Complete Thesis

MULTI-DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TALL
BUILDING

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree

of

M.Tech (Structural Engineering)

by

SYED ABBAS AHMED
(10MST0023)

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND BUILDING SCIENCES

Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu

May 2012

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND BUILDING SCIENCES

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled MULTI-DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN OF A TALL BUILDING is submitted by SYED ABBAS
AHMED, (10MST0023) to the School of Mechanical and Building Sciences , VIT
University, Vellore, for the award of the degree in M.Tech is a bonafide record of
work carried out by him under my supervision. The contents of this thesis, in full or
in parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of
any degree or diploma.

Guide Programme Manager

Internal Examiner External Examiner

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express thanks to our Chancellor Dr. G.Viswanathan for all the facilities provided
by him for our course and project work.

My sincere thanks to our Vice Presidents Mr. Sankar Viswanathan and Mr. G. V. Sampath
and Vice Chancellor for the consistent encouragement shown to us
throughout our college days.

I am greatly benefited under the invaluable guidance, efficient supervision, encouragement and
informative suggestions of my guide Dr. A. Sivakumar Professor, SMBS, VIT University.

My sincere thanks to our revered Dr. A.S.Santhi, Director, SMBS for his kind encouragement
for all our endeavours upon this project.

I am deeply indebted to Dr.G.Mohan Ganesh, Programme Manager, Structural &
Geo-Technical division, VIT University, Vellore.

I also extend my thanks to Review committee for giving me valuable suggestions throughout the
various phases of review in this project work.
Lastly I would like to extend my special thanks to Imtiyaz Baadil and Rameshwar Prasad for
their invaluable time, my gratitude and thanks goes out to them.

I also wish to thank my parents, friends, professors, Teaching & Non-teaching staff of Structural
& Geo technical division, VIT University, Vellore for the encouragement rendered to me for the
successful completion of the project

Syed Abbas Ahmed

ii

CONTENTS

Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ix
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objective of Project 1
1.3 Scope of Project 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
CHAPTER 3 GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT 3
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS PARAMETERS 5
4.1 Building Modeling
4.2 Input Parameters
CHAPTER 5 LOADINGS 6
5.1 Gravity Loads 6
5.1.1 Loads on Beams 6
5.1.2 Loads on Slabs 6
5.1.3 Wind Loads 6
5.1.4 Earthquake Loads 7
5.2 Software Used 7
5.2.1 ETABS GUI 7
5.2.2 Analysis and design results 7
5.2.3 Assumption of section and material 7
CHAPTER 6 MODAL ANALYSIS RESULTS 9
CHAPTER 7 WIND ANALYSIS RESULTS 11
7.1 Pre-Analysis Inputs 12
7.2 Storey Shear 13
7.3 Storey Drift 13
7.4 Column results 14
iii

7.5 Beam results 23
7.6 Shear wall results 25
CHAPTER 8 SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 28
8.1 Static Earthquake analysis 28
8.2 Elastic Time-History analysis 28
8.3 Storey Drift 29
CHAPTER 9 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DETAILS 30
9.1 Column details 30
9.1.1 Design details of C-19 32
9.1.2 Analysis results of C-18 38
9.2 Time-History Analysis details 59
9.2.1 Pseudo Spectral Acceleration curve 59
9.2.2 Joint Displacement curve 59
9.2.3 Spectral Displacement curve 60
9.3 Shear wall analysis and design 61
9.3.1 Shear wall analysis results 61
9.3.2 Shear wall design 62
9.4 Beam analysis and design details 69
9.4.1 General requirements 70
9.4.2 Bending moments and shear forces 70
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 81
APPENDICES 83
PUBLICATION 84
REFERENCES 84
iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table No Title Page No

1 Load intensity 6
2 Load combinations 7
3 Properties of material used 8
4 Assumed sections for preliminary
analysis 8
5.1 Modal analysis data 9
5.2 Modal participation data 10
5.3 Mode information 10
6.1 Wind parameters 12
6.2 Storey shear 13
6.3 Storey drifts 14
7.1 Static analysis results 28
7.2 Storey shear 29
7.3 Storey drifts 30
8.1 Design forces in shear wall 61
9.1 End moments for 1-1 beams 71
9.2 End shears for 1-1 beams 71
9.3 B23 percentage rebar distribution 72
10.4 End moments for A-A beams 76
10.5 End shears for A-A beams 76
10.8 End moments for B-B beams 77
10.9 End shears for B-B beams 77

v

11.2 End moments for C-C beams 79
11.3 End shears for C-C beams 79

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page No.

2.1 Plan of the building 3
6.3 Deformation of the structure for Mode-1 10
7.0 Columns and beams location 11
7.1 Wind analysis in ETABS 12
7.2 Column labels 15
7.3 Column-19 15
7.4 Axial Load v/s Storey level for C-19 16
7.5 Storey level v/s Moment-xx for C-19 16
7.6 Storey level v/s Moment-yy for C-19 17
7.7 Column-18 17
7.11 Column-23 19
7.15 Column-27 21
7.19 Critical beam location 23
7.20 Beam on dead load 24
7.21 Beam on load combination 24
7.22 Elevation of shear wall 25
7.23 Resultant F
max
of shear wall at X 26
7.24 Resultant F
max
of shear wall at Y 27
8.1 Accelerogram of Bhuj Earthquake 28
9.1 Column-19 30
9.5 Column-18 38

vii

9.8 Column-23 43
9.12 Column-24 49
9.16 Column-27 53
9.20 Time Period v/s PSA curve 59
9.21 Time v/s Joint Displacement curve 59
9.22 Time Period v/s Spectral Displ.curve 60
9.23 Shear wall loads 61
9.24 Reinforcement details in RCC shear wall 69
9.25 Beam layout plan 69
9.26 Beam profile 71
9.27 Reinforcement details for B23 72
viii

NOMENCLATURE

Sr No. SYMBOL NOTATIONS

1.
v
nominal shear stress
2.
c
design shear stress of concrete
3.
cmax
maximum shear stress
4. V
u
Shear force
5. t
w
thickness of web
6. d
w
depth of wall
7. l
w
length of wall
8. M
uv
moment of resistance
9. f
y
yield strength of steel
10. f
ck
characteristic strength of concrete
11. E
s
elastic modulus of steel
12. P
u
axial load
13. A
st
area of steel
14. A
c
area of concrete
15. I
y
moment of inertia about yy-axis
16. M
x
moment about xx-axis
17. M
y
moment about yy-axis
18. b breadth of beam
19. D depth of beam
20. L
c
length of column

ix

ABSTRACT

The dynamical behaviour of civil engineering structures has traditionally been tackled, for design
purposes, in an equivalent static way. Today, with the availability of softwares, we are able to
deal explicitly with dynamic analysis of realistic structures with many (dynamic) degrees of
freedom, as well as the outcome of the valuable research carried out in the various fields
included under Dynamics, make this type of analysis a part of everyday life in the design
office. This project serves to research on the dynamic seismic and wind analysis of a tall R.C.C
framed building subjected to wind and earthquake excitation using software. The main objective
of this research is to study the dynamic responses due to the gravity, seismic and wind excitation
on a high rise building and its respective responses to it. Analysis results of the R.C.C framed
high rise model have been studied and accordingly optimum economical sections are provided as
much as possible, sections suitable for both seismic and wind excitations. Gravity loads
confirming to IS 875-1987 (Part-1 and Part-2), Wind load parameters from IS 875-1987 (Part-3)
and Earthquake loading parameters from IS 1893-2002. A + shaped structure was analyzed and
designed, such that the various structural members like beam, column and shear wall are
economically designed using design based on IS 456-2000, to resist both the dynamic lateral
loads of seismic and wind.

