Ivanisevic The Fortifications and The Intramural Housing in The Lower Town

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Falko Daim Jrg Drauschke (Hrsg.)
Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter

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VUJADIN IVANISEVIC
CARIIN GRAD THE FORTIFICATIONS AND THE INTRAMURAL HOUSING IN THE LOWER TOWN
The research carried out in Cariin Grad (dist. Lebane, SRB) in recent decades has emphasised the significance of this archaeological site, located in the western part of the province of Dacia Mediterranea, near the border with Dardania. This was once an urban centre that expanded between the fourth and the sixth decade of the 6th century on an expanse of land far removed from the communication routes in the fertile valleys along the Pusta Reka, Jablanica and Southern Morava rivers and the mine shafts exploited on the hillsides of the Leskovac Plain. The city was built in a rural region and is a unique example of late urbanisation in the region of northern Illyricum (fig. 1). Cariin Grad extends over an area of about 20 ha, the principal part of which was the city core covering an area of 8 ha, at the top of a ridge. It consisted of three entities: the Acropolis, the Upper and the Lower Town, defended by three rings of stone and brick defence walls. Spacious suburbs surrounded by a palisade defence wall stretched out on the slopes around this complex and extended as far as an artisans centre at the foot of the hill on the riverbanks, and a dam with a lake (fig. 2). The archaeological exploration of the city began in 1912 and brought to light numerous basilicas, public buildings, a main square, broad streets and porticos, an aqueduct, a large cistern, a developed water supply and sewage network, baths, the dam with the lake, artisans furnaces, as well as a system of fortifications in the immediate neighbourhood. The urban structure of the city itself was a combination of the Hellenistic tradition, Roman heritage and the early Byzantine concept of a city. The majority of the buildings inside the stone walls the intramural area were public buildings or the seats of important state institutions, principally the Church and the Army 1. Summing up all the data collected thus far, Cariin Grad was undoubtedly an important regional centre. In view of the data from historical sources, the 11th Novel of Justinian I 2 and the accounts by Procopius 3 and John of Antioch 4, the remains of the city may well be those of Justiniana Prima, the metropolis erected by the Emperor Justinian I close to his birthplace 5. According to the 11th Novel, Justiniana Prima was to have become the seat of the praetorian prefect of Illyricum and an archbishopric with jurisdiction over the whole of the diocese of Dacia and Macedonia II. The transfer of the prefecture to Justiniana Prima remained a dead letter, owing to the uncertainty caused by the barbarian incursions into Balkan territory. On the other hand, according to the later 131st Novel, the city was granted confirmation of the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Justiniana Prima with jurisdiction over the entire diocese of Dacia. Justiniana Prima remained primarily a church administrative centre and a garrison city, as well as an important regional centre. The fact that the population abandoned the city at the beginning of the 7th century can be linked with the attacks by the Slavs and the loss of Byzantine control over virtually all of Illyricum. The complex of the Acropolis with its cathedral, baptistery and adjacent administrative buildings was in the service of the Church. The role of sacral component can also be seen in the building scheme of the Upper and the Lower Town, and in the area outside the urban core 6. However, it should not be forgotten that
1 2 3
Poulter, Transition 20-21. Novellae 94. Procope, De aedif. 4, 1.
4 5 6
John of Antioch, Chronici Fragmenta 339. Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 367-371. Duval, Architecture 399-480.
Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke
Fig. 1
Late Roman Illyricum.
the military administration and its buildings located in the south-western quarter of the Upper Town undoubtedly also played a role 7. The Lower Town with its public facilities, notably the large cistern, as well as two unearthed basilicas and the baths, occupied a special place in the planning of the city. The results of electro-magnetic surveying prove the existence of other public facilities in this area. They occupied the eastern part of the Lower Town, while one structure is recorded to have existed on the southern side of the large cistern. These tests also revealed that there were no traces of public buildings in the southern part of the Lower Town. However, the tests did reveal a residential quarter with numerous private buildings, which presented a contrast to the buildings unearthed thus far in Cariin Grad. For this reason, in 1981, a separate project was launched to explore the horizon of the city where the local inhabitants had lived; this project was completed in 2008. The research was carried out in two main stages, one from 1982 to 1990, when work had to be suspended, and then from 1997 to 2008. The first stage consisted of exploring the central part of the settlement, while the second stage involved completing the excavation of the residential quarter in the area between the
Bavant, Identification 123-160.
V. Ivani evic Cariin Grad the Fortifications and the Intramural Housing in the Lower Town s
Fig. 2
General plan of Cariin Grad.
southern street in the east, the southern gate of the Lower Town in the south-east, and the defence wall to the south and west. An area of about 80 m was excavated in a north-south direction, and 70 m in an east-west direction (fig. 3). On this occasion, we were able to examine the fortification, the western and southern curtain walls with towers, access to flights of steps, the southern gate, as well as the remains of the aqueduct, parts of the southern street and its porticos. We did not investigate the northern part of the settlement, which extended further northwards to a larger structure erected next to the southern side of the large cistern reservoir, opposite to the basilica with a transept. In 2002, the programme of works was
Fig. 3
Cariin Grad. South-western quarter of the Lower Town.
completed with the excavation of a complex at the south-eastern corner tower of the Lower Town and, subsequently, of the southern vallum; this investigation was completed in 2008 8. The only organised intramural housing explored inside the citys defence walls was in the area of the south-western part of the Lower Town. The residential and artisanal facilities were already known. Thus, we at least defined the structures that were added in other parts of the city next to official buildings, or even in their interiors, and in the spaces of the porticos. These structures differed significantly from the official architecture since they were constructed of stone bonded with clay, while the upper floors, if they existed, were built of adobe, timber and cob. A row of such structures is recorded to have existed in the Upper Town within the complex of buildings west of the circular city square 9, as well as in the Lower Town, in the space west of the basilica, and between the basilica with the transept and the eastern street, at the point of the southern portico 10. Similarly to those erected in other quarters of the city, V. Popovi interpreted these additions as being part of the stratification of the citys urban structure that began during the rule of Justin II and the settlement of newcomers in the city 11. Judging by the research results from the residential quarter in the south-western part of the Lower Town, the process of settlement inside the city walls had started much earlier, during the reign of Justinian I. We
8
This overview is based on the chronicles of excavations published in Mlanges de lcole franaise de Rome: Moyen ge, Temps modernes 97, 1985, 883-887. 98, 1986, 1177-1181. 101, 1989, 327-332. 102, 1990, 277-282. 103, 1991, 442-448. 109, 1997, 645-651. 110, 1998, 973-976. 112/2, 2000, 1087-1094. 113/2, 2001, 963-969. 114/2, 2002, 10951102. 115, 2003, 1021-1027. 117/2, 2005, 791-796.
9 10 11
118/2, 2006, 387-394. And Leskovaki zbornik 38, 1997, 419424. 39, [1998] 1999, 489-496. 40, 2000, 335-340. 42, 2002, 55-68. 45, 2005, 23-36. Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 68-74. Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 129. Popovi, Desintegration 563-566.
discovered that the said quarter developed in the area that had not been urbanised or, to be more precise, in the spaces where the construction of public buildings had commenced but had never been fully completed. An equally important question arising from the investigation of the Lower Town was exactly when these important building clusters actually came into being. According to V. Kondi and V. Popovi, the defence walls of the Lower Town and the majority of structures were not constructed until the fifth decade of the 6th century, after the first Slav incursions. In support of this dating, the authors referred to a series of data, which are summarised here. The position of the basilica with transept served as the basis for their chronological dating. The basilica was located in a different direction to that of the high street, the defence walls and the other structural ensembles; this would signify that it was integrated with the defence walls of the Lower Town at a later time. Furthermore, the southern portico of the northern street and the position of the small baths that were virtually reliant on the western tower of the southern gate of the Upper Town offered proof that the Lower Town developed at a later date. In support of this hypothesis, they mentioned the canal that ran from the Upper Town, passing below the double basilica and especially below the northern tower of the eastern gate of the Lower Town, and also the fact that the western defence wall of the Lower Town rested against the south-western tower of the Upper Town. We should add that, according to the Latin monogram of Justinian I on the capital of a column and the absence of a monogram of Theodora on another, the construction of the basilica with transept was dated after the death of the empress in the year 548 12. On the basis of a follis belonging to Justinian I dating from 544/545, the construction of the double basilica was ascribed to some time in the fourth decade of the 6th century. It was unearthed from the trench in the foundation of this building 13. The answer to the question of when the Lower Town came into being is important for dating the construction not only of this area in particular but of the city as a whole, as well as for dating the establishment of the settlement in the south-western quarter of the Lower Town. The excavations of the entire settlement area in the southern section of the quarter, the western and southern defence walls with their towers, the street with porticos, as well as parts of the aqueduct, have provided new chronological evidence for dating this part of the city. They offer a much more accurate picture of the urbanisation of Cariin Grad 14.
THE FORTIFICATION OF THE LOWER TOWN

