Concrete Midterm

C
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
1.0 C
Definition:
The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle of concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
1.1 C
E
+ +
Cement Aggregates
What is Concrete?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture. +
(Admixture)
=
Concrete
Water
H20
Proportions:
100%
Chemical Substance
Binder
Filler
Accelerator
W:C ratio 0.50- Exposed to freezing & thawning. 0.45- Sulphate Conditions Higher Quality concrete. 7-15%
Smoother surface, easy to place however, resuting concrete will shrink & be less economical Difficult to place, rough & porous 60-80%
Keep Cost Low
Water (W)
14-21%
Cement (C)
Aggregates
Quantity depends on type of Admixture 6-8%
Air
Proportions Graph
Process of Mixing:
Water
+
Cement
=
Paste Paste
=
Aggregates Synthetic Conglomerate
+
Admixtures
Chemical Reaction Hydration Process of hardening and gaining stength
added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
Variables affecting Concrete Strength:
Strength of concrete
Quality of paste
Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C)
Workability
Less Water results in a stronger concrete mix. Less water is achievable if there is proper curing, placing & consolidating.
Ability of fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mould properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concretes quality.Timimg is critical
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
2.0 C
T
Cement is a material component of concrete. It is classified the chemically active component, but its reactivity is only brought into effect when mixed with water.This reaction is called hydration Cement is a mixture of proportioned and finely interground mixture of portland cement clinker and a small amount of certain substances such as lime, magnesia, (Gypsum)calcium sulphate, etc. +
Fine Cement Clinker
What is Cement?
+
Substances
=
Cement
Chemical Composition:
Portland cement clinker is made up of four major compounds: Tricalcium Silicate (C3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) and Tetra Calcium Aluminate (C4AF). A small quantity of other substances such as Lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), Silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Sulphur Trioxide (SO3), Alkaliks (Na2O + K2O) are also added.
Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

C 3S
C 2S
C3A
Percentage of Cement Composition:

(%) 100 80 60
Percentage by Weight in Cement:

(%) 100 80 60 40 20
C4AF
Added Substances:
CaO
+ +
MgO
CaSO4
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
40 20 0 Compounds
SO3
Na2O + K2O
Performance of Compounds:
Compounds
The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main components responsible for the strength of the cement. C3A is the least stable, where cement containing more than 10 % is prone to Sulphate attack which, causes an overall loss in strength. C4AF is of less importance than the other componets. It does not have a significant effect on the behaviour. However, it can increase the rate of hydration of the silicates. The added substances CaO, MgO and CaSO4 should not exist in excess quantities as they may expand on hydration or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the concrete to disintegrate. These compounds affect the speed and time of hydration, as well as the strength developmen of the concrete.
Unhydrated cement particles a a b Cement Gel C 3S C2 S C3 A Slow Very Quick
Cement Hydration:
Speed of Hydration
Quick C 3S C2 S
Time of Hydration/ Strength Development

7 days Develops early Strength Slow 1 Day 7 days + Contributes to development in strength after 7 days After 24 hours Contribution to Strength is almost 0
Capilary Pores and Cavities c d c a)Immediatley after mixing b)Reaction around particles - ealry stiffening c)Formation of skeletal Structure- first hardening d)Gel infiling - later hardening
C4AF Very Slow
C3A
C4AF
Insignificant time of hydration and strength development. More than 10% C3A makes cement prone to CaSO4 attack.
T O M M Y
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2.1 C
T
Different types of cement with unique charachterestics are produced by varying the percentage of the different compounds in the mixture. Portland Cement is the most common type of cement which, is made in five types.
Varying Types of Cement: Portland Cement:
(%) 60 40 20 0
Ordinary (I)
Modified (II)
Rapid Hardening(III)
Low-heat(IV)
Sulphate Resisting (V)
Compounds
Use:
General
Moderate Sulphate attack and Heat of Hydration
High Early Strength
Mass Concreting
Extensive exposure to Sulphate None
Restrictions:
None
None
Mass Concreting
None
Blended Cement:
Slag Cements: Intergrinding or blending granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, gypsum and portland Cement together. Blast-Furnace Slag (BFS) is a waste product in the manufacture of Pig Iron. Portland Blast-Furnace (IS) Slag Modified Portland (I(SM))
0-25% (BFS)
Super Sulphated(S)
0-85% (BFS)
Composition: Use:
(BFS) 25%-70%
(I)
C 3A
(I)
(I)
Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.
Moderate Sulphate attack
Mass Concreting, resisting sulphate,peaty acids and oils.
Pozzolanic Cements: Produced by grinding a pozzolanic material with Ordinary Portland (Type I) Cement clinker. Pozzolans occur naturally as volcanic ash and pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) also, known as fly ash.
Portland-Pozzonlan (IP & P))

Composition: Use:
(I) Cement Clinker
Pozzolan Modified Portland (I(PM))

(I) Cement Clinker
25%-70% (PFA)
0-15% (PFA)
Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.
General
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F A R A H
2.2 C
T
High Alumina
+
Lime stone or chalk
Other Cement:
Composition: Use:
White Portland
Grounding cold mass
Lime stone or chalk
Bauxite
White China Clay
Coloured Portland
MgO Fe2O3
Waterproof
Water Repelling agents
Mineral Pigments
White Portland
Type (I)
Urgent Repair & Temporary Work
Architecture Applications
General & Architecture Applications
Waterproofing
Hydrophobic
Composition:
(I) Cement Clinker
Low-Alkali
0.60%
Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive

(I)
C 3A
+
Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid, Boric Acid
Na2O + K2O
Portland Cement
Expanding Cements; Aluminates, Calcium Sulphates
C4AF
CaSO4
(I)
Portland Cement
Use:
Unfavourable conditions of humidity
Harmful active Ingredients
Reduces Cracking
Performance of Cements:
Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Portland Cements):

(II) (III) (IV) (V) (I)
Medium Slow High Doesnt affect overall strength Gains same strength in 7 Days that type I and II gain in 28 days.
Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Blended Cements):

Medium Medium Varying Strongly affected at low and high temperatures
Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Other Cements):