1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
The term dynamic may be defined simply as time varying; thus a dynamic load is any load of
which its magnitude, direction, and/or position varies with time. Similarly, the structural
response to a dynamic load,
i.e., the resulting stresses and deflections, is also time varying, or dynamic. Two basically
different approaches are available for evaluating structural response to dynamic loads:
deterministic and nondeterministic. The choice of method to be used in any given case depends
upon how the loading is defined. If the time variation of loading is fully known, even though it
may be highly oscillatory or irregular in character, it is referred as a prescribed dynamic loading;
and the analysis of the response of any specified structural system to a prescribed dynamic
loading is defined as a deterministic analysis. On the other hand, if the time variation is not
completely known but can be defined in a statistical sense, the loading is termed a random
dynamic loading; and its responding analysis of response is defined as a nondeterministic
analysis. In this project, the loading prescribed is dynamic loading, due to the pre-prescribed
excitations given to the framed building structure.
In todays day and age, with increasing natural disasters witnessed all around the globe, it is of
prime importance to intricately analyse and design important structures for dynamic loads
expected or unexpected on it.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of the project is to fully design and optimize a R.C.C framed tall building and to
track the behaviour of various structural components of the same for different loadings.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

To achieve the above objectives the project is scheduled as below:
- To establish the geometry of the structure based on the various criteria.
- To determine the characteristic loadings and their occurrences.
- Analysis of structure taking into account vertical and lateral loadings.
- Elastic Time-History analysis of critical components in the structure.
- Design of various structural components using IS-456 (2000) and IS-13920 (1993).
- Optimization of various structural components.
2

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Some of the literatures reviewed are shown in brief below:

Seismic Analysis of the worlds second tallest building
Taipei 101 with 101 stories and 508 m height, located in Taipei where earthquakes and strong
typhoons are common occurrences. The structure of the building is a mega-frame system
composed of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns, steel brace core and belt trusses, which re
combined to resist vertical and lateral loads. An earthquake spectrum was generated for the
location, which was adopted to calculate the lateral displacements and distributions of interior
column forces. Time History analysis of elastic and inelastic seismic response was carried out.

Full scale measurements of wind effects on tall buildings
This paper describes the results obtained from the measurements of win effects on two tall
buildings with 70-storeys and 30-storeys. The field data presented is wind velocity and
acceleration response measured at the top of the tall building. The damping characteristics which
were obtained by using decrement technique

Wind engineering challenges of the new generation of super-tall buildings
The new challenges posed by tall buildings are discussed in this paper. The statistics of wind
speed and direction used in wind engineering have been almost entirely based on records from
ground based meteorological stations. The aerodynamics of tall buildings can gave a huge impact
on their cost. Wind affects not only the structural integrity of the tower but also its serviceability.

The book titled Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings Structural analysis and design
by S.Taranah Bungale has been quite successful in the discussion of modern design codes,
comprehensive coverage of material properties, a full discussion of assessment of loading and its
importance in assessing safety of designs.
The book mainly covers the basic aspect of design along with a detailed explanation on the UBC,
ASCE and IBC codes of design.

3

CHAPTER 3
GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT

The building comprises of 15 storeys, each storey with a height of 3.1 meters. Total height of the
building comprising of 49.6 meters.
G + 15 R.C.C building structure with 12x12 square meters building block compartments. With
total width of 36 meters. Total area of 720 m
2
.

Fig 2.1: Plan of the Building

Each square block comprising of 9 columns, bringing the total number of columns to 16 columns
in all and 4 columns at core wall acting as boundary elements for the shear wall. Though it is not
necessary to provide flange it is recommended by IS 13920:1993 (clause 9.4). Boundary element
is the portion along the wall edges that is strengthened by longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement. Here the boundary element provided is of 750x750mm.

This building is a dual system structure with SMRF (Special Moment Resisting Frame) and
Ductile Shear Wall. In buildings where a space frame resists the earthquake forces, the columns
and beams act in bending. During a large earthquake, story-to-story deflection (story drift) may
be accommodated within the structural system without causing failure of columns or beams.
However, the drift may be sufficient to damage elements that are rigidly tied to the structural
system such as brittle partitions, stairways, plumbing, exterior walls, and other elements that
4

extend between floors. Therefore, buildings can have substantial interior and exterior non-
structural damage and still be structurally safe. Although there are excellent theoretical and
economic reasons for resisting seismic forces by frame action, for particular buildings, this
system may be a poor economic risk unless special damage-control measures are taken.

A shear wall (or braced frame) building is normally more rigid than a framed structure. With low
design stress limits in shear walls, deflection due to shear forces is relatively small. Shear wall
construction is an economical method of bracing buildings to limit damage, and this type of
construction is normally economically feasible up to about 5 stories. Notable exceptions to the
excellent performance of shear walls occur when the height-to-width ratio becomes great enough
to make overturning a problem and when there are excessive openings in the shear walls. Also, if
the soil beneath its footings is relatively soft, the entire shear wall may rotate, causing localized
damage around the wall. The structural systems just mentioned may be used singly or in
combination with each other. When frames and shear walls interact, the system is called a dual
system if the frame alone can resist 25% of the lateral load. Otherwise, it is referred to as a
combined system. The type of structural system and the details related to the ductility and
energy-absorbing capacity of its components will establish the Response reduction factor R, used
for calculating the total base shear.
As for the shear wall

5

CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS PARAMETERS

4.1 BUILDING MODELLING

The model was first given trial sections for the structural members and was analyzed for the
same. After numerous numbers of trials and errors, the dimensions of the structural members
were decided. The static and dynamic analysis was carried out on the model with the given
sections assigned to it. Column members modelled initially with a cover of 45mm to steel rebar.
Beam section members were given 30mm clear cover to the steel rebar.
Slab was modeled as a Rigid Diaphragm, since the slab does not contribute in resisting the story
shear. Also the rigid diaphragm does not change its plan shape when subjected to lateral loads. It
remains the same size, and square corners remain square. There is no flexure; rigid diaphragms
are capable of transmitting torsion to the major resisting elements (usually the outermost
elements). The lateral story shear is distributed to the resisting elements in proportion to the
rigidities of those elements.
Shear Wall was modeled as a Shell element, which combines both in-plane and out-of-plane
stiffness. Also the shear wall is provided with flange sections at its ends acting as boundary
elements to the wall. Boundary elements are portions along the wall edges are strengthened by
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Furthermore it is recommended by IS 13920:1993 to
provide shear walls with flanges with greater dimension than the wall itself as boundary
elements.
Furthermore, the slab element has been meshed into finer elements of 1x1 meter dimension, for
better and accurate load distribution on the beam members. M25 grade concrete was adopted for
the horizontal members like slab and beams. M30 grade concrete was adopted for the vertical
members like columns and Shear Wall.

4.2 INPUT PARAMETERS

Earthquake Parameters:

Seismic zone considered Zone V
Soil Type Soft soil
Importance Factor High
Response reduction factor 5

Wind Parameters:

Terrain Category 3
Structure class B
Risk co-efficient 1.08
Windward Co-efficient 0.8
Leeward Co-efficient 0.5

For Seismic Dynamic analysis, Linear Time-History analysis is done to the building structure.
Accordingly the behavior of the building has been studied and designed for.

6

CHAPTER 5
LOADINGS

Various Indian Codes like IS 875 (Part-1, 2 and 3), IS 1893(Part-1):2002 have been referred to
decide the quantum of loading to be given to the structure.

5.1.2 GRAVITY LOADS

5.1.2.1 Loads on Beams
The imposed loading applicable to the beams and slabs are given in IS 875 (Part-1)-1975,
The brick wall load on the beam was calculated based on the height per meter length of the wall.

Density of brick wall = 1805 Kg/m
3
(Using sand cement bricks)
Cement Plaster = 1040 Kg/ m
3
----------------
Total = 2845 Kg/ m
3

Height of the wall = 3.1 m
Weight per meter of Brick-wall = 3.1 x 2.845 = 9 KN/m.
Uniformly distributed load of 9 KN/m on the beams from brick-wall acting as dead load on the
structure.