The construction of the fortifications of the Lower Town was part of a unified construction operation and, along with building the defence walls of the Upper Town, took place during the first phase of the construction of the city. Erecting the western and eastern defence walls of the Lower Town was the initial step in the fortification of the city and closed off the lower parts of the elongated ridge. As it was located practically in front of a flat plateau, the southern curtain wall was defended by a large vallum roughly 20 m wide. An examination of the Lower Towns defence walls provided us with a series of clues about how the fortifications of Cariin Grad would have looked. The excavation works on the south-western corner tower were particularly significant as they offered important data on the construction phases and when these took place. The exploration of this tower and of the western defence wall and the space along the defence
12 13
Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 169-171. Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 169-171.
14
Bavant / Ivanievi, Ivstiniana Prima 30-31. Bavant, Cariin Grad 353-361.
wall was dictated by the need to shed light on the relation of the aqueduct entering the city at this point and the fortifications. Although this facility was investigated as early as 1947, details regarding its appearance were scarce 15. On the southern, outer side of the fort, we uncovered two of the aqueducts pilasters with square bases and crosswalls on the eastern and western sides; the northern side was organically connected to the tower by the same rows of brick and stone bonded with mortar. The towers connection to the aqueduct clearly shows that both structures were built at the same time. This is illustrated by the position of the tower itself, which was determined by the aqueduct that approached the city from the south-west and, before entering, changed its direction towards the north, and not by the direction in which the defence wall extended, as was customary. The aqueduct was positioned at right angles to the front of the tower, which was therefore positioned diagonal to both defence walls. The internal structure of the tower was also dictated by the direction of the aqueduct: in the centre of the tower, slightly shifted to the east, was a column with a trapezoid base, built in the opus mixtum technique. We refer to the last column of the aqueduct, which ran through the tower and then continued northwards along the route of the western defence wall, beneath the rampart. There was an equal gap of 3 m between the columns. We also found this gap between the last northern column and the southern end of the western defence wall, not counting the thickness of the northern wall of the tower. The two last arches travelled through the walls of the tower itself, without resting against them. This was done in order to change the route of the aqueduct itself in the space of the tower without risking the stability of the tower but, on the contrary, in order to strengthen its base (fig. 4). The tower itself had a square base, 7.75 m long sides and walls that were 1.30 m thick. The construction technique was opus mixtum and, preserved above the original level of the terrain, were the first rows of bricks, the zone of stone and the second row of bricks, similar to the defence walls, with which it was structurally connected. The only door, 1.20 m wide, was positioned next to the inner face of the southern defence wall. On the basis of this data, we may conclude that the defence wall of the Lower Town dated from the same period as the aqueduct, as in the case of the large cistern a reservoir around 40 40 m in size, which, judging by the information gathered in earlier research work, relied on the western defence wall. We are certain that the aqueduct, like the cistern, was erected during the first stage of the citys construction, owing to the water required to carry out large-scale construction work. Otherwise, it would be hard to explain how it was possible to carry out extensive works in the city without a permanent and plentiful supply of water. The early dating of the Lower Towns defences is substantiated by the finds of coins. A small find of three folles discovered beside the outer face of the western wall of the south-western corner tower belongs to the coinage struck before the monetary reform in 538. Thanks to the excavation of 42 m of the western defence wall, it was possible to collect data on the construction method of the defence wall and on how the downward slope of the terrain to the north was incorporated. This section of the defence wall was built to overcome the declivity in the terrain, by means of a cascade descent of the foundation. In addition, two large-scale repairs of the wall surface were observed on the defence wall, undoubtedly performed as a result of damage caused by water leaking through the aqueduct beneath the rampart. In the north-western part of the space investigated, a tower with a rectangular base was discovered that projected 4.70 m outwards in relation to the defence wall and that was 5.80 m wide. The walls were built according to the opus mixtum technique and were 1.30 m wide. At the point where the tower was joined
15
Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 130.
Fig. 4
Cariin Grad. Plan of the south-western tower.
to the defence wall, the walls were preserved up to a height of almost 2 m, while in the corners they were preserved to the height of the first alternation of bricks. The entire construction visibly sagged towards the west. Excavations inside this tower, the base of which was almost square, revealed that the ceiling was in the form of a cruciform vault. During the excavations, part of the crown of the vault was found among the pieces of brick from the flooring in the first storey. The entire southern defence wall was unearthed, in the section from the sally port to the Lower Towns south-western corner tower, for a length of about 41 m. In this section, the curtain wall, which was 2.50 m thick, was preserved to an equal height in the base of the second alternation of bricks because the local inhabitants had systematically removed the building material. Mid-way between the corner tower and the southern gate, the defence wall was strengthened by a small tower with a rectangular base, which was 4.60 m wide, and projected 4.80 m outwards into the field in relation to the curtain wall. Its walls, which were 1.30 m wide, were preserved to the same height as the defence wall. The entrance, which was 2.40 m wide on the outer side and 1.30 m on the inner side, had brick sidewalls. The interior of the tower was filled with large pieces of the walls that had caved in, but this debris did not include bits of the ceiling vault. Beneath the layer of debris was a thick layer of clay that may have originated from the flooring of the wooden construction of the upper storey.
Fig. 5
Cariin Grad. Southern gate.
We attach particular importance to the position of the Lower Towns southern gate, in the central part of the southern defence wall, flanked by two towers on the outer side, as well as two flights of steps on the inner side (fig. 5). The sidewalls of the gate, which was 3.25 m wide, consisted of large, rectangular and trapezoid limestone blocks that were carefully hewn and positioned regularly in horizontal rows (fig. 6). The southern faade, the length of which was 3.80 m on both sides of the gate, was built in an identical manner with a facing of stone blocks, like the northern faade, of which both sides were 3.30 m long. The gate was 3.15 m wide at the height of the gate-posts, while it was a little wider on the inside, namely a full 4.0 m. The threshold, which was 60 cm wide, was made of three stone blocks, in which the wheels of carts had carved grooves. The sockets in which the gateposts were installed were found in the corners of the gateway, beside the threshold. From their arrangement, as well as their relation to the other elements, we drew the conclusion that the gate doors had been double and that the wings of the gate were of unequal width. The paving was mostly preserved in situ, except for the space opposite the small wing and the northern part of the gateway, from where the slabs had been extracted. In the space of the gateway between the gatepost and southward outside the gate, we found several fragments of architectonic plastics that had collapsed. These were the bases of three pillars, two columns that had supported the parapet facing, as well as fragments of a profiled architrave. It is unlikely that these blocks originated from the colonnade of the street portico or from the neighbouring building that had not been investigated, rather they were parts of the gate construction that had caved in. It seems that, above the entrance with its gate, there had been a kind of loggia or spacious terrace between the towers that had opened out to the north, with three or four arcades, surrounded by a low parapet wall. Of the two towers flanking the city gate, only the western one was excavated. The interior of that tower had an almost square base (4.90 m in the east-west and 5 m in the north-south direction), the outer side of which was 7.30 m wide. The tower projected 6.40 m outwards, in relation to the curtain wall. The tower
Fig. 6
Cariin Grad. Sidewall of the southern gate.
walls of unequal thickness were built according to an opus mixtum technique and were preserved to the height of the first five rows of bricks and the first row of stone. The width of the entrance to the tower was 2.40 m at the outer opening, and only 1.35 m at the inner side. Above the doorposts, preserved at their full height, we could distinguish the remains of a damaged semi-circular arch, spanning the entrance. The entrance to the tower in the later phase was walled up on the outer side by a wall made of spolia bonded with clay (the bases and capitals from the porticos in the street). The excavation of the towers interior revealed parts of the broken cruciform vault that had caved in while, beneath it, we noted the remains of a roughly 0.15 m thick wooden platform that had collapsed and that had, most probably, served as a sort of mezzanine, erected above the ground floor, beneath the ceiling vault of the tower. The floor inside the tower, which was the same level as at the foot an extension of the foundation was of beaten earth. In it, we discovered parts of half-buried pitoi, containing the remains of carbonised cereal grains. Judging by these finds, the ground floor of the tower had served as a storage space during the last phase (fig. 7). Just 0.90 m to the west of the previously described tower was a postern, 2.10 m wide inside, and a narrow entrance, which was 1.50 m wide. The floor of the postern, made of beaten earth, was several centimetres lower than the original threshold, which was preserved in situ. The threshold was made of three blocks of limestone and had only one small pit for a gatepost on the eastern side, which indicates that the postern was closed by a gate with a single wing. The entrance was later walled up with a wall that was just 0.40 m thick and erected according to an opus mixtum technique. The semi-circular arch of a block of steps, which was 2.60 m wide at the bottom and 1.70 m deep, spanned the entrance to the postern (towards the interior of the town). Part of the arch was preserved on the eastern gatepost, while the arch itself had collapsed in front of the entrance to the sally port, north of the block of steps. To the west, the steps continued for 4.80 m. Five steps with a height and depth of 0.30 m and that were in good condition were positioned at an angle of about 45. The south-eastern corner tower was one of the most significant structures in the Lower Town. Thanks to the good condition of the structure with walls over 4.5 m high, important data were obtained, which will enable the reconstruction of its appearance. The bastion that projected outwards played an important role
Fig. 7
Cariin Grad. Tower and postern of the southern gate.
in the defence of the city and in the surveillance of the surrounding countryside, which explains its welldeveloped foundation. The entrance to the tower, which was 1.90 m wide, was emphasised by a circular vestibule 3.10 m in diameter. It was positioned at the point where the southern and eastern defence walls joined. From there, a small vaulted corridor, 1.80 m wide, led inside the tower. The tower, which projected considerably from the curtain walls (4.40 m to the eastern and almost 7 m to the southern curtain) was built on a square base, the sides of which were 8.10 m long. The thickness of its walls ranged 1.20 m to 1.30 m to the north, south and west, and 1.50 m to the east. At the farthest point of the walls projection, it was reinforced on the outer side by a crosswall, which was 1.20 m wide, and by two columns positioned in the corners on the inside, creating a kind of niche, which was 3.10 m wide. The walls and the defence walls were built in the regular opus mixtum technique with five rows of bricks (fig. 8). The eastern defence wall in this section was 2.25 m wide, while the southern was slightly wider, namely 2.50 m. On the other side, at the point where it joined the tower itself, it was only 1.20 m wide and, at this point, the defence wall was not reinforced by a block of steps. The approach to the rampart and the upper storey of the tower led up a flight of steps, which was 1.30 m wide, and extended along the eastern defence wall, similarly to the eastern gate of the Lower Town. The flight of steps rested on three pilasters of different lengths. The first two were 1.60 m long, while the third was slightly longer, namely 1.90 m (viewed from the circular vestibule). The gaps between them were equal and came to 2.45 m. The flight of steps terminated in a structural mass 4.65 m long; at the northern part of this, four steps were preserved in situ. The remains of a cruciform ceiling vault that had caved in were discovered in the interior of the tower, with fragments of frescoes beneath. Along the southern wall of the tower, we found the fallen wall of the first floor with a fresco in situ, the surface of which was 2.5 1.60 m. The fresco consisted of a geometrical orna-
10
Fig. 8
Cariin Grad. South-eastern tower.
ment in three bands, painted in black, red, white and blue. The lower band, the dimensions of which were 2 0.40-0.60 m, was painted blue, above which was a white border, between 0.03 m and 0.04 m wide. The upper band, which was 0.21 m wide, was painted red and featured rhombuses (three were preserved) surrounded by blue dots. This was from the lower zone of frescoes on the first storey, on which imitation marble panels had been painted. The tower itself was covered by a cruciform ceiling vault at the level of the second storey, while there had once been an arch above the eastern niche, parts of which had collapsed into the niche. The tower had a mezzanine structure made of beams and planks coated with cob. The floor in the tower was of yellow beaten soil, while the entry area was paved with stone slabs. A flight of stone steps led inside the tower. The interior of the tower had been burned in a big fire that had spread to parts of the upper storey construction, which had collapsed into the interior. Many objects were found in the layer of debris, including fragments of window panes. These fragments indicated the existence of windows in the tower, which was confirmed by the discovery of a window structure in the debris of the wall surface south-east of the tower. An opus mixtum technique was used to build the lower zones of the tower walls, as well as those of the first storey, as evidenced by the discovery of pieces of the wall surfaces that had fallen off the outer side of the tower. It consisted of alternate rows of bricks and stone scattered around the tower. In the debris that had fallen off the southern side, we found the remains of the small window mentioned above, with a small arch made of brick. Based on this find, we may assume that the tower had a small window on every side of the upper storey. The upper floors were constructed exclusively of brick, as evidenced by the large blocks of the wall surfaces made exclusively of brick. This fact alters the previous thinking that the whole tower was constructed in the opus mixtum technique, with alternate rows of bricks and stone. According
11
Fig. 9
Cariin Grad. Vallum in front of the southern rampart.
to the preliminary results, it can be said with certainty that the third storey of the tower was constructed exclusively of brick in order to lighten the load of the structures upper sections. Due to the poor foundations or perhaps an earthquake, the tower began to sink very soon, even before the end of the reign of Justinian I. Consequently, its base was specially reinforced on the outer side by a 1m high layer of yellow and brown clay, poured along the eastern, northern and probably also southern sides of the tower in the time of Justin II, which is corroborated by the find of a half-follis struck during the early years of his reign. In addition, the defence ditch that protected the approach to the tower from the eastern side was filled in. Similarly, from the inner side, the level of the terrain was raised on the entire surface in front of the entrance to the tower, as well as along the eastern defence wall, in order to prevent water from leaking into the tower. On this occasion, a new canal was built that channelled the water through an opening built later in the eastern defence wall. The whole venture was, in fact, part of a larger construction project aimed at consolidating the foundations of the tower. The defence ditches dug along the southern and eastern sides of the Lower Town played a particular role in the citys defence. The large southern ditch that was about 20 m wide and that ran along the entire length of the southern defence wall was clearly visible in the configuration of the terrain (fig. 9). The ditch was explored in order to establish the nature of its base. The ditch was dug in the soil to a depth of 5 m. The bottom of the ditch was shaped like a duct and was 1.40 m to 1.50 m wide. Its bed was filled with medium-sized pebbles, between which a layer of sandy earth had formed. Judging by its structure and the accumulation of sand, it was the drainage duct of the ditch carrying water from the higher, western parts
12
of the ditch towards the lower, eastern parts. It is unlikely that this was the base of some kind of defence construction. Investigations of the south-eastern tower complex revealed the remains of another ditch, which ran along the eastern side of the south-eastern tower and the eastern defence wall. Its construction was logical in view of the fact that the terrain in this space was roughly flat and enabled easy access to the defence walls of the fortification. In the later phase, the ditch served as somewhere to throw refuse, as indicated by the numerous finds discovered in its filling. The earliest layers of the filling were dated by the presence of coins struck before the year 538. It was established that the ditch travelled further northwards, following the line of extension of the Lower Towns eastern defence wall.
THE SOUTHERN STREET OF THE LOWER TOWN

