kin thc trn c c
l thuyt xc nh. Trong dy hc ho hc s lin kt khi nim c thc
hin khi tng kt kin thc nhm thit lp mi lin h gia cc khi nim
c mt ci nhn khi qut v tng mng kin thc trong ton b chng trnh.
Nh l h thng kin thc theo cc khi nim ln: Kim loi, phi kim, lin kt
ho hc, cu to nguyn t, hirocacbon, hp cht c nhm chc
S lin kt cc khi nim c tin hnh bng s khi qut su l thuyt
trn c s l thuyt ch o vi s s dng rng ri mi lin h trong mn hc
v lin mn hc.
S hnh thnh, pht trin khi nim i hi s t chc hp l hot ng
ng b ca gio vin v hc sinh. Gio vin t chc cho hc sinh tm ti,
khm ph nhng du hiu bn cht ca khi nim, khi qut trong nhn xt,
nh ngha v vn dng trong cc tnh hung hc tp, thc tin c lin quan.
1.3. Khi nim axit-baz trong chng trnh HHPT.
1.3.1. Khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh THCS (Thuyt
nguyn t, phn t)
1.3.1.1. Thuyt nguyn t, phn t
Sau khi c nghin cu v cht v s bin i ca cht, hc sinh tm
hiu v cu to ca cht bit r nguyn nhn s bin i . Nhng nguyn
14
liu ban u cu to nn cc cht l nhng nguyn t ha hc, nguyn t ha
hc gm nhng ht v cng b nh gi l nguyn t.
Cc cht u c to nn t nhng ht v cng nh, trung ho v in
gi l nhuyn t. C hng chc triu cht khc nhau nhng ch c trn mt
trm loi nguyn t.
VD: Nguyn t Hiro : H - 1 nguyn t hiro
Cht c th do mt hoc nhiu nguyn t ha hc cu to nn. Mi n
cht hay hp cht u gm mt tp hp v cng nh (ht vi m) tham gia
trong phn ng ha hc th hin y tnh cht ha hc ca mt cht. Phn
t l ht i din cho cht, gm mt s nguyn t lin kt vi nhau v th
hin y tnh cht ho hc ca cht. Phn t c th b chia nh trong phn
ng ha hc.
VD: Nc tinh khit gm cc phn t H
2
O, trong cc phn ng ha hc
c th chia thnh H v O
Hp cht c to thnh t hai nguyn t tr ln. Phn t l ht vi m
i din cho cht m nguyn t li l ht vi m i din cho nguyn t. Vy
phn t ca hp cht gm t hai nguyn t tr ln v l nhng nguyn t
khc loi. VD : HNO
3
: 1 nguyn t H, 1 nguyn t N v 3 nguyn t O
1.3.1.2. Khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh THCS:
Trong qu trnh tip thu kin thc, hc sinh dn dn tm hiu v thnh
phn ca cc hp cht, quen dn vi mt s hp cht v c: oxit, axit, baz,
muitrong cc bi v oxi-s chy, hiro, nc. Mc d quen vi tn gi
axit baz nhng n khi tm hiu tnh cht ha hc ca nc, thnh phn
cc hp cht v c, hc sinh mi c tm hiu v thnh phn ca axit baz
VD: H
2
O ha hp vi mt s oxit kim loi to ra hp cht thuc loi baz
Na
2
O + H
2
O 2 NaOH ; CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

15
nhn bit cc dung dch l axit hay baz, da vo s bin i mu
ca giy qu tm. Dung dch baz i mu qu tm thnh xanh. Dung dch
axit i mu qu tm thnh .
Thnh phn ha hc ca axit : l hp cht m phn t gm mt gc axit
lin kt vi mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro (H)
Axit clohiric : HCl gc axit Cl : Clorua lin kt mt nguyn t H
Axit sunfuric: H
2
SO
4
gc axit =SO
4
: Sunfat lin kt hai nguyn t H
Thnh phn ha hc ca baz : l hp cht m phn t gm mt
nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi mt hay nhiu nhm OH (hiroxit)
Ba(OH)
2
: Kim loi Ba lin kt vi 2 nhm OH
NaOH : Kim loi Na lin kt vi 1 nhm OH
Sau khi bit khi qut v thnh phn ha hc ca axit baz ,hc
sinh tip tc tm hiu v nhng tnh cht ha hc v nhng quan h gia axit
baz v quan h gia axit, baz v nhng hp cht v c khc.
nh ngha axit: L hp cht m phn t gm c mt hay nhiu nguyn
t H lin kt vi gc axit.
VD: 1 nguyn t H lin kt vi gc clorua: HCl
3 nguyn t H lin kt vi gc photphat: H
3
PO
4

nh ngha axit cn c th da vo tnh cht ha hc ca chng. Axit l
hp cht m thnh phn c nguyn t H, nguyn t H ny c th thay th
bng nguyn t kim loi to thnh mui
VD: HCl : nguyn t hiro c th thay th bng kim loi (Fe, Al,
Zn,) trong phn ng th gia kim loi vi axit
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
| ; Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
|
16
nh ngha baz : L hp cht m phn t c mt nguyn t kim loi
lin kt vi mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxit (- OH)
Cng thc chung M(OH)
y
trong y l ha tr ca kim loi M
VD : Fe(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2
, Ca(OH)
2
,
nh ngha baz da vo tnh cht ha hc. Baz l hp cht c phn
ng trung ha vi axit, to thnh mui v nc. Phn ng axit baz to
thnh mui v nc gi l phn ng trung ha
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O ; 2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
1.3.2 Thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt [12]
- Thuyt axit baz xut pht t thuyt in li ca Areniuyt cho rng,
axit l nhng cht khi ha tan trong nc th phn li cho cation hiro
+
H , cn
baz l nhng cht khi ha tan trong nc th phn li cho anion hiroxyl
-
OH

.Th d, HCl l axit, NaOH l baz
+ -
+ -
HCl H +Cl
NaOH Na +OH

- Phn ng trung ha l phn ng gia axit v baz, to ra mui v
nc (l cht in li yu). Th d : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
- Phn ng thy phn ca mui l phn ng gia ion ca mui vi
nc, kt qu lm cn bng phn li ca nc thay i, dn n mi trng
ca dung dch thay i. Th d, s thy phn ca Na
2
CO
3

Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+
2-
3
CO
2-
3
CO +
2
H O
-
3
HCO +
-
OH
Thuyt ca Areniuyt l thuyt axit baz sm nht. N gii thch c
nhiu tnh cht v phn ng ca cc axit, baz trong dung dch nc. Tuy nhin
thuyt ny c nhiu hn ch. N ch p dng ng cho dung mi l nc,
khng p dng c cho tt c cc dung mi, ng thi n cha thy c vai
17
tr quyt nh ca dung mi trong s phn li ca axit, baz. Mt khc, thuyt
Areniuyt khng gii thch c cc phn ng to ra mui ging nh phn ng
trung ha m trong li khng c H
+
hoc
-
OH tham gia. Th d :
NH
3(k)
+ HCl
(k)
NH
4
Cl
V vy cn nghin cu chi tit cc phn ng xy ra trong cc mi
trng khng nc, cng nh nhng trng hp khng c s tham gia ca
dung mi nhm b sung v khi qut cc lun im ca Areniuyt. Hin nhin
rng, bt k mt thuyt axit baz khi qut hn cng bao hm c cc lun
im ca Areniuyt v coi n nh mt trng hp ring.
Hin nay c mt s thuyt axit baz tng qut hn. c p dng
rng ri nht l 3 thuyt: Thuyt cc h dung mi do hai nh bc hc ngi
M l Kei v Franklin cng b vo nm 1905. Thuyt proton c cng b
vo nm 1923 ng thi bi nh ha hc an Mch Bronstet v nh ha hc
ngi Anh Lauri. Thuyt electron cng c ngh vo nm 1923 do nh
ha hc M Liuyt. Mc d cc thuyt ny xut pht t nhng lun im khc
nhau nhng chng khng chng i li nhau m h tr cho nhau.
Vn t ra l t mt h c th v tin hnh tng tc mt iu
kin nht nh, ngi ta s s dng thuyt no trong cc thuyt nu ra
cho thch hp.
Sau y chng ta s xem xt mt s thuyt axit baz ni trn
1.3.3 Thuyt axit baz ca Bronstet v Lauri [12]
Bronstet v Lauri a ra thuyt axit baz tng qut hn vi nh
ngha axit, baz ch lin quan ti proton: Axit l cht c kh nng cho proton,
baz l cht c kh nng nhn proton. V vy, thuyt axit baz ca Bronstet
v Lauri cn c gi l thuyt proton.
Th d, trong nc,
3
CH COOH l axit v n nhng proton cho nc, cn
phn t
2
H O l baz v n nhn proton tr thnh
+
3
H O :
18
3
CH COOH +
2
H O
-
3
CH COO +
+
3
H O (a)
Trong phn ng ca amoniac vi nc,
3
NH l baz v n nhn proton
ca
2
H O cn
2
H O l axit v n nhng proton cho
3
NH
2
H O+
3
NH
+
4
NH +
-
OH (b)
Xt phn ng (a): Theo chiu thun, axit
3
CH COOHnhng proton
tr thnh
-
3
CH COO , baz
2
H O nhn proton v tr thnh
+
3
H O . Theo chiu
nghch
-
3
CH COO nhn proton t tr thnh
3
CH COOH, cn
+
3
H O th
nhng proton cho
-
3
CH COO tr thnh
2
H O. Theo nh ngha ca
Bronstet
-
3
CH COO l baz v
+
3
H O l axit. Ngi ta gi cp
3
CH COOH -
-
3
CH COO v cp
+
3
H O -
2
H O l nhng cp axit baz lin hp.
Xt phn ng (b): Theo chiu thun, baz
3
NH nhn proton tr
thnh
+
4
NH , cn axit
2
H O nhng proton tr thnh
-
OH . Theo chiu
nghch,
+
4
NH nhng proton cho
-
OH tr thnh
2
H O, cn
-
OH nhn
proton t
+
4
NH tr thnh
2
H O. Theo nh ngha ca Bronstet
+
4
NH l axit
v
-
OH l baz . Ngi ta gi cp
+
4
NH -
3
NH v cp
2
H O -
-
OH l nhng
cp axit baz lin hp. Nu k hiu cp th nht l A
1
- B
1
, cp th hai l A
2
-
B
2
, th hai phn ng axit baz trn u c vit nh sau:
A
1
+ B
2
B
1
+ A
2

Axit 1 Baz2 Baz1 Axit2
y l phng trnh tng qut ca phn ng axit baz theo Bronstet.
phn ng ny c s chuyn proton t axit 1 cho baz 2 v t axit 2 cho
baz 1. Nh vy s chuyn proton l bn cht ca phn ng axit baz theo
Bronstet.
Cc phn ng axit baz khc cng xy ra s chuyn proton theo
phng trnh tng qut nu trn:
19
Axit 1 + Bz 2 Baz 1 + Axit 2
HCN +
2
H O
-
CN +
+
3
H O (c)

+
4
NH +
2-
3
CO
3
NH +
-
3
HCO (d)
-
2 4
H PO +
2
H O
2-
4
HPO +
+
3
H O (e)
Nh vy tt c cc phn ng axit baz u bao gm hai cp axit baz
lin hp nm trong mt cn bng. Mt axit khng th hnh thnh baz lin hp
ca n nu khng c mt baz khc. Ngc li, mt baz cng khng th hnh
thnh axit lin hp vi n nu khng c mt axit khc. i vi mt cp axit
baz lin hp: axit cng d cho proton (lc axit cng mnh) th baz lin hp
ca n cng kh nhn proton (lc baz cng yu) v ngc li.
Cc v d trn chnh l nhng phn ng ion thu gn biu din bn cht ca
nhiu phn ng axit baz c th khc nhau.
Bng 1.1: mnh tng i ca cc cp axit baz lin hp

Axit Baz lin hp
Axit pecloric
HClO
4

4
ClO

Ion peclorat
Axit bromhiric HBr
Br

Ion bromua
Axit nitric
HNO
3
3
NO

Ion nitrat
Ion hiroxyl
-
OH
H
2
O Nc
Axit triclo axetic Cl
3
CCOOH Cl
3
CCOO
-
Ion tricloaxetat
Ion hirosunfat
4
HSO

2
4
SO

Ion sunfat
Axit photphoric
H
3
PO
4

2 4
H PO

Ion ihir
phtphat
Axit nitr
HNO
2

2
NO

Ion nitrit
Axit flohiric HF F
-
Ion florua
Axit formic HCOOH HCOO
-
Ion format
Axit axetic CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
Ion axetat
Axit cacbonic
CO
2
+ H
2
O
3
HCO

Ion hirocacbonat
Axit sunfuhiric H
2
S HS
-
Ion hiro sunfua
Ion amoni
+
4
NH
NH
3

Amoniac
Axit xianhiric HCN CN
-
Ion xianua
Ion hiro sunfua HS
-

2-
S
Ion sunfua

M

n
h


Y

u


Y

u


R

t

y

u


M

n
h


R

t

y

u


L

c

a
x
i
t

t

n
g


L

c

b
a
z

n
g

20
Nc H
2
O
-
OH
Ion hiroxyl
Ru etylic C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
5
O
-
Ion etylat
Amoniac
NH
3

2
NH

Ion amit
Hiro H
2
H
-
Ion hirua
Metan
CH
4

3
CH

Anion metyl
Bng 1.1. Sp xp cc cp axit baz lin hp theo mnh yu tng
i gia chng. Theo trt t t trn xung di, lc axit gim dn v lc baz
ca cc baz lin hp tng dn. Cc axit t
+
3
H O tr ln l cc axit mnh.
Cc baz t
-
OH tr xung l cc baz mnh. V th, s dng bng 1.1 ta c
th xt on c chiu hng ca phn ng axit baz.
V d : Hy cho bit hin tng xy ra khi nh dung dch
2
Na S vo
dung dch HCl . Theo bng 1.1 axit HCl mnh hn axit
2
H S v
-
HS rt
nhiu, do cc phn ng sau hu nh xy ra hon ton nn c kh hidro
sunfua thot ra:
HCl +
2-
S
-
HS +
-
Cl
HCl +
-
HS
2
H S +
-
Cl
Cc axit Bronstet Lauri u cha proton, v vy, chng cn c gi
l axit protonic. Cc axit protonic c th l phn t trung ha nh HCl ,
2 4
H SO ,
3 4
H PO ,l anion nh
-
4
HSO ,
-
2 4
H PO ,
-
HS
,l cation nh
+
3
H O ,
+
4
NH ,
3+
2 6
[Fe(H O) ] ,Cn cc baz Bronstet-Lauri c th l phn t trung
ha nh
3
NH ,
2
R- NH ,
2
R CO (R l gc hu c hoc halogen), piriin,
2
H Ol anion nh
2-
4
HPO ,
-
OH ,
-
Cl ,
-
2
NH , cc cation nh
+
2 3
H N- NH ,
3+
3 5
[Pt(NH ) (OH)] ,
2+
2 5
[Fe(H O) (OH)] ,
Thuyt Proton gii thch c tnh cht baz ca cc hp cht hu c
nh amin, ete, xeton v thioeteNh c cc cp electron t do, khi kt hp
proton, cc hp cht ny to thnh cc cation oni. Nhng ion ny l axit lin
hp ca cc hp cht . Di y ch ra cc phng trnh kt hp proton vo
cc nhm chc ca cc hp cht hu c trn:
21
N:
N
H
+
+
H
+


O:
..
+ H
+
O-H
..

Nh trn bit, cc dung mi c chia thnh dung mi proton v
dung mi khng proton. Cc dung mi proton khng nhng c kh nng cho
proton m cn c th kt hp vi proton. Th d, vi t cch l dung mi, axit
axetic khan tng tc vi c
3
NH v HCl
:


3
CH COOH +
3
NH
-
3
CH COO +
+
4
NH

3
CH COOH + HCl


+
3 2
CH COOH +
-
Cl
Phn ng th nht xy ra hon ton, phn ng th hai xy ra l thun
nghch.
Cng nh axit axetic khan, cc dung mi proton khc, chng hn, nh
nc, amoniac lng u c coi l dung mi lng tnh. Bi v chng u c
kh nng kt hp vi proton v kh nng cho proton (cc phn ng t (a) n
(l) trn)
Cc dung mi khng proton l cc dung mi trung tnh (nh benzen,
toluen, tetraclorua cacbon, icloetan). Kh nng kt hp hoc cho proton
ca chng rt yu.
Thuyt proton tng qut hn thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt. Cc axit
Bronstet rt a dng, khng ch bao gm nhng cht phn li trong nc thnh
proton m c nhng cht khng phn li trong nc thnh proton nh H
2
,
22
4
CH Cc hiroxit kim nh NaOH, KOH,theo Areniuyt l baz, nhng
theo Bronstet Lauri th ch c
-
OH trong l baz, hn na, khng phi
ch c
-
OH m tt c nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton u l baz. Mt
khc, thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt ch p dng cho dung mi nc, cn
theo thuyt Brosntet-Lauri c th p dng cho bt k dung mi no: H
2
O, NH
3

lng, HF lng hay
3
CH COOH khanv k c khi khng c dung mi nh:
3
NH
(k)
+ HCl
(k)

NH
4
Cl
(r)

Tuy vy, thuyt proton ch gii hn cho nhng phn ng axit baz
trong c s trao i proton. C nhiu qu trnh tng tc, trong cc cht
th hin tnh axit v tnh cht baz, nhng theo thuyt proton khng cho l
phn ng axit baz, bi v khng c s trao i proton. Chng hn,
phn ng ca oxit kim loi v oxit phi kim to ra mui.
VD : CaO + SO
3
CaSO
4

Hoc phn ng gia SOCl
2
v K
2
CO
3
trong SO
2
lng :
SOCl
2
+ K
2
CO
3
2KCl + 2SO
2

u im ni bt nht l thuyt proton cho php nh gi nh lng lc axit
baz ca cc cht .
1.3.4 Tch s Ion ca nc [12].
Phn t nc va c th cho proton va c th nhn proton. Hai qu
trnh c m t bi cn bng t ion ha ca nc :
2
H O +
2
H O
+
3
H O +
-
OH
i vi cn bng ny ta c :
+ -
3
2
H O OH
2
H O
a .a
K=
a

Qu trnh t ion ha ca nc cc k yu, 25
0
C, o = 1,81 .
9
10

,
ngha l c 555 triu phn t nc mi c 1 ion
+
3
H O v 1 ion
-
OH . V th,
23
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
hot ca cc ion chnh bng nng , cn nc coi l nc nguyn cht
nn hot chp nhn l 1. Ta c :
K = [
+
3
H O ].[
-
OH ] hoc vit gn l K = [
+
H ].[
-
OH ]
K l hng s in li ca nc. N ph thuc vo nhit . Nh vy mt
nhit xc nh, tch nng ca ion
+
3
H O vi nng ion
-
OH l mt
hng s. Hng s ny c gi l tch s ion ca nc , k hiu l
2
H O
K v c
trng nh lng cho s t phn li ca nc. Gi tr
2
H O
K c th tnh t
0
G A
ca phn ng in li ca nc 25
0
C nh sau :
2
0
H O
79,89.1000
lnK 32, 23
8,314.298
G
RT
A
= = =
=>
2
H O
K = 1,007.
14
10

~ 1.
14
10

Nh vy, khi tng nng ion hiro trong dung dch th nng ion hiroxyl
s gim xung v ngc li, khi bit nng ca ion
+
3
H O trong dung dch s
tnh c nng ca ion
-
OH v ngc li.
Qu trnh phn li ca nc l thu nhit : 2
2
H O

+
3
H O +
-
OH
Hoc n gin :
2
H O

+
H +
-
OH
0
298
58 / H kJ mol A =
V vy, theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li, nhit tng, qu trnh phn li ca nc
tng ln, ngha l tch s ion ca nc tng ln khi nhit tng xem hnh 1.1
v bng 1.2
Hnh 1.1: S ph thuc tch s ion ca nc vo nhit


K
H2O






24





t
o
C


Bng 1.2: S ph thuc ca pH, tch s ion ca nc vo nhit
Nhit (
0
C)
2
14
H O
K .10
pH ca mi trng
trung tnh
0 0,11 7,48
10 0,29 7,27
20 0,68 7,08
25 1,0 7,0
30 1,46 6,92
50 5,47 6,63
100 55,0 6,13
200 400 5,7

1.3.5. Hng s phn li axit v baz [12]
1.3.5.1. Lc axit.
a) Lc axit :
Lc axit ( mnh yu ca axit) ca axit proton trong dung dch nc c
xc nh bi mc din bin ca cn bng sau :
HA +
2
H O

+
3
H O +
-
A (1.1)
+ -
3
2
[H O ].[A ]
K=
[H O].[HA]
(1.2)
V [H
2
O] thay i khng ng k nn c th gp vo hng s K thnh K
a
:
25
+ -
3
a
[H O ].[A ]
K =
HA
(1.3)
hoc c th vit n gin l
+ -
a
[H ].[A ]
K =
[HA]

(1.4)
K
a
c trng nh lng cho s phn li ca axit theo phng trnh 1.1.K
a

c gi l hng s axit. mt nhit nht nh, K
a
cng ln (axit phn li
cng nhiu) th axit cng mnh. Do , c th dng K
a
c trng nh
lng cho mnh ca axit.
Cc axit mnh hn
+
3
H O (xem bng 1.1) phn li hu nh hon ton
trong nc. Chng hn, i vi axit clohiric :
HCl
+
2
H O
+
3
H O +
-
Cl
Trong dung dch ch tn ti cc ion
-
Cl ,
+
3
H O , khng c phn t HCl
.
V vy, khng th xc nh c hng s axit ca axit clohiric.
Cc axit yu, thng phn ng rt t vi nc, trong dd nng ion
+
3
H O v
-
A nh, nng HA ln nn K
a
nh. V vy, so snh lc axit ca
chng, ngoi vic s dng gi tr K
a
, thun tin hn, ngi ta cn thng
dng gi tr pK
a
:
-
[A ]
pK =-lgK = pH- lg
a a
[HA]

Ngc vi khi dng K
a
, gi tr pK
a
cng ln th axit cng yu.
i vi cc axit mnh, K
a
> 1, do pK
a
< 1 , tc pK
a
c gi tr m.
Cc gi tr K
a
v pK
a
i vi mt s axit yu c ch ra bng sau :
Bng 1.3: Cc gi tr K
a
v pK
a
i vi mt s axit yu 25
0
C
Axit K
a
pK
a
Axit K
a
pK
a
-
4
HSO
2
1, 0.10 2,00
-
2 4
H PO
6,31.
8
10 7,20
3 4
H PO
7,5.
3
10 2,12
-
4
NH
5,5.
10
10

9,30
HNO
2
7,2.
4
10 3,14
HCN
10
6,5.10 9,19
26
HF 6,5.
4
10

3,19
2-
4
HPO
1,26.
12
10 11,90
3
CH COOH
4,75.
5
10 4,757
-
HS
3,00.
13
10 12,50
CO
2
+H
2
O(H
2
CO
3
) 4,5.
7
10 6,35
H
2
S 1,0.
7
10 7,00

Da vo bng 1.3 ta thy, axit
-
4
HSO mnh hn axit
3 4
H PO v axit
3 4
H PO li mnh hn axit HNO
2
i vi axit a chc, qu trnh phn li ca
mi nc s tng ng vi mt gi tr K
a
nht nh v
1 2 n
a a a
K >K >... >K . VD
i vi axit
3 4
H PO :
1 2 3
a a a
K >K >K . i vi cc axit yu c hai i lng
hng s axit K
a
v in li o u c gi tr nh hn nhiu so vi 1. Tuy
nhin, chng c nhng im khc nhau c bn l: gi tr K
a
i vi mt axit
khng thay i theo nng , cn gi tr in li o li ph thuc vo nng
ca dung dch.
VD: i vi axit axetic khi nng khi nng gim t 0,1 mol/l
xung 0,01 mol/l th in li o tng ln t 1,3 ln 4,3% :
Nng mol/l o (%) [
+
H ] pH
0,1 1,3 0,0013 2,88
0,01 4,3 0,0004 3,88
S d nh vy l v gim nng axit tc l tng nng nc lm
cho cn bng 1.1 chuyn dch v pha phn li thm (theo nguyn l L Sa-t-
li) dn ti tng o . Tuy vy, s pha long dung dch lm gim nng ion
+
H trong dung dch t 0,0013 mol/l xung cn 0,0004 mol/l ngha l lm cho
dung dch km axit i (pH tng t 2,88 ln 3,88).
b) Xc nh hng s axit
Hng s axit c th c xc nh theo nhiu phng php khc nhau:
27
Hng s K
a
c th tnh theo phng php lp chu trnh Booc Hab
da trn cc d kin nhit ng nh: nng lng ion ha, i lc electron, nhit
hirat ha, nhit ha tan, nng lng t do GipSau t phng trnh:
0
ln G RT K
a
A =
Ta xc nh c hng s axit K
a
.
Hoc c th da vo in li ca axit xc nh c bng thc nghim
VD:
0
25 C, dung dch axit CH
3
COOH 0,01 M c in li o =
4,3%. Hy tnh hng s axit K
a
ca axit axetic
0
25 C.
Theo h thc lin h gia hng s phn li K
a
v in li o ta c:
2 2
5
C 0, 01.(0, 043)
K = K = K =1,8.10
1- 1-0, 043
a a a

1.3.5.2. Lc Baz [12].
a) Lc Baz.
Baz quen thuc nht l ion hiroxyl
-
OH n c to ra do s phn li ca
cc hiroxit kim loi, hoc do phn ng chim proton ca nc:
NaOH(r)
2
HO

+
(aq)
Na +

-
(aq)
OH
NH
3(aq)
+
2
H O
+
4
NH +
-
OH

-
F +
2
H O
( )
HF
aq
+
-
OH
Hiroxit ca cc kim loi kim th (tr Be) u l nhng baz mnh.
Trong NaOH, KOH v
2
Ca(OH) c dng ph bin nht. Cc baz mnh
phn li hon ton trong nc nn to ra dung dch cha ion hiroxyl vi nng
ln. Cc baz yu ch to ra cc ion hiroxyl nng nh. biu din
lc baz ( mnh yu ca baz) ngi ta s dng hng s baz
b
K .
28
i vi cc hiroxit kim loi:
M(OH)
n

n+
M +
-
nOH
b
K

=
n+ - n
n
[M ][OH ]
[M(OH) ]
(1.5)
i vi cc baz nhn proton t nc (k hiu l B), ta c:
B
(aq)
+ H
2
O
+
BH

+
-
OH

(1.6)
b
K =
+ -
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
BH OH
B
(1.7)
Hm s baz
b
K thng nh nn thun tin ngi ta thng dng i
lng
b
pK


b
pK =- lg
b
K
=
lg

b
1
K

( 1.8)
mt nhit lng nht nh, gi tr
b
K cng ln (p
b
K cng nh) th baz
cng mnh,
b
K cng nh (p
b
K cng ln) th baz cng yu. Bng 1.4 cho
bit gi tr
b
K v p
b
K

ca mt s baz thng gp. Ion
-
OH phn ng vi
nc to ra nc v chnh n:

-
OH + H
2
O
-
OH + H
2
O
Nu nh p dng biu thc (1.6) (ion
-
OH ng vai tr baz B) th ta c
b
K

ca
-
OH bng 1.
Bng 1.4: Hng s baz
b
K

v p
b
K

i vi mt s baz yu 25
o
C.
Baz
b
K P
b
K
baz
b
K P
b
K
-
OH 1 0
3
NH
1,8.
5
10

4,7
2-
S 7,7.
2
10

1,1
6 5 2
C H NH
4,2.
10
10

9,38
2 5 3
(C H O) N
5,2.
4
10

3,28 CH
3
COO
-
5,7.
10
10

9,24
29
2-
3
CO
2,4.
4
10

3,62
-
F
1,5.
11
10

10,82
3 3
) (CH N
6,3.
5
10

4,20
-
3
NO
4,0.
116
10

15,4
CN

1,39.
5
10

4,70
-
Cl 3.
23
10

22,5

Bng 1.4 cho thy anion ca cc axit yu nh
2
H S, HCN,
2 3
H CO l cc
baz tng i mnh, cn cc anion ca cc axit mnh nh
3
HNO , HCl l
cc baz rt yu. Bng 1.1 thy NH
3
,
-
F v cc baz ng trn
-
OH u l cc
baz yu hn
-
OH (k hiu l B). V th trong qu trnh cnh tranh chim
proton,
-
OH lun thng chng, do cn bng sau lun lch v pha tri,
ngha l : B + H
2
O BH
+
+
-
OH .
Ngc li cc baz mnh nh
-
OH v cc cht ng di
-
OH trong
bng 1.1 l cc baz mnh, do , trong phn ng vi nc chng s chim
hon ton proton v to ra
-
OH t nc.
-
OH + H
2
O H
2
O +
-
OH
2
-
NH + H
2
O
(1)
NH
3(k)
+
-
OH
Tm li, axit no cho proton mnh hn H
3
O
+
cn
-
OH cn cc baz no
nhn proton mnh hn
-
OH th l baz mnh.
1.3.6. Khi nim v pH, pK v cht ch th axit-baz :
1.3.6.1. Khi nim v pH v pK [12].
Cn bng gia cc ion
+
3
H O v
-
OH khng ch tn ti trong nc
nguyn cht m cn trong tt c cc dung dch long ca cc cht trong nc.
V vy h thc: K= [
+
3
H O ].[
-
OH ] hoc vit gn l K=[
+
H ] c th c trng
cho tnh axit v tnh baz ca cc mi trng khc nhau.
30
Bi v
2
H O
K 0, nn khng c mt dung dch nc no m , nng
ca ion
+
H hoc ca ion
-
OH bng khng. V vy, trong bt k mt dung
dch nc no cng lun tn ti ng thi cc ion
+
H v
-
OH .
i vi nc nguyn cht 298
0
K, ta c:
[
+
H ].[
-
OH ]=1,00.10
-14

[
+
H ]=[
-
OH ]=10
-7
mol/l
V vy, ngi ta c th dng nng ion
+
H v
-
OH nh gi mi
trng ca dung dch. nhit 298K, bt k dung dch nc no m
[
+
H ]=[
-
OH ]=10
-7
mol/l u c gi l c mi trng trung tnh. Khi dung
dch c nng [
+
H ] > 10
-7
mol/l v [
-
OH ] < 10
-7
mol/l th c gi l c
mi trng axit. Khi dung dch c [
+
H ] < 10
-7
v [
-
OH ] > 10
-7
mol/l th c
gi l dung dch c mi trng baz .
biu th mc axit hay baz ca mi trng thay cho nng ion
+
H , ngi ta dng mt i lng khc tin hn, l ch s hiro k hiu l
pH v c nh ngha nh sau:
pH=-lg[
+
H ]=lg
+
1
H

Tng t nh vy, ngi ta nh ngha ch s hiroxyl pOH v pK nh sau:
pOH=-lg[
-
OH ]=lg
-
1
OH

pK=-lgK=lg
1
K

v trong dung dch nc [
+
H ].[
-
OH ]=
2
H O
K nn ta c:
pH + pOH = p
2
H O
K
298K, pH + pOH = p
2
H O
K = 14
Mi trng s l trung tnh khi pH = 7 v pOH = 7
Mi trng s l axit khi pH < 7 v pOH > 7
31
Mi trng s l baz khi pH > 7 v pOH < 7
Gi tr pH ca mi trng cng nh hn 7 th mi trng cng axit, pH cng
ln hn 7 th mi trng cng baz
Tch s ion ca nc thay i theo nhit , v vy cc nhit khc nhit
phng, mi trng s l trung tnh khi pH ca dung dch ln hn hoc nh
hn 7.
1.3.6.2. Cht ch th axit-baz [12].
Chng trnh ho hc ph thng c cp n cc cht ch th axit-
baz. l cc cht m khi i mu chng cho bit nng cc ion hiro
(ch s hiro pH) trong dung dch. Mi cht ch th axit-baz ch bin i mu
trong mt khong pH nht nh, c trnh by bng sau:
Bng 1.5: Khong i mu ca mt s ch th axit baz
Cht ch th Mu axit
Khong pH
thay i mu
P
n
I
K
Mu baz
Thylmolblue 1,2-2,8 1,7 Vng
Metyldacam 3,2-4,4 3,4 Vng
Bromophenol Vng 3,0-4,6 3,9 Xanh
Bromopresol green Vng 4,0-5,6 4,7 Xanh
Metyl 4,8-6,0 5,0 Vng
Bromothymolblue Vng 6,0-7,6 7,1 Xanh
Litmus 5,0-8,0 6,5 Xanh
Phenol Vng 6,6-8,0 7,9
Phenol phtalein Khng mu 8,2-10 9,4 Hng
Thymol Blue Vng 9,0-9,6 8,9 Xanh
Alizarin vng Vng 10,1-12,0 11,2
Alizarin 11,0-12,4 11,7 Tm
Ch thch:
32
p
n
I
K l hng s axit-baz ca cht ch th, I
n
l ch vit tt ca t
Indicator ngha l cht ch th
V d: Vitamin C l mt axit yu (axit ascorbic), mt khi lng mu
cht ny c xc nh bng cch chun vi dung dch NaOH. C th
dng metyl hay phenolphtalein lm cht ch th hay khng?
Tr li: Cht ch th l phenolphtalein
1.3.7. Dung dch m [12].
Dung dch im l dung dch c gi tr pH khng i khi pha long
hoc khi lm c hoc thay i rt t khi thm mt lng nh axit mnh hay
baz mnh.
Cc dung dch m c thnh phn nh sau:
- Axit yu v mui ca n, chng hn nh dung dch ca CH
3
COOH v
NaCH
3
COO.
- Baz yu v mui ca n, chng hn nh dung dch ca NH
3
v
NH
4
Cl.
- Mt mui trung tnh v mt mui axit, chng hn nh dung dch ca
Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
.
- Hai mui axit c hng s axit khc nhau, chng hn nh dung dch
ca NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4.
C hai cht trn vi nhau to thnh mt dung dch m c gi l mt
cp m.
1.3.7.1. Tnh pH ca dung dch m [12].
a) Dung dch m pha t axit yu v mui ca n.
33
Th d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm CH
3
COOH c nng ban u l
C
a
(mol/l) v NaCH
3
COO c nng ban u l Cm (mol/l).
Trong dung dch, mui NaCH
3
COO phn li hon ton nn nng ban u
ca ion
3
CH COO

trong dung dch bng Cm (mol/l). Xt cn bng ca

CH
3
COOH v
3
CH COO

trong dung dch.