5.1.2.2 Loads on Slab
Dead load on slab element has been taken as 2 KN/m and 2KN/m as Live load on the slab
element (since the building structure is a residential complex).

Table-1
LOADING INTENSITY
Dead Load 2 KN/m
Live Load 2 KN/m

5.1.3 WIND LOADS

The location of the building structure is Bhuj, Gujarat. The wind speed suggested by IS 875
(Part-3):1975 is 50m/s for this location. The wind exposure is from the extents of the rigid
diaphragms assigned to the slab elements. Also IS 1893(Part-1):2002 states that wind is not to be
considered simultaneously with earthquake or maximum flood or maximum sea waves.
The load case combinations adopted are referred from IS 875 (Part-3):1975,

1.2 (D.L + L.L + W
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L W
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + W
y
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L W
y
)
1.5 (D.L + W
x
)
7

1.5 (D.L - W
x
)
1.5 (D.L + W
y
)
1.5 (D.L - W
y
)

5.1.4 EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Seismic forces are the most decisive and critical loadings for a multi storey building. The
structure is seismically loaded using elastic time-history method and load combinations
specified by the code are used. The structure is assumed to be in Bhuj with the soil being soft
soil. The direction scales are calculated taking the importance factor (I) as 1.5 and reduction
factor (R) as 5. The load case combinations adopted are referred from IS 1893 (Part-1):2002,

Table-2
STATIC DYNAMIC
1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQ
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L EQ
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + EQ
y
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L EQ
y
)
1.5 (D.L + EQ
x
)
1.5 (D.L - EQ
x
)
1.5 (D.L + EQ
y
)
1.5 (D.L - EQ
y
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + TH
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L TH
x
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + TH
y
)
1.2 (D.L + L.L TH
y
)
1.5 (D.L + TH
x
)
1.5 (D.L - TH
x
)
1.5 (D.L + TH
y
)
1.5 (D.L - TH
y
)

5.2 SOFTWARES USED

This chapter deals with the brief description of the software used in the project with
programmatic representations of the GUI of the software.

5.2.1 ETABS GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE)

ETABS is a structural analysis and design computer program. The basic three activities
performed by the software are a) model generation b) analysis c) design. All the above activities
are facilitated by tools contained in the programs graphical environment. ETABS can analyse
and design various structural elements as per design standards of various countries like USA,
Britain, India, Japan etc. Dynamic analysis like response spectrum analysis and time history
analysis can also be carried out. ETABS stands for: Extended Three-Dimensional analysis of
building structures. ETABS has been recognized as the industry standard for Building Analysis
and Design Software. Building information system built around a physical object based graphical
user interface. Powered by targeted special purpose algorithms for analysis and design, specially
used for dynamic analysis.

8

5.2.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS
In ETABS results can be obtained in many forms such as moments, shear forces, mode shapes
etc. for different load cases. Design is also carried as per various codes. Commands like
grouping, section overwrites, greatly reduce the time taken to arrive a safe section in the building
structure.

5.3 ASSUMPTION OF SECTION AND MATERIAL
The multi-storey building is entirely made of R.C.C members. For analysis of the same in
ETABS, the following properties shown in table-3 of the materials have been adopted.

Table-3 PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL USED
CONCRETE (KN-m)
M25 M30
f
ck
= 25 N/mm
2

Isotropic Material
Mass per unit Volume = 2.4
Weight per unit Volume =24
Modulus of Elasticity = 25 x 10
6

Poissons Ratio = 0.2
Co-eff of Thermal Expansion = 9.9 x 10
-6

Shear Modulus = 10.41 x 10
6

f
ck
= 30 N/mm
2

Isotropic Material
Mass per unit Volume = 2.4
Weight per unit Volume =24
Modulus of Elasticity = 25 x 10
6

Poissons Ratio = 0.2
Co-eff of Thermal Expansion = 9.9 x 10
-6

Shear Modulus = 10.41 x 10
6

Structural components like beams and columns which constitute the structural frame have been
assumed initially and the structure is analysed taking into account permissible deflections. The
following sections shown in table 4 were assumed.

TABLE-4 ASSUMED SECTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
SLAB SHEAR WALL BEAM COLUMN
Thickness 150 mm Thickness 300mm 400x650 mm 750x750 mm

9

CHAPTER 6
MODAL ANALYSIS RESULTS

The elastic properties and mass of building causes it to develop a vibratory motion when they are
subjected to dynamic action. The vibration of a building consists of a fundamental mode of
vibration and the additional contribution of various modes, which vibrates at higher frequencies.
In low-rise buildings the seismic response depends primarily on the fundamental mode of
vibration, the also the period of vibration of this mode expressed in modes is the most
representative characteristics of the dynamic response of a building. On the basis of time period,
building structures are classified as
i) Rigid (T < 0.3 sec).
ii) Semi-Rigid (0.3 sec < T < 1.0 sec).
iii) Flexible (T > 1.0 sec).

Buildings with lower natural frequencies and long natural periods, these buildings will
experience lower accelerations but larger displacements. The model is analyzed for 45 numbers
of modes. The type of analysis being chosen as Ritz Vector analysis over Eigen Vector analysis.
Reason being Ritz vector analysis is that it provides a better participation factor, which enables
the analysis to run faster, with the same level of accuracy. Further, missing-mass modes are
automatically included, there is no need to determine whether or not there are enough modes,
and when determining convergence of localized response with respect to the number of modes,
Ritz vectors converge much faster and more uniformly than do Eigen vectors. Ritz vectors are
not subject to convergence questions, though strict orthogonality of vectors is maintained, similar
to Eigen vectors. The Ritz load vectors assigned are as accelerations in X, Y and Z-directions to
the building structure.

Mode
Period
T(in sec)
Frequency
(Hz)
1 2.107427 0.4745123
2 2.107427 0.4745123
3 2.067215 0.4837426
4 0.66899 1.4947907
5 0.562153 1.7788751
6 0.562153 1.7788751
7 0.381305 2.6225725
8 0.261898 3.8182804
9 0.261898 3.8182804
10 0.257269 3.8869821
11 0.187375 5.3368913
12 0.159323 6.2765577
13 0.159323 6.2765577
14 0.143056 6.9902695
15 0.112865 8.8601426
Table -5.1
10

Type Accel StatPercent DynPercent
Accel RX 100 100
Accel RY 100 100
Accel RZ 99.9999 99.8222
TABLE-5.2

Fig 6.3: Deformation of Structure at Mode-1

TABLE-5.3

Mode Period UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY SumUZ RX RY RZ SumRX SumRY SumRZ
1 2.107427 1.6316 69.3565 0 1.6316 69.3565 0 97.1324 2.2851 0 97.1324 2.2851 0
11

CHAPTER 7
WIND ANALYSIS RESULTS

Analysis of the structure yielded the following results. Critical loads were noted down for
various structural components like beams columns, shear wall, etc.
The results of the static wind analysis are shown in the following pages for columns, beams and
shear wall. The different beams and columns locations are shown in the figure below. Since the
structure in symmetrical in plan, the analysis results of beams and column sections of one side of
the building structure is discussed. The reason being that, the results will be same for the other
columns sections as well.

Fig 7.0 Column and beam locations

The shear wall located at the center as a core wall, provided with flange section acting as
boundary elements. Various analysis results are shown in the following pages, on the effect of
wind on the building structure.
In ETABS automatically calculated wind loads are only applied to rigid diaphragms. A separate
load is created for each rigid diaphragm present at a story level. The wind loads calculated at any
story level are based on the story level elevation, the story height above and below that level, the
assumed exposure width for the rigid diaphragm(s) at that story level and various code dependent
wind coefficients.
When specifying the wind direction you indicate the direction of the wind by an angle measured
in degrees. An angle of 0 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global X-direction

12

that is blowing from the negative global X-direction to the positive global X-direction. An angle
of 90 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global Y-direction. An angle of 180
degrees means the wind is blowing in the negative global X direction. An angle of 270 degrees
means the wind is blowing in the negative global Y-direction. You can input any angle for the
wind direction. The angle is always measured counter clockwise from the positive global X-axis.
A positive angle appears counter clockwise as you look down on the model in the negative
global Z-direction.

