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Practical Design to Eurocode 2


Columns
Steel (B600)
Steel (B500)
Stress
Strain
Concrete (C30/37)
c1 = 0.0022 cu1 = 0.0035
Strain compatibility
2
d
h
A
s2
Ap
As1
p
ud
s ,
p
c
0
c2
( )
c3
cu2
( )
cu3
A
B
C
(1- c2/cu2)h
or
(1- c3/cu3)h
p(0)
y
reinforcing steel tension strain limit
concrete compression strain limit
concrete pure compression strain limit
C
B
A
Minimum eccentricity: e
0
= h/30 but 20 mm
Bending with/without Axial
Load
EC2 Figure 6.1
Concise Figure 6.3
Column Design Chart
- Figure 15.5
3
Column Design Chart
- Figure 15.5
Geometric Imperfections
Cl. 5.2 5.5
Deviations in cross-section dimensions are normally taken into account
in the material factors and should not be included in structural analysis
Imperfections need not be considered for SLS
Out-of-plumb is represented by an inclination, l

l
=
0

m
where
0
= 1/200

h
= 2/l; 2/3
h
1

m
= (0.5(1+1/m))
l is the length or height (m) (see 5.2(6))
m is the number of vert. members
4
ei
N
Hi
N
l = l0 / 2
ei
N
l = l0
Hi
N
e
i
=
i
l
0
/2 for walls and isolated columns e
i
= l
0
/400
H
i
=
i
N for unbraced members
H
i
= 2
i
N for braced members
or
Unbraced
Braced
Isolated Members
Figure 5.1a 5.5.2
Na
Nb
Hi
l
i
i

Na
Nb
Hi
/2 i
/2 i
Bracing System
Floor Diaphragm
Roof
H
i
=
i
(N
b
-N
a
) H
i
=
i
(N
b
+N
a
)/2 H
i
=
i
N
a
Structures
Figure 5.1b Figure 5.5
5
Second order effects may be ignored if they are less
than 10% of the corresponding first order effects
Global second order effects in buildings may be ignored if:
F
v,Ed
0.26n
s
/(n
s
+ 1.6) E
cm
I
c
/L
2
where
F
v,Ed
is the total vertical load (on braced and bracing members)
n
s
is the number of storeys
L is the total height of the building above level of moment
restraint
E
cm
is the secant value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete
I
c
is the second moment of area of bracing members
Second Order Effects with Axial
Load (1) (5.8.2, 5.8.3.1 and
5.8.3.3)
Column Design Process
Determine the actions on the column
Determine the effective length, l
0
Determine the first order moments
Determine slenderness,
Determine slenderness limit,
lim
Is
lim
?
Yes
No
Column is not slender, M
Ed
= M
02
Column is
slender
Calculate A
s
(eg using column chart)
Check detailing requirements
6
Second order effects may be ignored if they are less than 10% of the
corresponding first order effects
Second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness, is less than

lim
where

lim
= 20 A B C (A
c
f
cd
/N
Ed
)
With biaxial bending the slenderness should be checked separately for
each direction and only need be considered in the directions where

lim
is exceeded
Slenderness = l
0
/i where i = (I/A)
hence for a rectangular section = 3.46 l
0
/ h
for a circular section = 4 l
0
/ h
Second Order Effects with Axial
Load
Cl. 5.8.2, 5.8.3.1
5.6.1
l
lim
= 20ABC/n (5.13N)
where:
A = 1 / (1+0,2
ef
)
ef
is the effective creep ratio;
(if
ef
is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)
B = (1 + 2) w = A
s
f
yd
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
(if is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - r
m
r
m
= M
01
/M
02
M
01
, M
02
are first order end
moments, including the effect of imperfections
M
02
M
01