CH
3
COOH

H
+
+
3
CH COO

Nng ban u(mol/l) C
a
H
+
C
m

Bin thin nng (mol/l) -x +x +x
Nng cn bng C
a
x X C
m
+ x
V K
a
ca axit CH
3
COOH nh nn qu trnh phn li ca axit l yu nn
c th coi C
a
x ~ C
a
v C
m
+ x ~ C
m.
Khi ta c th vit :
+
[H ].Cm
Ca
= K
a
Suy ra :
+
[H ] = K
a .
Ca
Cm

V pH = pK
a
- lgCa + lgCm hay pH = p
a
K + lg
Cm
Ca
(7.18)
y l biu thc tng qut tnh pH ca dung dch m pha t mt
axit yu v mui ca n.
b) Dung dch m pha t baz yu v mui ca n.
Th d: Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp gm NH
3
c nng ban u
l C
b
(mol/l) v NH
4
Cl c nng ban u l C
m
(mol/l).
Trong dung dch mui NH
4
Cl phn li hon ton nn nng
+
4
NH bng
C
m
(

mol/l).
Tng t nh cn bng sau trong mt dd axit, ta tnh c:
K
b
=
[OH ].C
m
C

b
Suy ra : [OH ]

= K
b
.
C
b
C
m

34
pOH = pK
b
- lg
C
b
C
m
pH = 14 pK
b
- lg
C
b
C
m
(1.10)
y l biu thc tng qut tnh pH ca dung dch m pha t baz
yu v mui ca n. T cc biu thc 1.9, 1.10 ta thy pH ca dung dch m
khng nhng ph thuc vo hng s axit yu hoc hng s baz ca baz yu
m cn ph thuc vo t l nng ca mui v axit hoc nng ca mi v
baz. Do , axit yu v mui ca n hoc baz yu v mui ca n ta c th
pha c cc dung dch m ca pH khc nhau bng cch thay i t l mui
v axit hoc mui v baz.
1.3.7.2. Tc dng ca dung dch m [12].
- Dung dch m c kh nng gi cho pH ca n khng thay i khi b
pha long hay lm c hn khng nhiu. S d dung dch m c tc dng
l v khi b pha long hay lm c th nng ca mui v axit hay ca mui
v baz trong dung dch u lm gim hoc tng nh nhau nn t s ca cc
nng vn khng thay i lm cho pH ca dung dch khng thay i
(xem cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch m 1.9 v 1.10).
- Dung dch m c kh nng gi cho pH ca dung dch thay i rt it
khi thm vo dung dch mt lng nh baz mnh hay axit mnh.
Bng 1.6 ch ra cc gi tr pH khi thm mt lng KOH hay mt
lng axit HCl vo dung dch m to bi axit CH
3
COOH 0,1M v
CH
3
COOK 0,1M.
Bng 1.6: Gi tr ca pH ca dung dch m CH
3
COOH 0,1M v
CH
3
COOK 0,1M khi thm mt lng baz mnh hay axit mnh.
Lng
KOH
thm vo
[
+
H ] (mol/l)
trong dung
dch m
pH ca
dung dch
m
lng HCl
thm vo
(mol/l)
[
+
H ]
(mol/l)
trong dung
pH ca
dung dch
m
35
(mol/l) dch m
0,0 1,75.10
-5
4,757 0,0 1,75.10
-5
7,57
0,0001 1,77.10
-5
4,758 0,0001 1,75.10
-5
4,756
0,001 1,72.10
-5
7,766 0,001 1,79.10
-5
4,748
0,005 1,58.10
-5
4,801 0,005 1,93.10
-5
4,713
0,010 1,43.10
-5
4,844 0,010 2,14.10
-5
4,670
0,050 0,583.10
-5
5,234 0,050 5,25.10
-5
4,280
Dung dch m c vai tr quan trng trong phng th nghim v trong
cng nghip ho hc. N c kh nng duy tr pH dung dch n nh thc hin
phn ng tng hp v c, tng hp hu c, c bit l cc phn ng ln men v
nhiu phn ng khc. Trong c th ca ng vt cao cp, c bit l ngi, pH
trong dch t bo, trong mu v trong nhng dch khc dao ng trong mt
khong rt hp l nh cc h m. Th d, pH ca mu ch thay i trong khong
7,30 7,42 (trung bnh ~ 7,42) l do trong mu c cc h m sau:
- Axit cacbonic v mui bicacbonat MHCO
3
(M =K, Na).
- Mononatri photphat NaH
2
PO
4
v inatri photphat NaH
2
PO
4.
- Hemoglobin v kali hemoglobinat.
- Axit hu c v mui ca axit hu c.
1.3.8. Phn ng axit-baz [12]
* S dung mi phn ca mui
Xt v mt hnh thc, phn ng trao i gia cc thnh phn ca mui
vi cc thnh phn ca dung mi c gi l phn ng dung mi phn. Trong
trng hp dung mi l nc th ngi ta gi l phn ng thu phn.
Th d:
36
CH
3
COONa + H
2
O CH
3
COOH + NaOH (1.10)
Sau y s vn dng l thuyt v phn ng axit baz xem xt bn
cht ca phn ng dung mi phn.
1.3.8.1. S thu phn ca mui
Theo quan im ca thuyt Areniuyt th s thu phn l phn ng
ngc vi phn ng trung ho. Chng hn nh phn ng thu phn (1.10),
mui tc dng vi nc to thnh axit v baz.
Theo quan im ca thuyt Brestet, bn cht ca phn ng (1.10) c
biu hin phn ng ion thu gn ca n:
H O H +
-
3
CH COO
-
OH + CH
3
COOH (1.11)
Phn ng (1.11) cng c dng ca phn ng axit baz kiu:
Axit 1 + Baz 2 Baz1 + Axit2
Tuy nhin, phn ng (1.11) c im khc bit l baz 1 (
-
OH ) mnh
hn so vi baz 2 (
-
3
CH COO ), tc l phn ng 1.11 xy ra ngc vi chiu
din bin bnh thng ca phn ng axit baz Brostet. Xt theo c hai quan
im th u thy s thy phn l phn ng ngc vi phn ng trung ho,
vy m n vn xy ra c. Nguyn nhn chnh l do yu t nng tc
ng ti cn bng cc phn ng .
Ta hy xt s thu phn ca 4 loi mui da vo axit hoc baz ca
nhng ion hp thnh mui so vi nc. Xt nh th cho php tin on phn
ng thu phn ca mui to ra mi trng g.
a) Mui to thnh t baz mnh v axit mnh
Thuc loi ny c cc mui peclorat, clorat, nitrat, clorua, bromua,
ioua ca cc cation kim loi kim, kim ph (tr Be), h lantan v h actini.
37
Th d: NaCl, MgBr
2
, La(NO
3
)
3
, Ba(ClO
4
)
2
, Ac(CLO
3
)
3
.
Bi v cc ion gc axit cc mui ny u l cc baz yu hn nc (bng
1.1) nn chng khng phn ng vi nc theo kiu phn ng axit baz
Brostet, l ch phn ng to ra cc ion hirat ho theo kiu axit baz Liuyt
nh sau:
x+
M +
2
nH O
2 n
[M(H O) ]
x+
(cation hirat ho)
y-
A +
2
nH O
y-
2 n
[A(H O) ] (anion hirat ho)
V lc axit baz ca cc cation hirat ho v anion hirat ho loi
trn u yu hn nc nn chng khng phn ng tip vi nc .
Nh vy, mui loi ny khng th thu phn, mi trng vn trung
tnh.
b) Mui to thnh baz mnh v axit yu:
Thuc loi ny c mui xianxua, axetat, cacbonat, sufua, photphat,
fomiat ca cation kim loi kim, kim th (tr Be) h lantan, h actini.
Th d: KCN, Ba(CH
3
COO)
2
, Na
2
S, Na
3
PO
4
, La(HCOO)
3

Khi tan trong nc cc mui loi trn s phn li hon ton thnh cc
cation v cc anion. V cc cation ca cc mui u khng b thu phn
(mc a xt), cn cc anion u c lc baz mnh hn nc nn ch c cc
anion phn ng vi nc:
-
A +
2
H O HA +
-
OH
Baz1 Axit 2 Axit1 Baz
38
Trong phn ng thu phn trn, anion
-
A ginh proton ca nc
to ra axit yu HA v gii phng ra baz mnh
-
OH lm cho dung dch c
mi trng baz.
Th d, xt phn ng thu phn mui K(HCOO) v Na
3
PO
4

HCOO

+
2
H O HCOOH +
-
OH
3-
4
PO +
2
H O
2-
4
HPO +
-
OH
2-
4
HPO + H O
2

-
2 4
H PO +
-
OH
-
2 4
H PO +
2
H O
3 4
H PO +
-
OH
Phn ng thu phn ion fomiat to ra axit fomic l axit yu v baz
-
OH lm cho dung dch c mi trng baz.
Phn ng thu phn ion photphat chi xy ra nc 1 v nc 2 l chnh,
cn nc 3 xy ra rt yu v ion
-
OH sinh ra nc 1 v nc 2 ngn cn s
to thnh axit photphoric nc 3. Dung dch c mi trng baz.
c) Mui to thnh t baz yu v axit mnh
in hnh ca loi mui ny l cc mui peclorat, clorat, nitrat, clorua,
bromua, ionua ca amoni v a s cc kim loi pha phi ca bng tun
hon. V nh: NH
4
Cl, Be Br
2
, AlCl
3,
Fe(ClO
4
)
3
, CrCl
3

i vi loi mui ny ch c cc cation phn ng ng k vi nc:

4
NH
+
+
2
H O NH
3
+
3
H O
+

x+
M + 2
2
H O
(x-1)+
M(OH) +
3
H O
+

Thc ra qu trnh thu phn cation kim loi ca cc mui ny xy ra nh sau:

x+
M + n
2
H O
(x-1)+
2 n-1
[M(OH)(H O) ] +
3
H O
+

39
Axit 1 Baz2 Baz1 Axit2
M:
2+
Be ,
2+
Zn ,
3+
Al ,
3+
Fe ,
3+
Cr ,
2+
Cu
S d nh vy l v tt c cc ion trong dung dch nc u b hirat
ho. Vn chnh l cc ion hirat ho c lc axit hay baz mnh hn
nc khng. Nu lc axit hoc baz ca chng mnh hn nc th chng mi
c kh nng tham gia phn ng axit baz vi nc, ngha l tham gia phn
ng thu phn. Cn nu lc axit hoc baz ca chng yu hn nc th chng
ch tn ti trong dung dch nc di dng ion hirat ha. cc phn ng
trn, cho gn thng ngi ta hay vit ion n gin m khng vit ion
hirat ho.
Mt s cation kim loi hirat ho th hin lc axit manh hn nc rt
nhiu. l nhng cation c bn knh nh, in tch ln. Th d:
[Cu(H
2
O)
4
]
2+
,

[Al(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
,

[Fe(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
, [Cr(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
.Tham gia phn ng
thu phn kh mnh.
Th d, phn ng thu phn NH
4
NO
3
v Al(NO
3
)
3
nh sau:
4
NH
+
+
2
H O NH
3
+
3
H O
+

[Al(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
+
2
H O [Al(OH)(H
2
O)
5
]
2+
+
3
H O
+
(nc 1)
[Al(OH)(H
2
O)
5
]
2+
+
2
H O [Al(OH)
2
(H
2
O)
4
]
+
+
3
H O
+
(nc 2)
[Al(OH)
2
(H
2
O)
4
]
+
+
2
H O [Al(OH)
3
(H
2
O)
3
] +
3
H O
+
(nc 3)
Th d: lm sch nc, ngi ta ho tan mt t phn nhm kali
K
2
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O vo mt lng ln nc. Do dung dch rt long, phn
ng thu phn ion Al
3+
xy ra n cng to ra [Al(OH)
3
(H
2
O) ] kt ta keo
hp th cc cht bn l lng v cc vi khun c trong nc lng xung y
lm trong nc.
40
d) Mui ca baz yu v axit yu.
Thuc loi ny c mui xianua, axetat, cacbonat, sunfua ca cc kim
loi bn phi ca bng tun hon v ca ion amoni. Th d: Al
2
S
3
,
Cr
2
(CO
3
)
3
, NH
4
CH
3
COO, NH
4
CN
Tr mui amoni ra, cc mui loi ny rt t tan nhng khi tan th phn
li hon ton thnh cc ion. Phn ng ca cc ion vi nc c th xy ra hon
ton do sn phm thu phn l cht kt ta, bay hi, hoc in li yu. Th d,
nhm sunfua khi tng tc vi nc to ra nhm hiroxit kt ta v kh
hirosunfua bay ln ch li rt t Al
3+
v S
2-
trong dung dch:
Al
2
S
3 (r)
+ 6 H
2
O
(1)
2 Al(OH)
3
+ + 3 H
2
S
(k)
|
Mui amoni ca axit yu khi tan trong nc in li hon ton thnh cc
ion. Cc cation v anion ca chng u phn ng vi nc nhng mc c
khc nhau ph thuc vo mnh ca axit amoni v baz anion to thnh
mui . Th d phn ng thu phn amoni axetic:

+
4
NH + H
2
O NH
3
+
+
3
H O
+
4
a, NH
K = 5,6.10
-10
-
3
CH COO + H
2
O
3
CH COOH +
-
OH
-
3
b, CH COO
K = 5,7.10
-10
mnh ca axit
+
4
NH v ca baz
-
3
CH COO gn nh nhau nn mi
trng ca dung dch gn nh trung tnh.
1.3.8.2. Tnh axit, baz ca dung dch mui.
a) Xt thu phn ca mui to thnh t baz mnh v axit yu.
Nh mc 1.3.8.1b thy anion gc axit mui loi ny l baz mnh
hn nc. Th d: i vi mui NaA, anion A
-
l baz mnh hn nc:
-
A + H
2
O HA +
-
OH
41
Phn ng thu phn l phn ng thun nghch nn c th p dng nh
lut tc dng khi lng cho cn bng thu phn trn v vit c phng
trnh ca hng s thu phn nh sau:
-
tp -
[HA][OH ]
K =
[A ]

Ta thy hng s thu phn ca anion
-
A chnh l hng s baz, K
b,A
-
.
K
a,HA
=
2
H O
K
T ta c th vit:
tp
K = K
b,A
-
=
2
H
a, HA
K
K
O
(1.12)
Quan h ny cho php tnh c hng s thu phn, v gi tr K
a
thng
d dng thy trong cc bng tra cu.
Phng trnh (1.12) cho thy hng s thu phn
tp
K t l nghch vi
hng s phn li axit ca axit HA. Nh vy, axit HA cng yu, K
a
cng nh th
K
tp
ca mui cng ln, ngha l s thu phn ca mui cng mnh.
Nh vy, hng s thu phn K
tp
v thu phn
tp
u c th c
trng cho mc thu phn ca mui.
Bit hng s thu phn K
tp
ca anion A
-
, ta c th tnh pH ca dung
dch phn ng thu phn mui NaA tng t nh tnh pH ca dung dch
baz A .
Th d: Tnh nng ion
-
OH v pH ca dung dch NaCN 0,10 M. Bit
K
a
ca HCN 25
0
C l 6,2.10
-10.
.
i vi mui NaCN, ch c anion
-
CN l tham gia phn ng thu phn.

-
CN + H
2
O HCN +
-
OH K
tp

42
Nng ban u(mol/l) 0,10
Nng cn bng(mol/l) 0,10 -x x x
Vy: K
tp
=
2
- -14
H -5
- -10
a
K
[HCN][OH ] 1.10
= = =1, 6.10
[CN ] K 6, 2.10
O

Thay nng cc cht vo ta c:
K
tp
=
2
-6
x.x x
=1, 6.10
0,1 - x 1,10
~ ( vi 0,10 x ~0,1)
x =
-
[OH ] = 1,3.10
-3
mol/l.

Ta thy rng : 0,10 x = 0,10 1,3.10
-3
~0,1 nh lm gn trn.
pOH = -lg1,3.10
-10
= 2,89
pH = 14 2,89 = 11,11
Nh vy dung dch c mi trng kim .
b) Xt s thu phn ca mui to thnh t baz yu v axit mnh.
Nh ta thy mc1.3.8.1c cation kim loi mui loi ny to ra ion
hirat ho vi lc axit mnh hn nc. cho gn, ta vit ion n gin:

+ +
2 3
M +2H O MOH+H O
hoc
+ +
4 2 3 3
NH +H O NH +H O
Lp lun tng t nh trn ta s c kt qu:

2
H
tp
b
K
K =
K
O
(1.13)
43
v
2
H O
tp
b
K
=
K .C
(1.14)
Phng trnh (1.13) cho thy hng s thu phn K
tp
t l nghch vi
hng s phn li baz ca baz MOH hoc baz NH
3
.
Nh vy, baz cng yu, K
b
cng nh th K
tp
ca mui cng ln, ngha
l s thu phn ca mui cng mnh.
Cn t phng trnh (1.14) ta cng thy: Khi nng ca mui cng nh
th thu phn ca mui cng ln, ngha l mui b thu phn cng mnh.
Da vo phng trnh (1.14) ta cng c th tnh c K
tp
. Sau c th
tnh pH ca dung dch mui thu phn tng t nh tnh pH ca dung dch
axit yu .
Th d: Tnh nng ion H
+
v pH ca dung dch NH
4
Cl 0,10M. Bit
K
b
ca NH
3
l 1,8.10
-5
. i vi mui ny ch c cation
+
4
NH l tham gia phn
ng thu phn.

+
4
NH +
2
H O
3
NH +
+
3
H O K
tp
Nng ban u (mol/l) 0,10 0 0
Nng cn bng (mol/l) 0,10-x x x
+ -14
-10 3 3 2
+ -5
4 b
K
H O [NH ][H O ] x.x 10
K= = = = =5, 6.10
[NH ] (0,10- x) K 1,8.10

vi 0,10 x ~0,1 ta c:
2 -11 -6
x =5,5.10 x =7, 4.10 (r rng l 0,10 7,4.10
-6
~0,10).
pH = - lg[H
+
]= -lg 7,4.10
-6
= 5,14
44
Dung dch c mi trng axit ng nh d on.
c) Xt s thu phn ca mui to thnh t baz yu v axit yu
Nh mc 1.3.8.1d ta thy, i vi mui ny, c cation M
+
v mui
-
A u
tham gia phn ng thu phn.
+
3
H O v
-
OH sinh ra trong hai qu trnh thu
phn s phn ng vi nhau.
M
+
+ 2
2
H O MOH +
+
3
H O (a)
-
A +
2
H O HA +
-
OH (b)

+
3
H O +
-
OH 2
2
H O (c)

M
+
+
2
H O +
-
A MOH + HA (d)
Phng trnh tng (d) l tng ca ba phng trnh trn v hng s
cn bng i vi phng trnh tng qut s bng tch cc hng s cn bng
ca ba phng trnh phn ng hp thnh:
i vi phng trnh (a) c: K
tp.M+
=
2
2
H O
b,H O
K
K

i vi phng trnh loi (b) ta c:
-
tp,A
H
2
a,HA
K
K =
K
O

i vi phng trnh loi (c) ta c:
H O
2
1
K=
K

Vy i vi phng trnh tng qut (d) ta c:
2 2
H H
tp
b, MOH a,HA
H
2
K K
1
K = . .
K
K K
O O
O
, suy ra
tp
K =
2
H
b a
K
K .K
O
(1.15)

Tip theo ta c th tnh thu phn ca mui MA.
M
+
+
-
A +
2
H O MOH + HA
Nng ban u(mol/l) C C
45
Bin thin nng (mol/l) -
tp
. C -
tp
.C +
tp
.C +
tp
.C
Nng cn bng (mol/l) C -
tp
.C C -
tp
.C
tp
.C
tp
.C
Thay nng vo ta c:

tp
K =
2 2 2
tp tp
2 2 2
tp tp
( ) .C ( )
=
C (1- ) (1- )



Trong trng hp
tp
<<1, th;
tp
K ~
2
tp
. suy ra :
tp
=
tp
K
Da vo phng trnh (1.15) ta c th tnh c pH ca dung dch mui MA.
Nh vy, pH ca dung dch mui to thnh t axit yu v baz yu ph
thuc vo mnh tng i ca axit v baz yu to ra mui .
1.4. Bi tp ho hc [8, 23]
1.4.1. Khi nim bi tp ho hc
Theo t in Ting Vit, bi tp l bi giao cho hc sinh lm vn
dng kin thc hc, cn bi ton l vn cn gii quyt bng phng
php khoa hc
Bi tp ho hc l nhng vn v l thuyt, thc tin ngnh khoa hc
ho hc c m hnh ho trong cc d kin ca cc dng bi tp nhn thc
t ra cho hc sinh di dng cu hi, bi ton v trong khi tm li gii p
h s tip thu c kin thc v k nng ho hc.
Nh vy, bi tp v li gii l ngun tri thc mi i vi hc sinh.
gii bi tp, hc sinh cn tm kim cc tri thc hc, cc thng tin b sung,
s dng cch thc t duy sng to v cc phng php nhn thc khoa hc.
1.4.2. ngha, tc dng ca bi tp ho hc trong dy hc ho hc.
S dng BTHH c coi l PPDH quan trng, c hiu qu trong qu
trnh dy hc, BTHH c tc dng:
46
Lm cho hc sinh nm vng, hiu su hn, m rng cc khi nim,
nh lut hc, rn luyn ngn ng ho hc cho hc sinh.
BTHH l phng tin n tp, cng c, h thng ho kin thc mt
cch thng xuyn v c h thng.
BTHH to iu kin pht trin t duy hc sinh. N c vai tr kch
thch, nh hng nhn thc vic nghin cu ti liu hc tp tm ti, gii
quyt vn t ra.
Ngoi ra, BTHH cn c tc dng gio dc t tng, hnh thnh nhn
cch ca hc sinhvi cc bi tp thc hnh, gip hnh thnh hc sinh tnh
cn thn, tit kim, tc phong lm vic khoa hc,, nng cao lng tin khoa
hc, s yu thch v hng th hc tp b mn.
KT LUN CHNG I
Trong chng I chng ti cp n cc vn c s l lun cho
ti l:
- Nhng c s phng php lun ca s hnh thnh khi nim ha hc
- Cc giai on quan trng ca s hnh thnh khi nim ha hc
- Khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng
- Phn tch s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz trong
chng trnh ha hc ph thng
- Khi nim, ngha, phn loi v cc xu hng pht trin ca bi tp
ha hc





47







48
Chng 2:
XY DNG H THNG BI TP HO HC V AXIT
BAZ TRONG CHNG TRNH HO HC V C THPT
(NNG CAO)
2.1. Phn tch s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng .
2.1.1 S hnh thnh khi nim axit baz cp THCS
2.1.1.1 S hnh thnh khi nim axit baz lp 8
Hc sinh c lm quen vi tn gi axit baz mt s bi hc v PTHH
v CTHH, tnh theo CTHH v PTHH (bi 21, bi 23,SGK lp 8).Tuy
nhin, n bi Nc (bi 36) , hc sinh bt u c hiu v axit baz c
th hn:
* Hnh thnh khi nim baz:
Th nghim: cho vo bt s (hoc ng nghim) mt cc nh vi sng -
canxi oxit CaO. Rt mt t nc vo vi sng. Nhng mt mu giy qu tm
vo dd nc vi. Hin tng xy ra?
Nhn xt: C hi nc bc ln, canxi oxit rn chuyn thnh cht nho
l vi ti - canxi hiroxit Ca(OH)
2
. Phn ng ta nhiu nhit. Nguyn nhn l
do c phn ng CaO ha hp vi nc:
CaO +
2
H O

2NaOH + H
2
.
DD nc vi lm i mu qu tm thnh xanh. Tng t nh vy H
2
O
cng ha hp vi Na
2
O, K
2
Oto ra natri hiroxit NaOH, kali hiroxit
KOH
49
Kt lun: Nh vy, hp cht to ra do oxit baz ha hp vi nc
thuc loi baz. DD baz lm i mu qu tm thnh xanh.
* Hnh thnh khi nim axit:
Th nghim: Nc ha hp vi iphotpho pentaoxit P
2
O
5
to ra axit
photphoric H
3
PO
4
:
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2 H
3
PO
4

DD axit H
3
PO
4
lm i mu giy qu tm thnh .
Nc cng ha hp vi nhiu oxit axit khc nh SO
2
, SO
3
, N
2
O
5
to
ra axit tng ng.
Kt lun : Hp cht to ra do nc ha hp vi oxit axit thuc loi axit.
DD axit lm i mu qu tm thnh .
Tip sau , bi 37 (SGK 8):Axit Baz Mui hc sinh tip tc
c tm hiu v thnh phn, cng thc, phn loi v cch gi tn axit, baz.
* Axit:
Khi nim: Phn t axit gm c mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro lin kt
vi gc axit, cc nguyn t hiro ny c th thay th bng cc nguyn t kim
loi.
Cng thc: Gm mt hay nhiu nguyn t H v gc axit.
Phn loi : Da vo thnh phn phn t, axit c chia lm hai loi:
- Axit khng c oxi( HCl, H
2
S)
- Axit c oxi ( H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
)
* Baz
Khi nim : Phn t baz gm c mt nguyn t kim loi lin kt vi
mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxit ( - OH).
Cng thc : Gm mt nguyn t kim loi (M) v mt hay nhiu nhm
hiroxit OH
50
Phn loi : da vo tnh tan ca baz chia lm hai loi
- Baz tan c trong nc gi l kim
VD : NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
,
- Baz khng tan trong nc
VD : Cu(OH)
2
, Mg(OH)
2
,
2.1.1.2 S cng c khi nim axit baz lp 9
Khi nim axit baz c cng c ngay chng 1- SGK 9 (chng 1:Cc
loi hp cht v c; bi 3,4,7,8: Tnh cht ha hc ca axit, ca baz v mt
s axit, baz quan trng )
* Axit:
1. Tnh cht ha hc
1.1.Axit lm i mu cht ch th mu: dd axit lm i mu qu tm
thnh
Trong ha hc, qu tm l cht ch th mu nhn bit dd axit.
1.2. Axit tc dng vi kim loi: DD axit tc dng c vi nhiu kim
loi to thnh mui v gii phng kh hiro .
Ch : Axit nitric HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c tc dng c vi nhiu kim loi,
nhng ni chung khng gii phng kh hiro (tnh cht ny s c hc
THPT )
1.3. Axit tc dng vi baz : Axit tc dng vi baz to thnh mui v
nc
Phn ng ca axit vi baz c gi l phn ng trung ha
1.4. Axit tc dng vi oxit baz: Axit tc dng vi baz to thnh mui
v nc
Ngoi ra axit cn tc dng vi mui

51
2. Axit mnh v axit yu :
2.1 Axit yu c cc tnh cht ha hc sau: phn ng chm vi kim loi,
vi mui cacbonat, dd dn in km
VD : HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4