(High Alumina) Very High Develops 80% strength in 24 hrs Strength adversely affected by rise intemperature (White Portland) Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Expand a Little during first few days of hydration.
(IS) (I(SM)) (S)
(Coloured portland) (Waterproof) (Hydrophobic) (Low- Alkali)
Slow
Doesnt affect overall strength Slow-Medium
(IP&P) (I(PM))
Slow Medium
(Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive)
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
3.0 A
S
=
Total Quantity
What is Aggregates?
Aggregates are a collection of items which, are gathered together to form a total quantity
+ + + + +
Collection of Items
Gathered Together
Different Types:
Coarse Aggregate 5.00mm + Used in Mass Concrete work. Reduces heat of hydration & corresponding thermal stresses and shrinkage cracks. Fine Aggregate 0.075mm - 5.00mm
In structural concrete the Max size is restricted to 25 mm or 40m due to size of concrete section and spatial reinforcing.
Fine particles in a mix fill the gaps
Aggregate Properties:
Cleanliness: Soundness: Free of Excess Clay, Silt Mica, Organic Matter, Chemical salts, Coated Grains Retains dimensional stability when temperature and moisture change. Resists weathering without decomposition
Strength: Physical Properties:
Develops full strength of cementing mix. Where wear resistance is important, the aggregate should be hard and tough. Texture Size Shape
Round
Angular
Irregular
Elongated
Flaky
Smooth
Glassy
Granular
Rough
Porous
Crystalline Honeycomb Pitted
Large
Small
Workability:
Increases
Smaller W:C ratio
Compressive and Flexural Strength:
Decreases Increases
More Highly Sanded mixes More Cement and Water (C:W) Increase agreggatecement bond
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
4.0 T Y P E S
O F
C O N C R E T E
is manufactured under factory-controlled conditions & erected on site until it is fully hardened.
P R E C A S T
I N - S I T U
is formed on site using the traditional methods of formwork and ready-mixed concrete.
where in New Zealand:
. Mt.Eden, Auckland . East Tamaki, Auckland . Paeroa, WaikatoWellington . Kaiwharawhara, . Hutt City, Wellington . Gonville, Wanganui . Richmond, Nelson . Balclutha, Otago . Hornby, Christchurch . Otorohanga, Waikato . Porirua, Wellington . strong . durable . stable . weatherproof acoustic and fire resistant properties . and excellent
. Manukau, Auckland . Athol St., Queenstown . St. Woolston, Christchurch . Landfill Road, Wellington . Belmont, Wellington . Johnsonville, Wellington . Miramar, Wellington . Upper Hutt, Wellington . Waikanae, Wellington
in-situ precast
performance:
. strong . durable . stable . readily available of construction and life time maintenance . economic in terms . the ability toof space of form and shapeone material . the enclosure control and structure in . the ability to form integral surface finishes and colour . its compatibilty with most otherresistant properties . and excellent acoustic and fire materials
more
time consuming + skilled labour
cost:
less + + + + + + + + + -
save time + cut labour cost form finish colour speed accuracy prestressing high-quality assured covers dense & properly cured limited design not available everywhere joints between panels are often expensive & complicated limited panel size cranes are required skilled workmanship is required
advantages:
+ economy + flexibility + mouldability + continuity + robustness
disadvantages:
time consuming workmanship is variable depends on weather condition
uses:
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
4.1 F I N I S H E S
smooth surface:
technique:
smooth finishes are typically achieved by using a smooth form-face material such as steel or plywood with a phenolic film on the surface.
textured surfaces:
exposed(washed)concrete
broom finish
salt finish
seeded aggregate finish
technique:
the top layer of concrete is washed away, exposing the natural aggregate stones used in the concrete.
the concrete is troweled to a smooth surfaced and then broomed to create a higher traction surface.
rock salt is seeded into the concrete surface, then washed away resulting in small pits in the surface of the concrete.
small decorative stones are imbedded into the top layer of concrete, and during the finishing process, exposed to give a pebble texture to the concrete finish.
stamped concrete
stained concrete
coloured concrete
technique:
concrete is typically installed and then stamped with large cookie cutter like patterns.
stains or dyes are applied to the surface of the concrete to improve or change its appearance.
concrete can be colored in two ways, through an integral mix that is added when the concrete is mixed at the plant, or by dusting on a top coat of colored powder than gives a colored finish to the top layer of concrete only.
decorative surfaces: plaster moulds
wooden moulds
metal moulds
carvings
a concrete panel is cast from a plaster mould and then fixed in the shuttering.
a concrete panel is cast from a wooden mould and then fixed in the shuttering.
a concrete panel is cast from a metal mould and then fixed in the shuttering.
cast stones are carved and nished by a sculptor.
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
5.0 T I M E L I N E
1849 1796
natural hydraulic cement. James Parker iron reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete)
1903
the 1st concrete highrise (15-storeys) by Elzner & Anderson
1967 1931
Le Corbusier (modern architecture international style)
concrete sports dome
1889
1774
quicklime (made cement harder)
1824
portland cement. Joseph Aspodin
the 1st reinforced concrete bridge by Ernest L. Ransome
The Ingalls Building
1903
Villa Savoye
Assembly Hall, University of Illinois
1999
Alvord Lake Bridge
coloured concrete (colour hardeners, colourwax integral colour, sealers, chemical stains)by Lynn M. Scofield
1938
concrete overlay
1980s
polished concrete
concrete countertops
21st century 1756 1950s 1913

