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Presentation
DELTA Ingegneria of engineer Roberto Handwerker, a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics, thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges
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Disclaimer: Disclaimer:
The following experiments make use of electrical energy: please dont try to replicate them unless You are trained and welltrained and wellexperienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages and currents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal ! Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk ! However, the shown experiments are verifiable and replicable by the are verifiable and replicable by someone who has the right means and know-how. someone who has the right means and know-how. The term Cold electricity is arbitrary, meaning only that the here The is arbitrary, meaning only that the here presented current effects are different from usual AC current ones. presented current effects are different from usual AC current ones.
Warning !
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Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment, small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap parts. Electric field: this term includes both dielectric () and field [5] magnetic () fields[5]. All construction and particular design of presented Tesla experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria .
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Question: can an electrical device work by only one wire Question: or even without wires as stated by Nikola Tesla more than a century ago ?
el. wire
neon
motor
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v
ELMD LMD
v(t) propagation v(t) propagation oscillation perpendicular oscillation parallel to propagation to propagation
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v1 1 P
earth (slice) S P
where k: elast. norm.modulus, : elast. tang.mod, : density of means where k: elast. norm.modulus, : elast. tang.mod, : density of means
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In solids: VL = (E/) L
VT = (G/) T
longitudinal waves
[8] Test made on electric conductors fragmentation[8] by longitudinal electrodynamic forces: wires showed peculiar stress/break patterns (parallel stripes) rather than heat/fusion patterns. (parallel stripes) rather than heat/fusion
In physics exists the HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY between physics exists the HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY electrotechnics and hydraulics. and hydraulics.
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v = R. i
Ohms law
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by a heavy copper bar: current evidently doesnt follow the bar path (smaller ) as normal, preferring the lamp filament (greater ). Lamps rated for different voltages work at full brightness at the same time (*)
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v2 0
v1 1
v2 2
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water
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bulb
lamp emits light and repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: The hand feels a kind of pressure coming from the lamp.
GND
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Generator
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The original Tesla 1900 patent n.649621 for Trasmitting electrical Trasmitting energy. energy. Tesla pancake coil
Dielectric longitudinal waves, devoid of magnetic component, emitted [10] from a spherical antenna have been yet observed in past[10]. from a have
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WIRELESS.
lamps
motors
[1] lamps[1] are lit and electric motors run
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Quantitative voltage and current measures voltage and current (mV, mA) with photomultiplier and iron (mV, with photomultiplier and iron cored coil: coil: around the T.C. dielectric field E is E prevailing over magnetic field B, which is B, practically nil. practically nil. Qualitative measures: LED resonance Qualitative measures: resonance detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still. still.
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Original Teslas 1901 patent n.685957 for receiving ENERGY from a metal plate
Tesla stout bars circuit
Teslas lecture before AIEE - 1891 Teslas lecture before AIEE - 1891
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GND
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Variant of apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by a spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER plate
motor
GND
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rectifier
i +
motor
0 motor current
vacuum tube
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WIRELESS:
transmission of ENERGY, not only signal
MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the dual of ELECTROMAGNETIC
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f1 = f0 . / 2
( = 3,141)
Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts : proportional as circle radius to arc proportional as circle radius
/2
1
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lamp
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generator
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q = a+bi+cj+dk v = ai+bj+ck
instance: - Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i - Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i i.j= j.i - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives q=q1+q2=2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero q=q1+q2=2a which scalar not equal to zero - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that is - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that zero; zero; in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 as an example, so: in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 -> results are not the same and so the involved equations
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Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems, for
2 c2
Dielectric flux theorem Magnetic flux theorem Faradays law Ampres law
E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; = charge density; 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; 0 /t = time partial derivative; j = current density. 2 and Lorenz gauge would then arbitrarily fixed as: .. A + 1/c2. /t = 0 arbitrarily fixed as:
So the equations of scalar potential and vectorial potential A are: So the equations of scalar potential and vectorial potential are:
2 2 2 1/c2 2/ t2 2 2 2 1/c2 2A/ t2 2 = / 2 0 0 2 A = J 2 0 0
where:
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It is observed that, by the so-called gauge freedom in choosing in choosing vectorial potential A e scalar , by introducing a scalar gauge function function (x,t) and the following potentials A e (x,t) potentials A e A=A+ and = - /t it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried; it is therefore possible to choose, instead of former Lorenz gauge, gauge, the Coulomb gauge (in vacuum) that is: the Coulomb gauge (in vacuum) that is: .. A = 0 A=0 And so to obtain for the scalar potential: And so to obtain for the scalar potential:
2 2
= - /0 0
Poissons equation
whose solution, the instantaneous Coulomb potential associated to [11] charge density, would but violate the causality [11] as the variation of such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. The results obtained by two gauges are therefore different. variation. results obtained by two
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calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in:
q
- aerospace navigation
q = a+bi+cj+dk
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwells equations Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwells equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B= xA and E= - /t A
dielectric scalar potential and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning.
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/c = ( i /c , A )
where: where:
2 2
= 0 J 0
J = ( ic , J )
by respect of Lorenz gauge it descends an extension of by respect of Lorenz gauge it descends an extension of Maxwells equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse Maxwells equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.), also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.), electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.), also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.), whose scalar potential is related to its own dielectric field E by the following whose scalar potential is related to its own dielectric field E by the following equation: equation:
E=
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By employ of quaternions and adoption of Lorenz gauge, Maxwells employ of quaternions and adoption equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following:
2 2 2 2 2 1/c2 2E/t2 - 2E = -1/ 0 ( + 1/c2 J/t ) 0 2 2 2 2 1/c2 2B/t2 - 2B = 0 ( x J ) 0
J=
be it noted that scalar satisfies following wave equation which [11] propagates with speed c in ether[11]:
2 2 2 1/c2 2 /t2 2 2
= -(
.J + /t )
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This implies that distribution of a scalar wave induces a charge density and current intensity J (having speed c):
2 = - 1/c2 /t and
J=
E
capacitor
even if charge and current J are not present in a particular zone; this would also explain the working principle of the electric electric capacitor by also keeping in capacitor by mind the theories of [5] J.P.Steinmetz[5], according to whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldnt only be confined to its surfaces, but it is distributed in the space between them, such as in the case of opposed capacitors plates.
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visit website: www.deltaavalon.com Videos on YouTube: Wireless power 1 & 2 etc. user: HorizonDelta
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LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL LONGITUDINAL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELLS EQUATIONS MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
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