2.2 Axit mnh c cc tnh cht ha hc sau: phn ng nhanh vi kim
loi, vi mui cacbonat, dd dn in tt
VD : H
2
S, H
2
CO
3

3. Mt s axit quan trng
SGK HH 9 a ra bi tnh cht ha hc v cc ng dng quan trng ca
axit HCl v axit H
2
SO
4
. Tip theo v axit-baz l bi: Sn sut axit sunfuric
trong cng nghip
Tip theo , bi 12 (SGK HH9), tnh cht ha hc ca axit baz
c cng c li qua: Mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c . bi ny,
hc sinh c h thng li mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c v nhng
phn ng ha hc minh ha cho mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c
Nh vy, kt thc chng trnh ha hc THCS, khi nim axit baz
mi ch dng li du hiu nhn bit. Quan nim v axit baz thng
nht cc axit baz thnh nhng nhm hp cht v c, hc sinh quen vi mt
s axit baz quen thuc v tnh cht in hnh m cha hiu c bn cht
ca chng, cha hiu r nguyn nhn tnh cht ca axit baz v mt nh
lng ca tnh cht . Mc d hc sinh bit c mt s axit baz mnh v
yu quen thuc nhng cha hiu nh mt cch c h thng.
Mc ch khi nghin cu khi nim axit baz giai on ny l hc
sinh phn bit khi nim axit baz vi cc khi nim v cc hp cht v c
khc (oxit, mui). Hc sinh d dng nhn bit c nhng axit baz khi
thy r thnh phn H v OH trong phn t. Hc sinh nm c nhng tnh
52
cht c bn c trng, cch nhn bit hai loi hp cht ny. Trong giai on
ny, hc sinh khng th thy
+
4
NH cng l mt axit v NH
3
cng l mt baz
mc d n khng c thnh phn ha hc nh nh ngha c nghin cu.
2.1.2 S cng c khi nim axit baz chng trnh ha hc lp
10 THPT
chng trnh ha hc ph thng (v c), khi nim axit baz s
c xem xt mc cao v su hn. Tuy nhin, trong chng trnh ha
hc lp 10, hc sinh vn c tip tc cng c khi nim axit baz hc
THCS qua cc bi nghin cu v cc axit v baz c th (axit clohiric, axit
sunfuric )
Cng nh THCS, khi nim axit baz lp 10 c cng c li sau
khi nghin cu l thuyt ch o. cc chng 1, 2, 3, 4 hc sinh ln lt
c nghin cu cc thuyt: Thuyt electron (chng 1,2); Lin kt ha hc
(chng 3); l thuyt v phn ng ha hc (chng 4).
Khi nim axit baz sau khi c nghin cu l thuyt ch o c
cng c li mt cch n gin hn (nhc li) :
Bi 31 (SGK HH10- nng cao): Dung dch hiroclorua trong nc
(dung dch axit clohiric) l mt dung dch axit mnh. Nhng tnh cht chung
ca mt axit (lm qu tm, tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, tc dng vi
mui, tc dng vi kim loi) u th hin r nt dung dch axit HCl:
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
53
Hay trong bi 32 (SGK HH10- nng cao) :
S bin i tnh cht trong dy axit c oxi ca clo c biu th bng
s sau :
Tnh ben v tnh axit tang

HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4

Kha nang oxi ha tang

R rng, do c trang b y hn c s l thuyt nn khi c cng
c khi nim axit baz, hc sinh c nghin cu su v rng hn trn c
s nhng khi nim c hc trc
2.1.3 S pht trin khi nim axit baz chng trnh ha hc
lp 11 THPT.
Chng trnh HH 11 c bt u vi Thuyt in li. y l mt
thuyt quan trng trong h thng l thuyt ha hc v c bit quan trng i
vi s pht trin khi nim axit baz HHPT.
c l thuyt in li soi sng, bi 3 a ra ni dung Axit, baz v
mui . Trong chng trnh HH 11 nng cao, hc sinh c nghin cu ng
thi thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt v Bronstet-Lauri trong khi chng
trnh HH 11 c bn, hc sinh ch nghin cu thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt.
Khi nim axit baz, phn ng trung ha ca Areniuyt n gin, d
gii thch, hc sinh d hiu nn n c s dng lm ni dung xut pht
hc cc l thuyt khc sau ny.
Tuy nhin, hc sinh d dng nhn thy thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt
tha nhn s tn ti c lp ca ion H
+
trong H
2
O (mu thun vi s hirat
ha H
+
ca H
2
O c hc bi 1.2: C ch ca qu trnh in li). Ngoi
54
ra, thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt cn gp nhiu kh khn v mu thun
khc i hi mt hc thuyt khc u vit gii quyt cc bt cp trn.
Thuyt axit baz ca Bronstet - Lauri c gii thiu gii quyt cc
mu thun ca Areniuyt m khng ph nhn Areniuyt (cc axit baz ca
Bronstet-Lauri vn bao gm cc axit baz ca Areniuyt) . Vai tr ca dung
mi trong qu trnh phn li phn t thnh ion nh hng n tnh axit baz
v mnh yu ca axit baz .
im khc bit ln nht khi nim axit baz giai on ny l n
c a ra cng vi cch nh gi nh lng tng ng. Nh vy hc sinh
c th nh gi mnh yu ca axit baz mt cch nh lng chnh xc
v hiu nhng nh gi trc y c hc.
Vic a vo chng trnh ng thi hai hc thuyt ca cng mt khi
nim c tc ng ln n hc sinh. N khng ch cung cp cho hc sinh h
thng l thuyt thng nht m cn gip hc sinh thy c lch s pht trin
ca khi nim axit baz .
Nh vy khi nim v phn ng axit baz c m rng v dung
lng v khc su v ni dung tr thnh mt b phn kin thc l thuyt c
s, l cng c hc sinh nghin cu s tng tc ca cc ion trong dd cc
cht in li, tnh axit hay baz ca cc dd trong cc dung mi khc nhau. Tuy
nhin do mc ch ca chng trnh ho hc THPT ch dng mc trang b
kin thc c bn, nn cn nhiu ni dung su hn v axit baz cha c
cp n nh: thuyt axit baz ca Liuyt; thuyt cc h dung mi
Trong SGK ch a thm vo tnh baz ca cc amin v anilin nhng
tnh baz vn c gii thch bng thuyt Brosntet-Lauri. Tnh axit th hon
ton s dng Brosntet-Lauri (ca hp cht phenol, ca cc axit cacboxylic )
55
2.1.4 S pht trin v cng c khi nim axit baz chng trnh
ha hc lp 12 THPT.
Phn ha hc v c, cc bi 29, 31, 34, 39, 41, tnh axit baz tip
tc c nhc li mc d khng ni theo thuyt no nhng hc sinh vn c
hiu theo Bronstet-Lauri .
VD:
-
3
HCO + H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
|
Trong phn ng ny, ion
-
3
HCO nhn proton, th hin tnh cht ca baz
Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
(dd) + 2
-
OH (dd)
DD canxi hiroxit c nhng tnh cht chung ca mt baz tan (tc dng vi
oxit axit, axit , mui)
Sau khi kt thc chng trnh HHPT, khi nim axit baz c
nghin cu mt cch tng i y qua nhiu ln nghin cu cc thuyt v
khi nim. Ngoi ra, axit baz cn c nghin cu qua cc bi c th v
cht (cc axit, baz c th, cc cht c tnh cht axit , baz hoc lng
tnh). Khi nim axit baz c xy dng theo m hnh xoy c v c
theo m hnh ng thng, cng vi vic kt hp mt cch kho lo bi tp
ha hc s gip hc sinh bit, hiu, vn dng v nh gi khi nim axit
baz mt cch nhanh v chnh xc nht.
2.2. C s xy dng v sp xp bi tp
2.2.1 Cn c vo s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim
Cn c vo s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim xy dng v sp xp
bi tp thnh ba loi bi tp:
- Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit baz.
- Bi tp cng c khi nim axit baz.
- Bi tp m rng khi nim axit baz.
- Bi tp tng hp v axit baz.
56
2.2.2 Cn c vo cu trc ni dung chng trnh SGK THPT
Cn c vo cu trc ni dung chng trnh SGK THPT xy dng v
sp xp bi tp thnh ba loi bi tp:
- Bi tp cho lp 10
- Bi tp cho lp 11
- Bi tp cho lp 12
2.2.3 Cn c vo c s phn loi bi tp ha hc
Cn c vo c s phn loi bi tp ha hc xy dng v sp xp bi tp
thnh hai loi bi
- Bi tp t lun
- Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
2.3. H thng bi tp ha hc.
2.3.1 Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit baz
2.3.1.1 Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit baz lp 10
a.Bi tp t lun
Bi 1. Hy vit cc PTHH ca phn ng trong mi trng hp sau:
a) Km oxit v axit nitric
b) ng (II) oxit v axit sunfuric
c) St v axit clohiric
d) Natri cacbonat v axit sunfuric
e) Nhm hiroxit v axit clohiric
f) Lu hunh (IV) oxit v natri hiroxit
Bi 2. Trong cc dy cht di y, dy cht no gm cc cht u tc dng
c vi dung dch HCl ? Vit PTHH xy ra?
a) Fe
2
O
3
, KMnO
4
, CO
2

b) K , CuO , Ba(OH)
2

57
c) CaCO
3
, FeO , Cu
d) BaSO
4
, NaOH , Mg(OH)
2

Bi 3. Trong cc dy cht di y, dy cht no gm cc cht u tc dng
c vi dung dch NaOH ? Vit cc PTHH xy ra ?
a) BaO , HCl , FeCl
2

b) CO
2
, HNO
3
, FeCl
3

c) AgCl , H
2
SO
4
, SO
2

d) KNO
3
, HCl , Al
2
O
3

Bi 4. C nhng cht sau: Mg, Mg(OH)
2
, KOH, Fe(OH)
3
, FeSO
4
, KCl, HCl.
Hy chn cht thch hp in vo mi s phn ng sau v lp PTHH.
a)
0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
b) H
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
c) H
2
SO
4
+ MgSO
4
+ H
2
O
d) NaOH + NaCl + H
2
O
e) + CO
2
K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Bi 5. C nhng cht: CuO, BaCl
2
, Zn, ZnO. Cht no ni trn tc dng vi
dung dch HCl, dung dch H
2
SO
4
long sinh ra :
a) Cht chy c trong khng kh?
b) Dung dch c mu xanh lam?
c) Cht kt ta mu trng khng tan trong nc v axit?
d) Dung dch khng mu v nc?
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Bi 6. Hy tm CTHH ca nhng axit c thnh phn nguyn t nh sau:
a) H : 2,12% ; N: 29,8 % ; O : 68,08%
b) H : 3,7% ; P: 37,8% ; O : 58,5%
58
Bi 7. C nhng baz:
2
Cu(OH) , KOH,
3
Fe(OH) , NaOH,
3
Al(OH) ,
2
Mg(OH) ,
2
Ba(OH) ,
2
Zn(OH) . Hy cho bit nhng baz no :
a) Tc dng c vi dung dch HCl?
b) B phn hu nhit cao?
c) Tc dng c vi kh
2
CO ?
d) Tc dng c vi dung dch
3
FeCl ?
e) i mu qu tm thnh xanh?
Bi 8. Cho 23,2 gam hn hp Fe, Cu tc dng vi HCl d, thu c 6,72 lt
kh
2
H (ktc). Xc nh khi lng v nng % theo khi lng cc kim
loi trong hn hp u.
Bi 9. Cho mt lng bt st d vo 50 ml dd axit sunfuric. Phn ng xong,
thu c 4,48 lt kh hiro (ktc).
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc.
b) Tnh khi lng st tham gia phn ng.
c) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit dng.
Bi 10. C ba l ng ba dung dch: HCl,
2 4
H SO ,
3
KNO . Hy nhn bit mi
cht bng phng php ho hc.
Bi 11. T cc cht sau y: Na, BaO, CaO. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn
ng iu ch cc baz tng ng.
Bi 12. T S, Oxi, nc, mui n, v cc cht xc tc cn thit, cc dng c
th nghim khc, vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit sunfuric v axit
clohiric.
Bi 13. Nu v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra (nu c) khi cho:
- Kim loi st vo axit sunfuric long.
- Mui st (III) clorua tc dng vi dung dch natri hiroxit .
- Kim loi ng tc dng vi dung dch axit clohiric.
59
- Dung dch natri cacbonat tc dng vi dung dch axit sunfuric long.
- Dung dch axit sunfuric long tc dng vi dung dch natri hiroxit.
- Dung dch axit sunfuric long tc dng vi dung dch bari hiroxit.
Bi 14. Hon thnh cc qu trnh bin i sau:
2 2 3 2 4
Cl HCl BaCl Ba(NO ) BaSO
Bi 15. Trong s cc phn ng sau y, phn ng no l phn ng axit-baz?
Ti sao?

2 3 2 2
Na SO +2HCl 2NaCl +H O+SO |
3 3 2
KHCO +NaOH NaKCO +H O
2 2
FeCl +2KOH Fe(OH) +2KCl
2 4 2 4 3 2
3H SO +2Al Al (SO ) +3H |
Bi 16. Cho 11 gam hn hp gm Fe v Al tc dng vi axit sunfuric long
d thu c 8,96 lt kh hiro (ktc).
1.Tnh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch axit sunfuric 1M dng bit dng d
12% so vi l thuyt.
Bi 17. Trung ho hon ton 150 ml dung dch axit
2 4
H SO 1,2M bng dung
dch
2
Ba(OH) 1M.
1. Tnh th tch dung dch
2
Ba(OH) dng cho phn ng trn.
2. Tnh khi lng cht kt ta thu c sau phn ng.
Bi 18. Ho tan ht m gam st (II) sunfua trong dung dch
2 4
H SO long thu
c x mol kh. Cng ho tan ht m gam mui trong dung dch
2 4
H SO c
nng th sinh ra bao nhiu mol kh?
Bi 19. Cho 5,19 gam hn hp X gm cc kim loi Al, Ag, Fe tc dng vi
dung dch
2 4
H SO long, d sinh ra 2,352 lt kh (ktc). Cng cho 5,19 gam
60
hn hp X trn tc dng vi dd
2 4
H SO c, nng d th thu c 2,912 lt kh
2
SO (ktc). Tnh hm lng phn trm ca cc kim loi trong hn hp X.
Bi 20. Ho tan ht 16 gam hn hp X gm Cu v CuS trong dung dch
2 4
H SO c nng thu c 11,2 lt
2
SO (ktc).
1. Vit PTHH ca phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X.
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
1. Cho mt lng d axit clohidric tc dng vi 6,54g km (Zn = 65,47). Th
tch hiro thu c (o ktc) l bao nhiu?
A. 1,14 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 3,36 lt
2. Nh 100 cm
3
dung dch axit HCl c cha 36,5g HCl trong 1 lt vo 1 lng
canxi cacbonat d. Cho bit tn cht kh bay ra
A. Clo B. Hiro C. Cacbonic D. Cacbonat
3. Ngi ta cho axit clohiric tc dng vi nhm v oc 20 lt hiro ( ktc)
(Al = 27; Cl = 35,5). Tnh khi lng Al b axit clohiric n mn
A. 16,1 g B. 161 g C. 265 g D. 26,5 g
4. Axit H
2
SO
4
long tc dng vi Zn cho sn phm no?
A. Sunfat km v kh hiro B. Sunfua km v kh hiro
C. Sunfat km v kh sunfur D. Sunfua km v kh sunfur
5. Cho 14,7g axit sunfuric long tc dng vi Fe d (Fe=56). Tnh th tch kh
bay ra v cho bit tn cht kh.
A. 1,68 lt H
2
B. 3,36 lt SO
2
C. 3,36 lt H
2
D. 1,68 lt SO
2

6. axit sunfuric va vo mt dung dch bari clorua cha 52g mui ny.
un nng cho nc bay hi, cht rn cn li c em cn (Ba=137). Cht
rn ny cn nng bao nhiu?
A. 58,25g B. 121g

C. 12,1g

D. 582,5 g
61
7. Cho 8gam NaOH rn tan va trong dung dch
2 4
H SO 0,1 M thu c
dung dch A.
a) Th tch dung dch axit dng l :
A. 1 lt. B. 0,1 lt

C. 10 ml

D. 100 ml
b) Khi lng cht rn thu c sau khi c cn dung dch A l:
A. 1,42 gam B. 14,2 gam

C. 142 gam

D. 100 gam
8. Cho dung dch
2
Ba(OH) 0,2 M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch mui natri
sunfat 0,1 M.
a ) Th tch dung dch
2
Ba(OH) dng thu c kt ta ln nht l:
A. 1lt. B. 0,1 lt

C. 10 ml

D. 100 ml
b) Khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn ng l :
A. 2,33 gam B. 4,66 gam

C. 3,12 gam

D. 31,2 gam
9. Kt ta hon ton 150 ml dung dch
3
FeCl 1M bng mt lng dd NaOH
va . Sau nung kt ta n khi lng khng i, c cht rn E. Khi
lng cht rn E l:
A. 36 gam B. 24 gam

C. 12 gam

D. 15 gam
10. C cc dung dch sau ng trong cc ng nghim: HCl,
2
Ba(OH) ,
2 4
H SO .
C th nhn bit c cc dung dch trn bng cch:
A. Qu tm B. Phenolphtalein

C. HCl

D. Ha cht khc
11. Trong phn ng no sau y, axit ch ng vai tr cht kh:
A.
2 2
Cl +2HBr 2HCl +Br
B.
3 2
2Al +6HCl 2AlCl +3H
C.
2 2 2
2Cu+O +4HCl 2CuCl +2H O
D.
2 2 2 2
MnO +4HCl MnCl +Cl +2H O
62
12. Cho 2 gam hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn tan ht trong dd HCl to ra
0,05 mol kh. Cng cho 2 gam hn hp A tc dng vi
2
Cl (d) to ra 5,763
gam hn hp mui. Trong A, % v khi lng ca st l:
A. 14 % B. 16,8 % C. 19,2 % D. 22,4 %
13. Khi lng axit sunfuric c th thu c t 1,6 tn qung c cha 60%
2
FeS . Bt hiu sut cc phn ng u t 100%.
A. 1568 kg B. 1,725 tn

C. 1200 kg

D. 6320 kg
14. Ho tan hon ton 20g hn hp Mg v Fe bng dung dch HCl d,sau
phn ng thu c 11.2l kh (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X th
thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 71,0 gam. B. 90,0 gam

C. 91,0 gam

D. 55,5 gam
15. Cho cc cht sau: Na,
2
H O, S,
2
O . S hp cht v c c th iu ch
c l:
A. 3 B. 4

C. 5

D. 7
16. Mt s ng dng ca axit HCl l:
A. iu ch cc mui clorua.
B. Ch bin thc phm, dc phm.
C. Lm sch b mt kim loi trc khi hn.
D.Ty g kim loi trc khi sn, trng, m kim loi.
E Tt c cc p n trn
17. Trong cng nghip c th sn xut NaOH bng cch:
A. in phn dd NaCl c mng ngn B. Cho
2
Na O tc dng vi
2
H O.
C. Cho
2
Ba(OH) td vi
2 4
Na SO . D. Cho Na tc dng vi
2
H O

63
18. Cht no trong s nhng thuc th sau y c th dng phn bit dung
dch natri sunfat v dung dch natri cacbonat:
A. Dung dch bari clorua B. Dung dch axit clohiric
C. Dung dch ch nitrat D. Dung dch bc nitrat
19. Mt hp cht c thnh phn theo khi lng: 35,96% S; 62,92% O v
1,12 % H. Hp cht ny c cng thc l:
A.
2 3
H SO B.
2 4
H SO C.
2 2 7
H S O D.
2 2 8
H S O
20. Dy axit no sau y c sp xp ng theo th t tnh axit gim dn?
A. HCl, HBr, HF B. HBr, HI, HF, HCl
C. HI, HBr, HCl, HF D. HF, HCl, HBr, HI
2.3.1.2 Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit baz lp 11
a. Bi tp t lun.
Bi 21. Cc kt lun sau ng hay sai? Nu sai hy sa li cho ng:
1. C nhng baz lng tnh. VD: `
2
Zn(OH) ,
3
Al(OH) .
2. Trong phn t baz, lun c nhm (-OH) .
3. Phn ng axit-baz l phn ng gia axit v baz
4. Cht in li l nhng cht tan trong nc v dn in.
5. Axit l nhng cht m phn t c cha nguyn t H.
6. Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhng electron.
7. CuO l mt baz .
8. Ni
3+
Al l mt axit.
9.
2
H O l mt cht khng in li.
Bi 22. Cc cht cho sau y l axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh? (theo
thuyt axit-baz ca Bronstet-Lauri). Hy gii thch.
2-
3
CO ,
2 4
H SO ,
-
3
CH COO , NaOH,
3
NH ,
+
4
NH .
64
Bi 23. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc axit mnh HI v
4
HClO ; cc axit
yu:
2
HNO ;
2 3
H SO ; cc mui:
2 4
Na SO ,
2 3
K HPO ,
4
KHSO ,
3 2 2 4
[Ag(NH ) ] SO
Bi 24. Trong cc phn ng di y, cc cht tham gia phn ng no ng
vai tr l axit, cht no ng vai tr l baz (theo Bronstet-Lauri)
1. CuO + 2HCl
2
CuCl +
2
H O
2. NH
4
Cl + NaOH NaCl +
3
NH +
2
H O.
3. 2
3
Fe(OH) + 3
2 4
H SO
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) + 6
2
H O
4.
3
CH COOH +
3
NH
3 4
CH COONH
Bi 25. Vit PTHH chng t nhm hiroxit
3
Al(OH) l cht lng tnh.
Bi 26.Hon thnh cc PTHH sau dng phn t v dng ion thu gon. Nhn
xt xem cc phn ng c phi l phn ng axit baz hay khng?
1. Al +
3
HNO
3 3
Al(NO ) + NO +
2
H O
2. HCl + CaCO
3

2
CaCl +
2
CO +
2
H O
3.
2
Zn(OH) + 2NaOH
2 2
Na ZnO + 2
2
H O
4.
3 4
Fe O + 4
2 4
H SO
4
FeSO +
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) + 4
2
H O
Bi 27. Ch dng qu tm, hy phn bit cc dung dch trong cc ng nghim
ring bit sau:
2 4
H SO , HCl, NaOH, KCl,
2
BaCl .
Bi 28. Trn ln 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M vi 150 ml dung dch HCl
c dung dch A.
1.Tnh nng mol/l cc ion trong dung dch A .
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
65
Bi 29. ho tan hon ton 15 gam hn hp A (gm Mg v Fe) ngi ta
phi dng V ml dd
3
HNO long 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c 8,4 lt kh NO
duy nht (ktc).
1. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong A.
2. Xc nh V.
Bi 30. Trung ho hon ton 1000ml dung dch X gm HCl v
2 4
H SO cn
500 ml dung dch
2
Ba(OH) 0,1M, thu c 5,825 gam kt ta.
1. Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong dung dch X.
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch X v ca dung dch
2
Ba(OH)
3. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch thu c sau khi trung ho
(th tch dd thay i khng ng k)
Bi 31. Thm 100ml dung dch
2 4
H SO 0,2M vo bnh c cha sn 100ml
dung dch X gm NaOH 0,12 M v
2
Ba(OH) 0,15 M.
1.Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau phn ng
Bi 32. Vit PTHH xy ra di dng phn t v ion:
1.
4 2 4
(NH ) SO +
2
Ba(OH)
2.
x y
Fe O + 2y HCl
3. NaOH +
3
NaHCO
Bi 33. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M cha s mol
+
H bng s mol
+
H
c trong 0,3 lt dung dch
3
HNO 0,2 M.
Bi 34. Chia 19,8 gam
2
Zn(OH) lm hai phn bng nhau:
1. 150 ml dung dch
2 4
H SO 1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
66
2. 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to
thnh.
Bi 35. D on hin tng v gii thch bng cc phn ng ho hc khi:
1. Nh t t tng git dung dch NaOH (cho n d) vo dung dch
3
AlCl ?
2. Nh t t tng git dung dch
3
AlCl (cho n d) vo dung dch NaOH?
3. Nh t t tng git dung dch HCl vo bnh cha dung dch
2 3
Na CO v
khuy u.
4. Nh t t vi git dung dch
2 3
Na CO vo bnh cha dung dch HCl
Bi 36. Cho vi git qu tm vo dung dch
4
NH Cl ,
3
CH COONa ,
2 4
Na SO ,
KCl,
4
NaHSO . Dung dch chuyn mu g? Ti sao?
Bi 37. Vit PTHH di dng phn t ca cc PTHH c phng trnh ion thu
gn nh sau:
1.
+ -
3 2
H O +OH H O
2.
+ 2+
3 2 2
2H O +Mg(OH) Mg +4H O
3.
+ -
4 3 2
NH +OH NH +H O
4.
- - 2-
3 3 2
HCO +OH CO +H O
Bi 38. C a gam hn hp bt X gm CuO v
2 3
Al O . Ngi ta thc hin cc
th nghim sau:
+ Th nghim 1: Cho X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl, c cn
dung dch th thu c 4,02 gam cht rn khan.
+ Th nghim 2: Cho X phn ng va vi bt cacbon nhit cao
th thu c 0,112 lt kh (ktc).
Tm a
Bi 39. Cho 500 ml dung dch amoniac c ho tan 4,48 lt kh
3
NH (ktc) tc
dng vi 450 ml dung dch
2 4
H SO 1M.
67
1. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
2. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch thu c. Coi cc cht
in li hon ton thnh ion v b qua s thu phn ca ion
+
4
NH .
Bi 40. C cc l khng dn nhn ng ring bit tng dung dch long ca
cc cht:
3
KNO ,
3
HNO ,
2 4
K SO ,
2 4
H SO , KCl, HCl.
Hy phn bit mi cht trn bng phng php ho hc.
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
21. Mt dung dch c [
-
OH ]=
-5
1,75.10 . Mi trng ca dung dch ny l:
A. Axit C. Kim
B. Trung tnh D. Khng xc nh c.
22. Trong dung dch HCl 0,1 M, tch s ion ca nc l:
A.
+ -
[H ].[OH ] >
-14
1,0.10 A.
+ -
[H ].[OH ] <
-14
1,0.10
B.
+ -
[H ].[OH ] =
-14
1,0.10 D. Khng xc nh c.
23. Cho cc phn ng sau:
A. HCl +
2
H O

-
Cl +
+
3
H O (1)
B.
3
NH +
2
H O

+
4
NH +

-
OH
(2)
C.
4
CuSO + 5
2
H O

4
CuSO .5
2
H O (3)
D.
-
3
HSO +
2
H O

+
3
H O
+
2-
3
SO
(4)
D.
-
3
HSO +
2
H O

2 3
H SO
+
-
OH
(5)
Theo thuyt Bronstet-Lauri,
2
H O ng vai tr l axit trong cc phn ng:
A. (1), (2) , (3) B. (2), ( 5)
C. (2), (3), (4), (5) D. (1), (3), (4)
24. Theo Bronstet-Lauri, kt lun no sau y l ng nht?
A. Axit l cht m phn t c cha nguyn t Hiro
B. Axit l cht in li mnh
68
C. Axit tc dng c vi mi baz
D. Axit l cht c kh nng cho proton.
25. Theo Bronstet-Lauri, kt lun no sau y khng ng?
A. Axit hoc baz c th l phn t hoc ion
B. Trong thnh phn ca axit c th khng c hiro
C. Trong thnh phn ca baz phi c nhm (-OH).
D. Trong thnh phn ca baz c th khng c nhm (-OH).
26. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,3 M cn trung ho 100 ml dung dch A gm
NaOH 0,1 M v
2
Ba(OH) 0,1 M l:
A. 100 ml B. 250 ml C. 200 ml D. 150 ml
27. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,0 M vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH 0,375 M
c dung dch c pH l:
A. 11 B. 12 C. 12,7 D. 13
28. Hy chn cu tr li ng trong s cc cu sau:
A. Axit m mt phn t phn li nhiu H
+
l axit nhiu nc.
B. Axit m phn t c bao nhiu nguyn t H th phn li ra by nhiu H
+
.
C. H
3
PO
4
l axit ba nc .
D. A v C ng
29. Dy cc cht no sau y va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH?
A. Pb(OH)
2
, ZnO, Fe
2
O
3
B. Al(OH)
3
, Al
2
O
3
, Na
2
CO
3

C. Na
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, Al
2
O
3
D. Na
2
HPO
4
, ZnO, Zn(OH)
2

30. Hy chn cu ng nht trong cc nh ngha sau y v phn ng axit -
baz theo quan im ca l thuyt Bronstet. Phn ng axit - baz l phn ng:
A. Do axit tc dng vi baz.
B. Do oxit axit tc dng vi oxit baz.
69
C. Do c s nhng, nhn proton.
D. Do c s dch chuyn electron t cht ny sang cht khc.
31. Theo Bronstet-Lauri, dung dch
4
NH Cl l mt axit v:
A. Tc dng c vi axit cho mui v nc.
B. Tc dng vi mui cho mui mi v baz mi.
C. Cha ion
+
4
NH c kh nng cho proton.
D. C A, B, C u ng
32. Theo Bronstet-Lauri :
A. Dung dch
3
NH l mt dung dch c tnh baz .
B.
-
3
HCO l mt axit trong mi trng kim.
C.
3
CH COONa l mt axit.
D. A v B
33. iu khng nh no sau y ng nht:
A.
2
Zn(OH) l mt cht lng tnh. B.
2
Zn(OH) l mt baz mnh.
C.
2
Zn(OH) l mt baz lng tnh. D.
2
Zn(OH) l hiroxit lng tnh
34. Dung dch mui no sau y c tnh axit:
A. NaCl,
2 4
K SO ,
2 3
Na CO . B.
2
ZnCl ,
4
NH Cl ,
3
CH COONa
C.
2
ZnCl ,
4
NH Cl . D.
2 3
Na CO ,
3
CH COONa
35. Nhng ion no sau y va l axit, va l baz?
A.
-
3
HCO B.
2-
3
SO C.
-
CN D.
3-
4
PO
36. Cho cc cht sau: Amoniac, kh cacbonic, axit HCl, kali hiroxit .
1. C th dng cht no kt ta nhm hiroxit t nhm clorua ?
A. Amoniac B. Kali hiroxit
C. Kh cacbonic D. C A v B

70
2. C th dng cht no kt ta nhm hiroxit t natri aluminat ?
A. Axit HCl B. Kali hiroxit
C. Kh cacbonic D. C A v C.
37. Mui no sau y khng phi l mui axit?
A.
3
NaHCO B.
2 4
NaH PO C.
4
NH Cl D.
3
NaHSO