ready mix translucent concrete decorative concrete developed
200 A.D.
Romans
John Smeaton discovered hydraulic lime (coarse aggregate + powdered brick+cement)
1812
1886
Pantheon
1414
Colosseum
the 1st modern use of concrete
Louis Vicat developed artificial hydraulic lime (synthetict + limestone + clay)
rotary kihln (made cement & production constant)
1990
concrete engraving
glassfibre reinforced concrete (GRC)
1891
1930
the 1st concrete street
air entraining agents (to resist against damage from frozen & thawing)
1936
Frank L. Wright - exploit cantilever
fiber reinforcement (to strengthen concrete)
1970s
recycled concrete
1836 1793
Eddystone Lighthouse, Cornwall (influence on lighthouse design)
self-compacting concrete bendable concrete (liquid stone)
Pont de Notre Dame Aqueduct
cement testing (tensile & compression strength)
Bellefontaine, Ohio
precast composite
Ductal
Fallingwater
Eddystone Lighthouse
Hoover Dam(largest scale concrete project)
fabric-formed concrete tactile concrete self-cleaning concrete
Hoover Dam, Colorado
T O M M Y
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F A R A H
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Concrete & living
Concrete is the second most consumed substance on earth, after water.
#1
#2
Average consumption of concrete is about 1 ton per year per every living human being.
1t
/ Year
Ingredients of finished concrete
As with any building product, production of concrete and its ingredients does require energy that in turn results in the generation of carbon dioxide.
6%
Air
Water
18%
Aggregate
66%
Cement
10%
Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete
Sustainability & New Zealand
The importance of sustainable development is currently dominating headlines, and as a concept is frequently defined as the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The quest for sustainability has been compared with New Zealands nuclear free stance in the 1980s, and politicians have been enthusiastically pledging their support to make New Zealand the first nation to be truly sustainable. There is no question that sustainable development has been adopted as the philosophy to direct New Zealands way forward, and as a means to find solutions that provide the best economic, social and environmental outcomes.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
CO2 emissions during concrete manufacture
The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregates. During the manufacturing of concrete, considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions occurs.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Admixtures Production Diesel Fuel Fine Aggregates Production
LPG Fuel
Cement Production Unexploited Resources Fly Ash Processing
Transport of Raw Materials to Concrete Batching Plants
Concrete Production
Transport of Concrete to Construction Site
Placement (Pumping) of Concrete on Site
One Cubic Meter of Concrete in Structure
GGBFS Processing
Electricity
Coarse Aggregates Production
Explosives
The energy required to produce 1 ton of cement is 5 GJ(gigajoule). 2 GJ is required to produce 1 ton of timber and 30 GJ is required to produce 1 ton of steel.
Concrete carbon dioxide system diagram
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Main CO2 contributer among concrete ingredients
Water, sand, aggregates and other ingredients make up about 90% of the concrete mixture by weight. The process of mining sand and gravel, crushing stone, combining the materials in a concrete plant and transporting concrete to the construction site requires very little energy and therefore only emits a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. The amount of caonbon dioxide embodied in concrete are mainly from cement production.
from manufacturing aggregates
20%
from manufacturing cement
80%
Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete.
The cement industry is responsible for 5% of total global carbon dioxide emission.
14%
Other sectors
5%
Cement
17%
Manufacturing
5%
Energy Industry
18%
Road transport
6%
Heat and Power Non-road transport
35%
Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors
Difference between concrete & cement
The primary difference between concrete and cement is that concrete is a composite material made of water, aggregate, and cement. Cement is a very fine powder made of limestone and other minerals, which absorbs water and acts as a binder to hold the concrete together. While cement is a construction material in its own right, concrete cannot be made without cement. The two terms often are incorrectly used interchangeably, but concrete and cement are distinctly separate products.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
2006 low
2015 high low
2030 high low
2050 high
Production (Mt cement)
commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
4 000
Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c China India Economies in transition Other developing Asia
3 000
6.0 C O N C R E T enim ad minim veniam, quis O N M E N T Ut E & E N V I R

Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement)
2 000
300 200
300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
300 200 100
300 200 100 2030 2050
2006 300 300

200 200 100 100
300 200
2015 high low
2030 300 300

200 200
300 200
2050 low high
nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea European Union This map Global cement commodoand figures Duis 25 consequat. aute show estimated cement production & irure dolor in reprehenderit in production for 2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050, future trend voluptate velit esse cillum dolore and regional breakdown of forecast production eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
400 100
1 000
Latin America
Canada and United States

400
OECD Pacific European Union 25

400 400
under BLUE high and low 2006 2015 demand scenarios.

0
2030
2050
0 0 Regional cement production: 2050 2006 2015 2030 2006 2015
2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
0 0 Regional
2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
Consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Latin AmericaEconomies in transition Other OECD Europe OECD Pacific
Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 400 400 300 200 100 0 2030 2006 2015 2050 Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 2006 0 2015 2006 2015 300 200 100 0 2050 2006 2030
Other OECD Europe Economies in transition European Union 25 Canada and United States 400
400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 2050 0 2006 300 200 100 0 2030 400 300 200 100 2050 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
100
2030
2006
2015
2030
2030
2015
2030
2050
2006
2015
2030
2050
2015
2050
E al cement production: 015, 2030 and 2050
2050 high demand scenario low demand scenario
high demand scenario
Other OECD Europe

Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
5 000
Economies in transition
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100
Latin America
Africa & Middle East

800
cement production: 15, 2030 and 2050
Regional cement production: 2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
Global cement production: 0 2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050 2006 2015 2030 2050
high demand scenario low demand scenario Canada and United Stat es European Union 25 Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c China India Economies in transition Other developing Asia
600
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
Canada and United States Other OECD Europe Other OECD Europe
400 400 400
OECD Pacific in transition Africa and Middle East Economies Economies in transition
400 400 400
low
high
00
100 5 000 2050 4 000
100 100
100 0 high demand scenario2030 2050 2006 2015 2015 2030 2030 2006 2006 2015 2050 2050 low demand scenario
0 cement production: 2006 2015 2030 2030 2050 2006 2006 2015 2015 2030 2050
Chinaand United States Canada

European Union 25
1 800
Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c

1 600 China
3 000
India 2 000
1 400
Economies in transition Other developing Asia
1 000
Latin America Africa and Middle East 0 2006 low 2015 high low 2030 high low 2050 high
1 000 1 200
Latin America
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0
800
600
400
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
Lati Latin Am
400 300 200 100
400
300
200
100
0 200
high d
low de
200
India
800
low demand scenario
2006
2015
2030
2050
600
400
200
2006
2015
2030
2050
Other developing Asia

800
high demand scenario low demand scenario

400
European Union 25
Production (Mt cement) 400

400
600
OECD Pacific
tur adipisicing elit, sed od tempor incididunt ut dolore magna aliqua.
4 000
400 300
3 000
300 200
Africa and Middle East 0 2006 low 2015 high low 2030 high low 2050 high
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2 000
European Union 25
400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030
200

100
2006 2015 2030
200 200 100
OECD Pacific
400 300 200 100 0
1 000
Latin America
400 2050 300 200 100 0
2006
2015
2030
2050
0 0
20062006 2015 2015 2030 2030 2050 2050
(Source: International Energy Agency)
2050
2006
2015
2030
2050
T O M M Y
2006
M O N A
2015
2030
2050
F A R A H
180 160 140 120 10 0 E 80
Global cement productin trend
Unit: million tons
Global cement production trend

3060
2810 2610 2350 2190 2020 1660 1750 1850
2860
1185
1291 1123
1370
1445
1493
1547
1540
1600
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Source: U.S geological survey)
Regional cement production & CO2