(if r
m
is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|}+e
i
N
Ed
e
0
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|}
n = N
Ed
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
Slenderness Limit (5.8.3.1)
Cl. 5.8.3.1 5.6.1.4
7
Factor C
100 kNm
100 kNm
100 kNm
-100 kNm 100 kNm
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 0 / 100
= 0
C = 1.7 0
= 1.7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= -100 / 100
= -1
C = 1.7 + 1
= 2.7
r
m
= M
01
/ M
02
= 100 / 100
= 1
C = 1.7 1
= 0.7
l

l
0
= l l
0
= 2l l
0
= 0.7l l
0
= l / 2 l
0
= l l /2 <l
0
< l l
0
>
2l
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+
+
2
2
1
1
45 , 0
1
45 , 0
1
k
k
k
k
l
0
= 0.5l Braced members:
Unbraced members:

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+
+
+

+
k
k
k
k

k k
k k

2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
1 ; 10 1 max l
0
= l
= l
0
/i
k = ( / M) (E / l)
Different Column End Restraints
Figure 5.7, 5.8.3.2 Figure 5.6, 5.6.1.2
8
Failing column
Non failing
column
End 1
End 2
Non failing
column
From PD 6687
The contribution of non failing
columns to the joint stiffness may be
ignored
For beams /M may be taken as l/2EI
(allowing for cracking in the beams)
Assuming that the beams are symmetrical about the column and their
sizes are the same in the two storeys shown, then:
k
1
= k
2
= [EI`/`l]
col
/ [2EI /l]
beams
= [EI /`l]
col
/ [2 x 2EI /l]
beams
Although not stated effective lengths can be used
Typical Column Effective
PD 6687 Cl.2.10 -
l
o
= Fl
Typical Column Effective
Length
- -
9
M
Ed
= M
0Ed
+ M
2
M
0Ed
= Equivalent first order moment including the effect
of imperfections [At about mid-height]
= M
0E
= (0.6 M
02
+ 0.4 M
01
) 0.4M
02
HOWEVER, this is only the mid-height moment - the two
end moments should be considered too. PD 6687
advises for braced structures:
M
Ed
= MAX{M
0Ed
+M
2
; M
02
; M
01
+0.5M
02
}
M
02
= Max{|M
top
|;|M
bot
|}+e
i
N
Ed
e
0
N
Ed
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|;|M
bot
|}
Nominal Curvature Method
Cl. 5.8.8.2 5.6.2.2
Typical unbraced column Typical braced column
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
1st Order
moments
2nd Order
moments
Combination
of moments
Moments in Slender Columns
10
Nominal Curvature Method
- Figure 5.10
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
e
2
= (1/r)l
0
2
/
2
1/r = K
r
K

/r
0
where 1/r
0
=
yd
/(0.45d)
K
r
= (n
u
n)/(n
u
-n
bal
) 1
K

= 1 +
ef
1
= 0.35 + f
ck
/200 l /150
Second order moment
Cl. 5.8.8 5.6.2.2
11
Biaxial Bending
Cl. 5.8.9 5.6.3
a
a
M
M
M M
Edy
Edz
Rdz Rdy
1,0
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\
\
For rectangular cross-sections
N
Ed
/N
Rd
0.1 0.7 1.0
a 1.0 1.5 2.0
where N
Rd
= A
c
f
cd
+ A
s
f
yd
For circular cross-sections a = 2.0
NRd
NEd
MEdz
MEdy
a = 2
a = 1
a = 1.5
Biaxial bending for rectangular
column
12
h 4b

min
12
A
s,min
= 0,10N
Ed
/f
yd
but 0,002 A
c
A
s,max
= 0.04 A
c
(0,08A
c
at laps)
Minimum number of bars in a circular column is 4.
Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more than
1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be
calculated.
Columns (1)
(9.5.2)
s
cl,tmax
= 20
min
; b; 400mm
150mm
150mm
s
cl,tmax
s
cl,tmax
should be reduced by a factor 0,6:
in sections within h above or below a beam or slab
near lapped joints where > 14. A minimum of 3
bars is rqd. in lap length
Columns (2)
(9.5.3)
13
Worked Example
The structural grid is 7.5 m in each direction
Solution effective length
Using PD 6687 method
14 . 0
7500
12 250 3750 2
3750
12 300
2
3
4
=