38. Dung dch cc mui no sau y c tnh baz ?
A.
2 3
Na CO ,
2
K S,
3
CH COONa B.
2 3
Na CO ,
3
NaNO
C. NaCl,
2 4
K SO ,
2
K S D.
2
K S,
3
CH COONa,
2 4
K SO
39. phn bit hai cht rn
2 3
Na CO v
2 3
Na SiO c th dng thuc th no
sau y?
A. Dung dch NaOH B. Dung dch HCl
C. Dung dch NaCl D. Dung dch
3
KNO
40. C cc dung dch sau khng dn nhn:
HCl,
2 3
Na CO ,
3
KNO ,
2
Ba(OH) , NaOH.
Ch dng qu tm, c th nhn bit c :
A. 3 dung dch B. 4 dung dch C. 5 dung dch D. 2 dung dch
2.3.1.3. Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit-baz lp 12.
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 41. Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 ml dung dch
3
HNO 1M cho n khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch
X.
1.Tnh khi lng Cu ti a c th b ho tan trong dung dch X.
2.Nu c cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhu gam mui khan mi
loi?
71
Bi 42. C nm dung dch ng ring bit trong nm ng nghim:
4 2 4
(NH ) SO ,
2
FeCl ,
3 3
Cr(NO ) ,
2 3
K CO ,
3 3
Al(NO ) . Cho dung dch
2
Ba(OH)
n d vo nm dung dch trn. Tm s ng nghim c kt ta sau khi phn
ng kt thc v gii thch bng cc PTHH.
Bi 43. Cho 1,8 gam kim loi K tc dng vi 50,9 gam nc. Tnh nng
mol/l v nng phn trm ca cht trong dung dch thu c. Bit khi
lng ring ca dung dch l 1,056.
Bi 44. Cho 6,2 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip trong
bng tun hon tc dng ht vi nc thu c dung dch kim v 2,24 lt kh
H
2
(ktc).
1.Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim v tnh phn trm khi lng mi kim
loi trong hn hp.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch
kim trn v khi lng hn hp mui clorua thu c.
Bi 45. Nung 2,42 gam hn hp
3
NaHCO v
3
KHCO n phn ng hon
ton thu c 0,28 lt
2
CO (ktc). Xc nh khi lng ca mi mui trong
hn hp trc v sau khi nung.
Bi 46. Dn kh
2
CO iu ch c bng cch cho 10 gam
3
CaCO tc dng
vi dung dch HCl d, i qua dung dch c cha 6 gam NaOH. Tnh khi
lng mui natri iu ch c
Bi 47. Nung nng 50 gam hn hp gm
3
NaHCO v
2 3
Na CO cho n khi
khi lng ca hn hp khng i, c 34,5 gam cht rn. Tnh phn trm
theo khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp u.
Bi 48. Ho tan hon ton hp kim Al-Mg bng dung dch HCl, thu c
8,96 lt kh hiro (ktc). Nu cho mt lng hp kim nh trn tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH, gii phng 6,72 lt kh hiro (ktc).
72
1.Vit cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra.
2.Xc nh phn trm ca mi kim loi trong hp kim.
Bi 49. Ho tan 13,6 gam hn hp Fe v FeO trong dung dch
2 4
H SO long,
sau lm bay hi dung dch ngi ta thu c 55,6 gam cht rn
4
FeSO .7
2
H O. Hy xc nh thnh phn phn trm ca mi cht trong hn
hp u.
Bi 50. C 100 ml dung dch hn hp 2 axit
2 4
H SO v HCl c nng tng
ng l 0,8M v 1,2M. Thm vo 10 gam bt hn hp Fe, Mg, Zn. Sau khi
phn ng xong, ly 1 / 2 lng kh sinh ra cho i qua ng s ng a gam CuO
nung nng. Sau phn ng xong hon ton, trong ng cn 14,08 gam cht rn.
Tnh a.
Bi 51. Cho 1,53 gam hn hp Mg, Cu, Zn vo dung dch HCl d thy thot
ra 448 ml kh (ktc). C cn hn hp sau phn ng ri nung khan trong chn
khng s thu c mt cht rn c khi lng l bao nhiu gam?
Bi 52. Mt mnh kim loi X c chia lm hai phn bng nhau. Phn mt
tc dng vi mui clo, ta thu c mui B. Phn hai tc dng vi dung dch
HCl ta thu c mui C. Cho kim loi tc dng vi mui B ta li thu c
mui C. Tm xem X l kim loi g?
Bi 53. Ho tan 7,8 gam hn hp gm Al v Mg bng dung dch HCl d, sau
phn ng, khi lng dung dch axit tng thm 7 gam. Tnh khi lng mi
kim loi trong hn hp u.
Bi 54. Nung 11,2 gam Fe v 26 gam Zn vi mt lng S c d. Sn phm
ca phn ng cho ho tan hon ton trong dung dch axit HCl. Kh sinh ra
c dn vo dung dch mui ng sunfat 10% (d=1,1 g/ml). Tnh th tch
dung dch ng sunfat cn phi ly hp th ht kh sinh ra.
73
Bi 55. Ho tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng axit HCl d thu c kh
A v 2,54 gam cht rn B. Bit trong hp kim ny khi lng Al gp 4,5 ln
khi lng Mg. Tnh th tch kh A.
Bi 56. Cho axit
2 4
H SO long d tc dng vi 6,659 gam hn hp hai kim
loi X v Y u c ho tr II, thu c 0,1 mol kh ng thi khi lng hn
hp gim 6,5 gam. Ho tan phn cn li bng dung dch
2 4
H SO c nng thu
c 0,16 gam kh sunfur . Tm cc kim loi X v Y.
Bi 57. Ho tan hon ton 12,1 gam hn hp X gm Fe v kim loi M ho tr
II trong dung dch
2 4
H SO long th thu c 4,48 lt kh hiro (ktc). Cng
cho lng hn hp trn ho tan hon ton vo
2 4
H SO c nng d thu c
5,6 lt kh
2
SO (ktc). Tm tn kim loi M.
Bi 58. Cho m gam hn hp A gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi 200 ml HCl 2,5 M
sinh ra 4,48 lt kh X. Cng m gam hn hp A tc dng vi 250 ml dung
dch
3
HNO 8M to ra 4,48 lt kh
2
NO . Th tch cc kh u o ktc. Tm
gi tr ca m.
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
41. Ho tan hon ton hn hp Ba-Na vo nc thu c dung dch A v 6,72
lt kh
2
H (ktc).Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 1M trung ho hon
ton 1/10 dung dch A?
A. 60 ml B.600 ml C. 750 ml D. kt qu khc
42. Cho rt chm tng git dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
. Ta nhn
thy:
A. C hin tng si bt kh CO
2
ngay, cho n khi ht Na
2
CO
3
. V
HCl l mt axit mnh n y c CO
2
ra khi mui cacbonat l mui ca
axit rt yu H
2
CO
3
.
74
B.Khng c xut hin bt kh v cho t t dung dch HCl nn ch to
mui axit NaHCO
3
.
C. Lc u cha thy xut hin bt kh, sau mt lc, khi dng nhiu
HCl, mi thy bt kh thot ra.
D. Tt c u khng ng v cn ph thuc vo yu t c un nng
dung dch th nghim hay khng, v nu khng un nng dung dch th s
khng thy xut hin bt kh
43. Cho rt t t dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo dung dch HCl. Chn pht biu ng
nht:
A. Thy c bt kh thot ra.
B. Khng c bt kh thot ra lc u, v lc u c to mui axit
NaHCO
3
, mt lc sau mi c bt kh CO
2
thot ra do HCl phn ng tip vi
NaHCO
3
.
C. Do cho rt t nn CO
2
to ra thi gian phn ng tip vi Na
2
CO
3

trong H
2
O to mui axit, nn lc u cha to kh thot ra.
D. (B) v (C)
44. Ha tan ht 3,53 gam hn hp A gm ba kim loi Mg, Al v Fe trong
dung dch HCl, c 2,352 lt kh hiro thot ra (ktc) v thu c dung dch D.
C cn dung dch D, thu c m gam hn hp mui khan. Tr s ca m l:
A. 12,405 gam B. 10,985 gam C. 11,195 gam D. 7,2575 gam
45. Ha tan ht hn hp hai kim loi kim th vo nc, c 1,344 lt H
2
(ktc)
thot ra v thu c dung dch X. Th tch dung dch HCl 1M cn trung
ha va dung dch X l:
A. 12ml B. 120 ml C. 240 ml D. 24 ml
75
46. 61,6 gam vi sng (ch gm CaO) ngoi khng kh kh mt thi gian.
Sau em ha tan vo lng nc d, dung dch thu c trung ha va
2 lt dung dch HCl 1M. Phn trm CaO b CO
2
ca khng kh phn ng l:
A. 5,57 % B. 8,25 % C. 9,09% D. 10,51%
47. Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 3,5M vo 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M. Sau
khi phn ng xong, thu c m gam kt ta. Tr s ca m l:
A. 3,9 gam B. 7,8 gam
C. Kt ta b ha tan ht D. Mt tr s khc
48. Cho 0,69 gam Na vo 100 ml dung dch HCl c nng C (mol/l), kt
thc phn ng, thu c dung dch A, cho lng d dung dch CuSO
4
vo
dung dch A, thu c 0,49 gam mt kt ta, l mt hiroxit kim loi. Tr s
ca C l:
A. 0,2 B. 0,3 C. 0,1 D. Gi tr khc
49. Sc V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,05M, thu c 7,5
gam kt ta. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Tr s ca V l:
A. 1,68 lt B. 2,80 lt
C. 2,24 lt hay 2,80 lt D. 1,68 lt hay 2,80 lt
50. Cho 1,12 lt kh sunfur (ktc) hp thu vo 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c
nng C (mol/l), thu c 6,51 gam kt ta. Tr s ca C l:
A. 0,3M B. 0,4M C. 0,5M D. 0,6 M
51. Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm Mg, Ca (trong c 50% canxi
v khi lng) trong dung dch
3
HNO long to ra cc sn phm kh l NO,
2
N O,
2
N , mi cht 0,01 mol. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 3,57 gam B. 5,37 gam C. 7,35 gam D. 3,15 gam
76
52. Ho tan ht mui Q bng dd
3
HNO thu c dung dch X v hn hp Y
gm hai kh u tc dng vi dung dch kim. Cho dung dch X tc dng vi
dung dch kim thu c kt ta mu nu . Q l:
A.
3 2
Fe(NO ) B.
4
FePO C.
3
FeCO D.
4
CrSO
53. Cho m gam Fe tc dng vi dung dch
2 4
H SO long, d to ra
1
V lt kh.
Cng cho m gam Fe ho tan ht trong dung dch
2 4
H SO c, nng to ra
2
V lt kh. cng nhit v p sut t l
1
V :
2
V l
A. 2:3 B. 1:3 C. 1:1 D. 5:6
54. Khi in phn nng chy natri hiroxit ti anot xy ra qu trnh:
A.
-
OH + 4e
2
O + 2
2
H O B. 4
-
OH 4e +
2
O + 2
2
H O
C.
+
Na + e Na D. 4
-
OH 4e + 2
2
O +2
2
H O
55. Ho tan hon ton 15 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong dd X cha cc ion :
2-
4
SO 1M,
-
Cl 2M v
+
H a (M)
thu c 15,68 lt kh hiro (ktc). Th tch dung dch X dng l:
A. 350 ml B. 450 ml C. 250 ml D. 550 ml
56. 200 ml dung dch cha HCl 7M,
3
KNO 0,5 M,
3 2
Cu(NO ) 0,5M ho tan
c ti a bao nhiu gam bt ng?
A. 33,6 gam B. 9,6 gam C. 28,8 gam D. 22,4 gam
57. Hn hp A gm hai kim loi Al, Ba. Cho lng nc d vo 4,225 gam
hn hp A, khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton, c kh thot ra, phn
cht rn cn li khng b ha tan ht l 0,405 gam. Khi lng mi kim loi
trong 4,225 gam hn hp A l:
A. 1,485 gam; 2,74 gam B. 1,62 gam; 2,605 gam
C. 2,16 gam; 2,065 gam D. 2,192 gam; 2,033 gam
77
58. Cho 5,34 gam AlCl
3
vo 100 ml dung dch NaOH c nng C (mol/lt),
thu c 2,34 gam kt ta trng. Tr s ca C l:
A. 0,9 M B. 1,3 M C. 0,9M v 1,2 M D. (a) v (b)
59. Mt hn hp X c khi lng m gam gm Ba v Al.
Cho m gam X tc dng vi nc d, thu c 8,96 lt kh hiro
Cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch
2
Ba(OH) d thu c 22,4 lt kh hiro
(cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton, cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun)
M c gi tr l:
A. 29,9 gam B. 27,2gam C. 16,8 gam D. 24,6 gam
60. Cho V lt kh
2
CO (ktc) hp th hon ton vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp
KOH 1M v
2
Ba(OH) 0,75M thu c 27,58 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca
V l
A. 6,272 lt B. 8,064 lt C. 8,512 lt D. 2,688 lt
2.3.2. Bi tp cng c khi nim axit-baz
2.3.2.1. Bi tp cng c khi nim axit-baz lp 10.
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 59. C cc dung dch KOH, NaOH, HCl,
2 4
H SO (long); cc cht rn
3
Al(OH) , Cu v cc cht kh
2
CO , NO.
Nhng cht no c th tc dng vi nhau tng i mt? Vit cc PTHH.
Bi 60. Ch dng thm mt ho cht, hy phn bit cc l ng cc dung dch
sau : HCl,
2 4
H SO , NaOH,
2
BaCl .
Bi 61. Ngm 10,8 g hn hp ba kim loi Zn, Fe, Cu trong dd
2 4
H SO long
d. Phn ng xong thu c 1,5g cht rn khng tan v 3,36 lt kh ktc.
Xc nh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
Bi 62. C nhng cht : CuO , BaCl
2
, Zn , ZnO. Cht no ni trn tc dng
vi dung dch HCl , dung dch H
2
SO
4
long sinh ra :
78
a) Cht chy c trong khng kh?
b) Dung dch c mu xanh lam?
c) Cht kt ta mu trng khng tan trong nc v axit?
d) Dung dch khng mu v nc?
Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
Bi 63. Trn 300 gam dd HCl 7,3% vi 200 gam dd NaOH 4% th thu c
dd A. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dd A.
Bi 64. Trn 100 ml dd
2 4
H SO 20% (d= 1,137g/ml) vi 400 gam dd
2
BaCl 5,2% thu c kt ta A v dd B. Tnh khi lng kt ta A v nng
% ca cc cht c trong dd B.
Bi 65. Dung dch A cha hai axit HCl v
3
HNO c nng tng ng l a
mol/l v b mol/l. trung ho 20ml dd A cn 300 ml dd NaOH 0,1 M. Mt
khc, ly 20 ml dd A cho tc dng vi dd
3
AgNO d, thu c 2,87 gam kt
ta. Tnh a v b.
Bi 66. Trung ho 20 ml dung dch
2 4
H SO 1M bng dung dch NaOH 20%.
a) Vit phng trnh ho hc.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH cn dng.
c) Nu trung ho dung dch axit sunfuric trn bng dung dch KOH
2,8%, c khi lng ring l 1,045 g/ml , th cn bao nhiu ml dung
dch KOH?
Bi 67. kh 8,4 gam mt kim loi M vo dd HCl c mui
n
MCl v 3,36
lt kh (ktc ). t chy 8,4 gam M trong
2
Cl d thu c mui A. Tnh khi
lng A v th tch dd NaOH dng kt ta hon ton mui A.
79
Bi 68. Hn hp A gm Fe v mt kim loi X. Cho A vo dd HCl d, thy c
2,24 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v 3,2 gam cht rn. t chy hon ton cng
lng A trn bng kh clo, thy cn 4,48 lt (ktc). Tm kim loi X v % khi
lng cc kim loi trong A.
Bi 69. Trong phng th nghim c cc ho cht: NaCl,
2
MnO , NaOH v
2 4
H SO c, ta c th iu ch c nc Javen khng? Vit phng trnh ho
hc ca cc phn ng.
Bi 70. Cho 17,4 gam
2
MnO tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl ly d. Ton b
kh clo sinh ra c hp th ht vo 145,8 gam dung dch NaOH 20% ( nhit
thng) to ra dung dch A. Hi trong dung dch A c nhng cht tan no?
Tnh nng phn trm ca tng cht tan .
Bi 71. Ho tan 11,2 lt (ktc) kh HCl vo m gam dung dch axit clohiric
16%, ngi ta thu c dung dch axit clohiric 21,11 %. Hy tnh khi
lng m.
Bi 72. Nu cho NaCl rn tc dng vi
2 4
H SO c, ta thu c kh HCl. Nu
thay NaCl bng NaI, ta khng thu c HI m thu c
2
I rn cng vi kh
2
H S. Hy vit phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng gia NaI v
2 4
H SO c.
l loi phn ng g? V sao NaI tham gia loi phn ng m NaCl li
khng?
Bi 73. Cho 78 ml dung dch
3
AgNO 10% (khi lng ring 1,09 g/ml) vo
mt dung dch c cha 3,88 gam hn hp KBr v NaI. Lc b kt ta to
thnh. Nc lc c th tc dng va ht vi 13,3 ml dd HCl 1,5 mol/l. Hy
xc nh phn trm theo khi lng tng mui trong hn hp ban u v th
tch hiro clorua (ktc) cn dng to ra dung dch axit clohiric trn.
80
Bi 74. Dung dch A c cha ng thi hai axit: HCl v
2 4
H SO . trung ho
40ml A cn dng va ht 60 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung dch sau
khi trung ho, thu c 3,76 gam hn hp mui khan. Xc nh nng mol/l
ca tng axit trong dung dch A.
Bi 75. C 100 ml dung dch
2 4
H SO c, nng 98%, khi lng ring
1,84 g/ml. Ngi ta mun pha long dung dch trn thnh dung dch
2 4
H SO 20%. Hy nu cch tin hnh v tnh th tch nc cn dng pha
long.
Bi 76. Khi cho dung dch axit
2 4
H SO tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu
c 3,36 gam mui axit v 2,84 gam mui trung ho. Tnh lng dung dch
axit
2 4
H SO 20 % v dung dch NaoH 10 % dng.
Bi 77. Trn 120 ml dung dch axit
2 4
H SO vi 40 ml dung dch NaOH. Dung
dch sau khi trn cha mt mui axit v cn d
2 4
H SO c nng 0,1M. Mt
khc, nu trn 40 ml dung dch
2 4
H SO vi 60 ml dung dch NaOH ny th
trong dung dch sau khi trn cn d NaOH c nng 0,16M. Xc nh nng
mol/l ca hai dung dch
2 4
H SO v NaOH ban u.
Bi 78. C hai mui l natri hirosunfit v st sunfua. Cho hai mui ny tc
dng vi axit HCl d, thu c hai cht kh. Cho hai cht kh va thu c
tc dng vi nhau, to thnh 9,6 gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng ca hai cht
ban u ly phn ng bit hai kh tc dng vi nhau va
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
61. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
4,5M c khi lng ring 1,26 g/ml, c nng phn
trm l:
A. 35% B. 30% C. 25% D. 40%
81
62. Trn dung dch NaOH 40% vi dung dch NaOH 10% thu c dung
dch 30%. Khi lng mi dung dch cn ly em trn thu c 60 gam
dung dch NaOH 30% l:
A. 20 gam dd NaOH 40%; 40 gam dd NaOH 10%
B. 40 gam dd NaOH 40%; 20 gam dd NaOH 10%
C. 30 gam dd NaOH 40%; 30 gam dd NaOH 10%
D. 35 gam dd NaOH 40%; 25 gam dd NaOH 10%
63. Dung dch axit clohiric m c c nng 12M v cng l dung dch
HCl c nng 36%. Khi lng ring ca dung dch ny l:
A. 1,22 g/ml B. 1,10g/ml C. 1,01 g/l D. 0,82 g/l
64. Trn m
1
gam dung dch NaOH 10% vi m
2
gam dung dch NaOH 40%
thu c 60 gam dung dch 20%. Tr s ca m
1
, m
2
l:
A. m
1
= 10g; m
2
= 50g B. m
1
= 40g; m
2
= 20g
C. m
1
= 35g; m
2
= 25g D. m
1
= 45g; m
2
= 15g
65. Th tch nc (D = 1g/ml) cn thm vo 50 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
92% (D
= 1,824 g/ml) thu c dung dch H
2
SO
4
12% l:
A. 500 ml B. 528 ml C. 608ml D. 698ml
66. Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung
dch
2 4
H SO 10%, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu
c sau phn ng l:
A. 101,68 gam B. 88,20 gam C. 101,48 gam D. 97,80 gam

67. Cho axit sunfuric m c tc dng vi 58.5g natri clorua, un nng. Ha
tan kh to thnh vo 146g nc. Tnh nng phn trm dung dch thu c.
A. 25% B. 20% C. 0,2% D.
68. Cho mangan ioxit tc dng hon ton vi 20 gam dung dch HCl 36,5%.
Dn kh sinh ra li qua 500 ml dung dch KOH 2M nhit thng.
82
1.Tnh nng dung dch cc mui sau phn ng.
A. 0,1M B. 0,01M C. 0,2M D. 0,15M
2.Sau phn ng cn d KOH khng? Nng l bao nhiu? Coi th tch dung
dch thay i khng ng k.
A. d KOH 1,5M B. d KOH 1,8M C. Ht KOH D. d KOH 1M
69. Cho 55 gam hn hp hai mui
2 3
Na SO v
2 3
Na CO tc dng ht vi dung
dch
2 4
H SO long, thu c hn hp kh A. T khi ca A i vi hiro bng
24. Tnh khi lng tng mui trong hn hp trn.
A. 12 g; 42 g B. 12,6 g; 42,4 g C. 14 g; 44 g D. 11 g; 40 g
70. C hai mui l natri hirosunfit v st sunfua. Cho hai mui ny tc dng
vi axit HCl d, thu c hai cht kh. Cho hai cht kh ny tc dng vi
nhau, to thnh 9,6 gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng ca hai cht ban u phn
ng bit hai kh tc dng vi nhau va .
A. 8,4 g; 15,6 g B. 9 g; 16 g C. 10,3 g; 16,5 g D. 10,4g; 17,6 g
71. Ho tan ht 2,6 gam Cr trong dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch X,
sc oxi vo dung dch X thu c dung dch Y. Thm lng d dung dch
brom trong mi trng KOH vo Y thu c dung dch Z. Nh dd
2 4
H SO d
vo Z c M. Lng mui cha Cr trong dd M l:
A. 9,7 gam B. 9,8 g C. 7,35 g D. 7,53 g
72. Khi m mt l ng dung dch axit HCl 37 % trong khng kh m, thy
c khi trng bay ra. Khi l do nguyn nhn no sau y?
A. HCl phn hu to thnh
2
H v
2
Cl .
B. HCl d bay hi to thnh.
C. HCl d bay hi, ht m to ra cc git nh axit HCl
D. HCl tan trong nc n mc bo ho

83
73. Trong cc cu sau y, cu no ng (), cu no sai (S)
A. Hiroclorua l cht kh khng mu, mi xc, nh hn khng kh.
B. Kh hiroclorua tan nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch axit.
C. Kh hiroclorua khng c cn axit clohiric rt c.
D. Dung dch axit clohiric l cht lng khng mu, c mi xc, bc
khi trong khng kh m
74. Dy no sau y gm cc axit phn ng c vi Zn to ra kh
2
H ?
A. HCl,
2 4
H SO (c, nng) B.
3
HNO ,
2 4
H SO (long)
C. HCl,
2 4
H SO ( long) D. HCl,
3
HNO
75. Cho dy axit c oxi ca clo gm : HClO,
2
HClO ,
3
HClO ,
4
HClO . Trong
cc cu nhn xt sau y v s bin i tnh cht ca dy axit ny, cu no
ng (), cu no sai (S)?
A. Tnh bn v tnh axit gim dn theo th t t tri sang phi.
B. Tnh bn v tnh axit tng dn theo th t t tri sang phi.
C. Kh nng oxi ho gim theo chiu t tri qua phi
D. Kh nng oxi ho tng theo chiu t tri sang phi
76. Hn hp X gm Si, Zn, Fe .
- Cho 14,9 g hn hp X tc dng vi dd NaOH c d thu c 6,72 lt kh
(ktc)
- Cho 14,9 g hn hp X tc dng vi dd HCl c d thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc).
Khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 5,6 g; 6,5 g; 2,8 g B. 5,6 g; 3,7 g; 5,6 g
C. 2,8 g; 9,3 g; 2,8 g D. 2,8 g; 6,5 g; 5,6 g
84
77. Cho 1,53 gam hn hp Mg, Cu, Zn vo dung dch HCl d thy thot ra
448 ml kh (ktc). C cn hn hp sau phn ng ri nung khan trong chn
khng s thu c mt cht rn c khi lng l:
A. 2,95 gam B. 3,37 gam C. 8,08 gam D. 5,96 gam
78. Chia hn hp hai kim loi A, B c ho tr khng i thnh hai phn bng
nhau. Phn mt tan ht trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt
2
H (ktc). Phn
hai nung trong oxi thu c 2,84 gam hn hp oxit. Khi lng hn hp hai
kim loi ban u l:
A. 5,08 gam B. 3,12 gam C. 2,64 gam D. 1,36 gam
79. Cho 3,87 gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hai axit HCl
1M v
2 4
H SO 0,5 M c dung dch B v 4,368 lt
2
H (ktc) th dung dch B
s:
A. D axit B. Thiu axit C. Dd mui D. Kt qu khc
80. Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi Mg v Zn c khi lng 46,2 gam. Chia X
lm hai phn. Phn II gp i phn I .
- Phn I cho tc dng vi dd cha 0,2 mol
2 4
H SO , c V lt kh
H
2
(ktc)
- Phn II cho tc dng vi dd cha 0,8 mol
2 4
H SO , c 0,6 mol kh
2
H (ktc)
Gi tr ca V l:
A. 13,44 lt B. 6,72 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 2,24 lt
2.3.2.2. Bi tp cng c khi nim axit-baz lp 11
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 79. Ch dng mt dung dch axit, hy phn bit cc dung dch sau trong
cc ng nghim ring bit:
3 2
Ba(NO )
,
4
MgSO
,
2 3
Na CO
.
85
Bi 80. Ho tan 14,8 gam hn hp gm Fe, Cu trong dung dch HCl d th
thu c 3,36 lt kh A (ktc), dung dch B v phn khng tan C. Cho C tan
hon ton trong dd
3
HNO th thu c V lt kh D v dd E (kh D l kh
khng mu ho nu trong khng kh).
1. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
2. Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp u v th tch kh D (ktc)
3. Cho dd
3
NH t t n d vo dd E. Nu hin tng xy ra v tnh lng
dd
3
NH 17% ti thiu cn thit ho tan hon ton dd E.
Bi 81. Tnh in li ca axit HClO trong dung dch 0,2 M bit K
a
=
8
5.10