The route of the southern street was clearly distinguished in the configuration of the terrain. It was explored for some 16 m in the north-eastern part of the excavation pit, along with the central duct of the sewage system that, it should be stressed, was not constructed in a straight line, in relation to the middle of the Lower Towns southern gate and the beginning of this collector. It is evident that the route of the collector was shifted by 3 to 4 to the west. The stylobate and the rear wall of the western portico followed the same slight deviation. This small detail indicated to us that the portico and the southern defence wall were built at the same time and that a mild deviation occurred in the route of the street at the point where they were joined. We should like to add that the western and eastern porticos were positioned at the same distance from the defence wall (5 m), which resulted in the porticos slanting away from each other. The western portico was explored for a total length of 63m. On the southern section, it ended in a rectangular column built with a groove for draining away water (gutter) 16. Only two column bases were preserved in situ on the route of the porticos, while the position of the others can be reconstructed, according to the remains of the skirting and the foundation of the skirting. Along the entire portico, the distance between the pillars was a little more than three meters. It has to be stressed that, for a long time, it was thought that pillars stood only in front of certain public buildings 17. During the excavations in the residential quarter, a large number of fragmented pillars were discovered, as well as an ionic capital with impost that had come from the portico. The wall of the portico, erected in an opus mixtum technique, was preserved only in the foundation, seeing that it had been systematically extracted. The rare, preserved thresholds show that doors had existed in the wall of the portico. The floor in the portico was of beaten earth with ducts in the base for draining off water (fig. 10). On the other side, the eastern portico was completely paved with bricks, which corresponds to the extent of the urbanisation of the Lower Town; only the southern side of this portico was excavated with its first column and the skirting of the first pillar, together with a small part in the northern section of the excavation pit. As mentioned in the introduction, three public buildings of brick and stone had been built in the area of the south-eastern quarter, one of which had probably been a church. Given that the western portico had a floor of beaten earth, we may conclude that the western portico was never completely finished. This suggests that, in the south-western quarter, the initial plan for the construction of the city had not been fully implemented, which is verified by the fact that only one official building had been erected in this area.
16
17
13
Fig. 10
Cariin Grad. Southern street and western portico.
THE HOUSING QUARTER IN THE LOWER TOWN