7.1 PRE-ANALYSIS INPUTS

Fig 7.1: WIND ANALYSIS IN ETABS
TABLE 7.1 : WIND PARAMETERS
CODE IS 875:1987
EXPOSURE From extents of rigid diaphragms
WINDWARD COEFFICIENT 0.8
LEEWARD COEFFICIENT 0.5
EXPOSURE HEIGHT 49.6 meters
WIND SPEED 50 m/s
TERRAIN CATEGORY 3
STRUCTURE CLASS B
RISK COEFFICIENT 1.08
TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR 1
13

7.2 STOREY SHEAR

The following storey shears were obtained from this method as depicted in table 5.2.

Maximum base shear was observed in X and Y direction with an intensity of 3881.17 KN.
Where X and Y directions are the orthogonal horizontal directions. In ETABS the X and Y axis
are taken as the orthogonal horizontal directions and Z axis as the vertical direction.

7.3 STOREY DRIFT

Storey drift is the displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below. This is
one of the most important parameter of lateral analysis to be studied. As per clause no. 20.5 of
IS 456:2000, the lateral sway at the top should not exceed H/500, where H is the total height of
the building.

=
500
H
=
500
6 . 49 m
0.0992 meters = 99.2 mm.

TABLE 6.2: STOREY SHEAR
FLOOR
PEAK STOREY
SHEAR IN KN
X Y
16 149.6 149.6
15 445.4 445.4
14 736.12 736.12
13 1021.82 1021.82
12 1302.53 1302.53
11 1578.29 1578.29
10 1848.99 1848.99
9 2112.81 2112.81
8 2368.68 2368.68
7 2616.65 2616.65
6 2854.79 2854.79
5 3080.44 3080.44
4 3290.17 3290.17
3 3488.03 3488.03
2 3684.6 3684.6
1 3881.17 3881.17
14

TABLE 6.3: STOREY DRIFT
STOREY
LEVEL W
X
1.2 (D.L + L.L + W
X
) 1.5 (D.L + W
X
)
16 .356 .428 .535
15 .374 .449 .561
14 .399 .448 .599
13 .421 .506 .632
12 .442 .532 .664
11 .463 .556 .695
10 .48 .576 .720
9 .491 .59 .738
8 .496 .596 .745
7 .492 .591 .738
6 .476 .571 .714
5 .446 .535 .669
4 .399 .479 .599
3 .332 .399 .499
2 .243 .292 .365
1 .117 .141 .176
All values above are in mm

Since all the storey drifts are under the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000, the building is safe
against storey drift for lateral loading of wind on it.

7.4 COLUMN RESULTS

There are 32 columns in total in each storey. Amounting up to 512 columns in the complete
building structure.
In the following pages, the results for the various columns are shown, graphs plotted of:
i) Storey level v/s Axial Load.
ii) Storey level v/s Moment-X (moment acting on minor axis of column).
iii) Storey level v/s Moment-Y (moment acting on the major axis of column).

The graphs plotted are for the various prescribed load combinations suggested by
IS 875 (Part-3)-1975. The graphs plotted give us an idea about the moments acting on the
column member and helps in designing the structural member by taking the envelopes of all the
loading combinations.

15

Fig 7.2 Column labels

For simplicity, we are considering the similar columns sections in the building structure and
plotting the graphs for different forces against the storey levels. Furthermore, since the building
is symmetrical in plan dimensions, the columns grouped in the following manner tend to behave
in a similar manner.

Fig 7.3 Column-19

16

Fig 7.4 Axial Load v/s Storey level

Maximum Axial Load @ ground level = 9720 KN for 1.5(D.L + L.L).

Fig 7.5 Storey level v/s Moment-xx

Maximum Moment @ top storey = -272 KN for 1.5 (D.L + W
x
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
C-19
Axial Load v/s Storey level
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
Axial Load ------
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
C-19
Storey level v/s Moment-X
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
Moment
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

17

Fig 7.6: Storey level v/s Moment-yy

Maximum Moment @ top storey = -271 KN-m for 1.5(D.L+W
x
)

Fig 7.7: Column-18

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
C-19
Axial Load v/s Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
Moment
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

18

Fig: 7.8 Axial Load v/s Storey level

Maximum Axial Load @ ground level = 9846 KN for 1.5(D.L+L.L)

Fig: 7.9 Storey level v/s Moment-xx

Maximum moment @ ground level = -170 KN-m for 1.5(D.L-W
x
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
C-18
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

Axial Load ------
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-200 -100 0 100 200 300
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
C-18
Axial Load ------
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

19

Fig: 7.10 Storey level v/s Moment-yy

Maximum moment @ ground storey = 152 KN-m for 1.5(D.L+W
y
).

Fig: 7.11 Column-23
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-200 -100 0 100 200
C-18
Storey level v/s Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
Axial Load ------
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

20


Maximum Axial Load @ ground storey = 10605 KN for 1.5(D.L+L.L).

Fig: 7.13 Storey Level v/s Moment-xx

Maximum moment @ top storey = -123 KN-m for 1.5(D.L+W
x
).

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
C-23
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

Axial Load ------
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200
C-23
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

Moment
21

Fig: 7.14 Storey Level v/s Moment-yy

Maximum moment @ ground storey = -150.562 KN-m for 1.5(D.L-W
y
).

Fig: 7.15 Column-27

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-200 -100 0 100 200
C-23
Storey level v/s Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
Moment
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

22


Maximum Axial Load @ ground level = 5675 KN for 1.5(D.L+W
y
).

Fig: 7.17 Storey Level v/s Moment-xx

Maximum moment @ top storey = -138.45 KN-m for 1.5(D.L+W
x
).

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-6000 -4000 -2000 0
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

Axial Load ------
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

Moment
23

Fig 7.18: Storey Level v/s Moment-yy

Maximum moment @ top storey = -128.5 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L+W
y
).

7.5 BEAM RESULTS

There are 48 beams in each storey in the building structure, each beam given end conditions as
fixed on both the ends. In the complete building structure there are 768 beams in total.
For the simplicity in displaying the results, the beams sections whose behavior is most critical
are shown below.
From the analysis, it is found that the critical-most beam is found to be located at storey number
10 with the beam label of 22. i.e.; B22 at storey-10 is the most critical beam member of the
building structure.

Fig 7.19: Critical Beam location
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L + Wy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L - Wy)
1.5 (D.L + Wx)
1.5 (D.L - Wx)
1.5 (D.L + Wy)
1.5 (D.L - Wy)
Moment
S
t
o
r
e
y

L
e
v
e
l

24

Fig 7.20: Dead Load

Fig 7.21: 1.2 (D.L+L.L+W
x
)

25

7.6 SHEAR WALL RESULTS

There are four shear walls provided in the building structure, provided as core walls at the center
with columns at their ends acting as boundary elements. The results shown are for the two walls
located in the two different horizontal directions. The shear wall is meshed at each storey
junction, i.e.; it is meshed into 16 parts, each wall of 3.1 meters height.

FIG 7.22: Elevation of Shear Wall

26

Fig 7.23: Resultant F
max
of the Shear wall parallel to X-direction

The maximum being 675 KN and minimum -300 KN for critical wind load combination of
1.2(D.L+L.L+W
x
).
27

Fig 7.24: Resultant F
max
of the Shear wall parallel to Y-direction

The maximum forces on the wall are seen at the bottom storey and decreasing as the height
increases. The maximum is -360KN.