Bi 82. Tnh pH ca dung dch
3
CH COOH 1,2 M bit in li ca axit ti
nng l 1,4%.
Bi 83. Dung dch
3
CH COOH 0,1M c pH = 2,9. Tnh in li ca axit ti
nng .
Bi 84. Chia hn hp hai kim loi Cu v Al thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn th nht: cho tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
3
HNO c, ngui thu
c 2,24 lt kh
2
NO (gi thit phn ng ch to kh
2
NO ).
- Phn th hai: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c 1,68 lt
kh. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn
hp trn. Cc th tch kh c o ktc.
Bi 85. Ho tan hon ton 1,2 gam kim loi X vo dung dch
3
HNO d thu
c 0,224 lt kh nit (ktc), gi thit sn phm kh ca phn ng ch l nit.
Xc nh X.
Bi 86. C 3 l ho cht mt nhn, mi l ng mt trong cc dung dch
NaCl,
2 3
Na CO , v HCl. Khng c dng thm bt k ho cht no (k c
qu tm), lm th no nhn ra cc dung dch ny. Vit phng trnh ho
hc ca cc phn ng xy ra di dng phn t v dng ion.
86
Bi 87. Dung dch A cha cc ion :
+
Na ,
+
4
NH ,
2-
4
SO ,
2-
3
CO .
1. Dung dch c iu ch t hai mui trung ho no.
2. Chia dung dch A thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn mt tc dng vi dung dch
2
Ba(OH) d un nng thu c 4,3
gam kt ta X v 470,4 ml kh Y
0
13,5 C; 1atm
- Phn hai tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 235,2 ml kh
0
13,5 C; 1 atm.
Tnh tng khi lng cc mui trong 1 / 2 dung dch A.
Bi 88. Dung dch A gm cc ion:
+
Na ,
3+
Fe ,
-
Cl ,
2-
4
SO .Ly 300 ml dung
dch A chia lm 3 phn bng nhau.
- Phn mt: Tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch
3
AgNO 0,1M.
- Phn hai: Tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch
2
BaCl 0,01 M.
- Phn ba : Tc dng vi 150 ml dung dch KOH 0,1M.
1. Tnh nng mol/l cc ion trong dung dch A.
2. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch A
Bi 89. 7,53 gam hn hp X gm Fe v kim loi R c ho tr khng i. Nu
em ho tan ht vo dung dch HCl, X tan ht v cho 0,165 mol
2
H ; Nu em
ho tan vo dung dch
3
HNO th X tan ht v cho 0,15 mol NO. Xc nh tn
kim loi R.
Bi 90. Hn hp Z gm kim loi R ho tr I v kim loi X ho tr II. Cho 3
gam hn hp Z cho tan ht trong dung dch axit hn hp
3
HNO ,
2 4
H SO c
0,05 mol
2
NO v 0,01 mol
2
SO . Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
Bi 91. Ch dng thm qu tm, hy trnh by cch phn bit cc dung dch c
nng khong 0,1M di y ng trong cc l ring bit khng c nhn:
4
NH Cl ,
4 2 4
(NH ) SO ,
2
BaCl , NaOH,
2 3
Na CO .
87
Bi 92. Cho 100ml dung dch
2
Ca(OH) 0,011M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch
HCl 0,02 M thu c dung dch D. Xc nh nng mol/l ca [
+
H ] v pH
ca dung dch. Tnh th tch dd
3
HNO 1,5M trung ho dd D. Mun lm kt
ta ht ion
2+
Ca trong dd u cn bao nhiu gam dung dch
2 3
Na CO 25%?
Bi 93. Cho hn hp FeS v Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl c d thu c
2,464 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Dn hn hp kh ny qua dung dch ch nitrat
d thu c 23,9 gam kt ta. Khi lng FeS v Fe trong hn hp u l
bao nhiu?
Bi 94. un nng 20 gam hn hp gm canxi v photpho trong iu kin
khng c khng kh to thnh cht rn X. ho tan ht X cn 690 ml dung
dch HCl 1M to thnh kh Y. Tm thnh phn ca X v Y.
Bi 95. Cho 10 gam dung dch
3 4
H PO 19,6 % tc dng vi 22 gam dung dch
NaOH 10%. Tm thnh phn ca mui trong hn hp thu c.
Bi 96. Cho 2,15 gam hn hp gm kim loi kim X v kim loi kim th Y
u tan trc tip trong nc to ra dung dch Z v 0,448 lt kh
2
H (ktc). Tnh
th tch dung dch HCl 0,1M cn dng trung ho dung dch Z.
Bi 97. Cho 44 gam NaOH vo dung dch cha 39,2 gam
3 4
H PO . Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton em c cn dung dch n cn kh. Hi nhng
mui no c to nn v khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
Bi 98. Ho tan 0,368 gam hn hp Zn v Al cn va 25 lt dung dch
3
HNO c pH = 3. Sau phn ng ta ch thu c 3 mui. Thnh phn % theo
khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u l bao nhiu?
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
81. Cho cc axit sau:
(1). H
3
PO
4
( K
a
= 7,6 . 10
-3
) (2). HOCl (K
a
= 5 . 10
-8
)
(3). CH
3
COOH ( K
a
= 1,8 . 10
-5
) (4). HSO
4
(K
a
= 10
-2
)
88
Sp xp mnh ca cc axit theo th t tng dn:
A. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4). C. (2) < (3) < (1) < (4).
B. (4) < (2) < (3) < (1). D. (3) < (2) < (1) < (4).
82. Trn ln 100 ml dung dch KOH 1M vi 50 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M th
nng mol ca mui trong dung dch thu c l:
A. 0,33M. B. 0,66M. C. 0,44M. D. 1,1M.
83. C 10ml dung dch axit HCl c pH = 3. Cn thm bao nhiu ml nc ct
thu c dung dch axit c pH = 4?
A. 90 ml B. 10 ml C. 100 ml D. 40 ml
84.
Nh t t dung dch xt vo dung dch Zn(NO
3
)
2
, ta nhn thy:
A. Thy xut hin kt ta ri tan ngay.
B. Lc u dung dch c, khi cho dung dch xt d vo th thy dung dch tr
li trong sut.
C. Lc u dung dch c l do c to Zn(OH)
2
khng tan, sau vi kim
d, n to phc cht [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
tan, nn dung dch tr li trong.
D. (a) v (c)
85. Trn 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,3M vi 100 ml dung dch HNO
3
c
pH = 1, thu c 200 ml dung dch A. Tr s pH ca dung dch A l:
A. 1,0 B. 0,7 C. 13,3 D. 13,0
86. Trn 100 ml dung dch MgCl
2
1,5M vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH c pH =
14, thu c m gam kt ta. Tr s ca m l:
A. 8,7 g. B. 5,8 gam C. 11,6 gam. D. 22,25 gam
87. Trn 100 ml dung dch KOH c pH=12 vi 100 ml dung dch HCl
0,012M. pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi trn l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 8 D. Kt qu khc
89
88. Trn mt dung dch c cha 1 mol
2 4
H SO vi mt dung dch c cha 1,5
mol NaOH, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng bay hi n kh. Cht rn sau
bay hi l:
A.
4
NaHSO B. Na
2
SO
4
C. NaOH D.
2 4
Na SO v
4
NaHSO
89. Cho
2
CO tc dng vi dung dch NaOH theo t l s mol
2
CO
n :
NaOH
n = 1 : 2 th dung dch thu c c pH bng bao nhiu:
A. pH = 7 B. pH < 7 C. pH > 7 D. pH = 14
90. Cho dung dch
2
Ba(OH) n d vo 100 ml dung dch X gm cc ion
+
4
NH ,
2-
4
SO ,
-
3
NO ri tin hnh un nng th thu c 23,3 gam kt ta v
6,72 lt kh duy nht (ktc). Nng mol ca
4 3
NH NO v trong dung dch X
ln lt l :
A. 1M v 1 M B. 2M v 2M C. 1M v 2M D. 2M v 1M
91. C 4 dung dch mui nitrat ca 4 kim loi Cu, Zn , Fe(III), Al ring bit.
Nu thm vo 4 mui trn dd NaOH d ri sau thm tip dung dch
3
NH
d th sau cng thu c bao nhiu kt ta?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
92. Xc nh pH ca dung dch
2
H S 0,1 M cho bit hng s axit
1
K =
-8
8,7.10 ;
2
K = 12,9 v tnh [
-
HS ] ; [
2-
S ].
A. pH = 6,06 B. pH = 6,45 C. pH = 8,23 D. pH = 5,0
93. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi cho 1lt dung dch
2 4
H SO 0,005M
tc dng vi 4 lt dung dch NaOH 0,005 M.
A. 12 B. 13,3 C. 11,3 D. 12,5
94. Cho dung dch m HX 0,05M (
a
pK =5) v NaX 0,05M. Tnh pH ca
dung dch m.
A. 6 B. 5 C. 7 D. 5,5
90
95. Axit photphoric v axit nitric cng c phn ng vi nhm cc cht no
sau y?
A. MgO, KOH,
4
CuSO ,
3
NH ; B.
2
CuCl , KOH,
2 3
Na CO ,
3
NH
C. NaCl, KOH,
2 3
Na CO ,
3
NH D. KOH,
2
K O,
3
NH ,
2 3
Na CO
96. Hy cho bit cc cp cht no sau y c th tn ti trong cng mt dung
dch ?
A. Axit photphoric v natri hiroxit B. Kali photphat v canxi clorua
C. Bc nitrat v natri photphat D. Axit photphoric v axit clohiric
97. Ho tan hon ton 2,4 gam kim loi M vo dung dch
3
HNO ly d thu
c 0,448 lt kh nit (ktc). Kim loi M l:
A. Zn B. Mg C. Al D. Ca
98. Cho 3,87 gam hn hp Mg v Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha 2 axit HCl
1M v
2 4
H SO 0,5M c dung dch B v 4,368 lt
2
H (ktc) th dd B s:
A. D axit B. Thiu axit C.Dd mui D. Kt qu khc
99. C 100ml dung dch A gm HCl v
3
HNO c pH=1. Th tch dung dch
2
Ba(OH) 0,025M cn dng cho vo dd A to dd c pH=2 l:
A. 1,5 lt B. 1 lt C. 0,5 lt D. 0,15 lt
100. Dung dch HCOOH 0,46% (d=1g/ml) c pH=3. in li ca dung
dch l:
A. 1% B. 2% C. 3% D. 4%
2.3.2.3. Bi tp cng c khi nim axit-baz lp 12.
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 99. Ho tan m gam mt hn hp X gm
4 2 4
(NH ) SO v
3
NaHCO vo
nc. Sau thm dung dch Y (gm NaOH v
2
Ba(OH) ) vo n d th thu
c 0,448 lt kh (ktc) v 4,3 gam kt ta.
91
1. Vit cc PTHH xy ra
2. Tnh m
Bi 100. Dung dch X cha hn hp gm
2 3
Na CO 1,5M v
3
KHCO 1M. Nh
t t tng git cho n ht 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch
X, sinh ra V lt kh (ktc). Tnh V
Bi 101. Ho tan ht 5gam hh gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim v
mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim th bng dd HCl thu c 1,68 lt
2
CO (ktc). C cn dd sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Bi 102. Trong phng th nghim c 2 dd cha bit nng l
4
NaHSO v
2 3
Na CO .Ngi ta tin hnh cc th nghim sau:
- TN 1: Cho t t 100g dd
4
NaHSO vo 100g dd
2 3
Na CO , thu c
198,9 gam dd A
- TN2: Cho t t 100 g dd
2 3
Na CO vo 100 g dd
4
NaHSO , thu c
197,8 g dd B.
- TN3: Cho 50g dd
4
NaHSO vo 100g dd
2 3
Na CO , thu c 150g dd C
1. Hy gii thch kt qu cc th nghim trn.
2. Tnh nng C% ca 2 dd ban u
Bi 103. Ho tan a gam hh
2 3
Na CO v
3
KHCO vo nc c 400 ml dd
A. Cho t t 100 ml dd HCl 1,5M vo dd A, c dd B v 1,008 lt kh
(ktc). Cho B tc dng vi
2
Ba(OH) d thu c 29,55 g kt ta. Tnh a v
nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dd A (b qua s cho nhn proton ca cc ion
-
3
HCO v
2-
3
CO ).
Bi 104. Cho 5,64 g hn hp gm
2 3
K CO v
3
KHCO vo mt th tch tnh
trc ca mt dd cha
2 3
Na CO v
3
NaHCO thu c 600 ml dd A. Chia dd
A thnh 3 phn bng nhau.
92
- Cho t t 100 ml dd HCl vo phn th nht thy thot ra 448 ml kh
(ktc) v thu c dd B. Cho dd B phn ng vi nc vi trong d thy xut
hin 2,5 g kt ta.
- Phn th hai tc dng va ht 150 ml dd NaOH 0,1M.
- Cho kh HBr d i qua phn th ba, sau un dd n cn kh, cn
c 8,125 g cht rn khan.
Tnh nng cc cht trong dd A.
Bi 105. Cho hh 2 mui hiro cacbonat ca cc ion dng ho tr I. Ly 24,2
g hh 2 mui ny cho tc dng vi dd HCl d s to thnh 7,471 lt kh (
27,3
0
C v 75,2 cmHg). Tnh khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng.
Bi 106. C mt lt dd X gm
2 3
Na CO 0,1M v
4 2 3
(NH ) CO 0,25M. Cho 43g
hh
2
BaCl v
2
CaCl vo dd X. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, thu c 39,7 g kt
ta A v dd B. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong dd B.
Bi 107. Ho tan 9,875 g mt mui hiro cacbonat (mui A) vo nc v cho
tc dng vi mt lng
2 4
H SO va ri c cn dd thu c 8,25 g mt mui
trung ho khan. Xc nh tn v CTPT ca mui A.
Bi 108. Mt dd c cha a mol
3
NaHCO v b mol
2 3
Na CO . Ch thm (a+b)
mol
2
CaCl hoc (a+b) mol
2
Ca(OH) vo dd trn th khi lng kt ta thu
c trong hai trng hp trn c bng nhau khng? Gii thch v tnh khi
lng mi kt ta thu c nu a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,2 mol.
Bi 109. Nung mt hh X gm C v CuO cho n khi phn ng hon ton.
Khi phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn A. Khi cho A tc dng vi 0,5 lt
dd HCl 0,4 M (lng va ) th c mt phn tan, phn cn li tan trong 0,8
lt dd
3
HNO (lng va ) cho ra kh NO. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong
hh u.
93
Bi 110. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hn hp X gm Al v
x y
Fe O to ra
92,35 gam hh cht rn A. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d lm thot
ra 8,4 lt kh (ktc) v cn li phn khng tan B. B tan ht trong dd
2 4
H SO
c nng d to ra 26,88 lt kh (ktc). Xc nh CTPT ca oxit st v thnh
phn % v khi lng ca nhm trong hh X.
Bi 111. Ho tan hon ton hh gm
2 3
Na CO v
2 3
K SO vo dd cha 0,6 mol
HBr thu c hh kh B v 500 ml dd A. Cho 50 ml dd
3
KHCO 2M vo 100
ml dd A, phn ng xong lm bay hi dd to thnh thu c m gam mui
khan. Sc lng d kh
2
Cl vo 250 ml dd A, phn ng kt thc c cn dd thu
c 16,225 g mui khan. Mt khc, dn kh B vo bnh ng dd
2
Br d thy
dd
2
Br b nht mu, cho tip dd
3 2
Ba(NO ) d vo dd th thu c 23,3 g kt
ta trng. Tnh m v C
M
cc cht c trong dd A.
Bi 112. Ly 2,51gam hh A gm Fe v Zn cho vo 300 ml dd X (dd HCl)
cho n khi phn ng kt thc, lm kh thu c 4,64 g cht rn khan. Cng
ly 2,51g hh A trn cho vo 500 ml dd X c nng nh th nghim trn,
phn ng xong lm kh thu c 5,35 g cht rn khan. Tnh th tch kh thu
c th nghim ban u (o ktc). Tnh nng mol/l ca dd HCl v %
khi lng tng kim loi trong A.
Bi 113. Cho V lt
2
SO (ktc) hp th hon ton bi 90 ml dd NaOH 0,2M ta
thu c 1,216 g mui. Tnh V v th tch dd
2
Ba(OH) 0,1M ti thiu hp
th ht V lt
2
SO ni trn.
Bi 114. Cho hh 2 mui hirocacbonat ca cc ion dng ho tr I. Ly 24,2 g
hh 2 mui ny tc dng vi dd HCl d thu c 7,471 lt kh ( 27,3
0
C v
75,2 cm Hg). Tnh khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng
94
Bi 115. Ho tan 9,875 g mt mui hirocacbonat (mui A) vo nc tc
dng vi 1 lng
2 4
H SO va ri c cn dd thu c 8,25 g mt mui trung
ho khan. Xc nh CTPT v tn ca mui .
Bi 116. Nu thm 0,1 mol cc cht sau y vo 1 lt nc:
2 4 3
Al (SO ) ,
4 3
NH CH COO,
3
NaNO ,
3 4
Na PO th cht no c pH thp nht?
Bi 117. Cho kim loi Ba ln lt tc dng vi cc dd sau:
4
CuSO ,
2 2 4
(NH ) SO ,
3
NaHCO ,
3 3
Al(NO ) ,
2
FeCl , NaOH. Nu hin tng xy ra v
vit PTHH.
Bi 118. C hh M gm hai kim loi l X ho tr II v Y ho tr III. m gam hh
M tan ht trong dd
2 4
H SO long, d, c 2,736 lt kh
2
H (ktc). Cng m
gam hh M tan trong dd NaOH d c 6,048 lt kh v cn li cht rn khng
tan. Tm tn hai kim loi.
Bi 119. Ho tan m gam
4
ZnSO vo nc c dd B. Cho dd B tc dng vi
dd cha 0,22 mol KOH c 3a gam kt ta. Cho dd B tc dng vi dd cha
0,42 mol KOH c 2a gam kt ta. Tm m.
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
101.
Cho hn hp gm Ba, Al
2
O
3
v Mg vo dung dch NaOH d, c bao
nhiu phn ng dng phn t c th xy ra?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
102. Cho dung dch NaOH lng d vo 100 ml dung dch FeCl
2
c nng
C (mol/l), thu c mt kt ta. em nung kt ta ny trong chn khng cho
n khi lng khng i, thu c mt cht rn. em ha tan ht lng cht
rn ny bng dung dch HNO
3
long, c 112cm
3
kh NO (duy nht) thot ra
(ktc). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Tr s ca C l:
A. 0,10 B. 1 lt C. 0,5 lt D. 0,15 lt
95
103. Hn hp A gm hai kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip nhau. Ha tan
0,37 gam hn hp A trong nc d, thu c dung dch X. Cho 100 ml dung
dch HCl 0,4M vo dung dch X, c dung dch Y. trung ha va
lng axit cn d trong dung dch Y, cn thm tip dung dch NaOH c cha
0,01 mol NaOH. Hai kim loi kim trn l:
A. Li Na B. Na K C. K Rb D. Rb Cs
104. Dung dch hn hp B gm KOH 1M Ba(OH)
2
0,75M. Cho t t dung
dch B vo 100 ml dung dch Zn(NO
3
)
2
1M, thy cn dng t nht V ml dung
dch B th khng cn kt ta. Tr s ca V l:
A. 120 ml B. 140 ml C. 160 ml D. 180 ml
105. Cho NaHCO
3
tc dng vi nc vi trong c d, phn ng xy ra hon
ton, tng h s nguyn nh nht ng trc cc cht phn ng ny c
s cn bng s nguyn t cc nguyn t l:
A. 7 B. 10 C. 5 D. Gi tr khc
106. Khi cho dung dch canxi bicacbonat (c d) tc dng vi dung dch xt,
tng h s nguyn nh nht ng trc cc cht trong phn ng phn ng
ny cn bng s nguyn t cc nguyn t l:
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
107. Ho tan 28,1 gam hn hp gm
3
MgCO
v
3
BaCO
c thnh phn %
theo khi lng thay i (trong cha a% MgCO
3
) vo dung dch HCl d
thu c sn phm kh A. Cho A hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2

2M thu c kt ta B. Xc nh a kt ta B nh nht ?
A. 30% B. 50% C. 100% D. Kt qu khc
108
. Trn dung dch cha a mol NaAlO
2
vi dung dch cha b mol HCl.
thu c kt ta th cn c t l
A. a:b = 1:4 B. a:b < 1: 4 C. a : b = 1 : 5 D. a : b > 1: 4
96
109. Ho tan m g kim loi Ba vo nc thu c 1,5 lt dd X c pH = 13. Gi
tr m l:
A. 5,1375 B. 10,275 C. 20,55 D. Kt qu khc
110. C ba dd ring bit sau: Nhm clorua; Km clorua; axit clohiric. Dung
dch cht no sau y c th dng nhn bit ba dung dch ?
A. NaOH B.
3
AgNO C.
3
NH D.
4
FeSO

111. Hai ming st c khi lng bng nhau v bng 2,8 g. Mt ming cho
tc dng vi
2
Cl v mt ming cho tc dng ht vi dd HCl. Tng khi lng
clorua thu c l:
A. 14, 245 gam B. 16,125 gam C. 12,7 gam D. 14,475 gam
112. Khi phn ng vi
2+
Fe trong mi trng axit, l do no sau y khin
cho
-
4
MnO mt mu?
A.
-
4
MnO to phc vi
2+
Fe B.
-
4
MnO b kh cho ti
2+
Mn khng mu
C.
-
4
MnO b oxiho D.
-
4
MnO khng mu trong dd axit
113. Ho tan 28,4 g mt hn hp gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi ho
tr hai bng dd HCl d thu c 10 lt kh (
0
54,6 C, 0,8068 atm) v dd X.
Khi lng hai mui ca dd X l:
A. 30,95 gam B. 34,25 gam C. 31,48 gam D. 33,7 gam
114. Ho tan 2,4 gam mt oxit st va 90 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Cng
thc ca oxit st ni trn l:
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Kt qu khc
115. Hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th tan ht
trong nc to ra dung dch Y v thot ra 0,12 mol kh
2
H . Th tch dd
2 4
H SO 0,5M cn dng trung ho dd Y l:
A. 120 ml B. 60 ml C. 1,20 lt D. 240 ml
97
116. C 4 dung dch mui nitrat ca 4 kim loi Cu, Zn, Fe(III), Al ring bit.
Nu thm vo 4 mui trn dd NaOH d ri sau thm tip dd
3
NH d th
sau cng thu c bao nhiu kt ta?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
117. C cc dd sau y ng trong cc l mt nhn:
3 3
Al(NO ) ,
4 2 4
(NH ) SO ,
3
NaNO ,
4 3
NH NO . Nu ch dng mt thuc th duy
nht nhn bit, thuc th l:
A. dd NaOH B. dd Ba(OH)
2
C. dd NH
3
D. (A) v (B)
118. C 4 cht bt rn ng trong cc l ring bit mt nhn:
2
K O,
2 3
Al O ,
2 3
Fe O , Al. Ch dng mt cht lng, phn bit 4 l ny. Cht lng ny l:
A. dd HCl B. dd H
2
SO
4
long C. dd HNO
3
D. H
2
O
119. lm khan
3
NH c ln hi nc, c th dng cht no trong cc cht
cho sau y?
A. Ca(OH)
2
B. P
2
O
5
C. H
2
SO
4
c D. c A, B v C
120. lm tinh khit
2
SO c ln
2
CO c th dng:
A.
2
Ca(OH) B. Dung dch
2
Br C. dd
4
KMnO D. C B v C
2.3.3. Bi tp m rng khi nim axit-baz
2.3.3.1 Bi tp m rng khi nim axit-baz lp 10
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 120. A l dd
2 4
H SO ; B l dd NaOH. Trn 0,3 lit dd B vi 0,2 lit dd A
c 0,5 lt dd C. Ly 20 ml dd C, thm mt t qu tm vo thy c mu xanh.
Sau thm t t dd HCl 0,05 M n khi giy qu chuyn thnh mu tm,
thy ht 40 ml axit.
Trn 0,2 lt dd B vi 0,3 lt dd A, c 0,5 lt dd D. Ly 20 ml dd D,
thm mt t qu tm vo thy c mu . Sau thm t t dd NaOH 0,1M
98
n khi qu tm i thnh mu tm th ht 80ml dd NaOH. Tnh nng mol/l
cc dd A v B.
Bi 121. Cho 55 gam hn hp hai mui
2 3
Na SO v
2 3
Na CO tc dng ht vi
dung dch
2 4
H SO long, thu c hn hp kh A. T khi ca A i vi hiro
bng 24. Tnh khi lng tng mui trong hn hp trn.
Bi 122. Hn hp cht rn A gm
2 3
Na SO ,
3
NaHSO v
2 4
Na SO . Cho 28,56
gam A tc dng vi dung dch
2 4
H SO long d. Kh
2
SO sinh ra lm mt mu
hon ton 675 ml dd brom 0,2M. Mt khc 7,14 gam A tc dng va vi
21,6 ml NaOH 0,125M. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh
phn phn trm cc cht trong hn hp A.
Bi 123. Ly mt hh X gm 54 g C v 245 g
3
KClO cho vo mt bnh kn c
dung tch l V lt. Tnh V bit rng sau khi nung cho n khi phn ng hon
ton v a v 0
0
C th p sut trong bnh P
1
= 6 atm. Tnh khi lng cht rn
thu c.
Bi 124. Khi cho 2 cht A v B tc dng vi nhau th c kh C thot ra. C
kh C, cht A v B u cha nguyn t X. Cho kh C tc dng vi dd KOH
nng si th to ra mt trong cc cht ban u A. Hn hp kh C v mt kh
khc Y c chiu sng mnh th phn ng rt nhanh vi nhau, to thnh cht
ban u B. Cc cht A, B, C, X, Y l nhng cht no? Vit cc phng trnh
phn ng xy ra bit rng C l mt trong cc kh thng thng.
Bi 125. Ho tan ht 3,96 gam hh A gm Mg v kim loi ho tr III vo 200
ml dd hn hp
2 4
H SO 1,3M v HCl 0,4M c dd B. trung ho ht lng
axit d trong B cn 450 ml dd C gm
2
Ba(OH) 0,1M v NaOH 0,2M. Xc
nh kim loi M, tnh s gam tng kim loi trong A bit khi lng nguyn t
ca M ln hn ca Mg
99
Bi 126. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt kh
2
H S (ktc) ri ho tan sn phm kh
sinh ra vo 80ml dd NaOH 25%( d=1,28). Cho bit kh no c to thnh v
tnh nng % ca mui trong dd.
Bi 127. Khi lng mol ca ba kim loi ho tr II t l vi nhau theo t s
3:5:7. T l s mol tng ng 4:2:1. Nu ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp
trn bng dd HCl d thu c 1,568 lt
2
H (ktc). Xc nh tn 3 kim loi
Bi 128. Ho tan hon ton hn hp A gm Mg, Cu vo mt lng va dd
2 4
H SO 70% c , nng thu c 1,12 lt kh
2
SO (ktc) v dd B. Cho dd B tc
dng vi NaOH d, c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i, c
hn hp cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi lng d
2
H (nung nng) thu c
2,71 g cht rn F. Tnh khi lng Mg, Cu c trong hn hp A.
Bi 129. Cho 3,87g mt hn hp R gm 2 kim loi M (ho tr 2) v G (ho tr
3) vo 250 ml dd cha axit HCl 1M v
2 4
H SO 0,5M, thu c dd B v 4,368
lt kh
2
H (0
0
C, 1 atm). Trong dd, t s mol ca 2 ion
2+
M v
3+
G trong dd l
2:3. Xc nh tn kim loi M v G.
Bi 130. Ho tan m gam hn hp
2 3
Na CO v
2 3
K CO vo 55,44 gam
2
H O thu
c 55,44 ml dung dch (d= 1,0822), b qua s bin i th tch. Cho t t
dung dch HCl 0,1M vo dung dch trn cho n khi thot ra 1,1 gam kh th
dng li. Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi nc vi trong to ra 1,5 gam
kt ta kh. Tnh m v C% mi mui trong dd ban u.
Bi 131. Cho 2,98 g hn hp X gm Fe v Zn vo 200 ml dung dch Y l
HCl. Sau khi phn ng hon ton ta c cn (khng c oxi) th c 5,82 gam
cht rn. Tnh th tch kh
2
H bay ra (ktc).
Bi 132. Ho tan 96,4 g mui
4 2 4
(NH ) SO .
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) .24
2
H O vo nc, ri
cho tc dng vi dung dch cha 105,5 gam hn hp
2
Ba(OH) v NaOH, un
100
nng, sau khi kt thc cc phn ng thu c dung dch X, kh Y v kt ta Z.
Bit trong dd X khng cn ion
2-
4
SO .
1. C cn dd X c bao nhiu gam cht rn?
2. Tnh th tch kh Y ktc
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
121. Ha tan hon ton 2,52 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long to
thnh 6,84 gam mui sunfat. M l kim loi no?
A. Al B. Zn C. Mg D. Fe
122. Cn ly bao nhiu gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c c sn (c nng
97,5%) v khi lng nc pha c 2 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
37,36% (c t
khi 1,28) (l dung dch axit cn cho vo bnh acqui)?
A. 980,9 gam; 1 579,1 gam B. 598,7 gam; 1 961,3 gam
C. 1120,4 gam; 1 439,6 gam D. Tt c u khng ph hp
123. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
cho vo bnh acqui trn (dung dch H
2
SO
4
37,36%, t
khi 1,28) c nng mol/l l:
A. 2,98 M B. 4,88 M C. 3,27 M D. 6,20 M
124. Cho 42 gam hn hp mui MgCO
3
, CuCO
3
, ZnCO
3
tc dng vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu c 0,25 mol CO
2
, dung dch A v cht rn B. C cn
dung dch A, thu c 38,1 gam mui khan. em nung lng cht rn B trn
cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 0,12 mol CO
2
v cn li cc cht
rn B. Khi lung ca B v B l:
A. 10,36 gam; 5,08 gam B. 12,90 gam; 7,62 gam
C. 15, 63 gam; 10,35 gam D. 16,50 gam;
125. Cho 624 gam dung dch BaCl
2
10% vo 200 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
(c
d). Lc b kt ta, ly dung dch cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch
101
Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
, thu c 144 gam kt ta. Nng % ca dung dch H
2
SO
4

lc u l:
A. 24,5% B. 14,7% C. 9,8% D. 37,987%
126. C 6 gi bt c mu tng t nhau: CuO, FeO, MnO
2
, Ag
2
O v hn hp
Fe + FeO. c dng thm mt dung dch no sau y nhn bit c 6 gi
trn?
A.
2 4
H SO (,nng) B. HCl C. HCl D.
3
FeCl
127. Ha tan hon ton 1,44 g mt kim loi ha tr II bng 250 ml H
2
SO
4
0,3
M (long). Mun trung ha axit d trong dung dch sau phn ng phi dng
60 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. Kim loi l:
A.Be B. Ca C. Ba D. Mg
128. Ho tan m gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe v m (ho tr khng i) vo
dung dch HCl d c 0,045 mol kh
2
H v 4,575 gam mui. Gi tr ca m
l:
A.3,0225 gam B. 1,47 gam C. 1,245 gam D. 1,38 gam
129. Cho cc cht Cu, Fe, Ag v cc dd HCl,
4
CuSO ,
2
FeCl ,
3
FeCl . S cp
cht c phn ng vi nhau l:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
130. Cho 32,8 g hn hp X gm
3
MgCO ,
2 3
Na CO ,
2 3
K CO tc dng ht vi
dd
2 4
H SO . Sau phn ng thu c 43,6 gam hn hp A gm 3 mui sunfat v
V lt kh
2
CO (ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 6,72 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 1,12 lt
131. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,02 mol
2
FeS v 0,03 mol FeS vo
lng d
2 4
H SO c nng thu c
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) ,
2
SO v
2
H O. Hp th ht
102
2
SO bng mt lng va dd KMnO
4
thu c dd Y khng mu trong sut,
c pH =2. Th tch ca dd Y l:
A. 11,4 lt B. 5,7 lt C. 22,8 lt D. 17,1 lt
132. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm
2
Na O,
2
BaCl ,
3
NaHCO v
4
NH Cl c s
mol mi cht bng nhau (v bng a mol) vo nc ri un nng. Sau khi kt
thc th nghim c dd A. Vit cc PTHH xy ra, cho bit dd A cha nhng
cht g? C cn dd A c bao nhu gam cht rn khan? (tnh theo a)?
A . 3a mol NaCl B. 2a mol NaCl C. a mol NaCl D. Kt qu khc
133. Cho 6,2 g oxit kim loi ho tr I tc dng vi nc d c dung dch A
c tnh kim. Chia A thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn I tc dng vi 95 ml dd
HCl 1M thy dd sau phn ng lm xanh qu tm. Phn II tc dng vi 55 ml
dd HCl 2M thy dd sau phn ng lm qu tm. Cng thc kim loi dng
A. Li
2
O B. Na
2
O C. K
2
O D. Rb
2
O
134. Clo ho hon ton 1,96 g kim loi A c 5,6875 g mui clorua tng
ng. ho tan va 4,6 g hn hp gm kim loi A v mt oxit ca n cn
dng 80 ml dd HCl 2M, cn nu cho lung
2
H d i qua 4,6 g hh trn th sau
phn ng thu c 3,64 g cht rn X. Cng thc ca oxit kim loi A l:
A. ZnO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. FeO D. Fe
3
O
4
135. Ho tan 3,96 g hn hp Mg v kim loi R (c khi lng ln hn Mg)
ho tr III vo 300 ml dd HCl 2M. trung ho ht axit d cn 180 ml dd
NaOH 1M. Kim loi R v phn trm khi lng ca n trong hn hp l:
A.Al; 78,7% B. Al; 81,82 % C. Cr; 80,25 % D. Cr; 79,76 %
136. Trn 13 gam mt kim loi M ho tr II (ng trc hiro) vi lu hunh
ri un nng phn ng xy ra hon ton c cht rn A. Cho A phn ng
vi 200 ml dd
2 4
H SO 1,5M (d) c hn hp kh B nng 5,2g c t khi so
vi oxi l 0,8125 v dd C. Kim loi M l:
103
A. Fe B. Zn C. Ca D. Mg
137. Thuc th thch hp phn bit 4 dung dch ng trong 4 l b mt
nhn gm:
2 3
Na CO , NaOH,
2 4
Na SO , HCl l:
A. Qu tm B. DD
3
AgNO C. DD
2
BaCl D. DD
2 4
H SO
2.3.3.2 Bi tp m rng khi nim axit-baz lp 11
a. Bi tp t lun:
Bi 133. Ch dng thm qu tm, hy trnh by cch phn bit cc dung dch
c nng khong 0,1M di y ng ring bit trong cc bnh khng c
nhn:
2 3
Na CO ,
4
NH Cl ,
4 2 4
(NH ) SO ,
2
BaCl .
Bi 134. Nung 6,58 gam
3 2
Cu(NO ) trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau
mt thi gian thu c 4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon
ton X vo nc c 300 ml dung dch Y. Tnh pH ca dung dch Y.
Bi 135. Mt cht kh thu c khi cho tc dng 38,84 ml dd HCl 7,3%
(d=1,03g/ml) vi 1,12 gam kim loi cha bit. Cht kh ny c phng qua
ng cha 1,6 gam CuO, cht rn sau phn ng c ho tan trong
3
HNO 32%
(d=1,2). Bit rng kim loi cha bit c ho tr hai v ho tr ba, vi HCl, kim
loi ny to mui ho tr hai. Xc nh th tch dd
3
HNO cn dng.
Bi 136. Cho 4,5 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 250 ml dd X gm HCl
1M v
2 4
H SO 0,5M c dd B v 5,04 lt kh
2
H (ktc).
1. Chng minh rng dd B c mi trng axit.
2. Tnh khi lng cc kim loi trong A.
Bi 137. Dn V lt
2
CO (ktc) vo bnh c 500ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,5M v
2
Ba(OH) 0,1M thu c 3,94 gam kt ta. Tnh V.
Bi 138. Dn V lt
2
CO (ktc) vo bnh cha 300 ml dd NaOH 1M c dd
A. Bit dd A c kh nng tc dng ti a vi 100ml KOH 2M. Tnh th tch
2
CO (ktc).
104
Bi 139. Hn hp A cha
2
FeS v
2
Cu S. Ho tan m gam A trong dd
2 4
H SO c nng, d, thu c dd B v kh C. Cho dd B tc dng vi NaOH
d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng
i c 3,2 g cht rn D. Hp th ton b lng kh C vo bnh cha 300ml
dd NaOH 1M, c dd E. Dung dch E c kh nng tc dng ti a 200ml dd
NaOH 0,5M. Tnh khi lng hn hp A.
Bi 140. Ho tan hon ton 18,4 g mt hh hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi
cng thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II hai chu k lin tip nhau vo dd HCl.
Hp th ton b lng
2
CO thu c vo bnh cha 500 ml dd NaOH 0,6M
c dd X. Bit X c kh nng tc dng ti a vi 200ml dd KOH 0,5M. Xc
nh cng thc hai mui cacbonat v khi lng mi mui trong hh u.
Bi 141. Hn hp A gm Al, Fe, Cu. Ho tan A trong dd
2 4
H SO c, nng, d
c dd B v kh C. Dn C vo dd
2
Br , sau thm tip
2
BaCl vo thu c
kt ta D. Cho dd B vo dd NaOH d c kt ta E. Nung E nhit cao
n khi lng khng i, c cht rn F. Vit cc ptp xy ra.
Bi 142. Ho tan hon ton 2,6 gam mt kim loi M ho tr II khng i trong
dd
3
HNO c 0,896 lt hn hp kh NO v
2
NO (ktc). Bit t khi hi ca
hh kh so vi hiro l 19. Xc nh M.
Bi 143. Hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M.
- Ho tan hon ton 11 gam A trong dd HCl c 8,96 lt kh
2
H (ktc)
- Ho tan hon ton 11 gam A trong dd
3
HNO long d c 6,72 lt
kh NO (ktc).
Nu ho tan hon ton hh A trong dd
3
HNO long, d thu c bao
nhiu lt kh gm NO,
2
N O (ktc) bit t khi ca hh so vi hiro bng 18,5.
Tm tn M v s mol mi cht trong A
105
Bi 144. Ngi ta iu ch supephotphat n t mt loi bt qung c cha
73%
3 4 3
Ca (PO ) , 26%
3
CaCO v 1%
2
SiO .
1.Tnh khi lng dd
2 4
H SO 65% tc dng vi 100 kg bt qung.
2.Supephotphat n thu c gm nhng cht no? Tnh t l %
2 5
P O
Bi 145. Chia m gam mu dy dn bng Fe bc Cu thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Cho phn 1 tc dng vi dd
2 4
H SO long, d, phn ng xong thu c 2,24 lt
2
H (ktc). Phn hai tan ht trong dd
3
HNO long to ra 4,48 lt (ktc) NO duy
nht. Tnh m (gam).
Bi 146. Vit PTHH xy ra trong chui th nghim sau:
Ho tan ht
3 4
Fe O trong dd
2 4
H SO d to ra dd A. Sc
2
Cl (d) vo mt na
dd A thu c dd B; Thm Fe d vo na dd A cn li thu c dd E. Thm
dd
4
KMnO vo dd B v dd E.
Bi 147. Cho 30 gam kim loi ng tc dng vi :
+TN1: 250 ml dd
2 4
H SO 2,4M (long)
+TN2: 250 ml dd
3
HNO 3,2M (long)
+TN3: 250 ml dd
3 2
Cu(NO ) 1,6M;
2 4
H SO 2,4M
Th tch (ktc) cht kh ln nht c th sinh ra trong mi th nghim trn l
bao nhiu?
B. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan:
138. Cho t t dung dch NH
3
vo dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
A. Lc u thy dung dch c, sau khi cho tip dung dch NH
3
lng d vo
th thy dung dch trong, do Al(OH)
3
lng tnh, b ha tan trong dung dch
NH
3
d.
106
B. Lc u thy dung dch c l do c to Al(OH)
3
khng tan, sau khi cho
dung dch NH
3
c d, th thy dung dch trong sut, l do c s to phc cht
tan c trong dung dch.
C. NH
3
l mt baz rt yu, n khng tc dng c vi dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
D. Tt c u sai
139. S ion OH
-
c trong 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
pH = 12 l:
A. 2.10
18
B. 2.10
-2
C. 12,04.10
19
D. 1,204.10
22