The housing quarter in the south-western quarter of the Lower Town was located in the area where the construction of public buildings had commenced but was never completed. The structures unearthed can be attributed to several chronological phases. A rectangular building described as the barracks where the builders of the defence wall were housed was constructed during the earliest phase. A larger, definitely public building, the only one of its kind in this area, belonged to the second phase and was made of stone bonded with lime mortar. A row of structures with walls of stone, timber and cob, erected in two rows, one beside the western portico and the other next to the western defence wall, belonged to the third, most important phase. These structures completely negated the structural principles of the first two phases. As part of a final, fourth stage, minor alterations were made to buildings in the form of the addition of new premises to the existing buildings (fig. 11). The use of the free space beside the defence walls and towers and a disregard for the basic plan of the city was characteristic of this phase 18. The first facility erected in this space was a rectangular building, 14.50 7.80 m in size, which was located in front of the entrance to the small tower on the southern defence wall. This facility, traces of which were recorded mainly as a negative imprint, had been demolished and the walls removed and new structures
18
Sodini, Archaeology 25-56.
14
Fig. 11
Cariin Grad. Schematic plan of the south-western quarter of the Lower Town.
were erected over the rubble. This building dated back to the first phase in the citys life during the fourth decade of the 6th century. Due to the fragmentary state of the foundations, the purpose of the building is still the subject of speculation. In view of the fact that the building itself was outside the basic urban scheme of the Lower Town, we assumed that this was a barracks for the builders of the fortifications. The dating of this structure is supported by the fact that a large lime pit was discovered to the north of it; in this area, such a lime pit would have been used exclusively for the construction of the fortifications since all the buildings in this area were built of stone bonded with clay. The only facility resembling a public building was situated in the north-eastern section and was erected right behind the street portico. The dimensions of this building were 19.20 m in an east-west direction and 15.50 m in a north-south direction. The building was divided into four long rooms in a north-south direc-
15
Fig. 12
Cariin Grad. Foundation of the stable(?) and a building from a latter phase.
tion and an east-facing spacious courtyard had been added (fig. 12) on its southern side. To the west, the discovery of a foundation ditch revealed that a wall had enclosed the courtyard. In view of its structure, it is quite clear that this was not a residential building but a public one. We had some reservations about identifying the structure as a stable that may have accommodated some 50 horses. The width of the premises was large enough to accommodate the animals in rows and for them to communicate freely at the rear. The large courtyard supported this interpretation. It was not long before the entire space was urbanised, not according to the initial plan but according to the needs of the middle class of civil servants, soldiers, artisans and merchants. As already mentioned, the buildings were erected in two rows one row along the western portico and the other in the free space along the western defence wall. The buildings can be classified into two basic types: those with a developed organisation and an atrium, and simple houses with a single space. All the buildings were constructed in a similar manner. The lower ground floor was erected of stone, bonded with clay (timber) opus craticium while the upper storey, if there was one, was made of adobe, or timber and cob. All of them had tiled roofs. It should be noted that there was also a third type of structure, namely huts made of timber and cob. These structures were poorly preserved and it is hard to describe them in greater detail. This stratum of the settlement was clearly dated by the finds of numerous coins of Justinian I. The largest facility in this space was a large building with a well-developed foundation resting against the western portico. Its dimensions were 23 m in a north-south direction and some 20 m from east to west. It was divided into two separate residential ensembles: the smaller to the north and the larger to the south
16
Fig. 13
Cariin Grad. Large building along the western portico.
(fig. 13). On the western side of each complex, there may have been a single-storey building while, on the eastern side, there was a courtyard paved with shale. A portico ran along the northern side of the northern courtyard, while the southern courtyard was enclosed by a portico on three sides (north, west and south). These two residential units, evidently erected at the same time, were not connected in any way. Access to both parts was only possible from the western portico. The northern building, 8 6 m in size, had a ground floor that was divided into two rooms by a wall of light material: timber and cob. The smaller, northern room was only 2.40 m wide. It may have been a stable. The courtyard was narrow because, on the northern side, a deep, 4.50 m wide portico with large rectangular columns rested against it. In the south-western corner, a construction was discovered that may have been the base of a wooden flight of steps. The southern building was 10.40 m long and 7.20 m wide. This building was considerably larger than the previous one. Its door, on the eastern side, was positioned roughly at the centre of the buildings faade. The courtyard, which was to the east, was enclosed on three sides by a portico in the shape of the Latin letter U. The central space, which was open, was paved with stone slabs, while the inside covered area had floors of beaten earth. Based on the disposition of the walls, there may well have been a flight of steps in the south-western corner of the portico. The portico underwent certain changes in relation to the original plan: one wall was added between the column in the north-western corner and the northern wall, as well as a smaller construction with a rectangular base. It was erected at the northern end of the open courtyard, partly beyond the paving slabs.
17
Fig. 14
Cariin Grad. Building along the western portico and the southern rampart.
The other buildings in this area were simple structures with a rectangular base that were changed over time by the addition of smaller rooms. The typical model of this type is the south-eastern building relied against the wall of the portico, separated from the aforesaid complex by a broad, open sewage duct built of large slabs of slate. The complex consisted of three sections. The main building was a size of 10.30 6.40 m and was open to the east; it had a floor of beaten earth (fig. 14). In the flooring, two pithoi containing the remains of carbonised cereal grains were unearthed. The southern part of the complex consisted of a kind of narrow corridor, paved with bricks, which was about 1.60 m wide. The southern wall, with a door in its eastern section, was connected by a wall built at an angle to the north-western corner of the main room. An upper storey was located above these two sections. The existence of this upper storey was suggested by the discovery of the bottom of a flight of steps into the portico on the street, with two steps in situ. An addition was also made to this complex on the eastern side, involving a smaller room or small courtyard with a trapezoid base, which opened on to the south. Another building with a similar foundation and covering an area of 12.6 7.2 m was also erected next to the portico, north of the large building with the well-developed base on the foundations of the supposed stable. To the west of this building, we recorded a row of partitions, forming small stalls, as well as the bases of what had perhaps been small furnaces. West of this building, in the space towards the defence wall, in the north-western part of the excavation, we noted a smaller structure with a rectangular base, the dimensions of which were 13.40 6.10 m, with a room added on to the west. The walls were made of stone bonded with clay while the upper sections
18
Fig. 15
Cariin Grad. Buildings along the western rampart.
were built of partition walls made of timber and cob. The eastern, larger room was divided into two unequal parts by means of a small partition wall. The western, considerably smaller room was built later and, like the other rooms, had a floor of beaten earth. On both sides of its entrance, from the northern side, we observed two columns built of brick and stone, with gutters attached. The entire complex was damaged by a fire, the date of which was determined by the large number of finds of coins, particularly of Maurice, from around the year 602 (fig. 15). Another smaller building, 10 7 m in size, was located south of this facility, opposite the entrance to the tower on the western defence wall. On the western side, this had a 3.5 m long portico resting on three columns. In contrast to the previous structure, this one faced south, towards another single-structure house, facing north. This other structure, which was slightly longer and spanned an area of 11.7 6.2 m, had two doors on its northern side. Inside the building, three constructions were seen on the floor and, in the centre of the room, a pithos in situ; along the eastern wall, there was a pile of earth that resembled the shape of a bench and, along the western wall, a platform of bricks that may have been the base of a furnace. An annex to this building was created by erecting two more walls: a massive southern wall that extended to the southern faade of the main building and that was connected to the western defence wall, and a small partition wall that determined the width of the room. Both these buildings, together with the remains of other undefined, smaller structures, may have been part of a larger complex. A building with a rectangular base (12.85 8.30 m) with an annex to the west and a courtyard to the south, erected on the approach to the south-western tower, is worthy of particular mention. The heart of the complex consisted of a main, rectangular structure with walls made of stone, bonded with clay, and with
19
Fig. 16
Cariin Grad. Buildings along the western and southern rampart.
doorposts built of brick and mortar. The door, which was 1.70 m wide, was located in the southern wall and had a wooden threshold, attached to a stone base. The entrance to the courtyard was situated in the east and paved with stone. The courtyard was surrounded by a high wall (1.90 long and 0.90 m wide) positioned at right angles to the defence wall, and with a column resting on the south-eastern corner of the main structure. The entrance was 1.85 m wide. The extraordinary massiveness of the said building, as well as the existence of one more column next to the defence wall, 3.50 m to the west, suggests the existence of a terrace with a roof that may have been connected by a wooden flight of steps, probably erected next to the southern faade of the main building, west of the door. Only the western section of the courtyard was paved with a well-preserved floor of stone slabs. This complex offers a clear example of how the strategic points and alleys located next to what were crucial elements in the citys defence, namely the corner tower and the aqueduct (fig. 16), were taken over and usurped. A row of annexes added to the existing buildings marks the last phase of the residential quarter, especially those located beside the western defence wall. In keeping with the legal regulations prohibiting construction next to a fortification, they were all erected at a suitable distance from the curtain wall. This rule ceased to apply during the last decades of the 6th century, after which buildings were constructed right next to the curtain wall. In our case, the earlier buildings were expanded by adding on new premises that frequently rested on the curtain wall itself. In the north-western section beside the tower, two smaller walls made of stone and clay were found. These were parts of a structure that rested against the western defence wall. One wall was positioned at 90 to the defence wall, while the other rested against the column of the portico that closed off the building
20
located in front of the entrance to the tower. The said walls had no foundations but were simply erected on a later cultural layer. The same applies to the other additions made to the buildings next to the western defence wall. Both structures facing the corner tower were connected by new walls to the defence wall. Thus, next to the structure beside the south-western corner tower, a smaller trapezoid room was added that rested against the western defence wall. These added constructions were poorly built and, in addition to the customary shale, were constructed with pebbles and pieces of architectonic plastics made of limestone, as well as fragments of bricks and tiles. The walls were not built with care and were narrower than those constructed earlier. Similar constructions are noted in Heraclea Lyncestis (dist. Bitola, MK) 19.
MATERIAL CULTURE