28

CHAPTER 8
SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

8.1 STATIC EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS

Seismic analyses of most of the structures are still carried out on the basis of lateral force
assumed to be equivalent to the actual (dynamic) loading. The base shear which is the total
horizontal force on the structure is calculated on the basis of structure mass and fundamental
period of vibration and corresponding mode shape. The base shear is distributed along the height
of structures in terms of lateral forces according to Code formula. This method is conservative
for low to medium height buildings with a regular conformation.
Static analysis is a type of analysis in which the building structure is subjected to loads with no
respect to time, i.e.; the loads acting on the structure are independent of time. They do not
change with time, and are the same throughout the load case.

TABLE 7.1: STATIC ANALYSIS DETAILS
CODE IS 1893:2002
SOIL Soft soil
RESPONSE REDUCTION 5 (Dual system )
SEISMIC ZONE V
IMPORTANCE FACTOR High

8.2 ELASTIC TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS

This method has the advantage of preservation of the relative signs of response quantities of the
response histories. This is important when interaction effects are considered in design among
stress resultants. This analysis will produce the effect of higher modes of vibration and the actual
distribution of forces in the elastic range in a better way.
For the Time-History analysis of this building structure, the ground motion data chosen is of
Bhuj earthquake, January 26, 2001. The various results obtained from this analysis are chosen
such that they are the maximum of each amplitude, either positive or negative of the amplitude.
Thus we are taking the maximum envelopes for the various results.

Time
Fig 8.1: Accelerogram of Bhuj earthquake
Ground motion v/s Time
29

Maximum amplitude = 0.699 at 43.495 sec.
Minimum amplitude = -0.782 at 34.945 sec.

The following storey shears were obtained from this method as depicted in table 7.1.

Table 7.2: STOREY SHEAR
Floor
Peak storey shear in
KN
Static Dynamic
16 1760.22 3629.33
15 3580.47 6590.95
14 5166.11 8749.57
13 6533.32 10272.46
12 7698.27 11450.51
11 8677.16 13264.32
10 9486.16 14128.56
9 10141.45 14915.79
8 10659.21 16116.58
7 11055.62 17875.9
6 11346.86 19442.2
5 11549.11 20672.09
4 11678.55 21575.28
3 11751.36 22752.51
2 11783.72 23767.23
1 11791.81 24248.6

The maximum base shear was observed from dynamic analysis. There results shown in the table
above are for the base shear in X-direction, since the building is symmetrical in plan the results
will be same for the other direction as well.

8.3 STOREY DRIFT

Storey drift is the displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below. This is
one of the most important parameter of seismic analysis to be studied. As per clause no. 7.11.1of
IS 1891:2002, the drift of any particular storey should not exceed 0.004 times the storey height.

30

TABLE 7.3: STOREY DRIFT
HEIGHT (m) LOAD X (mm) Y (mm) PERMISSIBLE
28 EQX 2.629 2.629
0.004 x 3.1 x 1000 =
12.4mm
28 Time-History 4.34 4.34
28 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQ
x
) 3.154 3.154
28 1.2 (D.L+L.L+TH
x
) 5.208 5.208
28 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
) 3.943 3.943
28 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
) 6.509 6.509

As it can be seen from the above table, the storey with the maximum storey drift is within the
permissible limits of 12.4 mm. Hence the building structure is safe against storey drift.

CHAPTER 9
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DETAILS

9.1 COLUMNS DETAILS

There are 32 columns in total in each storey. Amounting up to 512 columns in the complete
building structure.
In the following pages, the results for the various columns are shown, graphs plotted of:
i) Storey level v/s Axial Load.
ii) Storey level v/s Moment-X (moment acting on minor axis of column).
iii) Storey level v/s Moment-Y (moment acting on the major axis of column).

The graphs plotted are for the various prescribed load combinations suggested by
IS 1893 (Part-1):2002. The graphs plotted give us an idea about the moments acting on the
column member and helps in designing the structural member by taking the envelopes of all the
loading combinations.

Fig 9.1: Column-19
31

Fig 9.2: Axial Load v/s Storey Level

Maximum Axial Load at ground storey = 9720 KN for 1.5 (D.L+L.L).

Fig 9.3: Storey Level v/s Moment-xx

Maximum moment at top storey = -1736 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
).

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-10500 -8500 -6500 -4500 -2500 -500
C-19
Storey level v/s Axial Load
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
C-19
Moment-X
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
32


x
).

9.1.1 DESIGN DETAILS OF COLUMN C-19

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
C-19
Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
33

34

35

36

37

Thus increasing the column section size to 1000x1000mm and keeping the rebar percentage the
same. The rebar percentage and various design details for the column section after increase in its
dimensions are shown below.

38

For Column section C-19 dimension of 1000x1000mm with 24 nos. of 36 diameter bars is safe
against the different load cases on it.

9.1.2 COLUMN C-18

Fig 9.5: Column C-18

39


Maximum Axial Load at ground level = -11780 for 1.5 (D.L-TH
x
).


Maximum moment at ground storey = -950 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-12500 -10500 -8500 -6500 -4500 -2500 -500
C-18
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
C-18
Moment-X
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
40

9.1.3 DESIGN DETAILS OF C-18

The design details for this column with 1000x1000mm dimensions and 24 nos of 36mm diameter
bars distributed equally on all sides.

41

Revising the section by increasing the dimensions to 1150x1150 mm and using the same rebar
distribution. The rebar percentage and various design details for the column section after increase
in its dimensions are shown below.

42

43


9.1.4 COLUMN C-23


Fig 9.9: Storey Level v/s Axial Load

Maximum axial load at ground storey a= 10605 KN for 1.5 (D.L+L.L).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
C-23
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
44


Maximum moment at top storey = -1472.5 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
).


Maximum moment at top storey = 1394 KN-m for 1.5 (D.LTH
y
).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
C-23
Moment-X
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
C-23
Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
45



46

47

This column is not safe against the prescribed load combinations on it. Thus revising the section
by increasing its dimension to 1150x1150mm with the same rebar percentage distribution in it.

48


49

9.1.6 COLUMN C-24



Maximum Axial Load at ground storey = 10927 KN for 1.5 (D.L+TH
y
).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
C-24
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
50


x
).


Maximum moment at top storey -603 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
C-24
Moment-X
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
C-24
Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
51



52

Thus this column is safe for the provided section and the percentage of steel rebar distribution
provided.
53

9.1.8 COLUMN C-27


Fig 9.17: Storey Level v/s Axial Load

Maximum Axial load at ground storey = 9555 KN for 1.5 (D.L+TH
x
).

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
C-27
54


Maximum moment is at ground storey = 947.86 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L-TH
x
).


Maximum moment at ground storey = 947 KN-m for 1.5 (D.L-TH
y
).

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
C-27
Moment-X
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
C-27
Moment-Y
1.5 (D.L + L.L )
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THx)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L +THy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -EQy)
1.2 (D.L + L.L -THy)
1.5 (D.L + EQx)
1.5 (D.L + THx)
1.5 (D.L - EQx)
1.5 (D.L - THx)
1.5 (D.L + EQy)
1.5 (D.L + THy)
1.5 (D.L - EQy)
1.5 (D.L - THy)
55



56

Since the section is completely safe against the load combinations, revising the section by
increasing the dimensions of the column section to 1050x1050mm and with the same rebar
distribution percentage.

57

58


59

9.2 TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS DETAILS

9.2.1 Pseudo Spectral Acceleration curve
The spectral acceleration curves for the building structure for different damping ratios are shown
in the graph below.

Fig 9.20: Time Period v/s PSA curve

9.2.2 Joint Displacement Curve
The joint located at the top of the building is selected and graph is plotted for its displacement
with respect to time.

Fig 9.21: Time V/s Joint Displacement Curve

60

9.2.3 Spectral Displacement Curve
The spectral displacements curve for different damping ratios are shown with respect to the time
period.