140. 44,08 gam mt oxit st Fe
x
O
y
c ha tan ht bng dung dch HNO
3

long, thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A, thu
c kt ta. em nung lng kt ta ny nhit cao cho n khi lng
khng i, thu c mt oxit kim loi. Dng H
2
kh ht lng oxit ny th
thu c 31,92 gam cht rn l mt kim loi. Fe
x
O
y
l:
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. Fe
3
O
4
D. S liu cho khng thch hp, c th Fe
x
O
y
c ln tp cht
141. to ra c dung dch nc
3 2
Cu(NO ) th pH ca dd phi l:
A. pH = 7 B. pH > 7 C. pH < 7 D. C A v B
142. Cho dd m HX 0,05M (pK
a
=5) v NaX 0,05M. pH ca dd m l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. Kt qu khc
143. pH ca dd baz yu B=11,5. Hy xc nh cng thc ca baz, nu
thnh phn khi lng ca n trong dd ny bng 0,17% cn hng s ca baz
K
b
=10
-14
. T khi ca dd bng 1g/cm
3
A.
3
NH B.
3
AlCl C.
3
CH COONa D. NaOH

144. Thay i mt dd c pH=4 thnh dd c pH=6 ta phi:
A. Thm vo mt t nc ca dd bay hi C. Thm vo mt t baz
B. Thm vo mt t axit D. Tin hnh bng cch khc
107
145. Nu thm 0,1 mol cc cht sau y vo 1 lt nc:
2 4 3
Al (SO ) ;
NH
4
OOCCH
3
; NaNO
3
; Na
3
PO
4
th dd no c pH ln nht
A.
2 4 3
Al (SO ) B. NH
4
OOCCH
3
C. NaNO
3
D. Na
3
PO
4

146. Ch dng qu tm, c th nhn bit c my cht trong s cc dd sau:
NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
; KCl; NH
4
NO
3
; Al(NO
3
)
3
; Mg(NO
3
)
2
; Pb(NO
3
)
2
; ( NH
4
)
2
CO
3

A. 5 B. 8 C. 6 D. Kt qu khc
147. Hn hp X gm Mg v
3
MgCO . Ho tan hon ton m gam X trong dd
HCl, c 5,6 lt hn hp kh Y (ktc). Dn Y vo bnh cha 250ml dd NaOH
1M. C cn dd sau hp th c 12,6 gam rn khan. Tnh m ca X.
A. 12 gam B. 14,5 gam C. 15 gam D. 17 gam
148. Dn 5,6 lt kh
2
CO (ktc) vo bnh cha 500ml dd NaOH a mol/l c
dd X. Thm tip dd
2
CaCl d vo dd X, c 10 gam kt ta. Tnh a
A. 0,75M B. 0,7M C. 0,8 M D. 0,9M
149. Kh 3,48 gam mt oxit ca kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt
2
H (ktc).
Ton b lng kim loi M thu c cho tc dng vi dd HCl d cho 1,008 lt

2
H (ktc). Tm M v oxit ca M.
A. Mg v MgO B. Na v Na
2
O C. Fe v Fe
3
O
4
D. Al v Al
2
O
3
150. Ho tan m gam ZnSO
4
vo nc c dd B (khng c s thu phn).
Cho dd B tc dng vi 110 ml dd KOH 2M c 3a gam kt ta. Nu cho dd
B tc dng vi 140 ml dd KOH 2M c 2a gam kt ta. Tnh m.
A. 18 gam B. 15 gam C. 19 gam D. 16,1 gam
151. Ho tan ht 7,74 gam hn hp bt hai kim loi Mg v Al bng 500 ml dd
hn hp cha hai axit HCl 1M v axit
2 4
H SO 0,28M (long) thu c dd A v
8,736 lt kh H
2
(273
0
K v 1 atm). Cho rng cc axit phn ng ng thi vi
hai kim loi. Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng.
A. 38,93 gam B. 35,67 gam C. 34,65 gam D. 33,45 gam
108
152. 11,2 gam bt st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian thu c 14,4 gam
hn hp X gm st v cc oxit st. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dd
2 4
H SO c, nng th thu c bao nhiu mol
2
SO ?
A. 0,1 mol B. 0,15 mol C. 0,2 mol D. 0,3 mol
153. Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100 ml dd hn hp gm
3
HNO 0,8M
v
2 4
H SO 0,2M, ti phn ng xong thu c duy nht mt sn phm kh duy
nht l NO. Tnh th tch kh NO (ktc).
A. 0,672 lt B. 0,448 lt C. 1,792 lt D. 0,746 lt
154. Ho tan hon ton hh X gm Ag, Al, Cu cn dng lng d dd no sau
y 25
0
C?
A.
2 4
H SO c B. HClc; NaNO
3
C. FeCl
3
long D. NaOH c
155. Cho m gam kim loi R (ho tr khng i, khng tc dng vi H
2
O) vo
dd HCl d thu c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). Nu cho m gam kim loi R ny vo dd
3
AgNO d th khi lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 10,08 gam B. 32,4 gam C. 21,6 gam D. 43,2 gam
156. em t chy hon ton 1,24 gam hh X gm 2 kim loi (ng trc
hiro trong dy in ho v c ho tr khng i) thu c 1,56 gam hh oxit.
Cng cho 1,24 gam X trn ho tan hon ton vo dd
2 4
H SO long th c V
lt H
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,448 B. 4,48 C. 2,24 D. 0,672
157. A v B l hai kim loi c ho tr khng i. Ho tan ht m gam hh X
gm A v B trong dd cha HCl v
2 4
H SO long, d thu c 4,48 lt H
2

(ktc). Nu dng dd HNO
3
c, nng ho tan hon ton m gam hh X th thu
c bao nhiu mol kh?
A. 0,1 B. 0,2 C. 0,3 D. 0,4

109
2.3.3.3 Bi tp m rng khi nim axit baz lp 12
a. Bi tp t lun
Bi 148. Ho tan hh gm
2
Na O,
2
BaCl ,
3
NaHCO ,
4
NH Cl (c s mol mi
cht bng nhau v = a mol) vo nc ri un nng. Sau khi kt thc th
nghim c dd A. Vit PTHH xy ra, cho bit dd A cha nhng cht g? C
cn dd A thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn khan? (tnh theo a)?
Bi 149. Nhit phn hon ton 20 gam mui cacbonat kim loi ho tr hai thu
c kh B v cht rn A. Ton b kh B cho vo 150 lt dd
2
Ba(OH) 0,001M
thu c 19,7 g kt ta. Tnh khi lng A v cng thc ca mui cacbonat.
Bi 150. Cho 200ml dd NaOH tc dng vi 500ml dd
3
AlCl 0,2M, ta thu c
kt ta trng keo, em nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i
th c 1,02 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol ca dd NaOH
Bi 151. Cho mt mu Na vo dd c cha
2 4 3
Al (SO ) v
4
CuSO thu c kh
A, dung dch B v kt ta C. Nung kt ta C thu c cht rn D. Cho
2
H d
qua D nung nng thu c cht rn E (hiu sut 100%). Ho tan E trong dd
HCl d th E ch tan mt phn . Gii thch th nghim bng cc PTHH.
Bi 152. Nh t t 200ml dd A gm
2 3
Na CO 0,5M v KOH 1M vo 200ml
dd HCl 1M c dd B v kh
2
CO .
1. Tnh th tch kh
2
CO (ktc).
2. Xc nh nng cc cht trong dd B.
Bi 153. Nh t t 200 ml dd HCl a mol/l vo bnh cha 100ml dd
2 3
Na CO 1M, c dd X c kh nng tc dng ti a vi 100ml dd NaOH
0,5M. Xc nh a.
Bi 154. Ch dng thm mt ho cht no sau phn bit c cc kim loi
sau? : Na, Ba, Ag.
110
Bi 155. C hin tng g xy ra khi cho Na ln lt vo cc dd KCl,
3 2
Ca(HCO ) ,
4
CuSO ,
2 4 3
Al (SO ) ,
2
FeCl .
Bi 156. Cho Na vo dd cha hn hp
2
MgCl v
3
AlCl c dd A v kt ta
B. Lc kt ta B nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i c cht rn
C. Cho C vo dd NaOH thy khng thay i khi lng C. Cho bit thnh
phn ca A, B, C v vit PTHH minh ho.
Bi 157. Hn hp Y gm FeO v 0,1 mol M
2
O
3
(M l kim loi cha bit).
Cho Y tc dng vi dd
2 4
H SO long d c dd D. Cho D tc dng vi lng
d NaOH c kt ta v dd E. Cho E tc dng vi dd HCl va c 15,6
gam kt ta. Xc nh M
2
O
3
.
Bi 158. Cho dd HCl 0,5M vo 100 ml dd hai mui
2 3
Na CO v
3
NaHCO cho
ti khi khng cn kh bay ra th thu c 3,36 lt (ktc). Mt khc c cn 50
ml dd hai mui trn v lm kh th c 14,3 gam tinh th
2 3
Na CO .10H
2
O.
Tnh nng mol ca hai mui trong hh u.
Bi 159. Dung dch A cha a mol Na
+
; b mol
4
NH
+
; c mol
3
HCO

; d mol
2
3
CO

v e mol
2
4
SO

(khng k cc ion H
+
v OH
-
ca H
2
O). Cho (c+ d+e)
mol
2
Ba(OH) vo dd A un nng thu c kt ta B, dd X v kh Y. Tnh s
mol ca mi cht trong B, kh Y duy nht c mi khai theo a, b, c, d, e.
Bi 160. Cho 0,1mol Ba vo dd X cha 0,2mol CuSO
4
v 0,12 mol HCl. Kt
thc phn ng thu c kt ta un nng nhit cao n khi lng
khng i thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn?
Bi 161. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 11,2 gam kim loi M v 69,6 gam
M
x
O
y
vo dd HCl c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc); vo dd HNO
3
c 6,72 lt NO
(ktc). Tm cng thc ca M v oxit ca M.

111
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan:
158. Nhng thanh st ( nh sch) vo cc dd sau, sau mt thi gian rt
thanh st ra, sy kh nhn thy th no? (gi s cc kim loi sinh ra (nu c)
u bm vo thanh st). Nhn xt no sai?
A. Dung dch
4
CuSO : khi lng thanh st tng so vi ban u
B. Dung dch NaOH : Khi lng thanh st khng thay i
C. Dung dch HCl : Khi lng thanh st gim.
D. Dung dch
3
FeCl : Khi lng thanh st khng thay i
159. to kt ta
2
Cu(OH) ;
2
Zn(OH) ;
3
Fe(OH) ; v
3
Al(OH) t cc mui
tng ng ngi ta c th dng ho cht no sau y?
A. Dung dch
3
NH (ly d) C. Dung dch NaOH (ly )
B. Dung dch NaOH (ly d) D. Dd
3
NH trn vi dd NaOH(ly d)
160. Mt mnh kim loi X c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn mt: Tc dng vi
2
Cl , ta c mui B.
Phn hai: Tc dng vi HCl, ta c mui C.
Cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui B ta li c mui C. Hi X l kim
loi no trong s cc kim loi sau?
A. Al B. Zn C. Fe D. Mg
161. Ho tan 10 gam hn hp bt Fe v
2 3
Fe O bng mt lng dd HCl va
, thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc) v dd A. Cho NaOH d vo thu c kt
ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m gam cht
rn. m l:
A. 12 gam B. 11,2 gam C. 12,2 gam D. 16 gam
112
162. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam bt st trong dd
2 4
H SO long, d thu c
dung dch A. phn ng ht vi mui
2+
Fe trong dd A cn dng ti thiu
bao nhiu gam
4
KMnO ?
A. 3,67 gam B. 6,32 gam C. 9,18 gam D. 10,86 gam
163. Cho dung dch cha x mol
3 2
Ca(HCO ) vo dung dch cha x mol
4 2
Ca(HSO ) th kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. Khng c hin tng g B. C hin tng si bt kh
C. Si bt kh v dd b vn c D. Dung dch sau phn ng c pH<7
164. Khi nh t t dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo dung dch AlCl
3
xy ra hin tng
no sau y?
A. Xut hin kt ta keo trng. B.Xut hin kt ta keo trng sau tan.
D. Khng c hin tng g. C. Xut hin kt ta nhm cacbonnat.
165. Ti sao sau khi c un nng ri ngui dung dch NaHCO
3
li tr
nn kim hn:
A. Do nc bay hi lm th tch dung dch gim v nng NaHCO
3

tng.
B. Do khi un nng s thy phn xy ra mnh hn.
C. Do NaHCO
3
phn hy thnh Na
2
CO
3
c tnh baz mnh hn.
D. Khng phi cc l do trn.
166. Ngi ta tin hnh cc th nghim sau:
TN1: Rt 2 ml dung dch HCl vo ng nghim ri cho mt vin km vo.
TN2: Rt 2 ml dung dch HCl vo ng nghim, thm 2 git CuSO
4
ri cho
mt vin km vo. So snh tc thot kh hai th nghim trn thy:
A. Tc thot kh hai ng bng nhau.
B. Tc thot kh ng 1 nhanh hn ng 2.
C. Tc thot kh ng 1 chm hn ng 2.
113
D. Khng so snh c
167. Nh t t 500 ml dd gm
2 3
K CO 0,2M v
3
NaHCO 0,8M vo 300 ml
HCl 1M th th tch kh
2
CO thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 5,6 lt D. 3,36 lt
168. Cho Ba kim loi vo dd HCl th:
A. Ba kh H
2
O thnh dd kim, sau trung ho vi HCl
B. Ba kh H
+
(HCl) v H
2
O ng thi
C. Ba kh H
+
(HCl), sau mi kh H
2
O
D. Ba kh H
2
O; sau kh H
+
(HCl)
169. Cho kim loi Ba vo dd hn hp HCl v CuCl
2
th th t phn ng l:
A. H
2
O; HCl; CuCl
2
B. CuCl
2
; HCl; H
2
O
C. CuCl
2
; H
2
O; HCl D. HCl; H
2
O; CuCl
2

170. Cho cc cht sau: dd NaCl(1); dd HCl(2); dd CuSO
4
(3); O
2
(4); Cl
2
(5);
CO
2
(6); Al
2
O
3
(7); NaHCO
3
(8). Kim loi Ba c th tc dng vi:
A. 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 1, 6, 7, 8 C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 D. 2, 3, 4, 5,8
171. Cho BaO vo dd H
2
SO
4
long c kt ta X v dd Y. Cho dd Y tc
dng vi NaHCO
3
d thy xut hin kt ta trng. Nu thm Al vo dd Y cho
n khi ngng thot kh th thu c dd Z. Thm tip Na
2
CO
3
vo dd Z li
xut hin kt ta trng. S phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn l:
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
172. Nu ch dng H
2
O th c th phn bit dy cht no sau y?
A. Na
2
O, BaO, Al
2
O
3,
ZnO, MgO B. Na
2
O, CaO, CuO, MgO, Fe
2
O
3

C. Na, BaO, CaO, Al
2
O
3
, FeO, CuO D. Na, Ba, Al
2
O
3
, ZnO, CuO, Fe
2
O
3

173. C hin tng g xy ra khi nh t t dd
2
Ba(OH) vo dd
2 4 3 2 4
[Al (SO ) .H SO ] n d.
A. Khng c hin tng g
114
B. Xut hin kt ta trng
C. Xut hin kt ta trng, sau kt ta trng b tan ht
D. Xut hin kt ta trng, sau kt ta trng b tan mt phn
174. Mt hh X gm CaC
2
, Al
4
C
3
. Ho tan hh X trn vo nc thu c dd Y
v hh kh Z. Dn CO
2
d vo dd Y, lc tch b kt ta, un si dd nc lc li
thu c kt ta na. Hi c bao nhiu phn ng xy ra trong dd trn?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
175. Mt dd gm NaCl, BaCl
2
. tch ring tng cht ra khi hh sao cho
khi lng khng i so vi ban u, th phi dng thm dy cc ho cht
no? Bit cc dng c thit b coi nh y .
A. Na
2
CO
3
; HCl B. CO
2
, HCl C.(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, HCl D. K
2
CO
3
, HCl
176. Trn 100 g dd Ba(HCO
3
)
2
vi 100 g dd H
2
SO
4
20%, th dd thu c sau
khi trn c khi lng 167,9 gam. Hi C% ca dd Ba(HCO
3
)
2

A. 32,1 % B. 12,95% C. 25,9 % D. 48, 85%
177. t chy m gam mt hh X gm Al, Mg, Cu trong oxi d thu c 26,2
gam hh cc oxit kim loi. ho tan hon ton lng oxit kim loi ny cn
300ml dd H
2
SO
4
2M. Gi tr m l:
A. 17,6 gam B. 16,6 gam C. 23 gam D. 17,2 gam
178. Dn mt lung CO qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng thu c
rn Y. Ho tan hon ton Y trong dd HCl c dd Z v 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). Cho
dd Z tc dng vi dd NaOH d c 36 gam kt ta trng. Cc gi tr m v V
ca CO l:
A. 32 gam; 6,72 lt B. 32 gam; 4,48 lt
C. 24 gam; 6,72 lt D. 48 gam; 4,48 lt
179. Cho cc dd sau: NaCl(1); K
2
SO
4
(2); AgNO
3
(3); KBr(4); CuSO
4
(5); in
phn dd no th thu c dd sau in phn c pH>7.
A. 1, 2, 4 B. 3, 5 C. 2, 3, 5 D. 1, 4
115
180. Mt hn hp X gm Na, Ba. Ho tan hon ton m gam X vo H
2
O c
3,36 lt H
2
(ktc) v dd Y. trung ho dd Y th th tch dd HCl 2M cn
dng l:
A. 0,15 lt B. 0,3 lt C. 0,075 lt D. 0,1 lt
181. Trn 100 ml dd HCl 0,1M; H
2
SO
4
0,05M vi V lt dd X gm NaOH
0,2M; Ba(OH)
2
0,1M. V dd X l bao nhiu dd thu c sau khi trn c
pH =1 ?
A. 20 ml B. 400 ml C. 50 ml D. 80 ml
182. Mt hn hp X gm Na
2
O; NH
4
Cl; NaHCO
3
; CaCl
2
c s mol bng
nhau. Ho tan hh trong nc v un nng nh c dd Y, kh Z v kt ta J.
Hi dd Y l:
A. NaCl B. NaCl; NaOH C.NaCl; NaHCO
3
D. NaCl; CaCl
2

183. Cho s phn ng sau:
Na X
1
X
2
X
3
X
1
Na. X
1
; X
2
; X
3
l:
A. NaCl; NaOH; NaClO B. Na
2
O; NaOH; Na
2
CO
3

C. Na
2
O; Na
2
CO
3
; NaOH D. Na
2
SO
4
; NaOH; Na
2
CO
3

184. Dn a mol H
2
S vo dd cha 2a mol NaOH, thu c dd X. Dy cc cht
no di y u tc dng vi dd X?
A. CuCl
2
; AlCl
3
; NaHSO
4
B. HCl; Pb(NO
3
)
2
; NaHCO
3

C. NaOH; H
2
SO
4
; FeCl
2
D. CuSO
4
; HCl; FeCl
3

185. C hin tng g xy ra khi nh t t dd NaOH vo dd hh gm: AlCl
3
;
CuCl
2
n d?
A. Xut hin kt ta trng v kt ta xanh lam
B. Ch xut hin kt ta xanh lam
C. Xut hin kt ta trng v kt ta xanh lam sau kt ta xanh lam tan ra
D. Xut hin kt ta trng v kt ta xanh lam sau kt ta trng tan ra
116
2.3.4. Bi tp tng hp khi nim axit-baz .
a. Bi tp t lun.
Bi 162. Ha tan 174 gam hn hp gm hai mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng
mt kim loi kim vo dd HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu
bi 500 ml dd KOH 3M. Xc nh tn kim loi kim v % s mol mi mui
trong hn hp u.
Bi 163. Cho 23 gam hn hp gm Ba v hai kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k k
tip tc dng hon ton vi nc thu c dd A v 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Nu
thm vo dd A 180 ml dd
2 4
Na SO 0,5M th trong dd cn d ion
2
Ba
+
. Nu
thm tip 30 ml na th dd li d ion
2
4
SO

. Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim.
Bi 164. Cho hh M gm hiro, oxi d, oxit cacbon vo mt bnh kn nhit
0
0
C, p sut p. un nng bnh t chy hon ton hh ri h nhit
bnh v 0
0
C thy p sut gim hai ln so vi ban u. Cho vo bnh mt lng
NaOH d. Lc bnh n khi p sut ngng thay i. o p sut thy gim 10
ln so vi ban u. Hy xc nh thnh phn % th tch cc kh trong hh M,
bit rng lng NaOH khng nh hng n p sut.
Bi 165. Cho hh X gm Fe, Zn v mt kim loi A c ha tr hai, trong s
mol ca Zn v Fe c t l 1:3. Chia 56,2 gam hh X lm hai phn bng nhau:
1.Phn mt cho tc dng vi dd
2 4
H SO 0,1M. Khi kim loi tan ht thu c
6,72 lt kh (27,3
0
C; 2,2 atm).
2. Phn hai cho tc dng vi dd NaOH d c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc).
Xc nh tn kim loi A v th tch
2 4
H SO 0,1M cn dng.
Bi 166. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hh A gm FeO v
2 3
Fe O t nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht,
nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s cho hp th vo dd Ba(OH)
2
, th thu
117
c 9,062 gam kt ta. Mt khc ha tan cht rn B bng dd HCl d c
0,6272 lt H
2
(ktc). Tnh % khi lng cc oxit trong A.
Bi 167. Ha tan 115,3 gam hh X gm
3
MgCO v
3
RCO bng 500ml dd
2 4
H SO long thu c dd A, cht rn B v 4,48 lt
2
CO (ktc). C cn dd A
thu c 12 gam mui khan. Mt khc em nung cht rn B n khi lng
khng i th thu c 11,2 lt
2
CO (ktc) v cht rn B
1
. Tnh nng mol
ca dd
2 4
H SO dng v khi lng B v B
1
.
Bi 168. Cho rt t t dd A cha x mol HCl vo dd B cha y mol
2 3
Na CO .
Sau khi cho ht A vo B thu c dd C. Hi trong dd C c nhng cht g?
Bao nhiu mol.
Bi 169. Ho tan hon ton 17,88 gam hh X gm hai kim loi kim A, B v
kim loi kim th M vo nc thu c dd C v 0,24 mol kh H
2
bay ra. Dung
dch D gm
2 4
H SO v HCl trong s mol ca HCl gp 4 ln s mol ca
2 4
H SO . trung ha dd C cn ht V lt dd D. Tnh tng khi lng mui
to thnh trong phn ng trung ho.
Bi 170. Cho 112,88 gam hn hp Mg, Fe vo 700 ml dd AgNO
3
, phn ng
han ton, c cht rn X nng 48,72 gam v dd Y. Cho X tc dng vi dd
HCl thy c kh bay ra. Cho dd Y tc dng vi dd NaOH c kt ta. Lc
kt ta v nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i c 14 gam cht
rn. Tnh khi lng Al v Fe ban u.
b. Bi tp trc nghim khch quan
186. Nh t t 500 ml dd X gm Na
2
CO
3
0,2M v KHCO
3
vo 200 ml dd
HCl 1M th th tch CO
2
thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt C. 1,68 lt D. 4,48 lt
187. chng minh NaHCO
3
c tnh cht lng tnh th phi cho NaHCO
3

tc dng vi:
118
A. HCl; CaCl
2
B. HCl; NaOH C.Ca(OH)
2
;NaOH D. NaOH; CaCl
2

188. Cho cc cht sau: Cl
2
(1); O
2
(2); CuO(3); Al
2
O
3
(4); CO
2
(5); NaHCO
3
(6);
NH
4
Cl(7); Na
2
CO
3
(8). Dung dch NaOH c th tc dng vi dy cc cht sau:
A. 1, 2, 3, 8 B. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 C. 4, 5, 6, 7 D. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7
189. Nhit phn hon ton m gam mt hh X gm KCl; KClO
3
; CaCl
2
;
CaOCl
2
; Ca(ClO
3
)
2
thu c rn Y v 2,24 lt O
2
(ktc). Cho rn Y tc dng
vi dd Na
2
CO
3
d c 20 gam kt ta. Nu rn Y tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
d
th thu c 71,75 gam kt ta. Gi tr m l:
A. 35,82 gam B. 32,58 gam C. 32,85 gam D. 38,52 gam
190. Trn 100 gam dd Ba(HCO
3
)
2
C% vi 100 gam dd H
2
SO
4
19,6% thu
c dd c khi lng 167,9 gam. C% ca dd Ba(HCO
3
)
2
l:
A. 29,5% B. 25,9% C. 12,45% D. 6,25%
191. Nh t t 200 ml dd HCl 1M vo 100 ml dd X gm Na
2
CO
3
1M v
KHCO
3
0,5M th thu c dd Y. Thm tip Ca(OH)
2
d vo dd Y th thu
c bao nhiu gam kt ta.
A. 5 gam B. 10 gam C. 15 gam D. Khng c kt ta
192. Ch dng mt kim loi trong s cc kim loi no di y c th phn
bit c cc dd ring bit sau: NaCl; NH
4
Cl; ZnCl
2
; Ca(HCO
3
)
2
; FeSO
4

A. Al B. Fe C. Na D. Cu
193. Cho cc ion sau: Na
+
(1);
4
NH
+
(2); Al
3+
(3); Cl
-
(4);
2
3
CO

(5);
3
CH COO

(6);
3
HCO

(7);
4
HSO

(8). Ion no l trung tnh?

A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 3, 4, 5 C. 3, 6 D. 1, 4
194. Cho cc ion nh cu 193. Hi ion no l axit?
A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 7 C. 2, 3, 8 D. 2, 7, 8
195. Cho cc ion nh cu 193. Hi ion no l baz ?
A. 2, 3, 7 B. 5 , 6 C. 5, 6, 7 D. 3, 5, 8
119
196. Cho cc ion nh cu 193. Hi ion no l lng tnh?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 7,8 D. 5,6
197. Trn dd cha m gam Ba(OH)
2
vi m gam dd HCl, c dd X. Hi dd X
c:
A. pH = 7 B. pH > 7 C. pH < 7 D. Khng xc nh
198. Trn dd (NaOH 0,1M; Ba(OH)
2
0,2M) vi dd Y (HCl 0,2M; H
2
SO
4

0,1M) theo t l no v th tch c dd c pH= 13? (V
x
:V
Y
= p)
A. p = 5:4 B. p = 4:5 C. p = 5:3 D. p = 6:4
199. Mt dd X c cha cc ion: Ca
2+
; Mg
2+
; Ba
2+
; 0,2 mol Cl

v 0,1 mol
3
HCO

. Th tch dd Na
2
CO
3
1M l gi tr no cho di y thu c kt
ta ln nht?
A. 0,1 lt B. 0,15 lt C. 0,2 lt D. 0,3 lt
200. Dn bao nhiu lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 200 ml dd hh NaOH 0,5 M v Na
2
CO
3

1M th khi c cn cn thn dd sau phn ng c 35,8 gam mui?
A. 8,96 lt B. 5,6 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt
201. C dd l: AgNO
3
; Fe(NO
3
)
3
; Al(NO
3
)
3
; Cu(NO
3
)
2
v 4 thanh kim loi
tng ng. Nu cho cc kim loi ln lt tc dng vi 4 dd trn th c bao
nhiu phn ng xy ra?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12
202. Nh t t V
1
lt dd AlCl
3
1M vo V
2
lt dd NaOH 1M c m
1
gam kt
ta. Nh t t V
2
lt dd NaOH 1M vo V
1
lt dd AlCl
3
1M c m
2
gam kt
ta. Gi tr m
1
v m
2
so vi nhau l:
A. m
1
=2m
2
B. m
1
=m
2
C. m
2
=2m
1
D. m
2
=3m
1

202. Cho cc ion sau trong nc: Cl

;
3
CH COO

; Na
+
;
4
NH
+
;
2
3
CO

;
4
HSO

;
3
HCO

. Nhng ion no c kh nng nhn proton?