The exploration of the residential quarter in the Lower Town revealed a vast number of items of material culture that, when examined, will provide an insight into this settlements place and role in the town, and the character of the population. More than 10,000 objects were found, not counting pottery fragments and pieces of glass. The majority of them were items related to everyday life, mainly housing, household equipment and personal items, while a few objects could be linked with cult. The finds relating to economic activities are worthy of particular attention, primarily agriculture and livestock breeding, as well as numerous trades and crafts, such as the processing of wood, metal, bone and horn, textiles, leather, glass, ceramics, stone and other crafts. A hoard of tools and items made of iron, bronze and lead, discovered inside the south-eastern corner tower complex, was an important find illustrating the trades and crafts in Cariin Grad. It was a collective find consisting of 44 items, the majority of which were broken, which suggests that they had been collected in order to be melted down (fig. 17). The layer in which these items were unearthed was accurately dated from six specimens of coins from the period 565-578 during the reign of Emperor Justin II, which lends particular value to this find. Finds of defensive and offensive weapons point to the fundamental role played by the Army, while numerous scales and weights clearly indicate the control of coins and the presence of money-changers. In addition, the medical instruments found were also of particular importance. As it is impossible to describe all the finds here, we shall restrict ourselves to the most significant ones that corroborate what we already know about the material culture of the Early Byzantine period. The majority of the finds fall in the category of household items and utensils. First and foremost, they included a large number of iron tools used for building houses, fences and other facilities, for instance, nails, clamps, braces and so on. There were also a large number of locks, bolts, padlocks and other objects (fig. 18, 1-2). Numerous finds can be associated with personal equipment (fig. 18, 3-9). People relied on natural daylight for lighting their houses, as evidenced by the abundance of pieces of window panes that were grouped together in certain spots within the layers. The find of a small glass pane with gold leaf inserts is worthy of particular mention. This was a pane with rectangular inlays of gold leaf arranged around the edges and which, in the central part, formed the contours of a cross. This item was brought to the residential quarter from one of the numerous basilicas in the city. Various objects intended for lighting occupied an important place in the repertoire of finds, such as polycandela and bronze, ceramic, and glass lamps, of which there were a remarkable number (fig. 18, 11-12).
19
Janakievski, Mikrostambena celina 40-67.
21
Fig. 17
Collective find of tools and objects of iron, bronze and lead from Cariin Grad.
The most important discovery of this kind was a completely preserved bronze lamp with three spouts. It should be emphasised that the lamp was repaired twice, which testifies to its value. There was a large number of glass receptacles among the collected objects that made up the usual repertoire of household goods, besides pots. The pottery items consisted mainly of locally produced ceramics, while imported pottery was rare. Nevertheless, there were significant finds of African sigillata, as well as finds from Asia Minor. Besides parts of metal and bronze vessels, we also found, for instance, the fragment of a large dish on a stand with two handles, of the kind with which we are familiar from the necropolis of the Great Migration, in Viminacium (dist. Branievo, SRB) (fig. 18, 10) 20. Numerous finds of tools, such as hoes, picks, sickles and other items, indicate that agriculture played an important role in the economic activities of the population of Cariin Grad (fig. 19, 1-5). Livestock breeding was another aspect of agriculture, as evidenced by the large number of cowbells and by the bones of domestic animals, while finds of fish-hooks prove that fishing was another occupation. Trades were also important to the economy; these included the processing of wood and stone, hence the finds of axes for cutting wood, saws, chisels and planes, etc. There were tools for manufacturing textiles and leather, for
20
Ivanievi / Kazanski / Mastykova, Viminacium 47 fig. 48 pl. 15, 10.
Fig. 18 Findings from the intramural housing from Cariin Grad: 1 Iron lock. 2 Iron key. 3 Bronze strap-ends. 4 Iron belt tab. 5 Bronze ring. 6 Bronze earring. 7 Bronze cross. 8 Bone belt buckle. 9 Bronze belt buckle. 10 Bronze vessel fragment. 11 Ceramic lamp. 12 Bronze lamp. Scale = 2:3.
22
making jewellery, bone and horn items, and for producing glass. These were just some of the crafts in which the artists in the residential quarter were engaged. The numerous fragmented moulds are evidence of jewellery making. Two of these moulds used for casting fibulae are worthy of particular mention, as well as the incomplete cast of a fibula of the same type (fig. 19, 6-7), which was widespread throughout all the northern Balkans and the Danube River Basin 21. Based on maps, their distribution and the fact that one workshop was identified in Drobeta (dist. Mehedini, RO), Gabrovo (BG), umen (BG) and Venan (dist. Provadia, BG) 22, these fibulae are believed to have been used mainly in the forts along the Danubian limes. However, for the first time, their production has now also been confirmed in an urban centre in the interior of the Dacian diocese. In addition to casting, other techniques, such as beating, were also used to make jewellery. The find of a matrix for producing strap-ends illustrates this (fig. 19, 8). Two of the strap-ends were decorated with socalled tamga. These finds once again confirmed that some objects, which we established to be characteristic of a nomadic civilisation, belonged to the Byzantine cultural circle. Goods made of bones and horn represented another type of handicraft and the many finds of semi-products made of horn, primarily from deer antlers, were evidence of this (fig. 19, 9). The remains of a workshop for manufacturing glass, discovered beside the Lower Towns south-eastern tower, are probably an important find. In addition to these remains that attest to glass manufacturing, there are finds of numerous chunks of yellow-green glass, unearthed in the facility beside the tower on the western defence wall. Weaponry also featured in the finds and included fragments of helmets, numerous arrowheads and spear tips, frequent finds of small plating from armour, the handles and umbos of shields and, in particular, numerous pieces of horn from archers bows (fig. 19, 10-13). Finds of fragments of the Baldenheim type of helmet are particularly important. It is known that this type of helmet was not rare in Cariin Grad 23. Especially important are the finds of fragments of the same helmet that came from two different places, beside the western defence wall, and from the western portico of the street; from these finds, we were consequently able to partly reconstruct the helmet. It includes two curved bronze strips, one of which was found with a lower frieze and the other, attached to the central plating of the crown, on which a hunting scene was engraved. The parts of the helmet were made of gold-plated bronze, while the rivets were made of silver, or silver and lead. This specimen presented a new variety of curved, bronze strips in the shape of the letter T, with an accentuated, profiled browband between the shell of the helmet and the cheek flaps (fig. 20, 1). The second object of a military nature was an iron stirrup that, although slightly deformed, was fully preserved (fig. 20, 2). The stirrup discovered was similar to a specimen found earlier in Cariin Grad 24, but smaller. The discovery of one more stirrup in Cariin Grad indicates that these were not rare items but were the usual repertoire of the Byzantine cavalry, which is mentioned in the Strategikon of Pseudo-Maurice 25. Both the significance and the presence of cavalry in the region of Cariin Grad is demonstrated, among other things, by the large number of specimens of bits, unearthed in the area of the residential quarter (fig. 20, 3).
21 22 23
Uenze, Fibeln 483-494. Mgureanu, Fibulele 110-111 figs 18-19. Vogt, Spangenhelme 200-203. Bavant / Ivanievi, Ivstiniana Prima 72 no. 49.
24 25
Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 212; 407 no. 105 pl. XXVIII. Lazaris, trier 277-278.
Fig. 19 Findings from the intramural housing from Cariin Grad: 1 Iron trowel. 2 Iron axe. 3 Iron adze. 4 Iron saw. 5 Iron hook. 6 Ceramic mould. 7 Cast of a bronze fibula. 8 Bronze matrix. 9 Horn instrument. 10-11 Iron arrowheads. 12 Iron plating from armour. 13 Archers bow fragment. 1-4 scale = 1:3; 5-13 scale = 2:3.
25
Finally, we should like to mention the numerous finds of coins (335 specimens), which will help to date the ensembles discovered with greater accuracy, as well as to provide a better understanding of the circulation of coins in the central parts of Illyricum. The considerable number of finds of scales and weights (fig. 20, 4-5) also indicate the importance of the monetary economy. We single out two specimens of these that are made of glass. One of the specimens unearthed was green. It was circular with a profiled rim, marked on one side with a Greek monogram that read as Genadios. This kind of material is being discovered more and more often in Asia Minor and the Balkans, while most finds come from Egypt. Our weight is testimony to the central administrations firm organisational control of the city. The functionary indicated by the monogram may have been the prefect of Constantinople during the early years of Heraclius reign. The archaeological exploration of the fortification and of the residential quarter in the Lower Town offered important data about the urbanisation, architecture and material culture of Cariin Grad and central Illyricum in the proto-Byzantine epoch. After a comprehensive analysis of the remains of the architecture and finds, important data will be available about the appearance of the fortification, the streets and porticos, as well as concerning the buildings erected in the residential area. The information about the nature of the settlement, the profile of the population and its economic activities will be of particular importance. All of this should offer a clearer insight into the social and economic life, not only of Cariin Grad but also of the region of northern Illyricum, in the period of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th centuries.
REFERENCES
Sources
Novellae: Novellae. In: R. Schoell / G. Kroll (eds), Corpus Iuris Civilis 3 (Berlin 1895). John of Antioch, Chronici Fragmenta: Th. Mommsen, Bruchstcke des Johannes von Antiochia und des Johannes Malalas. Hermes 6/3, 1872, 321-383. Procope, De aedif.: Procopii Caesarensis De Aedificiis. Edited by J. Haury (Leipzig 1913).
Literature
Bavant, Cariin Grad: B. Bavant, Cariin Grad and the Changes in the Nature of Urbanism in the Central Balkans in the Sixth Century. In: A. G. Poulter (ed.), The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond. Proceedings of the British Academy 141 (Chippenham 2007) 337-374. Bavant, Identification: B. Bavant, Identification et fonction des btiments. In: B. Bavant / V. Kondi / J.-M. Spieser (eds), Cariin Grad 2: Le quartier sud-ouest de la Ville Haute. Collection de lcole franaise de Rome 75 (Belgrade, Rome, 1990) 123-160. Bavant / Ivanievi, Ivstiniana Prima: B. Bavant / V. Ivanievi, Ivstiniana Prima Cariin Grad (Beograd 2003). Duval, Architecture: N. Duval, Larchitecture religieuse de Tsaritchin Grad dans le cadre de lIllyricum oriental au VIe sicle. In: Villes et peuplement dans lIllyricum protobyzantin [Actes du colloque organis par lcole franaise de Rome]. Collection de lcole franaise de Rome 77 (Rome 1982) 399-480. Ivanievi / Kazanski / Mastykova, Viminacium: V. Ivanievi / M. Kazanski / A. Mastykova, Les ncropoles de Viminacium lpoque des Grandes Migrations. Centre de Recherche dHistoire et Civilisation de Byzance, CNRS, Collge de France, Monographie 22 (Paris 2006). Janakievski, Mikrostambena celina: T. Janakievski, Docnoantika mikrostambena celina nad teatrot vo Heraclea Lyncestis (Bitola 2001). Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad: V. Kondi / V. Popovi, Cariin Grad, utvreni grad u vizantijskom Iliriku. Cariin Grad, site fortifi dans lIllyricum byzantin (Beograd 1977).
Fig. 20 Findings from the intramural housing from Cariin Grad: 1 Gold-plated bronze helmet. 2 Iron stirrup. 3 Iron bit. 4 -Bronze weight. 5 Bronze scale. Scale = 2:3.
27
Lazaris, trier: S. Lazaris, Considrations sur lapparition de ltrier: contribution lhistoire du cheval dans lAntiquit tardive. In: A. Gardeisen (ed.), Les Equids dans le monde mditerranen antique (Latte 2005) 275-288. Mgureanu, Fibulele: A. Mgureanu, Fibulele turnate romanobizantine. Materiale i cercetri de arheologice 4, 2008, 99-155. Popovi, Desintegration: V. Popovi, Desintegration und Ruralisation der Stadt im Ost-Illyricum vom 5. bis 7. Jh. n. Chr., In: D. Papenfuss / V. M. Strocka (eds), Palast und Htte. Beitrge zum Bauen und Wohnen im Altertum von Archologen, Vor- und Frhgeschichtlern (Mainz 1982) 545-566. Poulter, Transition: A. G. Poulter, The Transition to Late Antiquity. In: A. G. Poulter (ed.), The Transition to Late Antiquity on the
Danube and Beyond. Proceedings of the British Academy 141 (Chippenham 2007) 1-50. Sodini, Archaeology: J.-P. Sodini, Archaeology and Late Antique Social Structures. In: L. Lavan / W. Bowden (eds), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology (Leiden, Boston 2003) 25-56. Uenze, Fibeln: S. Uenze, Gegossene Fibeln mit Scheinumwicklung des Bgels in den stlichen Balkanprovinzen. In: G. Kossack / S. Ulbert, Studien zur vor- und frhgeschichtlichen Archologie [Festschrift J. Werner]. Mnchner Beitrge zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte (Mnchen 1974) 483-494. Vogt, Spangenhelme: M. Vogt, Spangenhelme. Baldenheim und verwandte Typen. Kataloge Vor- und Frhgeschichtlicher Altertmer 39 (Mainz 2006).
ILLUSTRATIONS REFERENCE
Figs 1-20 Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG / ABSTRACT / RSUM