Fig 9.22: Time Period v/s Spectral Displacements curve

61

9.3 SHEAR WALL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

9.3.1 Shear wall analysis results

Table 8.1: Design Forces in shear wall frame (X-1) under different load cases
Load Case
Moment
(KN-m)
Shear (KN)
Axial Force
(KN)
Axial load (KN) on
boundary elements
1.5 (D.L+L.L) 0.311 -0.15 3377.82 1799.55
1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) -179.996 -64.12 14593.02 7473.24
1.2 (D.L+L.L-EQx) 179.747 63.88 20104.67 10295.39
1.5 (D.L+EQx) -224.954 -80.11 18437.84 9510.78
1.5 (D.L-EQx) 224.725 79.89 24800.34 12700.01
1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 350.549 -118.72 32407.33 16594.75
1.2 (D.L+L.L-THx) -350.797 -133.76 33221.02 17011.39
1.5 (D.L+THx) -407.127 -148.36 40178.67 20574.22
1.5 (D.L-THx) -438.456 -167.16 41195.79 21095.02

EQ-x TH-x

Fig 9.23: Shear wall loads
62

9.3.2 SHEAR WALL DESIGN

The design of shear wall in 15-storeyed reinforced concrete building has been presented for
illustration. The design forces as per IS 1893 (Part-1): 2002 in the shear wall have already been
calculated and summarized in Table 9.1. The sectional and reinforcement details fulfilled
according to the Clauses of IS 13920:1993 are presented as under:

Clause as
per
IS 13920

9.1

9.1.1

9.1.2

9.1.3

Design requirements as
per IS 13920:1993

General Requirements

The design of shear wall is
based on the assumption that
it will be the part of the
lateral force resisting system
of the structure

In order to safeguard against
premature out-of-plane
buckling in the potential
plastic hinge region of walls,
minimum thickness of shear
wall should not be less than
150mm.

Shear wall is subjected to
combined flexure and axial
load therefore; the ends of
the wall will be subjected to
high axial load. Therefore,
it is necessary to thicken the
wall in boundary regions.
This is readily achieved by
providing flange elements
with sufficient dimensions
so as to provide of the wall
section. This effective
flange width to be used in
the design of flanged wall
sections, shall be assumed
to extend beyond the face
Details provided in the
shear walls

Lateral force resisting system in
the building is a dual system
consisting of SMRF and shear
walls. In general, the shear
walls will resist all the lateral
force being a relatively stiff
element.

Assumed thickness of shear
wall 300mm.

The shear wall is provided in
between the middle two
columns of the exterior
frames. These columns will
act as a flange element or
boundary elements of the
shear wall. Therefore, there is
no need for further thickening
of shear wall at the end or
boundary regions.

OK

OK
63

9.1.4

9.1.5

9.1.6

9.1.7

of the web for a distance
which shall be smaller of
(a) Half the distance to an
adjacent shear wall web
(b) 1/10
th
of the total weight.

To control the width of
inclined cracks in the wall,
the code recommends the
reinforcement in both the
direction of walls, i.e.;
horizontal and vertical. The
minimum reinforcement
ratio should be 0.0025 of the
gross area in each direction
of the wall and should be
uniform across the cross
section of the wall.

To reduce fragmentation and
premature deterioration of
the concrete under load
reversal loading in inelastic
range, it is preferred that the
longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement should be
provided in two curtains if
(a) factored shear stress in
the wall exceeds 0.25 fck
or (b) wall thickness >
200mm.

To prevent the use of very
large diameter of
reinforcement, the code
restricts the diameter of bar
up to 1/10
th
of the thickness
part.

The maximum spacing of
reinforcement in either
direction shall not exceed the
smallest of l
w
/5, 3t
w
, and
450mm; where l
w
is the
horizontal length of the wall,
and t
w
is the thickness

Calculated reinforcement in
horizontal and vertical
direction is greater than the
minimum prescribed
reinforcement. Provided
reinforcement is uniformly
distributed in both the
directions.

Since the thickness of shear
wall is 250mm and also the
factored shear stress (t
v
)
is greater than 0.25 fck
the reinforcement is
provided in two curtains .
(Clause 9.2.1)

Diameter of bar used in
reinforcement is 10 mm,
which is smaller than
1/10 (300) = 30 mm.

Spacing provided in
direction of reinforcement is
130mm which is smaller of
(a) l
w
/5 = 800 mm,
(b) 3t
w
=900 mm and
450 mm.

OK

OK

OK

OK

64

9.2

9.2.1

9.2.2

9.2.3

9.2.4

of the wall web. This
limitation has been
guided by the
experience and various
tests to confine the
concrete.

Shear Strength
requirements

The nominal shear
stress, t
v
shall be
calculate as

t
v
= V
u
/t
w
l
w

Where,
V
u
=Factored shear force
t
w
= thickness of web
l
w
= effective depth of
wall section.
This may be takes as 0.8l
w
for rectangular section.

The design strength of
concrete (t
c
) shall be
calculate as per Table-
13 of IS 456:2000

The nominal shear
stress in the wall, t
v
shall not exceed

t c
max

as per Table 14 of
IS:456:2000.

When t
v
is less than
t
c,
shear
reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance
with 9.1.3, 9.1.4 and
9.1.6 of the code.

V
u
= 167.16 / 2 = 59 KN
t
w
= 300 mm
l
w
= 4000 mm
d
w
= 0.8 x 4000 = 3200 mm

The nominal shear stress,
t
v
=
mm N / 1 . 0
3200 300
58 . 83
=

Assume horizontal and
vertical reinforcement (A
s
)
is 0.25% and concrete grade
M30, permissible shear
stress in concrete is
t
c
= 0.37 N/mm
2
.

t c
max
= 3.5 N/mm
2

Therefore,
t
v
(0.1 N/mm
2
) <
t c
max
(2.8 N/mm
2
) .

t
v
(0.1 N/mm
2
) <t
c
(0.37
N/mm
2
).

OK

OK

OK

OK

65

9.2.5

9.2.6

9.3

9.3.1

Horizontal
reinforcement to be
provided as per 9.1.4

The vertical
reinforcement that is
uniformly distributed in
the wall shall not be
less than the horizontal
reinforcement in 9.2.5.

Flexural Strength

The moment of
resistance, M
uv
, of the
wall section shall be
calculate as for columns
subjected to combined
axial load and uni-axial
bending as per
IS:456-1978. The
moment of resistance
that is provided by
uniformly distributed
vertical reinforcement in
a slender rectangular
wall section may be
calculate as follows:

(a)For x
u
/l
w
x*
u
/l
w

lw tw fck
Muv
. .
=

[
)]
3
2
168 . 0 ( 2 ) ( ) 416 . 0
2
1
)( 1 (
|
|
+ +
Lw
Xu
Lw
Xu

Minimum reinforcement =
0.25 % of A
g
.
= 0.0025 x 300
= 0.75
Hence, provide 10 mm
diameter bar at 130 c/c in
2 curtains as horizontal
reinforcement.

Hence, provide 10 mm
diameter bar at 130 c/c in
2 curtains as vertical
reinforcement also.

= Ast/(t
w
l
w
); Ast = Asl
w
/S
v

= Asv/t
w
S
v
= 0.75/300 =
0.0025
= =

30
0025 . 0 415 87 . 0

= 0.03
=
4000 300 30
3377

KN
= 0.1

OK

OK

66

9.3.2

9.3.3

1
= [0.15+ (1--
)]
2
1
2
2
|
|

2
= [0.15+ (1--
)]
2
1
2
2
|
|

A
st
= area of uniformly
distributed vertical
reinforcement

= =
Es
fy
0035 . 0
87 . 0

= 0.516.

E
s
= Elastic modulus of
steel

The cracked flexural
strength of the wall
section should be
greater than its
uncracked flexural
strength.

In walls that do not
have boundary
elements, vertical
reinforcement
consisting of at least 4
bars minimum of
Lw
Xu
= )
36 . 0 03 . 0 2
) 1 . 0 03 . 0
(
+
+

=0.31.