120
A.
3
CH COO

;
4
NH
+
;
2
3
CO

B. Cl

;
3
HCO

; Na
+

C.
2
3
CO

;
3
HCO

;
3
CH COO

D.
2
3
CO

;
3
HCO

;
4
HSO

203. Mt hh X gm Fe v Cu. Cho m gam X vo bnh ng dd HCl d th c
2,24 lt H
2
bay ra (ktc). tc dng ht cc cht c trong bnh cn 10,1 gam
KNO
3
. Vy gi tr ca m l:
A. 12 gam B. 17,8 gam C. 15,2 gam D. 9,2 gam
204. Ho tan hon ton 16 gam hh X gm Mg; Al; Zn; Fe trong dd H
2
SO
4

long d th thu c 67,84 gam mui sunfat trung ho. Nu ho tan hon
ton lng hh X trn trong dd HNO
3
long d (ch c kh NO duy nht bay
ra) th thu c 89,18 g mui nitrat kim loi. Khi lng Fe trong hh trn:
A. 11,2 gam B. 10,8 gam C. 4,48 gam D. 5,6 gam
205. Cho 200ml dd X gm NaOH 0,5M v Na
2
CO
3
1M c th tc dng ti a
bao nhiu lt CO
2
(ktc)?
A. 6,72 lt B. 8,96 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 4,48 lt
206. T hh Al
2
O
3
; Fe
2
O
3
; SiO
2
. C th s dng ho cht no sau y thu
c Al
2
O
3
tinh khit vi hiu sut cao nht. Cc thit b dng c th nghim
.
A. dd NaOH c; CO
2
B. dd HCl; NH
3

C. Kh CO v dd HCl D. dd NaOH; SO
2

207. Mt hh X gm Al
2
O
3
; Fe
2
O
3
; BaO. Ho tan hon ton X vo nc c
dd Y v phn khng tan Z. Cho Z vo ng s ri dn mt lung CO d, nung
nng qua th thu c cht rn T. Ngm T vo dd NaOH d cn li phn
khng tan P. Vy Y l:
A. Ba(AlO
2
)
2
B. Ba(OH)
2
C.Ba(OH)
2
;Ba(AlO
2
)
2
D.Ba(OH)
2
;NaOH
121
208. Nung 29,7 gam hh gm Al; Fe
x
O
y
khng c khng kh, c rn X. Nu
cho X tc dng vi dd NaOH d c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Nu cho X tc dng
vi dd HCl d th c 10,08 lt H
2
(ktc). Cng thc oxit st l:
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. Fe
3
O
4
C. FeO D.Khng xc nh
209. Trn 100 gam dd Ba(HCO
3
)
2
aM vi 100 gam dd H
2
SO
4
19,6% th thu
c dd c khi lng 183,95 gam. Gi tr a l:
A. 12,95% B. 25,9% C. 18,25% D. 38,85%
210. C cc dd sau: NaOH; K
2
CO
3
; NaHSO
4
; Ba(HCO
3
)
2
. Nu trn cc cht
vi nhau tng i mt, c bao nhiu phn ng xy ra?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
211. C cc cht rn sau: MnO
2
; Ag
2
O; FeS; CaCO
3
; BaSO
4
; MgO. Ch dng
thm mt ho cht, c th phn bit c 6 cht trn. Ho cht l:
A. H
2
SO
4
B. NaOH C. HCl D. Ba(OH)
2

2.4. S dng h thng bi tp trong vic hnh thnh khi nim axit-
baz :
2.4.1. S dng bi tp ho hc hnh thnh khi nim axit-baz :
S dng BTHH l phng php dy hc quan trng, c hiu qu trong qu
trnh dy hc. Sau y l mt s phng php s dng BTHH trong vic hnh
thnh khi nim axit-baz
2.4.1.1. S dng bi tp ho hc n tp kin thc c v axit-baz.
hnh thnh khi nim ho hc mi, hc sinh cn c trang b, hiu
v vn dng mt s kin thc c s cn thit.
VD1: trc bi 31(SGK HH10 NC): Axit clohiric, gio vin c th
giao bi tp v nh (hoc kim tra ming) cho hc sinh nh sau:
+ Bi 2. (lun vn). Trong cc dy cht di y, dy cht no gm cc cht
u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl ? Vit PTHH xy ra?
a) Fe
2
O
3
, KMnO
4
, CO
2

122
b) K , CuO , Ba(OH)
2

c) CaCO
3
, FeO , Cu
d) BaSO
4
, NaOH , Mg(OH)
2

Bi 3. (lun vn). Trong cc dy cht di y, dy cht no gm cc cht
u tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH ? Vit cc PTHH xy ra ?
e) BaO , HCl , FeCl
2

f) CO
2
, HNO
3
, FeCl
3

g) AgCl , H
2
SO
4
, SO
2

h) KNO
3
, HCl , Al
2
O
3

Trong nhng bi ny, hc sinh c n tp li kin thc c, c th l
nhng tnh cht ho hc ca axit v ca baz theo nhng g hc sinh c
hc lp 8.
+ Sau khi n tp li kin thc c qua nhng bi tp trn, hc sinh
tip tc c nghin cu tnh cht ho hc ca axit HCl mt cch nhanh nht.
VD2: Trc bi (SGK HH11 NC): Axit, Baz , mui. Do c im
khi nim axit-baz c n tp li lp 10 nn vic n tp li giai on
ny ch cn t thi gian. C th, gio vin giao bi tp v nh nh sau:
+ Bi 15, bi 17, cu 8,(hoc cc bi t 1-20; cc cu t 1-20).
+ Sau , hc sinh c gio vin hng dn nghin cu kin thc mi
v axit, baz.
2.4.1.2. S dng bi tp ha hc hnh thnh khi nim axit-baz
+ Khi hnh thnh khi nim mi cho ngi hc theo phng php khi
qut-qui np, vic chn i tng in hnh l quan trng nht v t i tng
in hnh ny qua cc thao tc t duy hc sinh s hnh thnh nn khi nim mi.
V d 1:
123
Bi 23. (lun vn). Vit phng trnh in li ca cc axit mnh HI v
4
HClO ;
cc axit yu:
2
HNO ;
2 3
H SO ; cc mui:
2 4
Na SO ,
2 3
K HPO ,
4
KHSO ,
3 2 2 4
[Ag(NH ) ] SO
Bi 37. (lun vn). Vit PTHH di dng phn t ca cc PTHH c phng
trnh ion thu gn nh sau:
1.
+ -
3 2
H O +OH H O
2.
+ 2+
3 2 2
2H O +Mg(OH) Mg +4H O
3.
+ -
4 3 2
NH +OH NH +H O
4.
- - 2-
3 3 2
HCO +OH CO +H O
Trong nhng bi ny, hc sinh c chun b kin thc v s in li v
phng trnh in li ca axit, baz v ca mui, t hc sinh c th t khi
qut ho v mi trng axit hoc mi trng baz c nhng c im chung
no? Ti sao?
+ Qua nhng bi tp trn, hc sinh d dng nhn thy tu thuc vo
cht tham gia phn ng (k c nc) m cc cht c xt l axit hay baz.
+ Tu thuc vo trnh nhn thc ca hc sinh, gio vin c th
dng loi bi tp nu vn nhm pht huy tnh tch cc c lp sng to
ca hc sinh.
V d 2: Cc bi 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 hoc cc cu 23, 24, 25 c th c
s dng hnh thnh nhng kin thc mi v axit-baz v phn ng axit-
baz. Qua cc bi tp ny, khi nim axit-baz v phn ng axit-baz c
chnh hc sinh tm ra v khi qut thnh khi nim. bi 23: Vit phng
trnh in li ca cc axit mnh, axit yu v cc mui HI; HClO
4
; HNO
2
;
H
2
SO
3
; Na
2
SO
4
; K
2
HPO
3
; KHSO
4
Sau khi vit xong, hc sinh s thy r
mi lin h gia ion H
+
v axit. Tng t nh vy, khi nim baz cng c
hc sinh khi qut li qua bi tp. cc bi 24 v 26 (lun vn), hc sinh
124
c lm tm ra khi nim phn ng axit-baz. Cng vi vic hnh thnh
khi nim phn ng axit-baz, hc sinh cn c cng c cc khi nim ring
axit, baz v k nng vit PTHH.
V d 3: hnh thnh tnh cht ha hc ca axit, baz c th dng cc
bi 1, bi 2, bi 27. Vit PTHH ca HCl, ca NaOH vi cc cht cho sn hay
ch dng qu tm, nhn bit cc dd axit, baz, mui cho trc. lm c
nhng bi ny, hc sinh cn c tnh cht ha hc ca axit-baz hc trc
v bit vn dng chng linh hot. bi 27. Sau khi dng qu tm, hc sinh
ch phn bit c 3 nhm cht: axit, baz , mui. Nhng vn m hc sinh
trung bnh s gp phi l vn cn hai axit, hai mui cng lm i mu qu
tm. Cc em s tip tc dng hai axit lm th nghim vi hai mui v nhn ra
cp axit - mui to kt ta l H
2
SO
4
v BaCl
2
, cp cht cn li l HCl v KCl
V d 4. H thng cc bi tp sau y c th c dng xy dng cho
hc sinh khi nim v pH ca dd:
Bi 1. Mt dung dch c [H
+
] = 1,5.10
-3
M. Dung dch ny c mi trng l
A. Axit B. Baz
C. Trung tnh D. Khng xc nh c
lm c bi ny yu cu HS phi nh c: tch s nng H
+
v OH
-

trong dd c dung mi nc lun = 10
-7
. Cng c ngha l [H
+
] = 10
-7
th dd c
mi trng trung tnhTheo bi : [H
+
] = 1,5.10
-3
M > 10
-7
=> dd c mi
trng axit
Bi 2. Tnh pH ca dung dch HCl 0,1M
Sau khi c hiu r nng H
+
biu th tnh axit, baz ca mt dung dch,
hc sinh c th t lm c bi 2 vi quy c: pH = - lg [H
+
]
Pt in li: HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
=> [H
+
] = 0,1M => pH = -lg ( 0,1) = 1
Bi 3. Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 0,01 M
125
Vn l, hc sinh khng nhn thy ngay [H
+
] da vo pt in li, nn HS s
vit lun pt in li ca NaOH v tnh pH = -lg[OH
-
] hoc HS hiu mun tm
pH phi c [H
+
], nhng HS khng bit phi tm [H
+
] nh th no
Cch lm bi ny s cho HS nh: [H
+
] . [OH
-
] = 10
-14
v nhc li biu thc:
pH = - lg [H
+
]
pt in li: NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

[OH
-
] = 0,01 M => [H
+
] =
-14 -14
-2
10 10
=
0, 01 10
= 10
-12

=> pH = 12
2.4.1.3. S dng BTHH cng c kin thc mi c hnh thnh
v axit baz
cng c kin thc mi c hnh thnh v khi nim axit baz, gio vin
c th s dng cc bi tp t lun, trc nghim khch quan c phn loi
theo tng khi nim c bn nh:
+ Bi tp vit phng trnh in li
+ Bi tp vit phng trnh phn t (da vo phng trnh in li)
+ Bi tp xc nh axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh
+ Bi tp chng minh tnh lng tnh ca mt s cht lng tnh
+ Bi tp tnh pH ca mt dung dch axit hoc dung dch baz
+ Bi tp tnh pH ca mt dung dch sau phn ng
Cc loi bi tp ny khng nhng c s dng trong chng 1 (S in li
SGK HH 11 nng cao) m cn c s dng trong cc chng hc khc c
lin quan n tnh cht axit, baz ca mt cht, mt dung dch.
V d 1. Bi 23 (lun vn). Vit phng trnh in li ca cc axit mnh HI v
4
HClO ; cc axit yu:
2
HNO ;
2 3
H SO ; cc mui:
2 4
Na SO ,
2 3
K HPO ,
4
KHSO ,
3 2 2 4
[Ag(NH ) ] SO
126
C th dng bi tp ny cng c k nng vit phng trnh in li ca cc
axit, baz ngay sau bi 1: S in li hoc bi 2: Phn loi cc cht in li.
V d 2. Bi 37( lun vn). Vit PTHH di dng phn t ca cc phn ng
c phng trnh ion thu gn nh sau:
1.
+ -
3 2
H O +OH H O
2.
+ 2+
3 2 2
2H O +Mg(OH) Mg +4H O
3.
+ -
4 3 2
NH +OH NH +H O
4.
- - 2-
3 3 2
HCO +OH CO +H O
C th dng bi tp ny hoc dng ny sau bi 2: Phn loi cc cht in li
hoc nu dng sau bi 3: Axit, baz, mui cng c th khng nh c bn
cht ca dung dch axit, dung dch baz l do cc ion H
+
; OH
-
quyt nh
cng nh bn cht ca phn ng axit, baz l do s nhng v nhn proton
V d 3. Bi 24 ( lun vn) . Trong cc phn ng di y, cc cht tham gia
phn ng no ng vai tr l axit, cht no ng vai tr l baz (theo
Bronstet-Lauri )
1. CuO + 2HCl
2
CuCl +
2
H O
2. NH
4
Cl + NaOH NaCl +
3
NH +
2
H O.
3. 2
3
Fe(OH) + 3
2 4
H SO
2 4 3
Fe (SO ) + 6
2
H O
4.
3
CH COOH +
3
NH
3 4
CH COONH
Thng qua bi tp ny, khng nhng bn cht khi nim phn ng axit baz
c cng c m khi nim axit, khi nim baz cng c cng c li. Qua
, hc sinh c h thng ha ton b nhng khi nim lin quan: axit,
baz, dung dch axit, dung dch baz, phn ng axit baz .
V d 4. Bi 28 ( lun vn). Trn ln 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2 M vi 150
ml dung dch HCl c dung dch A.
127
1.Tnh nng mol/l cc ion trong dung dch A .
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch A
Qua bi tp ny, khi nim axit v dung dch axit, baz v dung dch baz,
phn ng axit baz, khi nim pH ca dung dch c nhc li mt cch t
nhin v gip HS t h thng
2.4.2.S dng bi tp ho hc pht trin cc khi nim v axit-
baz :
2.4.2.1. S dng bi tp ho hc nghin cu tnh axit, tnh baz
ca cc cht ha hc:
Khi nim axit, baz v phn ng axit baz l khi nim ha hc c bn cho
php h thng ha cc hp cht ha hc, phn loi cc phn ng gia cc
cht, gii thch cc hin tng ha hc, chn tc nhn phn ng, cht xc
tc,Cc loi hp cht v c c chia thnh bn loi: oxit, axit, baz, mui,
trong oxit hp nc s to thnh axit hoc baz tng ng, bn thn cc
mui cng c mi trng axit hoc mi trng baz, nh hng trc tip n
sn phm ca mt phn ng ha hc m mui tham gia phn ng hoc ng
vai tr lm xc tc (chiu hng ca phn ng, sn phm u tin,..)
V d: Vit PTHH xy ra khi cho dd Na
2
CO
3
tc dng vi dd CuCl
2

lm c bi ny, HS phi hiu c dd Na
2
CO
3
l dd c mi trng baz
Phn ng xy ra nh sau: Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+
2-
3
CO
2-
3
CO + H
2
O
-
3
HCO + OH
-

Cu
2+
+ 2 OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
+
2.4.2.2 S dng bi tp ha hc khc su v m rng khi nim
v axit baz.
S dng BTHH mt cch linh hot, sng to s gip HS t rn luyn khc su
v m rng kin thc ha hc c hiu qu. Cng mt vn v axit, baz,
128
GV c th t cu hi 4 mc : bit hiu vn dng v vn dng
sng to sao cho ph hp vi trnh t duy ca HS
Thng qua rn luyn cc bi tp nh vy HS t khc su v m rng s hiu
bit ca mnh.
V d 1: vi loi bi tp axit baz c th dng bi tp t lun theo tng mc
sau:
+ Mc bit: Cc cht sau l axit? baz? Lng tnh hay trung tnh?
HCl ;
-
3
HCO ;
-
3
NO ;
2-
3
CO ; Al(OH)
3
;
4
NH
+

Vi cu hi ny, hc sinh c th tr li ng m khng cn hiu bn cht, c
th lm bi trn mt cch my mc m vn c kt qu ng.
Axit: HCl ;
4
NH
+
;
Baz :
2-
3
CO ; Al(OH)
3

Lng tnh:
-
3
HCO ; Trung tnh:
-
3
NO .
+ Mc hiu: Vn yu cu nh mc trn nhng hi thm cu hi v sao?
Nu ch yu cu xc nh cht l g th hc sinh c th hc thuc vt v khng
hiu, tuy nhin tr li cu hi v sao, hc sinh phi bit vit phng trnh
phn ng ca cc cht vi nhng cht khc c vai tr i lp (thng vit vi
H
2
O)
+ Mc vn dng: Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,0 M vi 400 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,375 M c dung dch c pH l bao nhiu?
bi ny, hc sinh phi vit c PTHH, tnh c phn ng xy ra cn d
axit hay baz mi bit c dd sau p c mi trng axit hay mi trng
baz, v vn dng khi nim pH mi tnh c pH.
+ Mc vn dng sng to: Nu thay yu cu tnh pH ca mc trn bng
cch cho bit trc pH ca mt dung dch, t tm nng ca dung dch
129
cho phn ng ban u th hc sinh s bit vn dng mt cch sng to khi
nim axit, baz v pH ca dung dch
C th: Cho 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,2 M tc dng vi 300 ml dung dch
NaOH a M, c dung dch c pH bng 8. Tm a.
V d 2. Cng loi bi tp v phn ng axit baz, c th dng bi tp linh
hot theo tng mc sau:
Cho dung dch HCl 0,1M vo 200 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
1M.
+ Mc bit: a) Vit PTHH xy ra khi dd HCl d.
2HCl + Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
|
Phn ny, a phn HS s lm ng nhng khng phi do hiu l HCl d nn
mi to ra kh CO
2
|, m ch yu l do HS lm theo thi quen, sau khi lm
ht bi th HS s hiu phn ny.
+ Mc hiu: b) Nu vai tr ca cc cht tham gia phn ng trn
n phn ny, yu cu HS hiu bn cht ca phn ng xy ra l:
2H
+
+
2-
3
CO H
2
O + CO
2
|
T y, HS mi lm c: H
+
(trong HCl) ng vai tr axit;
2-
3
CO (trong
Na
2
CO
3
) ng vai tr baz theo Bronstet Lauri.
+ Mc vn dng: c) Vit ptp xy ra nu cho tng git dung dch HCl vo
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
. Sau phn ng s thu c mui g?
n phn ny, HS trung bnh v yu s thc mc ngay phn ny v phn (a)
c PTHH ging nhau. V khi HS thc mc, vn c gii quyt s gip HS
nh lu ni dung mnh thc mc.
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl + H
2
O (1)
2HCl + Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
| (2)
Vy sau phn ng thu c mt mui l NaCl.
130
+ Mc vn dng sng to: d) Nu th tch dd HCl l 3lt dd th thu c dd
mui no? C khi lng l bao nhiu?
Vi th tch dd HCl cho sn, HS tnh c ngay s mol HCl, kt hp vi s
mol Na
2
CO
3
bit, c th HS s lm theo thi quen c l d axit hay baz
theo mt phng trnh (1) hoc (2) v do s tnh khi lng mui sai.
Vi HS kh, sau khi vit c pt (1) v (2), HS s bit cch lm bi ny.
Gi s mol HCl (1) l x; HCl (2) l 2y mol
x + 2y = 0,3 ; x + y = 0,2 => x = 0,1 ; y = 0,1 ; thu c c hai mui
NaHCO
3
v NaCl vi s mol tng ng: 0,1 v 0,3 mol, khi lng tng
ng l 8,3 gam v 17,55 gam.
2.4.3. S dng bi tp ha hc n tp, h thng ha ni dung ca
khi nim axit baz
C th dng s Grap sau h thng kin thc l thuyt v axit baz cho
hc sinh vit cc PTHH biu th mi lin h gia cc khi nim trong s ,
sau cung cp h thng bi tp ha hc (s dng trong lun vn) hc
sinh c n tp v rn luyn k nng v ni dung khi nim axit baz.
S : Cc khi nim axit baz v mi lin h gia cc khi nim














P- trung ho
P- TRAO I Ion
K
CB
PH

BAZ

AXT

mUI

131

Sau , cho HS lm h thng bi tp sau cng c, h thng cc khi
nim va c n tp:
Bi 22. Bi 23. Bi 24. Bi 28. Bi 30. Bi 31
Hoc c th s dng cc bi trong cc phn bi tp cng c khi nim axit
baz bt k no trong lun vn ny.
GIO N THC NGHIM S 3
BI 5: LUYN TP AXIT BAZ MUI
I. Mc tiu:
1. Kin thc:
+ Cng c khi nm axit baz theo thuyt Arenuyt v Bronstt
+ Cng c cc khi nm v cht lng tnh, mui
+ ngha ca hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz, tch s ion ca
nc
2. K nng:
+ Rn luyn k nng tnh pH ca dd axit, dd baz
+ Vn dng thuyt axit, baz ca Arenuyt v Bronstt xc nh tnh
axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh ca cc cht
+ Vn dng biu thc hng s phn li axit, hng s phn li baz , tch s
ion ca nc tnh nng ion H
+
, pH
+ S dng cht ch th axit baz xc nh mi trng ca dd cc cht
3. Gio dc:
+ Bit vai tr ca ion H
+
v nh hng ca H
+
n mi trng, t gip
HS thy c yu cu bo v mi trng v cch bo v ngun nc khi
b nhim axit
132
+ Bit ngha ca pH v nhng dd ngoi cuc sng c th hin gi tr pH,
t HS thm yu khoa hc ha hc v hng th vi vic tm hiu b mn
ha hc
II. Chun b:
1. Gio vin: cc phiu hc tp, cc bn trong, my chiu,
2. Hc sinh: n tp li ni dung l thuyt hc v lm cc bi tp trong phn
l thuyt.

PHIU HC TP 1
1. Ghp cu ct A vi cu ct B cho ph hp
A B p n
1. Baz l cht khi tan trong
nc
a) Phn li hon ton ra cation
kim loi (hoc cation
+
4
NH )
v anion gc axit.
1
2. Axit l cht khi tan trong
nc
b) Phn li ra cation H
+
hoc
anion OH
-

2
3. Hu ht cc mui khi tan
trong nc
c) Phn li ra anion OH
-
3
4. Hiroxit lng tnh khi tan
trong nc
d) Phn li ra ion dng v
ion m
4
e) Phn li ra cation H
+

2. Cc mui sau y mui no l mui trung ha? NaCl; NH
4
NO
3
;
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
; K
3
PO
4
; CH
3
COONa; KHSO
4

PHIU HC TP 2
133
1) Hy in vo ch trng:
a) Cho cc cht: NaCl; Ba(OH)
2
; H
2
O; MgSO
4
; CH
3
COOH
+ Cht in li yu l...
+ Cht in li yu nht l...
b) So snh nng mol ca H
+
v OH
-
trong nc nguyn cht.......
c) Biu thc v gi tr tch s ion ca nc 25
0
C.......................
d) pH c gi tr nh th no trong cc loi mi trng trng thi....
2. Tnh pH ca: - Dung dch HClO
4
0,01M
- Dung dch NaOH 0,001M
PHIU HC TP 3
Cho cc phn ng gia cc cp cht sau:
1. Mg v H
2
SO
4
2. HCl + Na
2
CO
3

3. Zn(OH)
2
+ NaOH
4. CaCO
3

o
t

5. AgNO
3
+ CaCl
2
6. (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + HCl
a) phn ng trao i xy ra vi iu kin no?
b) Phn ng no l phn ng trao i
c) Vit phng trnh phn t, phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng trn
II. THIT K CC HOT NG DY HC.
Hot ng 1. I. Cc kin thc trng tm:
134
GV: a ra bng h thng kin thc
khi nim trng tm ca chng
- HS quan st, nh li kin thc
- Yu cu HS quan st. Sau GV
gi HS ng ti ch nhc li cc khi
nim ca cc phn kin thc l thuyt

- HS tr li cu hi ca GV
H thng cu hi:
1. Th no l s in li
2. Th no l cht in li? Cht in li mnh? Cht in li yu?
3. Cc axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh, mui in li ra nhng ion no?
4. Vit biu thc tch s ion ca nc
5. Vit biu thc lin h gia [H
+
] v pH ca dung dch
6. Nu khong ca pH trong cc mi trng (axit, baz, trung tnh).
7. Th no l cht ch th axit, baz?
8. Nu iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

BNG H THNG KIN THC KHI NIM TRNG TM
















S IN
LI LI
CHT
IN LI
MNH
YU
... ...


Tch s ion ca nc
Biu thc lin h ca [H
+
]
Trung tnh..
pH Axit...
Baz :...
cht ch th axit - baz
- iu kin xy ra phn
ng trao i ion trong dd: cc
cht in li tc dng vi nhau
c to thnh mt trong cc
cht sau:
+cht kt ta
+cht d bay hi

axit
baz Hiroxit
lng
tnh
Mui
in li
ra
... ... ... ...

135








Hot ng 2. II. Bi tp
GV: Pht phiu hc tp s 1 cho 4
bn u.
+ Pht phiu hc tp s 2 cho bn 3,
bn 4 (2 dy)
+ Pht phiu hc tp s 3 cho bn 5, 6
(2 dy)
(Trong cng lc GV chiu bi cc
phiu hc tp ln my chiu)
- Sau 5 pht gi i din nhm 1 ln
bng trnh by (chiu phiu hc tp 1)
- Sau tip tc 5 pht na, li gi i
din nhm 2 ln bng trnh by
- HS lm bi trong phiu hc tp.

- HS tho lun theo nhm nh

- HS tho lun theo nhm nh



- HS ln bng lm bi, HS khc nhn
xt, b sung


- HS ln bng lm bi, HS khc nhn
xt, b sung.
- GV chiu p n cc phiu hc tp
1, 2, 3.
- HS hon thin vo v.
Hot ng 3. Tng kt v vn dng
136
GV: Chiu bi trn my chiu theo
tng slide, cho HS ln bng ln lt
lm cc slide .
- HS ghi u bi vo v v lm khi
ln lt HS ng ti ch tr li p
n.
Slide 1:
Bi 1. Cho cc cht sau: KCl; HClO
4
; Ba(OH)
2
; HClO; MgSO
4

S cht in li mnh l:
A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2
Bi 2. Cht lng no khng dn in?
A. Nc bin B. Nc ng
C. Nc vi trong D. Gim n (dd CH
3
COOH)
Slide 2
Bi 3. Trn hai th tch bng nhau c cng nng mol ca dd H
2
SO
4
v dd
NaOH th pH ca dd sau phn ng
A. <7 B. = 7 C. > 7 D. Khng xc nh
Bi 4. Phn ng no di y to kt ta CaCO
3
?
A. CO
2
d + Ca(OH)
2
B. BaCO
3
+ CaSO
4

C. Na
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
C. CO
2
+ CaCl
2

Slide 3
Bi 5. Dung dch Al(NO
3
)
3
c 0,6 mol
-
3
NO . S mol Al
3+
l:
A. 0,2 B. 1,8 C. 0,6 D. 0,4
Bi 6. Dung dch NaOH 0,01M c pH bng:
A. 2 B. 1 C. 12 D. 13
Slide 4
Bi 7. Phng trnh ion rt gn 2H
+
+ S
2-
H
2
S ng vi phng trnh phn
t:
137
A. 2HCl + FeS FeCl
2
+ H
2
S B. H
2
+ S H
2
S.
C. 2HCl + Na
2
S NaCl + H
2
S. D. 2H
2
O + 2S 2H
2
S + O
2
.
Bi 8. Cho 2 lt dd H
2
SO
4
c 0,001 mol
2-
4
SO c pH xp x bng:
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4
Slide 6
Bi 9. Trn 3 lt dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,2M vi 2 lt dd Ba(NO
3
)
2
0,3M. Dung
dch sau phn ng c ion no? (khng k H
+
, OH
-
ca nc in li)
A. Na
+
,
-
3
NO B. Na
+
,
-
3
NO , Ba
2+
.
C. Na
+
,
-
3
NO ,
2-
3
CO D. Na
+
,
-
3
NO , Ba
2+
,
2-
3
CO .
Bi 10. Ha tan a gam Na
2
O vo 200 ml dd HCl 0,1M. trung ha dd sau
phn ng cn 50 ml dd H
2
SO
4
0,2M. Gi tr ca a bng
A. 9,3 B. 1,24 C. 2,48 D. 0,62
Slide 7
Bi 11. Ch dng thm giy ch th qu tm, trnh by cch phn bit cc dd
ng trong cc l mt nhn: HCl , BaCl
2
, NaOH, H
2
SO
4
. Vit PTHH.
Bi 12. Vit mt phng trnh phn t tng ng vi mi phng trnh ion
sau:
STT Phng trnh ion Phng trnh phn t
1
H
+
+ OH

H
2
O

2
Ca
2+
+
2-
3
CO CaCO
3


3
2H
+
+ S
2
H
2
S

4
BaSO
3
+ 2H
+
Ba
2+
+ SO
2
|+ H
2
O

Slide 8
138
Bi 13. Cho 10 ml dd HCl c pH = 2. Cn thm vo bao nhiu ml H
2
O
c dd HCl c pH = 3?
Bi 14. trung ha 200 ml dd NaOH 0,4M cn bao nhiu ml dd hn hp
HCl 0,1M v H
2
SO
4
02 M. Sau phn ng, c cn dd thu c bao nhiu gam
mui khan?
Bi 15. Dung dch A cha 0,5 mol Na
+
, 0,4 mol Mg
2+
, cn li
2-
4
SO . kt
ta ht ion
2-
4
SO trong dd A cn bao nhiu lt dd Ba(OH)
2
0,2M.
139

KT LUN CHNG II

Trong chng ny chng ti la chn, su tm, xy dng v s
dng mt h thng BTHH gm 172 bi tp t lun v 211 bi ton trc
nghim khch quan hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz theo
trnh t nghin cu v ha hc v c ca chng trnh ha hc v c, trung
hc ph thng (nng cao). S lng cc bi theo tng lp hc c c th
nh sau:
Lp T lun Trc nghim khch quan Tng
10 53 59 112
11 57 60 117
12 53 66 119
Tng hp 9 26 35
Tng 172 211 383
Chng ti cng xut phng hng s dng bi tp ha hc
trong vic hnh thnh khi nim axit baz. Vic s dng BTHH c
xut thc hin theo cc giai on ca qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim, pht
trin khi nim v lin kt khi nim.
+ S dng BTHH hnh thnh khi nim: Chng ti xut
vic s dng BTHH n tp kin thc c c lin quan chun b cho vic
hnh thnh khi nim axit baz cp THPT, s dng BTHH hnh
thnh cc khi nim b phn trong ni dung ca khi nim axit baz v
BTHH cng c kin thc mi c hnh thnh.
+ S dng BTHH trong cc bi dy pht trin ni dung khi nim
axit baz: chng ti xut vic s dng BTHH nghin cu tnh
140
axit, tnh baz ca cc cht ha hc v khc su, m rng khi nim v
axit, baz, phn ng axit baz.
+ S dng BTHH trong bi n tp h thng ha nhm lin kt cc
khi nim trong b phn ni dung khi nim axit baz ca mt nhm
cht v s dng BTHH cho HS t h thng cc khi nim b phn, t
tin ti h thng ha cc kin thc ca khi nim axit baz.