Unit: million tons
420
372
Regional cement production & CO2 emission in 1994

Cement volume CO2 volume
180 129 150 105

120
105
111
95
88
78
101
80
97
71
62
60
41
33
China
Europe
OECD Paci c
Other Asia
Middle East
North America
EE/FSU
Latin America
India
Africa
(Source:Cambureau)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
New Zealand cement production trend
Unit: thousand tons
1080
950 1100 1120 1050
New Zealand cement production trend

1200 1200 1200
974
976
900
800
950
960
950
950
1000
576
579
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Sourec: IPCC/USGS)
NZ cement market sectors

New Zealand cement market sectors in 1994
7%
Masonry
10%
Precast
19%
Merchant bags
62%
Ready mixed concrete
2% Pipes and tiles
(Sourec: BRANZ)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Embodied CO2 from cement production
Cement manufacturing releases carbon dioxide in and carbon dioxide, and also indirectly through The cement industry produces about 5% of global and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of carbon every 1000 kg of cement produced. the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime the use of energy if its production involves the emission of carbon dioxide. man-made carbon dioxide emissions, of which 50% is from the chemical process, dioxide emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of carbon dioxide for
Typical manufacturing process of concrete

(Source: International Energy Agency)
10 the cement silo 9 8

Cement grinding Blending
Storing in
Golden bay cement plant, which is located at Portland near Whangarei, produced 522,169tons (approximately 55% of national production in 1993)
7 6
Cooling and storing
5 4
Quarries
Clinker production in the rotary kiln Precalcining
Preheating
3 2 Crushing
Prehomogenization and raw meal grinding
Quarrying raw materials
Holcim cement plant, which is located near Westport, produced 402,000 tons (approximately 43% of national production in 1993)
Cement plant in NZ and their capacity
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Reduction of CO2
The primary options for reducing the quantity of carbon dioxide generated during cement manufacturing process are to use alternatives to fossil fuels, change the raw ingredients used in manufacture and intergrind additional materials with the clinker. Using byproducts such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume to supplement a portion of the cement used in concrete. These industrial products, which would otherwise end up in landfills, are called supplementary cementitious materials or SCMs for short. The use of SCMs in concrete work in combination with portland cement to improve strength and durability in addition to reducing the carbon dioxide embodied in concrete by as much as 70%, with typical value ranging between 15 and 40%.
Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants. Generally, 15% to 20% of burned coal takes the form of fly ash. At one time, most fly ash was landfilled, but today a significant portion is used in concrete.
Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of iron manufacture. After quenching and grinding, the blast furnace slag takes on much higher value as a supplementary cementitious material for concrete. Blast furnace slag is used as a partial replacement for cement to impart added strength and durability to concrete.
Silica fume is a waste byproduct of processing quartz into silicon or ferro-silocon metals in an electric arc furnace. Silica fume consists of superfine, spherical particles that when combined with cement significantly increases strength and durability of concrete. It is used for some high-rise buildings to produce concretes which exceed 140MPa compressive strength and in bridge and parking garage construction to help keep chlorides from deicing salts from corroding steel reinforcement.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.0 M
Raison detre
Using Traditional Building materials to bring Identity and Ornament to Architecture in Christchurch
Surface
Structure
Detail
Organization
Ornament
ornament is a decoration used to embellish parts of a building or object. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone, wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as applied ornament; in other applied arts the main material of the object, or a different one such as paint or vitreous enamel may be used. Ornament Define Re Configure
-(Extract Ornament Components) -Multiply -Rotate -Multiply and Join -Multiply -Scale up -(Extract Components Of Component) -Rotate and Scale up -Combine and Overlay -Tile and Multiply -Stack 2D
Create a new Ornament