Cariin Grad erstreckt sich ber ein Gebiet von etwa 20 ha. Der zentrale Bereich entspricht dem urbanen Kerngebiet (Ausdehnung 8ha) mit der Akropolis, der Ober- und Unterstadt. Dieser Komplex ist von einem ausgedehnten Siedlungsbereich umgeben, der wiederum von einem Verteidigungswall mit Palisade begrenzt wird. Die Unterstadt nahm eine besondere Stellung in der Struktur der Stadt ein. Hier findet sich eine Bebauung mit Wohnund Wirtschaftseinheiten, was im Kotrast steht zu den brigen offiziellen Gebuden. Die Forschungsergebnisse der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte deuten an, dass die Besiedlung der Flchen innerhalb der Stadtmauern bereits unter Justinian I. begonnen hatte. Das besagte Viertel entwickelte sich in einem Bereich, der bis dahin ungenutzt geblieben war, oder um genauer zu sein, in Bereichen, wo die Errichtung ffentlicher Gebude begonnen hatte; diese aber nie abgeschlossen worden war. Ebenso wichtig ist die Frage, wann in der Unterstadt die Verteidigungsmauern und der Groteil der brigen Strukturen errichtet wurden. Die Resultate der archologischen Ausgrabungen haben gezeigt, dass die Befestigung der Unterstadt gemeinsam mit der Errichtung der Verteidigungsmauern der Oberstadt Bestandteil einer gro angelegten Baukampagne war und die erste Bebauungsphase darstellt. Die im Sdwest-Teil der Unterstadt ausgegrabenen Befunde knnen in mehrere chronologische Phasen unterteilt werden. Die sogenannte Baracke, ein rechteckiges Gebude, in der die Bauarbeiter fr die Verteidigungsmauern untergebracht waren, datiert in die erste Phase. Ein greres, eindeutig ffentliches Gebude (Stallungen?) wird aufgrund technologischer Anhaltspunkte (Steinmauerwerk mit Kalkmrtel) in die zweite Phase datiert. Dieser Gebudetyp ist der einzige seiner Art in diesem Bereich. In die dritte und wichtigste Phase datieren die Bauten neben dem westlichen Portikus und entlang des westlichen Verteidigungswalles. Es handelt sich um zweireihige Strukturen mit Mauern aus Stein, Holz und Rutengeflecht. Diese Bauten unterscheiden sich grundlegend von jenen der ersten beiden Phasen. Die vierte und letzte Phase ist durch geringfgige architektonische Eingriffe und Anbauten an die bereits bestehenden Gebude gekennzeichnet. Die Untersuchungen des Wohnbereichs der Unterstadt brachten eine groe Zahl an archologischen Artefakten zutage. K. K. Cariin Grad extends over an area of about 20 ha, the principal part of which was the city core covering an area of 8 ha and that encompassed three entities: the Acropolis, the Upper and the Lower Town. Spacious suburbs surrounded by a palisade defence wall stretched out on the slopes around this complex. The Lower Town with its public facilities occupied a special place in the city planning. It had intramural housing, which presented a contrast to the official buildings. Judging by the research results from the intramural housing revealed during the last two decades, the process of settlement inside the city walls had already commenced during the reign
28
of Justinian I. The said quarter developed in the area that had not been urbanised or, to be more precise, in the spaces where the construction of public buildings had commenced but had never been fully completed. An equally important question arising from the investigation of the Lower Town was exactly when the defence walls of the Lower Town and the majority of structures actually came into being. Excavations have shown that the construction of the fortifications of the Lower Town was part of a unified construction operation and, along with the construction of the defence walls of the Upper Town, was part of the first phase in the building of the city. The structures unearthed in the south-western quarter of the Lower Town can be attributed to several chronological phases. A rectangular building described as the barracks where the builders of the defence wall were housed was part of the earliest phase. A larger, definitely public building (stable?), the only one of its kind in this area, belonged to the second phase and was made of stone bonded with lime mortar. A row of structures with walls of stone, timber and cob, erected in two rows, one beside the western portico and the other next to the western defence wall, belonged to the third, most important phase. These structures completely negated the structural principles of the first two phases. As part of a final, fourth stage, minor alterations were made to buildings in the form of the addition of new premises to the existing buildings. The exploration of the residential quarter in the Lower Town revealed a vast number of items of material culture. Cariin Grad stend sur une superficie denviron 20 ha. La zone centrale correspond au cur urbain dune tendue de 8 ha comportant lacropole, la ville haute et la ville basse. Ce complexe est entour de vastes faubourgs palissads. La ville basse avec son infrastructure publique occupait une place particulire dans la structure de la ville. Elle incluait des units dhabitation et de commerce qui contrastent avec les btiments officiels. Les rsultats des recherches menes au sujet de la ville basse durant les deux dernires dcennies rvlent que loccupation de lespace lintrieur de lenceinte avait dj commenc sous le rgne de Justinien Ier. Ledit quartier se dveloppa dans un secteur jusquel inutilis, ou plus prcisment sur des surfaces o ldification de btiments publics avait commenc, mais navait jamais t acheve. Tout aussi importante est la question de savoir quand ont t difis les murs denceinte de la ville basse et la majeure partie des autres structures. Les fouilles archologiques ont dmontr que la fortification de la ville basse faisait partie dune campagne de construction de grande envergure qui comprenait galement ldification de lenceinte de la ville haute. Il sagit de la premire phase de construction. Les structures mises jour dans le sud-ouest de la ville basse peuvent tre attribues plusieurs phases chronologiques. Un btiment de plan rectangulaire, surnomm la baraque, dans laquelle taient logs les ouvriers responsables de lenceinte, a t rig durant la premire phase de construction. Un difice plus grand, de toute vidence un btiment public (curies), appartient la seconde phase de construction. Ce type ddifice est le seul de son genre dans cette zone. Il est construit en pierre avec du mortier base de chaux. Les difices qui se trouvent ct du portique occidental et qui longent lenceinte occidentale sont disposs en deux ranges et appartiennent la troisime phase de construction qui est la plus importante. Ces btiments dont les murs sont faits de pierre, de bois et de torchis, se distinguent fondamentalement de ceux des deux phases antrieures. La quatrime et dernire phase est marque par des modifications mineures survenues sur des btiments antrieurs sous forme dannexes. Lexploration du quartier rsidentiel de la ville basse rvla un grand nombre dartefacts archologiques. A. S. Dr. Vujadin Ivanievi Arheoloki Institut Knez Mihailova 35/IV SRB - 11000 Beograd vivanise@eunet.rs
29
BYZANZ DAS RMERREICH IM MITTELALTER