Lw
u X *
=
)
100000 2
415
87 . 0 0035 . 0
0035 . 0
(
+
=0.66.
Since
Lw
u X *
Lw
Xu

1
= [0.36+ (1- )]
2
1
2 |
|

= [0.36+0.03x(1-0.25-0.97)]
=0.3534.
2
= [0.15+ (1--
)]
2
1
2
2
|
|

=0.02.
= [0.36+0.03x(1-0.25-0.97)]
=0.3534.

Muv = 20,780 KN-m

The remaining moment,
Mu-Muv = 3000 KN-m shall
be resisted by reinforcement
in boundary element.

Concentrated vertical
reinforcement at the edges
of the wall is more effective
in resisting bending moment

NA

NA
67

9.4

9.4.1

12 mm diameter
arranged in two layers
shall be provided along
the edge of the wall.

Boundary elements

Boundary elements are
portions along the wall
edges that are
strengthened by
longitudinal and
transverse
reinforcement. Though
they may have the same
thickness as that of the
wall web, it is
advantageous to
provide them with
greater thickness.

Where the extreme fiber
compressive stress in the
wall due to combined axial
load and bending is greater
than 0.2f
ck
, boundary
elements shall be provided
along the vertical
boundaries of wall. The
boundary elements may be
discontinued where the
calculate compressive
stress become less than
0.15f
ck

.

Gross Sectional Properties
lw = 4000 mm
tw = 300 mm
Ag = t
w
l
w
3
/12= 300x4000
3
/12
=1.6 x 10
12
mm
4
f
c
=
Iy
lw Mu
Ag
Pu ) 2 / (
+

= =
12
6 3
10 6 . 1
10 217
1000 1500
10 10000

= 6.6 N/mm
2
> 4
Therefore, providing boundary
elements.

68

9.4.2

9.4.4

9.4.5

9.4.6

A boundary element shall
have adequate axial load
carrying capacity,
assuming short column
action, so as to enable it
to carry an axial
compression equal to the
sum of factored gravity
load on it and the
additional compressive
load induced by the
seismic forc. The latter
may be calculated as
(M
u
M
uv
)/C
w
Where,
Mu = factored design
moment on the entire wall
section
M
uv
= Moment of
resistance provided by
distributed vertical
reinforcement across the
wall section.
C
w
= Center to center
distance between the
boundary elements along
the two vertical edges of
the wall.

The percentage of vertical
reinforcement in the
boundary elements shall
not be less than 0.8 %
neither greater than 6%.

In order to avoid
congestion, the practical
upper limit would be 4%.

Boundary element shall
be provided as per
IS13920:1993

The adjacent columns of shear
wall act as a boundary element.
From table 9.1 the maximum
compressive axial load on
boundary element column is
P
u
=16096 KN under different
loading conditions.
Let with existing column size
having dimension
750 mmx750 mm and assume
longitudinal reinforcement 2%
of the gross area.
Ag = 750x750
= 5.625 x 10
5
mm
2

As = 0.02x5.625x10
5
= 11250 mm
2

Axial load capacity of
boundary element column
acting as short column
P
u
= 0.4fckA
g
+(0.67f
y
-0.4f
ck
)A
s
= 0.4 x 30x5.625x10
5
+
(0.67x415-0.4x30)x11250
= 7082.56 KN < 16096 KN
Increasing the column section
to 1200mm x1200mm
Ag=1200x1200=1.4x10
6
mm
2

As= 0.04x1.4x10
6

=20347mm
2
P
u
= 16765 KN > 16096 KN.

Provided vertical
reinforcement is 2% of gross
area = 20347 mm
2
Provide 20 bars of 36 mm
diameter equally distributed
on the four sides of the
section.

Detailing in the adjacent
columns of shear wall of
boundary element according
to IS13920:1993.

OK

OK

OK
69

Fig 9.24: Reinforcement details in reinforced concrete shear wall

9.4 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DETAILS

The design of one part of the block at level 8 is illustrated here.

Fig 9.25: Beam layout plan

70

9.4.1 General requirements

The flexural members shall fulfill the following general requirements.

(IS13920; Clause 6.1.2)

3 . 0 >
D
b

Here 3 . 0 61 . 0
650
400
> = =
D
b

Hence, ok.

(IS13920; Clause 6.1.3)

b 200 mm

Here b = 400 mm 200 mm.

Hence, ok.

(IS13920; Clause 6.1.4)

D
4
c
L

D = 650 mm <
4
6000
mm

Hence, ok.

9.4.2 Bending Moments and Shear Forces

The end moments and end shears for six load cases (3 static and 3 dynamic) are shown in the
following tables. Since the moments and shears due to Y-direction for orthogonal beams located
parallel to X-direction show negligible shears and moments, they can be neglected from load
combinations, also applied for beams in Y-direction.

71

Fig 9.26: Beam profile

3-3 Beams

S. No. Load Case
B23 B24
Left Middle Right Left Middle Right
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 51.748 70.6 -227.3 62 67.9 -248.2
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 573.3 361.846 -784.679 526.03 334.08 -754.159
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 972.2 561.4 -1183.2 883 510.3 -1121.5
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 715.1 438.33 -945.14 652.9 402.03 -903.75
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 968.35 559.67 -1180.52 880 498.52 -1118.52
Table 9.1: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases 1-1 beams

S. No. Load Case
B23 B24
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 101.65 75.43 127.38 64.25 82.29 134.24
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 398.2 377.27 408.5 379.6 369.592 400.869
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 538.553 538.144 589.9 494.927 505.487 557.332
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 454.6 427.6 462.33 432.9 417.445 452.26
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 536.6 537 582.56 490.456 500.368 559.526
Table 9.2: End Shears (KN) for 5 critical load cases for 1-1 beams

72

Table 9.3: Percentage rebar distribution for B23

Fig 9.27: Beam Reinforcement Details for B23


Fig 9.28: Beam Reinforcement Details for B24
Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.903% 0.841% 2.347%
1.960% 1.205% 1.514%
Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.716% 0.707% 2.234%
1.794% 1.100% 1.367%
73

2-2 Beams

S. No. Load Case
B21 B22
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) -210.98 102.85 -180 45.734 69.9 -296.88
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 397.2 300.705 -696.88 462.052 326.355 -788.84
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) -971.71 490 -1062.7 -839.95 502.05 -1153.7
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 530.755 371.9 -837.92 593 394.6 -934
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) -970.51 482 -1059 -840 500 -1149.5
Table 9.5: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases 2-2 beams

S. No. Load Case
B21 B22
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 140.25 84.257 168.149 101.369 123.139 207.03
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 402.579 353.729 371.464 403.372 390.202 434.468
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 558.83 491.722 550.56 590.98 540.65 607.77
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 468 414 430.99 460 441.43 488.22
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 560 487.78 548.3 588.67 539.62 610.467

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.959% 0.791% 2.126%
1.591% 1.043% 1.350%

Fig 9.29: Reinforcement details for B21
74

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.716% 0.615% 0.615%
1.676% 1.076% 1.076%


1-1 Beams

S. No. Load Case
B19 B20
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 51.748 70.6 -227.34 62 67.96 -248.83
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 573.309 361.846 -784.68 526.031 334.018 -754.16
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 972.21 561.389 -1183.2 -889.5 510.38 -1121.5
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 715.185 438.33 -945.14 652.98 402 -903.75
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 969.51 560.41 -1174.5 -888.64 506.45 -1120.5
Table 9.9: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases for 3-3 beams

S. No. Load Case
B19 B20
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 101.65 75.43 127.38 64.25 82.29 134.241
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 398.2 377.277 408.54 379.6 369.592 400.869
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 538.553 538.144 589.989 494.92 505.48 557.332
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 454.59 427.5 462.33 432.93 417.445 452.26
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 538.553 538.144 589.989 494.92 505.48 557.332
75



Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.716% 0.707% 2.234%
1.797% 1.100% 1.367%