Extrude Overlay Boolean Perforate Print
3D
Derive Building Component

Surface,Facade, Skin, Wall, Roof, Floor Detail- Openings, Seat, Frame, Joint Structure- Column, Wall, Roof, Floor Organization (Circulation,Floor Plans)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.1 O
Riccarton House
Architectural Style
The Riccarton house was commissioned in 1856. A second section was built in 1874. A substansial addition was also added in 1900. The house is open to public and used as a functions and meetings venue. Victorian/Edwardian
Front Elevation Ornament: Molding
Section
3D
Molding
A Molding is a strip of material with various profiles. It is used to cover transitions between surfaces and decorations. A Sprung molding has beveled edges that allow mounting between two non parallel planes. (walls and ceilings) One of the Government buildings on 28-30 Cathedral Square. Deisgned in 1909 to accomodate many of the government departments in Christchurch. It has served that role for 70 years yet shows little evidence of changeto its external apperance. Winner of the Christchurch Heritage Trust- Built Heritage award 2010. Renaissance Palazzo on a small scale
Government Building
Architectural Style
Front Elevation
Section
3D
Ornament: Pediment
Pediment
A Pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure, typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by cornice moulding.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.1 O
Christchurch Cathedral
The origins of the Christchurch Cathedral date back to the plans of the Canterbury Association who aimed to build a city around a central cathedral and college in the Canterbury region based on the English model of Christ Church, Oxford. The Anglican Cathedral was built in the second half of the 19th century. It is located in the heart of Christchurch surrounded by the Cathedral Square. Gothic
Architectural Style
Front Elevation Ornament: Rose Window
Section
3D
Front Elevation Ornament: Quoin
Section
3D
Rose Window
A Rose Window is a generic term applied to a circular window. It is especially found in churches of the gothic architectural style. It is composed of patterned tracery arranged in petal-like formation. The window openings are filled with stained glass designs. Stained glass windows served three purposes in Gothic architecture: Added beauty to the structure, allowed more light into the structure and the stained glass designs of biblical accounts served as bible for the illiterate people. A Quoin is a stone or brick helping to form a corner of a wall of masonry.
Quoin
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.2 O
Original Ornament
1.0 Multiplied
2.0 Rotated and Joined
3.0 Multiplied
4.0 Scaled up
5.0 Rotated and Scaled Up
6.0 Combined and Overlayed
7.0 Tiled and Multiplied
8.0 Stacked
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.2 O
Original Ornament
1.0 Multiplied
3.0 Multiplied
4.0 Scaled up
8.0 Stacked
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.2 O
Original Ornament
1.0 Extractacted Ornament Components
2.0 Multiplied
4.0 Multiplied
5.0 Scaled up
6.0 Extracted Components of Components
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.2 O
10.0 Stacked
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.2 O
Original Ornament
1.0 Multiplied
3.0 Multiplied
4.0 Extracted Components of Ornament
5.0 Scaled up
9.0 Stacked
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.3 P
Ornament as Surface
Ornament as a Facade,Skin and Roof Thomas Faulders Architecture/ Studio M. Airspace Tokyo, 2007. Facade/ Skin Matthias Hoch, Amsterdam #15, 2002. Facade
Barkow Leibinger Architekten Gatehouse of Trumpf GmbH, Ditzingen,2007. Honeycomb roof Structure/Surface
Jun Aoki, White Chapel, Hyatt Regency hotel, Osaka, Facade/ Skin
Mount Fuji Architects Studio Masahiro Harada + MAO Facade/Skin
Ornament as a Wall
Barber Osgerby Stella McCartney Store, 2002. Interior Wall
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.3 P
Ornament as Detail
Ornament as a Opening, Gateway Sint Lucas Art Academy, Boxtel, The Netherlands, 2006. Screen and Opening Detail 40 Bond Street, New York, Graffiti by Herzog and De Meureon. Gateway Detail
Ornament as Furniture
Polymer 3d printed bench by Ran San Fratello Architects. Inspired by Sea Slugs and tesselations of Japanese Karakusa.
Ornament as Structure
Ornament as a Column
Michael-Hansmeyer. Subdivision can define and embellish this column order with an elaborate system of ornament.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.4 B
Surface
Outisde Part or upermost layer of something. - Wall - Facade - Skin - Roof - Floor
Structure
A Structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting loads.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.4 B
Detail
An Individual feature, fact or Item. i.e: - Window Openig - Door Opening - Gateway - Seat - Joint
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.4 B
Organization
A correct order or placement. - Floor Plans - Circulation
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.5 O
Y
Manipulatated Historical Ornament Ornament Today
Building Component Ornament as a Facade
Historical Ornament
Ornament Today President Project
A facade is one exterior side of a building, usually but not aways the front.Word Comes from French Language Literally meaning Front.
A Perforation is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, where all of the holes are called a perforation.
Ornament as a Perforated Facade
Ornament as a Wall
Is a Vertical Structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Partional walls are usually non-load bearing and are used to divide up spaces. Walls can also become a work of art.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.5 O
Y
Building Component Ornament as a Column
Historical Ornament
Ornament Today President Project
Is a Structural element that transmits,through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.
Ornament as a Column
Ornament as a Opening
Is a void in a solid matter; a gap or hole, or aperature. Allows passage of light, air and sound.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.5 O
T
Historical Ornament
Y
Building Component Ornament as Furniture
Ornament Today
Spatial Configuration of Building Components
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.6 P
Proposed Site
Christchurch CBD 4 Major Avenues
Group Sites and Programs

Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre Residential/Accomodation/Retail Concrete Recycling and Reuse Plant/ Educational Facilities Overall Choosen Sites - Concrete Group
Proposed SiteConcrete Group
SA 10,000M 2
Site Benifits
Shopping Complex
Christchurch Station
Carpark
Railway
South Hagley Park
Industrial
Blenheim Road
Moorhouse Avenue
8 Lanes
Site Motive
The proposed site for the Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre had to accomodate all the group memebers. The proposal needs to be highly accesible so that it can generate a flow of people from all around Christchurch. This site provides the perfect oppertunity for this. Blenheim Road and Deans avenue create a prominent corner which is accesible via car, train, walk, cycle and bus. Its placement is ideal next to one of Christchurchs main train stations, a mall and Hagley park which connects back to Christchurchs CBD. The proposed building is to be an Iconic building in Christchurch which will reconnect the people of Christchurch with history that is lost. It will also be an achor point for exciting new architecture to develop down Moorhouse Avenue.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.6 P
Title Issues
Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre Christchurchs vibrant arts centre was severely damaged following the February 22nd earthquake. The site has been issued a red unsafe placecard. The 23 arts centre heritage buildings are all very significant and will be restored however, it is uncertain how much funds are required, the extent of restoration and strengthining required and the time frame needed. The arts centre is currently unaccesible and thus, in the meantime the city is in need of a vibrant place for people to come together. "What you're seeing now is a series of gaps that have appeared - huge slices of the city, huge gaps in people's memories. It's about the loss of the memory of the city, the loss of 150 years of the European settlement. - Jenny May (architectural historian and heritage planner . The aim of this project is to create a Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre which, will temporary replace the arts centre while it is under restoration. The building will need to be futureproofed so that it can adapt to a new program in the future. To create a building which borrows from the past and adapts to the future. Ornament of a building represents the personal styleof the building. It is a Snapshot in time. The proposal looks at how ornament was applied to architecture in the past, and how it is being applied today. Today ornament is no longer just an embellishement but building components; Skin, Detail, Structure, Wall and Furniture. The ornament on the Christchurch Arts Centre will be formally translated into building components. Compatibilty Accesibility Permeability Density Open Space
Problem Aim Architectural Proposal
Objectives
The building(s) should be contemporary in its architectural expression, but it must be possible to identify formal and qualitative compatibitly with the Christchurch Arts Centre The building(s) should be accesible by all means of public and private transport. Many Points of entry from the street and associated alternative routes. The new building(s) should be arranged to achieve a distinctive street presence, while ensuring continued permeability from the street. Particular emphasis is required to achieve distinct open space(s) within the site.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
7.6 P
E
2
Program Breakdown
Claimed Surface Area: 10,000M
A place to See A Play A place to See A Play A place for Artists A place to Eat Public
Indoor Performance Stage (300M 2 ) Flexible Exhibition/ Event Space (900M 2 ) Retail (600M )
2
+
Private
A place where Anything Might Happen A place to Find A Bargain A place for Craftspeople A place for Artists
Public Plaza (3000M )
A place of Quiet Reflection A Place to Work A Place to Live + Work A place of Learning
Private Plaza/Terrace (500M 2 ) Offices (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M ) Live + Work Studios (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M ) Flexible Education Space (700M )
2 2 2
Total Surface Area of Proposed Building
4800M 2
+
7200M
2
2400M
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.0 M A T E R I A L
I N V E S T I G A T I O N
patterns_2D
precast
pre-fabrication
module
volume_3D
face variable types of joint variable
joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
variations in repetition
reason to be:
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.1 P A T T E R N 2 D
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.1.1
>
>
>
> >
>
> >
>
> >
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.2 V O L U M E 3 D
2 faces
4 faces
face
8 faces
16 faces
volume
36 faces
variable01 same
+ + + + /
C O
variable
variable02 mix
+ /
N C
+ /
M O N A
variable03 other objects
T O M M Y
F A R A H
8.2.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1
+ + +
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.2.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2
+ +
+
C O N C R E T E
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.3 J O I N T S
type of joints
joints
variable01 neutral neutral
+ + +
joints
variable
variable02 same joints variable03 mix joints
joints
other joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.3.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
+
neutral joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.3.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2
+
joints joints
+
joints joints
+
joints joints
+
joints joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
joints
joints
joints
+
+
joints
joints
joints
joints
+ +
joints
joints
joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.3.3 V A R I A B L E 0 3
+
joints joints
+
joints joints
+
joints joints
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
8.4 P R O P O S E D
Proposed site
S I T E
&
P R O G R A M
Location Plan not to scale area 48,125m 2
Site Plan not to scale
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
issue aim objectives
...lives were lost, peoples homes and livelihoods destroyed...