= =

b
b
c
c
L
EI
L
EI
k
From Table 4 of How toColumns
F = 0.79 l
o
= 0.79 x 3.750 = 2.96 m
Check slenderness:
= 3.46 l
o
/h = 3.46 x 2.96 / 0.3 = 34.1
Say half bay width
for flat slab
14
Solution - slenderness
Solution design moments
15
Solution determine A
s
Interaction Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.23
16
Interaction Chart
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
0.25
Solution determine A
s
17
Workshop Problem
Assume the following:
Axial load: 8933 kN
Moment: 95.7 kNm
Nominal cover: 35mm
Pinned base
Assume bay width is
6.0 m
Practical Design to Eurocode 2
Fire Design
18
Fire
a
Axis
Distance
Reinforcement cover
Axis distance, a, to centre of bar
a = c +
m
/2 +
l
Scope
Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5
Structural Fire Design
Part 1-2, Fig 5.2 Figure 4.2
19
High strength concrete
Basis of fire design
Material properties
Tabulated data
Design procedures
Simplified and advanced calculation methods
Shear and torsion
Spalling
Joints
Protective layers
Annexes A, B, C, D and E
General
Eurocode 2: Part 1.2 Structural
Fire Design
100 Pages
Requirements:
Criteria considered are:
R Mechanical resistance (load bearing)
E Integrity (compartment separation)
I Insulation (where required)
M Impact resistance (where required)
Actions - from BS EN 1991-1-2
Nominal and Parametric Fire Curves
Chapter 2: Basis of Fire Design
20
Verification methods E
d,fi
R
d,fi
(t)
Member Analysis E
d,fi
=
fi
E
d
E
d
is the design value for normal temperature design

fi
is the reduction factor for the fire situation

fi
= (G
k
+
fi
Q
k.1
)/(
G
G
k
+
Q.1
Q
k.1
)
fi
is taken as
1
or
2
(=
1
- NA)
Chapter 2: Basis of Fire Design
Tabulated data (Chapter 5)
Simplified calculation methods
Advanced calculation method
Design Procedures
21
Which method?
Provides design solutions for the standard fire exposure up to 4
hours
The tables have been developed on an empirical basis
confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests
Values are given for normal weight concrete made with siliceous
aggregates
For calcareous or lightweight aggregates minimum dimension
may be reduced by 10%
No further checks are required for shear, torsion or anchorage
No further checks are required for spalling up to an axis
distance of 70 mm
For HSC (> C50/60) the minimum cross section dimension should
be increased
Section 5. Tabulated Data
Cl. 5.1 -
22
Elements
Approach for Beams and Slabs very similar
Separate tables for continuous members
One way, two way spanning and flat slabs
treated separately
Walls depend on exposure conditions
Columns depend on load and slenderness
Standard
fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Possible combinations of a and bmin
wherea is the average axis
distance and
bmin is the width
of
beam
Web thickness
bw
R 30
R 60
R 90
R 120
R 180
R 240
bmin= 80
a = 15*
bmin= 120
a = 25
bmin= 150
a = 35
bmin= 200
a = 45
bmin= 240
a = 60
bmin= 280
a = 75
160
12*
200
12*
250
25
300
35
400
50
500
60
450
35
550
50
650
60
500
30
600
40
700
50
80
100
110
130
150
170
Continuous Beams
1992-1-2 Table 5.6 Table 4.6
23
Flat Slabs
Table 4.8
1992-1-2 Table 5.9
Columns Tabular Approach
Columns more Tricky!
Two approaches
Only for braced structures
Unbraced structures columns
can be considered braced if
there are columns outside the
fire zone
24