VERZEICHNIS DER BEITRGE
TEIL 1
WELT DER IDEEN, WELT DER DINGE

Yvonne Petrina Kreuze mit geschweiften Hasten und kreisfrmigen Hastenenden Anastasia G. Yangaki The Scene of the Holy Women at the Tomb on a Ring from Ancient Messene and Other Rings Bearing the Same Representation Ellen Riemer Byzantinische und romanisch-mediterrane Fibeln in der Forschung Aimilia Yeroulanou Common Elements in Treasures of the Early Christian Period Tivadar Vida Zur Formentwicklung der mediterranen sptantikfrhbyzantinischen Metallkrge (4.-9. Jahrhundert) Anastassios Antonaras Early Christian and Byzantine Glass Vessels: Forms and Uses Binnur Grler und Ergn Lafli Frhbyzantinische Glaskunst in Kleinasien Ronald Bockius Zur Modellrekonstruktion einer byzantinischen Dromone (chelandion) des 10./11. Jahrhunderts im Forschungsbereich Antike Schiffahrt, RGZM Mainz Isabelle C. Kollig, Matthias J. J. Jacinto Fragata und Kurt W. Alt Anthropologische Forschungen zum Byzantinischen Reich ein Stiefkind der Wissenschaft?
WELT DER IDEEN Ernst Knzl Auf dem Weg in das Mittelalter: die Grber Constantins, Theoderichs und Chlodwigs Vasiliki Tsamakda Knig David als Typos des byzantinischen Kaisers Umberto Roberto The Circus Factions and the Death of the Tyrant: John of Antioch on the Fate of the Emperor Phocas Stefan Albrecht Warum tragen wir einen Grtel? Der Grtel der Byzantiner Symbolik und Funktion Mechthild Schulze-Drrlamm Heilige Ngel und heilige Lanzen Tanja V. Kushch The Beauty of the City in Late Byzantine Rhetoric Helen Papastavrou Classical Trends in Byzantine and Western Art in the 13th and 14th Centuries
WELT DER DINGE Birgit Bhler Is it Byzantine Metalwork or not? Evidence for Byzantine Craftsmanship Outside the Byzantine Empire (6th to 9th Centuries AD) Isabella Baldini Lipolis Half-crescent Earrings in Sicily and Southern Italy
TEIL 2
SCHAUPLTZE
ANDRONA / AL ANDARIN Christine Strube Al Andarin, das antike Androna Marlia Mundell Mango Androna in Syria: Questions of Environment and Economy
KONSTANTINOPEL / ISTANBUL Albrecht Berger Konstantinopel Grndung, Blte und Verfall einer mediterranen Metropole Rudolf H. W. Stichel Die Hagia Sophia Justinians, ihre liturgische Einrichtung und der zeremonielle Auftritt des frhbyzantinischen Kaisers Helge Svenshon Das Bauwerk als aistheton soma eine Neuinterpretation der Hagia Sophia im Spiegel antiker Vermessungslehre und angewandter Mathematik Lars O. Grobe, Oliver Hauck und Andreas Noback Das Licht in der Hagia Sophia eine Computersimulation Neslihan Asutay-Effenberger Die justinianische Hagia Sophia: Vorbild oder Vorwand? rg Dalg The Corpus of Floor Mosaics from Istanbul Stefan Albrecht Vom Unglck der Sieger Kreuzfahrer in Konstantinopel nach 1204 Ernst Gamillscheg Hohe Politik und Alltgliches im Spiegel des Patriarchatsregisters von Konstantinopel
AMORIUM / HISARKY Christopher S. Lightfoot Die byzantinische Stadt Amorium: Grabungsergebnisse der Jahre 1988 bis 2008 Eric A. Ivison Kirche und religises Leben im byzantinischen Amorium Beate Bhlendorf-Arslan Die mittelbyzantinische Keramik aus Amorium Edward M. Schoolman Kreuze und kreuzfrmige Darstellungen in der Alltagskultur von Amorium Johanna Witte Freizeitbeschftigung in Amorium: die Spiele
CHERSON / SEWASTOPOL Aleksandr Ajbabin Das frhbyzantinische Chersonesos/Cherson Adam Rabinowitz, Larissa Sedikova und Renata Henneberg Daily Life in a Provincial Late Byzantine City: Recent Multidisciplinary Research in the Southern Region of Tauric Chersonesos (Cherson) Tatjana Jaaeva Pilgerandenken im byzantinischen Cherson
AGHIOS LOT / DEIR AIN ABATA Konstantinos D. Politis The Monastery of Aghios Lot at Deir Ain Abata in Jordan
ANAIA / KADIKALES Zeynep Mercangz Ostentatious Life in a Byzantine Province: Some Selected Pieces from the Finds of the Excavation in Kuadas, Kadkalesi/Anaia (Prov. Aydn, TR) Handan stnda Paleopathological Evidence for Social Status in a Byzantine Burial from Kuadas, Kadkalesi/Anaia: a Case of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
EPHESOS / SELUK Sabine Ladsttter Ephesos in byzantinischer Zeit das letzte Kapitel der Geschichte einer antiken Grostadt
Andreas Klzer Ephesos in byzantinischer Zeit ein historischer berblick Andreas Plz Das Stadtbild von Ephesos in byzantinischer Zeit Martin Steskal Badewesen und Bderarchitektur von Ephesos in frhbyzantinischer Zeit Gilbert Wiplinger Die Wasserversorgung von Ephesos in byzantinischer Zeit Norbert Zimmermann Die sptantike und byzantinische Malerei in Ephesos Johanna Auinger und Maria Aurenhammer Ephesische Skulptur am Ende der Antike Andrea M. Plz und Feride Kat Byzantinische Kleinfunde aus Ephesos ein Materialberblick Stefanie Wefers und Fritz Mangartz Die byzantinischen Werksttten von Ephesos Manfred Koob, Mieke Pfarr und Marc Grellert Ephesos byzantinisches Erbe des Abendlandes Digitale Rekonstruktion und Simulation der Stadt Ephesos im 6. Jahrhundert
KRASEN Valery Grigorov The Byzantine Fortress Krasen near Panagyurishte
PERGAMON / BERGAMA Thomas Otten Das byzantinische Pergamon ein berblick zu Forschungsstand und Quellenlage Manfred Klinkott Die byzantinischen Wehrmauern von Pergamon als Abbild der politisch-militrischen Situationen im westlichen Kleinasien Sarah Japp Byzantinische Feinkeramik aus Pergamon
TELANISSOS / QALAT SIMAN Jean-Luc Biscop The Roof of the Octagonal Drum of the Martyrium of Saint-Symeon
USAYS / ABAL SAYS Franziska Bloch llampenfunde aus dem sptantik-frhislamischen Fundplatz abal Says im Steppengrtel Syriens
IUSTINIANA PRIMA / CARIIN GRAD Vujadin Ivanievi Cariin Grad the Fortifications and the Intramural Housing in the Lower Town
TEIL 3
PERIPHERIE UND NACHBARSCHAFT