Bob Parker Mayor of Christchurch
to become a vibrant and comfortable living space which stimulate & foster new lifestyle to the people of Christchurch.
+a
place people want to spend time in and invest in.
+ a place that visitors and
fosters business investment and growth, attracts invites residents to wander, explore and discover the new public spaces and network of green spaces. responds to the needs of todays and
+ people-friendly and future generations. + easy
+ accessibility paths.
to get around, with a business-friendly compact core, an array of inviting green spaces and plenty of activities to draw people into the area throught the day and into the evening. - supported by excelent walking and cycling
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
program
mixed-use development
work
+ live + play
proposed program residential accommodation

studio 2-bedrooms 3-bedrooms suite deluxe twin deluxe king
live
work
office
play
retail f&b entertainment
cafe restaurant
means of transportation public transport walk cycle car
user residents family teenagers children adults workers retailers disabled tourists/ visitors
activities sleep eat shop socialize recreation work
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Reason for recycling
The life cycle of a buliding used to be a one-way street. Building materials were extracted and used to manufacture building products, and once the building reached the end of its useful life and was demolished, the materials were buried in a landfill or incinerated. Societal and economic factors require that todays building life cycle be circular, with the loop completed to the largest extent possible by reusing demolition materials to manufacture new products.
Resource extration
Resource extration
Disposal
Manufacturing
Recycling
Manufacturing
Demolition
Construction
Demolition
Construction
Use/Occupancy
Use/Occupancy
Existing one way building life cycle Some key benefits of recycling concrete include:
Desired closed loop building life cycle
Reduction of waste, landfill or dumping and associated site degradation Substitution for virgin resources and reduction in associated environmental costs of natural resource exploitation Reduced transportation costs: concrete can often be recycled on demolition or construction sites or close to urban areas where it will be reused Reduced disposal costs as landfi ll taxes and tip fees can be avoided Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density properties (for example, as road sub-base) In some instances, employment opportunities arise in the recycling industry that would not otherwise exist in other sectors
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Myths and reality about concrete recycling
Myths Concrete cannot be recycled
Reality Although concrete is not broken down into its constituent parts, it can be recovered and crushed for reuse as aggregate (for use in ready-mix concrete or other applications) or it can be recycled through the cement manufacturing process in controlled amounts, either as an alternative raw material to produce clinker or as an additional component when grinding clinker, gypsum and other additives to cement. It is generally accepted that about 20% (or more) of aggregate content can be replaced by recycled concrete for structural applications. Countries such as the Netherlands and Japan achieve near complete recovery of waste concrete.
Recycled concrete aggregate cannot be used for structural Although some concrete can be recycled it is not possible to achieve high rate Concrete can be 100% made by recycling old concrete
Current technology means that recovered concrete can be used as aggregate in new concrete but (1) new cement is always needed and (2) in most applications only a portion of recycled aggregate content can be used (regulations often limit content as do physical properties, particularly for structural concrete). Most greenhouse gas emissions from concrete production occur during the production of cement. Less-significant savings may be made if transportation needs for aggregates can be reduced by recycling. A full lifecycle assessment should be undertaken. Sometimes low-grade use is the most sustainable solution as it diverts other resources from the project and uses minimal energy in processing. That is not to say more refined uses might not also suit a situation.
Recycling concrete will reduce greenhouse gases and the carbon footprint Recycling concrete into low-grade aggregate is down-cycling and is environmentally not the best solution Recycled aggregate is more expensive
This depends on local conditions (including transportation costs).
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Truth and rationale of concrete recycling
Truth Cement cannot be recycled
Rationale Once cement clinker is made, the process is irreversible. No commercially viable processes exist to recycle cement. Compared to other wastes, concrete is relatively inert and does not usually require special treatment. The physical properties of coarse aggregates made from crushed demolition concrete make it the preferred material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This is because recycled aggregates often have better compaction properties and require less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain than virgin material. By using recycled aggregates in place of virgin materials (1) less landfill is generated and (2) fewer natural resources are extracted. Even near complete recovery of concrete from C&DW will only supply about 20% of total aggregate needs in the developed world.
Demolition concrete is inert
Recycled concrete can be better than virgin aggregates for some applications
Using recycled aggregate reduces land-use impact Recycling all construction and demolition waste (C&DW) will not meet market needs for aggregate Figures are not complete for recovery rates
Data are often not available. When data are available different methods of counting make cross-country comparisons difficult.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Concrete recycling process
Mobile sorters and crushers are often installed on construction sites to allow on-site processing. In other situations, specific processing sites are established, which are usually able to produce higher quality aggregate. Sometimes machines incorporate air knives to remove lighter materials such as wood, joint sealants and plastics. Magnet and mechanical processes are used to extract steel, which is then recycled. Recyling process types For direct reuse without treatment
Mobile treatment on-site and use material on-site
Stationary treatment at centralized treatment plant and sale of different products to different construction companies
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Mobile recycling facility
Demolition Feeder Presieve, 15mm Jaw breaker Crushed aggregate Simple base material e.g. simple roads, parking lot (Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit) Soil and fine grains Simple filling e.g. landscaping
Flowchart of simple mobile recycling facility
Stationary recycling facility
Demolition Entrance control Stockpile Sieve, 15 mm Jaw breaker Manual crushing

of oversized parts
discharge < 60 mm
Magnetic sep. Picking belt Sieve, 22 mm Product 1