fi
= N
Ed,fi
/ N
Rd
where N
Ed,fi
is the design axial load in the fire condition
N
Rd
is the design axial resistance at normal temperature
The minimum
dimensions are
larger than
BS 8110
Columns: Method A
Table 5.2a Table 4.4A
Limitations to Table 5.2a
Limitations to Method A:
Effective length of the column under fire conditions l
0,fi
<= 3m.
First order eccentricity under fire conditions: e = M
0Ed,fi
/
N
0Ed,fi
<= e
max
= 0.15 h
Amount of reinforcement: A
s
< 0.04 A
c
25
Columns: Method B
Limitations to Table 5.2b
l/h (or l/b) 17.3 for rectangular column (
fi
30)
First order eccentricity under fire conditions:
e/b = M
0Ed,fi
/b N
0Ed,fi
0.25 with e
max
= 100 mm
Amount of reinforcement, = A
s
f
yd
/ A
c
f
cd
1
For other values of these parameters see Annex C
26
EC2 distinguishes between explosive spalling that can occur
in concrete under compressive conditions. such as in
columns and the concrete falling off the soffit in the
tension zones of beams and slabs.
Explosive spalling occurs early on in the fire exposure and is
mainly caused by the expansion of the water/steam particles
trapped in the matrix of the concrete. The denser the
concrete. the greater the explosive force.
Unlikely if moisture content is less than 3% (NDP) by
weight
Tabular data OK for axis distance up to 70 mm
Falling off of concrete occurs in the latter stage of fire
exposure
Spalling
Minimum cross section should be increased:
For walls and slabs exposed on one side only by:
For Class 1: 0.1a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.3a for C70/85 to C80/95
For all other structural members by:
For Class 1: 0.2a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.6a for C70/85 to C80/95
Axis distance, a, increased by factor:
For Class 1: 1.1 for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 1.3 for C70/85 to C80/95
High Strength Concrete -
Tabulated Data
27
For C 55/67 to C 80/95 the rules for normal strength concrete
apply. provided that the maximum content of silica fume is less
than 6% by weight.
For C 80/95 to C 90/105 there is a risk of spalling and at least
one of the following should be provided (NA):
Method A: A reinforcement mesh
Method B: A type of concrete which resists spalling
Method C: Protective layers which prevent spalling
Method D: monofilament polypropylene fibres.
High Strength Concrete -
Spalling
Other Methods
Simplified calculation method for beams, slabs
and columns
Full Non-linear temperature dependent ..
But all of these must have the caveat that they
are unproven for shear and torsion.
28
Rd1,fi
M
Rd,fi,Span
M
Rd2,fi
M
M = w l / 8
Ed,fi Ed,fi eff
1
1 - Free moment diagram for UDL under fire conditions
M
Rd,fi,Support
= (
s
/
s,fi
) M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
) (d-a)/d
Where a is the required bottom axis distance given in Section 5
A
s,prov
/A
s,req
should not be taken greater than 1.3
M
Rd,fi,Span
= (
s
/
s,fi
) k
s
() M
Ed
(A
s,prov
/A
s,req
)
Annex E: Simplified Calculation
Method for Beams and Slabs
500C Isotherm Method
Ignore concrete > 500C
29
Zone Method
Divide concrete into zones and work out average
temperature of each zone, to calculate strength
Worked Example
N
Ed
=1824kN
M
yy,Ed
=78.5kNm
M
zz,Ed
=76.8kNm
2 hour fire resistance
required
External, but no de-icing
salts
f
ck
= 30MPa
30
Worked Example
Cover:
c
min,b
= diameter of bar (assume 25mm bars with 8mm
links)
c
min,dur
= (XC3/XC4) 25mm
say c
dev
= 10mm
c
nom
(to main bars) = max{(25+10),(25+8+10)} = 43mm
Use c
nom
= 35mm to links
Worked Example
Check fire resistance of R120 to Method A
eccentricity e < 0.15b
e = M
Ed
/N
Ed
= 78.5x10
3
/1824 = 43mm
0.15 x 350 = 52.5mm OK
Assume 8 bars OK
l
0,fi
= 0.7l = 2.8m < 3m OK
From Table 5.2a: min dimensions = 350/57
Column is 350mm, axis distance = 57mm
Check cover 35mm + 8 (link) + /2 = 55.5mm
Increase nominal cover to 40mm.

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