Pter Prohszka Die awarischen Oberschichtgrber von Ozora-Ttipuszta (Kom. Tolna, H) Falko Daim, Jrmie Chameroy, Susanne Greiff, Stephan Patscher, Peter Stadler und Bendeguz Tobias Kaiser, Vgel, Rankenwerk byzantinischer Grteldekor des 8. Jahrhunderts und ein Neufund aus Sdungarn dm Bollk The Birds on the Braid Ornaments from Rakamaz: a View from the Mediterranean Pter Lang Crescent-shaped Earrings with Lower Ornamental Band Mikls Takcs Die sogenannte Palmettenornamentik der christlichen Bauten des 11. Jahrhunderts im mittelalterlichen Ungarn
Franz Alto Bauer Byzantinische Geschenkdiplomatie
DER NRDLICHE SCHWARZMEERRAUM Elzara Chajredinova Byzantinische Elemente in der Frauentracht der Krimgoten im 7. Jahrhundert Rainer Schreg Zentren in der Peripherie: landschaftsarchologische Forschungen zu den Hhensiedlungen der sdwestlichen Krim und ihrem Umland
DER UNTERE DONAURAUM Andrey Aladzhov The Byzantine Empire and the Establishment of the Early Medieval City in Bulgaria Stanislav Stanilov Der Pfau und der Hund: zwei goldene Zierscheiben aus Veliki Preslav
SKANDINAVIEN John Ljungkvist Influences from the Empire: Byzantine-related Objects in Sweden and Scandinavia 560/570-750/800 AD
DER MITTLERE UND OBERE DONAURAUM Jrg Drauschke Halbmondfrmige Goldohrringe aus bajuwarischen Frauengrbern berlegungen zu Parallelen und Provenienz
Unter diesem Banner erscheint im Jahr 2010 eine Reihe von Publikationen des Verlages des Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, die sich mit der Archologie und Geschichte des Byzantinischen Reiches beschftigen. Anlass ist die Ausstellung Byzanz Pracht und Alltag, die vom 26. Februar bis zum 13. Juni 2010 in Bonn gezeigt wurde. Veranstaltet von der Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurde sie vom RGZM in Zusammenarbeit mit zahlreichen Fachkollegen konzipiert. Das RGZM setzt damit seine Forschungen im Bereich der Sptantike im Mittelmeerraum und des Byzantinischen Reiches fort, die bereits auf eine lange Tradition zurckblicken knnen und die in den letzten Jahren nicht zuletzt durch einige Projekte, die zusammen mit Kooperationspartnern an Pltzen im Gebiet des Byzantinischen Reiches selbst durchgefhrt werden zu einem Schwerpunkt der Ttigkeiten des RGZM geworden sind.
Falko Daim Jrg Drauschke (Hrsg.) Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Monographien des RGZM Band 84, 1-3 Teil 1 Welt der Ideen, Welt der Dinge 507 S. mit 319 meist farb. Abb. ISBN 978-3-88467-153-5 90, Teil 2 Schaupltze 2 Bd., 922 S. mit 701 meist farb. Abb., 1 Falttaf. ISBN 978-3-88467-154-2 170, Teil 3 Peripherie und Nachbarschaft 451 S. mit 261 meist farb. Abb. ISBN 978-3-88467-155-9 80, Teil 1-3 zusammen 295,
Jrg Drauschke Daniel Keller (Hrsg.) Glas in Byzanz Produktion, Verwendung, Analysen RGZM Tagungen Band 8 270 S. mit 200 Abb., 15 Farbtaf. ISBN- 987-3-88467-147-4 44,
Mechthild Schulze-Drrlamm Byzantinische Grtelschnallen und Grtelbeschlge im RGZM Teil 1: Die Schnallen ohne Beschlg, mit Laschenbeschlg und mit festem Beschlg des 5. bis 7. Jahrhunderts Kataloge Vor- und Frhgeschichtlicher Altertmer Band 30,1 2. Aufl., 268 S. mit 545 Abb., 4 Farbtaf. ISBN 978-3-88467-134-4 70,
Mechthild Schulze-Drrlamm Byzantinische Grtelschnallen und Grtelbeschlge im RGZM Teil 2 Die Schnallen mit Scharnierbeschlg und die Schnallen mit angegossenem Riemendurchzug des 7. bis 10. Jahrhunderts Kataloge Vor- und Frhgeschichtlicher Altertmer Band 30,2 (2009) 414 S. mit 522 Abb., 2 Farbtaf., 1 Beil. ISBN 978-3-88467-135-1 98,
Fritz Mangartz Die byzantinische Steinsge von Ephesos Monographien des RGZM Band 86 122 S. mit 100 Abb., 23 Farbtaf. ISBN 978-3-88467-149-8 45,
Henriette Kroll Tiere im Byzantinischen Reich Archozoologische Forschungen im berblick Monographien des RGZM Band 87 306 S. mit 80 Abb.; 16 Farbtaf. ISBN 978-3-88467-150-4 ca. 55,
Birgit Bhler Der Schatz von Brestovac, Kroatien Monographien des RGZM Band 85 ca. 400 S. mit 300 z.T. farbige Abb. ISBN 978-3-7954-2348-3 ca. 120,
Falko Daim (Hrsg.) Die byzantinischen Goldschmiedearbeiten im Rmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum Kataloge Vor- und Frhgeschchtlicher Altertmer Band 42 ca. 300 S. mit 650 meist farbigen Abb. ISBN 978-3-7954-2351-3

Ivanisevic The Fortifications and The Intramural Housing in The Lower Town

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Sonderdruck aus

Falko Daim Jrg Drauschke (Hrsg.)

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter

Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte

Poulter, Transition 20-21. Novellae 94. Procope, De aedif. 4, 1.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Late Roman Illyricum.

Bavant, Identification 123-160.

General plan of Cariin Grad.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. South-western quarter of the Lower Town.

THE FORTIFICATION OF THE LOWER TOWN

Bavant / Ivanievi, Ivstiniana Prima 30-31. Bavant, Cariin Grad 353-361.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 130.

Cariin Grad. Plan of the south-western tower.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Southern gate.

Cariin Grad. Sidewall of the southern gate.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Tower and postern of the southern gate.

Cariin Grad. South-eastern tower.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Vallum in front of the southern rampart.

THE SOUTHERN STREET OF THE LOWER TOWN

Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 99.

Kondi / Popovi, Cariin Grad 99.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Southern street and western portico.

THE HOUSING QUARTER IN THE LOWER TOWN

Sodini, Archaeology 25-56.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Large building along the western portico.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Buildings along the western rampart.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Cariin Grad. Buildings along the western and southern rampart.

Janakievski, Mikrostambena celina 40-67.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Ivanievi / Kazanski / Mastykova, Viminacium 47 fig. 48 pl. 15, 10.

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG / ABSTRACT / RSUM

Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter Daim/Drauschke

BYZANZ DAS RMERREICH IM MITTELALTER

WELT DER IDEEN, WELT DER DINGE

KRASEN Valery Grigorov The Byzantine Fortress Krasen near Panagyurishte

PERIPHERIE UND NACHBARSCHAFT

Franz Alto Bauer Byzantinische Geschenkdiplomatie

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