141
Chng 3:
THC NGHIM S PHM
3.1. Mc ch thc nghim s phm
Trn c s nhng ni dung xut trn, chng ti tin hnh
thc nghim s phm nhm mc ch: nh gi tnh hiu qu ca vic s
dng h thng bi tp ho hc hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit-baz
trong chng trnh ho hc v c THPT chng trnh nng cao. ng thi
nh gi mc ph hp v tnh hiu qu ca h thng BTHH la chn,
su tm v xy dng.
3.2. Nhim v thc nghim s phm
- Xc nh i tng v a bn TNSP
- Bin son ti liu TNSP v ngh gio vin thc hin theo ni dung
ca lun vn.
- Tin hnh gi hc thc nghim, t quan st mc tch cc, ch
ng trong hc tp ca HS. Thng xuyn trao i vi HS v GV dy thc
nghim t kp thi a ra nhng iu chnh cn thit nhm pht huy ti a
hiu qu s dng nhng gio n m chng ti xut.
- nh gi hiu qu gio n dy TNSP qua bi kim tra, quan st gi hc.
Chm bi v thng k kt qu kim tra. X l cc kt qu TNSP trn t rt
ra kt lun v tnh hiu qu v s ph hp ca cc bi tp do chng ti xut
- Rt ra kt lun v phng php s dng hiu qu h thng bi tp m
chng ti s dng.
3.3. Tin hnh thc nghim s phm
3.3.1. Chn i tng v a bn thc nghim s phm.
- i tng TNSP: Hc sinh khi 10, khi 11 (chng trnh nng cao)
- a bn TNSP: Chng ti tin hnh TNSP ti 2 trng THPT ca tnh
Nam nh trong nm hc 2009-2010
142
* Mi trng chng ti lm thc nghim vi 4 lp: 2 lp 10 v 2 lp 12;
nhng cp lp ny c s s v trnh hc sinh tng ng nhau.
- Lp i chng (C) dy theo gio n gio vin vn s dng.
- Lp thc nghim (TN) dy theo gio n xut.
- Danh sch gio vin v cc lp tham gia TNSP

Trng TNSP Lp TN Lp C GV thc hin
Tn
lp
S S

Tn
lp
S
s
THPT Nguyn Bnh 10A9 52 10A8 52 Hong Th Phng
12A9 50 12A8 50
THPT Hong Vn Th 10A4 45 10A3 45 V Thu Phng
12A4 45 12A3 45
+ Bi dy TNSP:
1. Bi 31: Hiro clorua Axit Clohiric (Ho hc 10 nng cao) (1
tit) (KT 15)
2. Bi 3: Axit baz mui (Ho hc 11 nng cao)(3 tit)(KT 15)
3. Luyn tp v axit, baz, mui (ho hc 11 nng cao) (1 tit) (KT
45)
kim tra v gio n 1,2 c trnh by trong ph lc 1,2
Gio n 3 c gii thiu trong chng 2 lun vn ny.
3.3.2. Phng php thc nghim s phm
- Tin hnh trao i thng nht vi gio vin dy TNSP v cc bi dy
TNSP lp dy TN v lp i chng (C), thi gian dy hc TNSP, ni
dung bi kim tra
- Thc hin dy TNSP v kim tra HS lp TN v lp C theo k
hoch t ra
143
- Chm bi KT theo thang im 10 v thng k im s, sp xp kt
qu kim tra theo 4 nhm
+ Nhm gii c cc im: 9, 10.
+ Nhm kh c cc im: 7, 8.
+ Nhm trung bnh c cc im: 5, 6.
+ Nhm yu km c cc im: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
p dng ton hc thng k x l, phn tch kt qu TNSP.
3.4. Kt qu thc nghim s phm, phn tch, nh gi
3.4.1. X l kt qu thc nghim s phm
3.4.1.1. Cc s liu v im s bi kim tra 45 pht ca cc lp TN
v C l c s xc nh kh, phn bit, gi tr.
3.4.1.2. Tnh cc tham s c trng
Trung bnh cng: Tham s c trng cho s tp trung ca s liu.
X

=
i i
n X
N

+ n
i
l s HS t im X
i
;
+ X l trung bnh cng s cu ng;
+
i
X l s cu tr li ng ca HS th i;
+ N l s HS tham gia kim tra.
Phng sai (S
2
), lch chun (S): Tham s o mc phn tn ca
cc s liu quanh gi tr trung bnh cng.
S =
2
S
;
S
2
=

2
i i
n (X X)
n 1
;
Gi tr S cng nh chng t s liu cng t phn tn.
H s bin thin (V): Trng hp hai bng s liu c gi tr trung
bnh cng khc nhau, ngi ta so snh mc phn tn ca cc s liu
bng h s bin thin. Nhm c h s bin thin V nh hn s c cht lng
ng u hn.
144
V =
S
X
.100%
+ Nu V < 30%: dao ng ng tin cy.
+ Nu V > 30%: dao ng khng ng tin cy.
Tnh sai s tuyt i
+ Sai s tuyt i (c) l tham s o ng tin cy ca cc s liu quanh gi tr
trung bnh cng.

n
S
= c
(n: l s hc sinh ca mi lp)
Gi tr c cng nh chng t gi tr X cng ng tin cy
3.4.2. Lp bng, biu v v th ng ly tch
3.4.2.1. Bi kim tra s 1.
Bng 3.1.1: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
(kt qu TNSP - Bi KT s
1)

Trng
Phng n
(lp tin
hnh)
S
s
S HS t im x
i

i
m
TB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
Nguyn
Bnh
10A8 (C) 52 0 0 2 3 5 20 11 7 2 2 0 5,42
10A9 (TN) 52 0 0 0 0 3 7 12 14 10 5 1 6,77
Hong
Vn Th
10A3 (C) 45 0 0 2 3 5 19 8 4 2 2 0 5,29
10A4 (TN) 45 0 0 0 0 1 3 10 12 14 4 1 7,13
Tng s
C 97 0 0 4 6 10 39 19 11 4 4 0 5,36
TN 97 0 0 0 0 4 10 22 26 24 9 2 6,85

145

Bng 3.1.2: Bng phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch tng
hp - s 1 THPT Nguyn Bnh

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 3,85 0 3,85 0
3 3 0 5,77 0 9,62 0
4 5 3 9,61 5,77 19,23 5,77
5 20 7 38,46 13,46 57,69 19,23
6 11 12 21,15 23,07 78,84 42,3
7 7 14 13,46 26,92 92,3 69,22
8 2 10 3,85 19,23 96,15 88,45
9 2 5 3,85 9,61 100 98,06
10 0 1 0 1,94 100 100
Tng 52 52 100 100
X
5,42 6,77
S 1,5 1,42
S
2
2,25 2,02
V(%) 27,67 20,97
c 0,2 0,197

146
Bng 3.1.3: Bng phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch tng
hp s 1 THPT Hong Vn Th

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 4,44 0 4,44 0
3 3 0 6,68 0 11,12 0
4 5 1 11,11 2,22 22,23 2,22
5 19 3 42,22 6,67 64,45 8,89
6 8 10 17,78 22,22 82,23 31,11
7 4 12 8,89 26,67 91,12 57,78
8 2 14 4,44 31,11 95,56 88,89
9 2 4 4,44 8,89 100 97,78
10 0 1 0 2,22 100 100
Tng 45 45 100 100
X
5,29 7,13
S 1,55 1,25
S
2
2,4 1,57
V(%) 29,30 17,53
c 0,23 0,186

147
3.4.2.2. Bi kim tra s 2.
Bng 3.2.1: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
(kt qu TNSP Bi KT s
2)

Trng
Phng
n (lp
tin
hnh)
S
s
S HS t im x
i

i
m
TB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nguyn
Bnh
10A8
(C)
52
0 0 1 3 4 19 13 8 2 2 0 5,58
10A9
(TN)
52
0 0 0 0 2 5 10 15 12 7 1
7,05
Hong
Vn Th
10A3
(C)
45
0 0 0 2 3 15 9 8 5 2 1
6,02
10A4
(TN)
45 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 13 13 7 2 7,36
Tng s
C 97 0 0 1 5 7 34 22 16 7 4 1 5,78
TN 97 0 0 0 0 4 8 15 28 25 14 3 7,20

148
Bng 3.2.2: Phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch s 2 THPT
Nguyn Bnh

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 1,93 0 1,93 0
3 3 0 5,71 0 7,64 0
4 4 2 7,71 3,85 15,35 3,85
5 19 5 36,55 9,61 51,9 13,46
6 13 10 25 19,23 76,9 32,69
7 8 15 15,4 28,84 92,3 61,53
8 2 12 3,85 23,08 96,15 84,61
9 2 7 3,85 13,46 100 98,07
10 0 1 0 1,93 100 100
Tng 52 52 100 100
X
5,58 7,05
S 1,42 1,38
S
2
2,01 1,9
V(%) 25,45 19,57
c 0,197 0,19





149
Bng 3.2.3: Phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch s 2 THPT
Hong Vn Th

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1,93 0 1,93 0
3 2 0 5,71 0 7,64 0
4 3 2 7,71 3,85 15,35 3,85
5 15 5 36,55 9,61 51,9 13,46
6 9 10 25 19,23 76,9 32,69
7 8 15 15,4 28,84 92,3 61,53
8 5 12 3,85 23,08 96,15 84,61
9 2 7 3,85 13,46 100 98,07
10 1 1 0 1,93 100 100
Tng 52 52 100 100
X
5,58 7,05
S 1,42 1,38
S
2
2,01 1,9
V(%) 25,45 19,57
c 0,197 0,19


3.4.2.3 Bi kim tra s 3

150
Bng 3.3.1: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
( kt qu TNSP Bi KT s
3)

Trng
Phng
n (lp
tin
hnh)
S
s
S HS t im x
i

im
TB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nguyn
Bnh
12A8
(C)
50 0 0 1 3 3 17 15 7 3 1 0 5,6
12A9
(TN)
50 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 15 14 9 1 7,32
Hong
Vn Th
12A3
(C)
45 0 0 1 2 2 12 12 8 5 2 1 5,44
12A4
(TN)
45 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 11 15 5 2 7,22
Tng s
C 95 0 0 2 5 5 29 27 15 8 6 1 6,09
TN 95 0 0 0 0 4 9 10 26 29 14 3 7,27

151
Bng 3.3.2: Bng phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch tng
hp s 3 THPT Nguyn Bnh

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 2,00 0 2,00 0
3 3 0 6,00 0 8,00 0
4 3 2 11,00 4,00 14,00 4,00
5 17 4 34,00 8,00 48,00 12,00
6 15 5 30,00 10,00 78,00 22,00
7 7 15 14,00 30,00 92,00 52,00
8 3 14 6,00 28,00 98,00 80,00
9 1 9 2,00 18,00 100 98,00
10 0 1 0 2,00 100 100
Tng 50 50 100 100
X
5,6 7,32
S 1,89 1,895
S
2
3,59 1,377
V(%) 0,337 0,26
c 0,26 0,26


152
Bng 3.3.3: Bng phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch tng
hp s 3 THPT Hong Vn Th

im X
i

S HS t im X
i
HS t im X
i

HS t im X
i

tr xung
C TN C TN C TN
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 2,22 0 2,22 0
3 2 0 4,44 0 6,66 0
4 2 2 4,44 4,44 11,1 4,44
5 12 5 26,67 11,11 37,77 15,15
6 12 5 26,67 11,11 64,44 26,66
7 8 11 17,78 24,45 82,22 51,11
8 5 15 11,11 33,33 93,33 84,44
9 2 5 4,44 11,11 97,77 95,55
10 1 2 2,23 4,45 100 100
Tng 45 45 100 100
X
6,045 6,89
S 1,623 1,497
S
2
2,634 2,24
V(%) 0,26 0,22
c 0,24 0,22
153

Bng 3.4: Tng hp kt qu bi kim tra TNSP


Bi kim
tra
Phng
n
S
s
S HS t im x
i

im
TB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
C 97 0 0 1 5 7 34 22 16 7 4 1 5,36
TN 97 0 0 0 0 4 8 15 28 25 14 3 6,85
2
C 97 0 0 4 6 10 39 19 11 4 4 0 5,78
TN 97 0 0 0 0 4 10 22 26 24 9 2 7,20
3
C 95 0 0 2 5 5 29 27 15 8 6 1 6,09
TN 95 0 0 0 0 4 9 10 26 29 14 3 7,27
Tng
C 289 0 0 7 16 22 102 68 42 19 14 2 5,74
TN 289 0 0 0 0 12 27 47 80 78 37 8 7,14


154
Bng 3.5: Tng hp phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut tch lu
(kt qu thc nghim s phm)

S hc sinh t im x
i

Tng
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S hc sinh
t im x
i

C
0 0 7 16 22 102 68 42 19 14 22
289
T
N
0 0 0 0 12 27 47 80 78 37 8
289
%hc sinh t
im x
i

C
0 0 2,3 5,4 7,6 35 23,4 14,5 6,6 4,6 0,6
100
T
N
0 0 0 0 4,1 9,3 16,3 27,7 27 12,8 2,8
100
% hc sinh
t im x
i
tr
xung

C
0 0 2,3 7,7 15,3 50,3 73,7 88,2 94,8 99,4 100

T
N
0 0 0 0 4,1 13,4 29,7 57,4 84,4 97,2
100
Bng cc tham s c trng

Bi KT Lp HS x
S
2

S V%
THPT
Nguyn
Bnh
Bi 1
C 52 5,42 2,25 1,5 27,67
TN 52 6,77 2,02 1,42 20,97
Bi 2
C 52 5,58 2,01 1,42 25,45
TN 52 7,05 1,9 1,38 19,57
THPH
Hong
Vn
Th
Bi 1
C 45 5,29 2,4 1,55 29,30
TN 45 7,13 1,25 1,57 17,53
Bi 2 C 45 5,58 2,01 1,42 25,45
155
TN 45 7,05 1,9 1,38 19,57
Tng
C 194 5,47 2,17 1,47 26,97
TN 194 7,00 1,77 1,43 19,41


Bng 3.6: Phn loi kt qu hc tp

Bi KT
Phn loi kt qu hc tp()
Yu, km: <5
Trung bnh:5,
6
Kh:7, 8 Gii:9, 10
C TN C TN C TN C TN
1 8,25 4,12 57,73 23,71 23,71 54,64 5,15 17,53
2 20,62 4,12 59,79 32,99 15,96 51,55 4,12 11,34
3 12,63 4,21 58,95 20 24,21 57,89 7,37 17,89
Tng hp 15,57 4,15 58,82 25,61 21,11 54,67 5,64 15,57


Hnh 3.1: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 1
THPT Nguyn Bnh
156
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi
%

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN



Hnh 3.2: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 1 THPT Hong Vn Th

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi %

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN



Hnh 3.3: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 2 THPT Nguyn Bnh

157
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi %

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN




Hnh 3.4: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 2 THPT Hong Vn Th

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi %

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN


Hnh 3.5: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 3 THPT Nguyn Bnh

158
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi %

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN



Hnh 3.6: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 3 THPT Hong Vn Th

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
im Xi %

H

c

s
i
n
h

m

X
i

t
r

x
u

n
g
C
TN



Hnh 3.7: Biu phn loi hc sinh theo kt qu im
159
15.57
4.15
58.82
25.61
21.11
54.67
5.64
15.57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yu - Km Trung bnh Kh Gii
C
TN


3.5. Phn tch kt qu thc nghim s phm
T kt qu thc nghim trn cho thy, cht lng hc tp ca HS cc
nhm TN cao hn cc nhm C:
+ im trung bnh ca HS cc nhm TN lun cao hn cc nhm C
( >
TN C
X X ).
+ T l % HS t im kh, gii cc nhm TN lun cao hn cc nhm
C.
+ th cc ng ly tch ca nhm TN lun nm v bn phi th
cc ng ly tch ca nhm C.
+ lch chun ca c hai nhm TN v C u thp, chng t gi tr im
trung bnh cng c ngha so snh 2 nhm TN v C, tuy nhin lch
chun ca nhm TN thp hn so vi nhm C. Chng t HS trong nhm TN c
s phn ho r rt hn, thng qua phng php dy hc mi m chng ti p
dng nhm TN thc s pht hin ra hc sinh xut sc v to iu kin tt
cho nhng hc sinh pht trin t duy, c bit v khi nim axit baz
+ Sai s tuyt i ( ) nh, h s bin sai (V) u nh hn 30% chng t l
160
dao ng ng tin cy. H s bin sai lp TN nh hn so vi h s bin sai
lp C cho thy kt qu lp TN ng u hn.
+ T th cc ng lu tch cho thy: cc ng lu tch ca nhm TN
lun nm bn phi v pha di cc ng lu tch ca nhm C tng ng.
iu ny chng t ni dung dy hc v phng php dy hc m c bit l
phng php s dng bi tp v khi nim axit baz do chng ti xut c
p dng vo thc t cho kt qu hc tp cao hn







161
KT LUN V KIN NGH
KT LUN
i chiu vi mc ch v nhim v nghin cu, ti hon thnh
nhng vn sau:
1) Nghin cu c s l lun v thc tin ca ti bao gm: c c
phng php lun v qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim trn c s thuyt nhn thc,
bi tp ho hc v vai tr ca bi tp ho hc trong qu trnh hnh thnh khi
nm trng ph thng.
2) Phn tch s hnh thnh, pht trin khi nim axit baz trong chng
trnh ho hc ph thng chng trnh nng cao, t xc nh c dung lng
v ni dung ca kin thc v axit baz c m rng v nng cao trn c s l
thuyt v cu to nguyn t, thuyt electron , l thuyt v PHH ni chung,
thuyt in li
3) la chn, xy dng mt h thng bi tp ha hc (gm 170 bi tp
t lun v 211 bi tp TNKQ) hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
theo trnh t nghin cu v ho hc v c ca chng trnh ho hc ph thng
nng cao
4) xut mt s phng php s dng bi tp ho hc hnh thnh,
pht trin v lin kt cc ni dung ca khi nim axit baz cho hc sinh THPT
nng cao.
5) thc hin TNSP hai trng THPT ti huyn V Bn tnh nam
nh (tin hnh 5 tit dy TNSP, chm c 1152 bi kim tra). Phn tch kt
qu TNSP, chng ti nhn thy ni dung dy hc v cc phng php dy hc
xut c tc dng tch cc ho hot ng hc tp v t gp phn nng
cao kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh

162
KIN NGH
Qua qu trnh nghin cu ti v tin hnh thc nghim ti, chng ti
c mt s kin ngh sau:
1) thun li cho s pht trin khi nim v axit baz cho hc sinh
THPT nn cho hc sinh c lm bi thc hnh nghin cu tnh cht ho hc
ca axit, bz.
2) hc sinh hiu r hn v mnh, yu ca axit baz nn a khi
nim K
a
, K
b
vo chng trnh HHPT hc sinh so snh c mt cch nh
lng .
3) pht huy tnh c lp sng to ch ng trong hc tp ca HS, nn
a mt s bi tp dng h thng ho vo ni dung ca bi luyn tp.
Cui cng , chng ti nhn thc rng y ch l kt qu nghin cu bc
u. V trnh , nng lc ca bn thn v iu kin thi gian cn hn ch, chng
ti xin c n nhn nhng kin ng ghp xy dng qu bu ca cc thy
c cng nh cc bn ng nghip ang quan tm n vn ny.




163
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn,
Nguyn Vn Tng (2005), Mt s vn chn lc ca ho hc Tp 1,
2, 3, NXBGD.
2. Ng Ngc An (2002), Tuyn chn, phn loi cc dng bi tp thi
tuyn sinh i hc phn v c, NXB HSP 2002.
3. Ng Ngc An ( 2003), Bi tp nng cao ho v c chuyn phi kim
NXB HSP.
4. Phng Th Vit Bc (2001), c im hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim
axit baz trng ph thng, ti nghin cu khoa hc PPGD
HSP H Ni.
5. B Gio dc v o to (2007), Chng trnh mn Ho hc trng trung
hc ph thng
6. Nguyn Minh Chu (2008), Lun vn thc s khoa hc gio dc, H Ni
7. Nguyn nh Chi (2001), Ho hc ph thng phn 1,2, NXB H Ni
8. Nguyn Cng (2007), Phng php dy hc ho hc trng ph
thng v i hc mt s vn c bn, NXB Gio dc.
9. Nguyn Cng Nguyn Mnh Dung Nguyn Th Su: Phng php
dy hc ho hc tp I NXB HSP 2006.
10. Nguyn Cng, Nguyn Th Mai Dung, ng Th Oanh, Nguyn c
Dng (2005),Th nghim thc hnh phng php ging dy ho hc ,
NXB HSP.
11. Hong Chng (1982), Phng php thng k ton hc trong khoa hc
gio dc, NXBGD
164
12. Trn Th , ng Trn Phch (2006), C s l thuyt cc phn ng ho
hc, NXBGD
13. Cao C Gic (2002), Hng dn gii nhanh bi tp ho hc tp 1,2,3,
NXB HQG H Ni.
14. Hong Nhm (2002), Ho hc v c tp 1,2, 3, NXBGD
15. Nguyn Th Ngn (2004), Ho hc v c Tp 1, NXB HSP
16. Nguyn Th Ngn, Trn Th (2004), Ho hc v c Tp 2, NXB
HSP.
17. Trn Trung Ninh, Nguyn Xun Trng (2006), 555 cu hi trc
nghim luyn thi i hc cao ng, NXBHQG Thnh ph HCM.
18. ng Th Oanh Nguyn Th Su, Phng php dy hc cc chng
mc quan trng trong chng trnh sch gio khoa Ho hc ph thng.
Ti liu dng cho hc vin cao hc.
19. Nguyn Ngc Quang (1994), L lun dy hc ho hc tp 1, NXBGD
20. Cao Th Thng (1998), Vn s dng trc nghim khch quan nh
gi kt qu hc tp mn ho hc trang 22 NCGD s 8
21. Nguyn Xun Trng (2005), Trc nghim v s dng trc nghim
trong ging dy ho hc trng ph thng, NXB HSP.
22. Nguyn Xun Trng, Nguyn Th Su, ng Th Oanh, Trn Trung
Ninh, Ti liu bi dng thng xuyn gio vin THPT chu k III (2004
2007).
23. Nguyn Xun Trng (2007), Bi tp ho hc trng ph thng
NXB HSP
165
24. Nguyn Cng, Nguyn Xun Trng, Nguyn Th Su, ng Th
Oanh, Hong Vn Ci, Trn Trung Ninh (2000), Phng php dy hc
ho hc Sch CSP NXBGD.
25. Nguyn Th Su (2001), H thng cu hi trc nghim dng kim tra
kin thc v k nng th nghim trong hc phn thc hnh l lun dy
hc ho hc, Trng HSP H Ni
26. Nguyn Th Su (1997), Nhng vn i cng ca phng php dy
hc ho hc, Chuyn o to thc s, HSP - i hc Thi Nguyn.
27. Sch gio khoa v sch bi tp ho hc lp 10, 11, 12 c bn, nng cao,
NXBGD.


166
MC LC
PHN I: M U ........................................................................................ 1
1. L do chn ti ......................................................................................... 1
2. Khch th nghin cu .................................................................................. 2
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ............................................................... 2
4. Mc ch v nhim v nghin cu .............................................................. 2
6. Phng php nghin cu ............................................................................. 3
7. Gi thuyt khoa hc .................................................................................... 3
8. ng gp mi ca ti ............................................................................. 4
PHN II: NI DUNG ................................................................................... 5
Chng 1: C S L LUN V THC TIN CA TI ............... 5
1.1. Nhng c s phng php lun ca s hnh thnh khi nim
ha hc ............................................................................................................ 5
1.1.1. nh ngha khi nim [27] .................................................................... 5
1.1.2. Cu trc ca khi nim [27] .................................................................. 5
1.1.3. C s phng php lun hnh thnh khi nim ho hc [27] ............... 6
1.1.4. Nguyn tc hnh thnh khi nim ho hc trng ph thng [27] .... 8
1.2. Cc giai on quan trng ca s hnh thnh khi nim ho
hc [27]. .......................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. S hnh thnh khi nim [27]. ............................................................... 9
1.2.2. S pht trin khi nim [27]................................................................ 12
1.2.3. S lin kt cc khi nim [27]............................................................. 13
1.3. Khi nim axit-baz trong chng trnh HHPT. ............................. 13
1.3.1. Khi nim axit baz trong chng trnh THCS (Thuyt nguyn
t, phn t) .................................................................................................... 13
1.3.2 Thuyt axit baz ca Areniuyt [12] .................................................. 16
1.3.3 Thuyt axit baz ca Bronstet v Lauri [12] .................................... 17

167
1.3.5. Hng s phn li axit v baz [12] ....................................................... 24
1.3.6. Khi nim v pH, pK v cht ch th axit-baz :................................. 29
1.3.7. Dung dch m [12]. ........................................................................... 32
1.3.8. Phn ng axit-baz [12] ...................................................................... 35
1.4. Bi tp ho hc [8, 23].......................................................................... 45
1.4.1. Khi nim bi tp ho hc ................................................................... 45
1.4.2. ngha, tc dng ca bi tp ho hc trong dy hc ho hc. .......... 45
KT LUN CHNG I .............................................................................. 46
Chng 2:XY DNG H THNG BI TP HO HC V
AXIT BAZ TRONG CHNG TRNH HO HC V C
THPT (NNG CAO) ................................................................................... 48
2.1. Phn tch s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim axit baz
trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng . ................................................... 48
2.1.1 S hnh thnh khi nim axit baz cp THCS ............................... 48
2.1.2 S cng c khi nim axit baz chng trnh ha hc lp 10
THPT ............................................................................................................. 52
2.1.3 S pht trin khi nim axit baz chng trnh ha hc lp 11
THPT. ............................................................................................................ 53
2.1.4 S pht trin v cng c khi nim axit baz chng trnh ha
hc lp 12 THPT. .......................................................................................... 55
2.2. C s xy dng v sp xp bi tp ..................................................... 55
2.2.1 Cn c vo s hnh thnh v pht trin khi nim ............................... 55
2.2.2 Cn c vo cu trc ni dung chng trnh SGK THPT ..................... 56
2.2.3 Cn c vo c s phn loi bi tp ha hc ......................................... 56
2.3. H thng bi tp ha hc. .................................................................... 56
2.3.1 Bi tp hnh thnh khi nim axit baz ............................................. 56

168
2.3.2. Bi tp cng c khi nim axit-baz ................................................... 77
2.3.3. Bi tp m rng khi nim axit-baz .................................................. 97
2.3.4. Bi tp tng hp khi nim axit-baz . ............................................. 116
2.4. S dng h thng bi tp trong vic hnh thnh khi nim axit-
baz : .......................................................................................................... 121
2.4.1. S dng bi tp ho hc hnh thnh khi nim axit-baz : .......... 121
2.4.2.S dng bi tp ho hc pht trin cc khi nim v axit-baz :.. 127
2.4.3. S dng bi tp ha hc n tp, h thng ha ni dung ca khi
nim axit baz .......................................................................................... 130
GIO N THC NGHIM S 3 ........................................................... 131
BI 5: LUYN TP AXIT BAZ MUI ....................................... 131
KT LUN CHNG II ........................................................................... 139
Chng 3: THC NGHIM S PHM ................................................ 141
3.1. Mc ch thc nghim s phm ....................................................... 141
3.2. Nhim v thc nghim s phm ....................................................... 141
3.3. Tin hnh thc nghim s phm ...................................................... 141
3.3.1. Chn i tng v a bn thc nghim s phm. ........................... 141
3.3.2. Phng php thc nghim s phm .................................................. 142
3.4. Kt qu thc nghim s phm, phn tch, nh gi ....................... 143
3.4.1. X l kt qu thc nghim s phm .................................................. 143
3.4.2. Lp bng, biu v v th ng ly tch....................................... 144
3.5. Phn tch kt qu thc nghim s phm ......................................... 159
KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................... 161
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................ 163
PH LC


169
DANH MC CC BNG S LIU, HNH TRONG LUN VN

A. CC BNG S LIU
Bng 1.1: mnh tng i ca cc cp axit baz lin hp .................. 19
Bng 1.2: S ph thuc ca pH vo nhit ................................................ 24
Bng 1.3: Cc gi tr K
a
v pK
a
i vi mt s axit yu 25
0
C ................ 25
Bng 1.4: Hng s baz
b
K

v p
b
K

i vi mt s baz yu 25
o
C. ........ 28
Bng 1.5: Khong i mu ca mt s ch th axit baz ........................... 31
Bng 1.6: Gi tr ca pH ca dung dch m CH
3
COOH 0,1M v
CH
3
COOK 0,1M khi thm mt lng baz mnh hay axit mnh. ............... 34
Bng 3.1: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
(kt qu TNSP - Bi KT s 1) ....... 144
Bng 3.2: Bng phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch - tng hpError! Bookmark not defined.
Bng 3.2.1: s 1 THPT Nguyn Bnh ................................................... 145
Bng 3.2.2: s 1 THPT Hong Vn Th ............................................... 146
Bng 3.3: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
(kt qu TNSP Bi KT s 2) ..... 147
Bng 3.3.1: Phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch s 2
THPT Nguyn Bnh .................................................................................... 148
Bng 3.3.2: Phn phi tn s, tn sut v tn sut lu tch s 2
THPT Hong Vn Th ................................................................................ 149
Bng 3.4: Phn phi tn s HS t im x
i
( kt qu TNSP Bi KT
s 3) ............................................................................................................. 150
Bng 3.4.1: s 3 THPT Nguyn Bnh ................................................... 151
Bng 3.4.2: s 3 THPT Hong Vn Th ............................................... 152
Bng 3.5: Tng hp kt qu bi kim tra TNSP ......................................... 153
Bng 3.7: Phn loi kt qu hc tp ............................................................ 155


170

B. CC HNH

Hnh 1.1 (s ph thuc tch s ion ca nc vo nhit ) .......................... 23
Hnh 3.1: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 1 THPT Nguyn Bnh ..... 155
Hnh 3.2: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 1 THPT Hong Vn Th ...... 156
Hnh 3.3: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 2 THPT Nguyn Bnh ..... 156
Hnh 3.4: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 2 THPT Hong Vn Th ...... 157
Hnh 3.5: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 3 THPT Nguyn Bnh ..... 157
Hnh 3.6: th ng lu tch bi kim tra s 3 THPT Hong Vn Th ...... 158
Hnh 3.7: Biu phn loi hc sinh theo kt qu im ............................ 158