0/15 mm
Iron scrap
Non-ferrous metal Waste
Product 2
22/60 mm
Product 3
0/22mm
Engineering fill
Civil engineering e.g. sub-base
Civil engineering e.g. sub-base
Landfill
Recycling industry
(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
Flowchart of simple stationary recycling facility
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Guiding principles of construction & demolition waste management
Avoidance
Reuse
Door frames, pipes, windows, beams and etc
Increasing sustainability
Recycling
Aggregate, steel, wood and etc
Landfill
Sustainability ranking of recycling method Reuse original form on site Reuse original form on the other site Mobile recycling and use it on site Mobile recycling and use it on the other site Treatment plant recycling
Transportation to plant
Energy (fossil fuel and electricity)
Delivery to destination
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Recycled concrete applications
(after mobile or plant treatment)
1.Concrete road 2.Bituminous road 3.Hydraulically bound road 4.Ground improvement 5.Earthworks - Embankments 6.Earthworks - Cuttings 7.Shallow foundation
8.Deep foundation 9.Utilities 10.Utilities - reinstatement in roads 11.Concrete sub-structure 12.Concrete structure 13.Building - industrial 14.Building - residential
(Source: WRAP)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Recycled concrete applications
(after mobile or plant treatment)
Building - industrial
5. Blinding concrete
Product Notes Unreinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace up to 100% of the coarse aggregate.
6. Slab
Product Notes Reinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
7. Fill to foundations
Product Notes Granular material A wide range of recycled and secondary materials may be appropriate, such as RCA and RA, to replace 100% of the material.
8. Precast concrete drainage pipes and manhole units 1. Precast concrete staircase
Product Notes Reinforced concrete RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer. Recyclied material allowed in the coarse aggregate is 20%. Product Notes Concrete pipes and manhole units RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer.
9. General industrial floor

2. Heavy duty industrial floor

10. Concrete column

3. Wall
11. Precast concrete structural beam

Product Notes Concrete beam RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer.
4. Foundations
12. Concrete floor for light foot and trolley traffic

(Source: WRAP)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Concrete reuse applications
Sculpture
Sculpture
Landscape
Landscape
Plantation
Sculpture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Construction (filling)
Construction (embeding) Construction (embeding) Construction (embeding) Construction (embeding)
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
(Gabion wall)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
(Architecture with gabion system)
Domus winery
Villanueva public library
Furniture
ETC
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
(Hesco system)
(Source: Hesco)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Concrete reuse application case studies
Resin + RCA
Note
Resin can bind raw RCA (recycled concrete aggregate) and create space between aggregates at the same time. By creating space, light can penetrate through. This has a potential to be used as partition wall.
Mixed in gap
Note
By filling gap with RCA, it creates visual contrast between finished concrete and RCA.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Gabion
Note
Gabions are cages,cylinders, or boxes filled with soil, sand or aggregates. Gabions have been used in various applications. This has a potential to be used as wall (e.g Dominus estate winery by Herzog & De Meuron). Benefits of gabion system are Monolithic : distributes forces across the wall Flexible : can deform and still maintain its function Permeable : high voids prevent hydrostatic pressure development Durable : advanced coating technology to achieve design life Versatile : easy to shape to match the local site conditions Environmentally friendly : built using stone and aggregate that can form part of the ecosystem.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Use demolished concrete pieces as part of concrete
Note
Demolished concrete pieces can be used for another concrete structure such as wall. By placing raw demolished concrete within new concrete construction, it creates contrast between old and new. Also it displays how the recycled concrete can be reused in new structure.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Considered design for future reuse
Considering recycling at the time a building is designed improves the chances of closed loop constructoin as introduced earlier. Resource extration The benefits are two-fold: eventual C&DW is minimized and the demand for new materials for a future project is reduced. Designs should consider ways to maximize possibilities for reuse, or at least possibilities for recycling of the structure and its components. As a first step, designs that allow for eventual adaptation or renovation of a structure can allow partial replacements that lengthen the ultimate life of the building. Keeping components separate or separable is key for component reuse or recycling. Evaluation of any possible contamination issues is also relevant. One of the most important characteristics of concrete is its durability. The best design for deconstruction for concrete is to allow for on-site reuse: concrete can be an ideal building material as buildings made with concrete can be adapted and renovated for future use for many decades.
Disposal
Recycling
Manufacturing
Demolition
Construction
Use/Occupancy
In situ and pre-cast concrete materials both play a role in design for future reuse plans. In situ concrete is sometimes mistakenly believed to have few reuse or recovery possibilities. However, buildings with post-tensioned slabs can be reused and altered as required. If the building is demolished, having a record or tag on the concrete detailing its components may aid in possible future recycling. Sometimes designs note that this is downcycling as the recycled concrete aggregate is used for projects such as road sub-base. However, as noted elsewhere, the best overall environmental solution does not necessarily require refined reprocessing and a closed loop material use can still be achieved.
Pre-cast designs should consider the use of precast slabs that can be dismantled and reused. It may be that fillers such as polystyrene should not be used to avoid hampering later recycling efforts.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Building structure involving recycled concrete
Paving system
Recycled concrete (within soil)
Recycled concrete (within cement)
Foundation system
In-situ concrete foundation
Gabion foundation
Wall system
In-situ concrete wall
Precast concrete wall
Gabion wall
Roof system
In-situ concrete roof
Precast concrete roof
Concrete debri within concrete
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Conclusion
Throughout this research, it was found that recycling concrete has two main advantages. Firstly, it reduces the use of new virgin aggregate and the associated environmental costs of exploitation and transportation. Secondly, it reduces unnecessary landfill of valuable materials that can be recovered and redeployed. There is, however, no appreciable impact on reducing the carbon footprint apart from emissions reductions from transportation. The main source of carbon emissions in concrete is in cement production. The cement content in concrete cannot be viably separated and reused or recycled into new cement and thus carbon reduction cannot be achieved by recycling concrete. Therefore it is required for us to avoid cement use when possible. Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when design)
Making considered design for future recycle and reuse of its parts Try to avoid using cement whenever possible Try to recycled concrete whenever possible Try to avoid in-situ concrete to keep components separate so each components can be reused or recycled (e.g modular system) Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when recycling) Try to recycle and reuse material on site Try to avoid using cement whenever possible When using recycled concrete the best option is to use it without any treatment and the least desired option is to use recycling plant treated concrete aggregates. However it is still better for environment than using virgin aggregates.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
Site and program
Primary road Secondary road Rail way
Program:
Educationl centre - Exhibition space (500 m2) - Experience space for children (250 m2) - Cafeteria/Lounge (150 m2) - Management office (50 m2) Recycling and reusing plant and storage - Plant (300 m2) - Storage (1200 m2)
Claimed area:
(Aerial map showing surrounding major transportation paths)
2450 m2 (approximately) Site is located close by major road and rail way. The generated possible heavy volume of traffic including loading trucks for plant and visitors can use primary, secondary roads and rail way. By using main roads and railway, heavy volume of traffic and related matters can be avoided within residential area. The challenge was to find the site, which can accomodate all of group members proposed programs. Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy.
Benefit:
Site
Motive:
(Close up map showing surrounding of the site)
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
10.0 E N D
N O T E
O F
Research phase
T O M M Y
S H I N
Investigation phase Considered design for environment is one of the key topics in this era. Christchurch earthquake triggered heavy volume of destruction and construction. Traditionally life cycle of construction is not looped as heavy volume of demolished and finished materials end up filling land fill. Proposal and arguement It is essential to promote environmentally friendly design within the context of Christchurch as there are never seen before volume of construction and demolition is happening at the moment. Create architecture using construction and demolition waste whenever possible. Promote the potential of recycling and reusing by creating educational centre and recycling plant. By reusing construction and demolision waste, this will create good contribution for environment. It also close the loop of construction materials life cycle.
Summary of the research and arguement
1 ton of concrete is consumed by every human being on earth every year. 2nd most consumed substance in the world is concrete. Water is the only substance that has been consumed more than concrete. 5% of the total global carbon emission comes from cement manufacturing. Cement is crucial element of finished concrete.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
10.0 E N D
N O T E
Glossary
Fly Ash
O F
T O M M Y
S H I N
One of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an indusgtrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from blast furnace in water or stream, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant and delivered to work site by truck mounted transit mixers.
GGBFS
Ready mixed concret Merchant bags
Manufactured cement product, which is in powder form. Merchant bag is to carry and sell manufactured cement powder.
Clinker
In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay) during the cement kiln stage.
C&DW
Construction and demolition waste
RCA
Recycled concrete aggregate
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
10.0 E N D
N O T E
O F
T O M M Y
S H I N
References
(For section 6 and 9)
CCANZ. Annual report. 2011. CEMBUREAU. Building a future, with cement and concrete. 2007. CEMBUREAU. Sustainable cement production. 2007. Cement & concrete association of New Zealand. Concrete3 economic, social, environmental. 2007. Holcim. Annual review. 2010. International Energy Agency. Biofuels roadmap. 2011. International energy agency. Cement technology roadmap 2009. 2009. International energy agency. Energy technology transitions for industry. 2009. International energy agency. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and co2 emissions. 2007. International Energy Agency and World business council for sustainable development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009. Isaacs, Nigel. "Cementing history." Build. no. June/July (2008): 88-89. Jaques, Roman. Environmental impact associated with New Zealand cement manufacture. BRANZ, 1998. NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). Concrete CO2 fact sheet. 2008. USGS. 2010 Mineral yearbook. 2010. World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The cement sustainability initiative. 2009. Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Ozawa Meida. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry. WRAP, Accessed March 23, 2012. http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk.
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H
11.0
Site Relationships
The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members proposed programs. Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy between each programs users.
Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites: Key:
Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail
Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education Main Streets Public Space Retail Train Stations/ Access Railway Track Hagley Park
Industrial Area
Residential Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD
Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:
Shopping Centre
Residential
Christchurch Train Station
Hagley Park
Train Stop
Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling
Gathering of People
Pedestrian Way
Public Seating
Cars
8 Lanes Cafes/Restauraunts Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible
Performances
Industrial Zone
8 Lanes Blenheim Road- Accesible Railway
T O M M Y
M O N A
F A R A H