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
1.903% 0.841% 2.347%
1.960% 1.205% 1.514%
76

A-A beams

S. No. Load Case
B13 B14
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) -205.07 53.41 -203.78 -203.87 53.9 -205.07
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) -46.958 38.222 -238.78 -238.78 59.44 -101.42
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) -250.37 81.2 -288.62 -288.62 84.19 -250.37
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 36.35 33.48 -267 -267.07 71.6 -86.975
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) -245 79 -290 -289 81 -246.41
Table 10.4: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases for A-A beams

S. No. Load Case
B13 B14
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 133.263 107.651 184.346 130.481 110.434 171.658
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 209.595 158.39 204.902 204.902 160.616 209.595
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 226.7 189.156 233.442 233.442 189.156 226.711
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 224.445 107.309 219.8 219.8 170.309 224.445
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 225 190 234 234 187 225.63
Table 10.5: End Shears (KN) for 5 critical load cases for A-A beams

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.474% 0.289% 0.555%
0.289% 0.289% 0.289%

77

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.555% 0.289% 0.474%
0.289% 0.289% 0.289%


B-B beams

S. No. Load Case
B15 B16
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) -279.77 85.16 -110.76 -41.52 -16.24 -279.77
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) -218.82 52.82 -94.554 -38.249 41.191 -218.82
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) -231.06 58.9 -98.4 -41.538 42.5 -231
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) -224.08 53.671 -100.5 -41 43 -224.08
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) -230 57 -96.53 -40.47 41 -229
Table 10.8: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases B-B beams

S. No. Load Case
B15 B16
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 163.2 84.08 145.17 106.91 140.422 201.485
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 215.579 133.263 182.113 151.527 178.333 215.759
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 219.58 137 185.9 155.35 182.15 219.58
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 222.741 136.51 190.52 156.331 182.254 222.741
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 200 136 189.65 154.74 181.98 217
Table 10.9: End Shears (KN) for 5 critical load cases for B-B beams
78

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.536% 0.289% 0.289%
0.268% 0.289% 0.289%
Table 11: Percentage rebar distribution for B15


Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.289% 0.289% 0.536%
0.289% 0.289% 0.289%

79

C-C beams

S. No. Load Case
B17 B18
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) -232.5 85.65 -103.5 54.98 -43.7 -232.5
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) -185.56 62.631 -83.331 38.214 -34.71 -185.56
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) -186.6 63 -83.629 38.824 -35.34 -186.6
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) -195.5 -32.9 -87.6 37.088 -32.9 -195.5
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) -180 54 -70 29.53 -32 -184.32
Table 11.2: End moments (KN-m) for 5 critical load cases for C-C beams

S. No. Load Case
B17 B18
1 1.5 (D.L+L.L) 129.303 52 99.7 69.19 94.4 129.303
2 1.2 (D.L+L.L+EQx) 173.9 135.767 139.972 139.972 135.767 173.908
3 1.2 (D.L+L.L+THx) 174.041 135.9 140.1 140.1 135.9 174.04
4 1.5 (D.L+EQx) 186.582 142.429 150.656 150.656 142.429 186.582
5 1.5 (D.L+THx) 170.59 127.44 140 129.46 134.42 170
Table 11.3: End Shears (KN) for 5 critical load cases for C-C beams

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.437% 0.289% 0.289%
0.218% 0.289% 0.289%

80

Rebar Percentage
Start Middle End
0.218% 0.289% 0.437%
0.218% 0.289% 0.289%


81

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

The structural design of multi-storey building requires meticulous planning. Proper planning of
beams, shear wall, location and spacing of columns etc are important to maximize space usage.
While designing the various structural components it is important to note that, the sections
provided here were large in section because of the fact that the stresses and forces developed due
to the Time-History analysis are very large. Material can be saved extensively by carrying out
further optimization of various structural components. Reduction in the dimensions of sections
for the upper floors might bring down the total cost of the structure.
The effect of wind on the structure is negligible to the seismic effects on it, due to the fact that
the chosen accelerogram, i.e.; of Bhuj is a very fluctuating and strong one. Its effects on building
structures were witnessed, and they were horrible. Design data of formerly constructed buildings
subjected to seismic loading may be used to get an idea of the structural components usage and
their sizes and orientation and thus efficiently and productively provide sections. A comparative
study should be made by combination of different types of sections. This type of analysis, i.e.;
Time-History analysis is a very difficult analysis; both in executing in software as well as the
analysis runtime is quite a lot as the size of the structure increases. For this building structure the
analysis runtime was approximately 25mins. In practicality, the method of Time-History analysis
on structures used is very rare, and is applied only for very important structures. Also in
practicality, more than one accelerogram is used for Time-History analysis, depending on the
contingency. Effect of wind on building structures is more pre-dominant on taller building
structures, i.e.; 100 meters and above. Due to the fact that the building has to be in a continuous
state of lateral loading of wind, and a low probability of seismic effect, that is if this particular
building is located in a windy and high seismic zone. Also it goes without mentioning that the
sections provided for this building for the seismic dynamic analysis will be more than safe
against wind loading on it.

BEAMS:

Beams being the horizontal members are not as much affected by the seismic effects as columns
are. Nevertheless beams too require intrinsic analysis because of the moments and torsion
developing in it due to the ground motion generated because of the accelerogram.

COLUMNS:

Sections proved insufficient to transfer the load safely. So increased cross sections were analyzed
against the load combinations. Although all the revised columns sections passed the analysis
checks, it is worth noting that, the sections of the columns can be further decreased and
optimised if more columns are provided at appropriate location for the defined ground motions
induced on it.

SHEAR WALLS:

Shear walls are the most critical part of the structure acting against the lateral loading on the
building structure. Providing the wall with higher grade of concrete is of prime importance, since
82

this increases the strength of it and provided enhanced stability to the building structure. It
should also be noted that, the shear walls acting as the core wall was provided because of the fact
that this configuration was adopted from an existing structure. Efficient location of shear wall
can greatly help in reducing lateral loads on the frame structure, and better transfer of loads and
moments to the wall. Thus increasing the efficiency and use of the shear walls.

SLABS:
The slab adopted for the analysis in this building structure is R.C.C slab of 150 mm thickness.
Post tensioned slabs can also be used for the building structure, furthermore it is to be noted that
the use of post-tensioned slab for this particular structure will prove more beneficial, since it
greatly reduces the loads on the beams and columns because of the lesser thickness and weight of
the slab.

83

PAPERS PUBLISHED BASED ON THIS WORK
Paper on Multi-Dynamic Analysis and Design of a Tall Building published in international
conference on advances in engineering and technology ICAET-2012, E.G.S Pillay College of
engineering, Tamil Nadu, India, March 2012.

REFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS AND BOOKS
- Wind and Earthquake Resistant Building, Structural Analysis and Design, Bungale S.
Taranath.
- Seung-Eock Kim & Huu-Tai Thai for Nonlinear inelastic dynamic analysis Engineering
Structures 32 (2010) 38453856.
- Design Example of a six storey building, by Dr. H.J.Shah and Dr. Sudhir K. Jain.
- Structural Dynamics ,by Penzine and Clough.
- Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Manish Shrikande & Pankaj Agarwal.
- Explanatory example on Indian Seismic Code IS1893 (Part-I), Dr. Sudhir K. Jain
- Dynamic of Structures, Anil k. Chopra.
- Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997, IS456:2000, IS1893:2002 (Part-1), IS 13920:1993 and
IS875:1987 (Part-3)

JOURNALS
- Seismic Analysis of the worlds tallest building by Hong Fan, Q.S. Li, Alex Y Tuan and
Lihua Xu.
- Full scale measurements of wind effects on tall buildings, Q.S Li, J.Q Fang, A.P Jeary and
C.K. Kong.
- Wind engineering challenges of the new generation of super tall buildings, by Peter A.
Irwin.

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MULTI-DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A TALL

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