Concrete Midterm

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Concrete Midterm

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C

Keep Cost Low

Quantity depends on type of Admixture 6-8%

Chemical Reaction Hydration Process of hardening and gaining stength

Variables affecting Concrete Strength:

Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C)

Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

Percentage of Cement Composition:

Percentage by Weight in Cement:

Time of Hydration/ Strength Development

C4AF Very Slow

Varying Types of Cement: Portland Cement:

Sulphate Resisting (V)

Moderate Sulphate attack and Heat of Hydration

High Early Strength

Extensive exposure to Sulphate None

Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.

Moderate Sulphate attack

Mass Concreting, resisting sulphate,peaty acids and oils.

Portland-Pozzonlan (IP & P))

Pozzolan Modified Portland (I(PM))

Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.

White China Clay

Urgent Repair & Temporary Work

General & Architecture Applications

Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive

Expanding Cements; Aluminates, Calcium Sulphates

Unfavourable conditions of humidity

Harmful active Ingredients

Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Portland Cements):

Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Blended Cements):

Rate of Strength Development and Heat Evolution (Other Cements):

(IS) (I(SM)) (S)

(Coloured portland) (Waterproof) (Hydrophobic) (Low- Alkali)

Doesnt affect overall strength Slow-Medium

(Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive)

Fine particles in a mix fill the gaps

Strength: Physical Properties:

Crystalline Honeycomb Pitted

Smaller W:C ratio

Compressive and Flexural Strength:

where in New Zealand:

+ economy + flexibility + mouldability + continuity + robustness

time consuming workmanship is variable depends on weather condition

seeded aggregate finish

decorative surfaces: plaster moulds

cast stones are carved and nished by a sculptor.

the 1st concrete highrise (15-storeys) by Elzner & Anderson

concrete sports dome

quicklime (made cement harder)

portland cement. Joseph Aspodin

the 1st reinforced concrete bridge by Ernest L. Ransome

The Ingalls Building

Assembly Hall, University of Illinois

Alvord Lake Bridge

21st century 1756 1950s 1913

John Smeaton discovered hydraulic lime (coarse aggregate + powdered brick+cement)

the 1st modern use of concrete

Louis Vicat developed artificial hydraulic lime (synthetict + limestone + clay)

rotary kihln (made cement & production constant)

glassfibre reinforced concrete (GRC)

the 1st concrete street