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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :
AN OVERVIEW
1. ABSTRACT:
Embedded systems are increasingly becoming integral parts of almost all technologyoriented applications. Embedded systems are the unsung heroes of much of the
technology we use today- video games, washing machines etc. The appliances using
embedded systems are pre programmed to perform a dedicated or narrow range of
functions as part of a large system, usually with minimal end user interaction and
optimum performance. Embedded systems are used in navigation tools like global
positioning systems (GPS), automated teller machines(ATMs), networking
equipments such as Echo cancellation, facsimile etc. the coming together of
embedded systems and the internet, which made possible the networking of several
embedded systems to operate as part of a large system across networks- be it a
LAN, WAN, or the Internet. This convergence of embedded systems with the Internet
is going to transfer the way we live.
The Embedded systems are fast achieving ubiquity, blurring the lines between
science fiction and hard reality.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of
applications that demand customized computer systems that offer high performance
at low cost. These applications are, more often than not, characterized by the need
to process large amounts of data in real time. Examples include consumer
electronics, scientific computing, and signal processing systems. Constraints on
performance, cost and power make software implementations of data processing
algorithms for such systems infeasible. Non-programmable hardware, however, does
not support modifications of algorithms. The solution to this dilemma has been to
develop application-specific hardware that is flexible programmable these systems
are commonly referred to as embedded systems
An embedded system is a "behind the scenes" computer which, when combined
with resident software applications, provides functionality typically focused on a
single, specialized purpose.
Embedded systems typically include embedded software that is burned into
Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) or resident in memory,
special-purpose hardware, and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); often there
are stringent requirements on power consumption, performance, and cost.
Embedded systems cannot be redesigned or removed easily
once the device that incorporates the system has been built. Embedded systems
development thus requires concurrent work on both hardware and software
components.
3. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS : THE DESIGN
A system can be defined as a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization
forming a network especially for distributing something or serving a common
purpose . To embed a system into some object means to make that system an
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integral part of the object. When an engineer talks about an embedded system, he
or she is usually referring to a system that satisfies a well-defined need at a specific
instant in time. The system is usually dedicated to that need, and its operational
limits are clearly defined: lifetime, power consumption, performance, and so on. The
system usually has limited capabilities for future development, simply because it is
permanently installed in a device that provides a certain service to its user.
Examples include DSP processors in hand-held communication devices,
programmable controllers installed in robots or cars, and video signal processors in
television sets. Because these systems cannot be redesigned or removed easily once
the device that incorporates the embedded system is built, the development
procedure must produce a correct system that meets all of its operational
requirements.
As stated in the introduction, some of the characteristics of embedded systems
include embedded software that is burned into
EPROM or resident in memory, special-purpose hardware, FPGAs, stringent
requirements on power consumption, performance, and cost. Clearly, an embedded
system consists of both hardware and software components. The performance and
cost constraints make it necessary for the design engineer to explore a combination
of possible hardware architectures or custom hardware components and software or
programmable parts that would best suit the nature of the application. Hence, the
division between the programmable and non-programmable components and their
interface can become a critical issue in the design.
3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE :

FIG 1. AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE

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1111000000110000100111001111011010011110001110100101001011011110101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000101111001101010010011100100110000101001001111110000101101011111011111010101100000011010001011100111100000011000010011100111101101001111000111010010100101101111010111110100100000111000001011100001101100011111011011010101100101001111001110110
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1011111010010000011100000101110000110110001111101101101010110010100111100111011001110000000110001011110011010100100111001001100001010010011111100001011010111110111110101011000000110100010111001111000000110000100111001111011010011110001110100101001011011110101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000101111001101010010011100100110000101001001111110
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0011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000101111001101010010011100100110000101001001111110000101101011111011111010101100000011010001011100111100000011000010011100111101101001111000111010010100101101111010111110100100000111000001011100001101100011111011011010101100101001111001110110011100000001100010111100110101001001110010011000010100100111111000010110101111101111101010110000
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1001111001110110011100000001100010111100110101001001110010011000010100100111111000010110101111101111101010110000001101000101110011110000001100001001110011110110100111100011101001010010110111101011111010010000011100000101110000110110001111101101101010110010100111100111011001110000000110001011110011010100100111001001100001010010011111100001011010111110111110101011000000110100010111001111000000110000
1001110011110110100111100011101001010010110111101011111010010000011100000101110000110110001111101101101010110010100111100111011001110000000110001011110011010100100111001001100001010010011111100001011010111110111110101011000000110100010111001111000000110000100111001111011010011110001110100101001011011110101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000
1011110011010100100111001001100001010010011111100001011010111110111110101011000000110100010111001111001101101111000001111000001111001011110001110010010100001101011000011010010110101101001001001100101100101011000001110100110110111101100000010010010101001101000001111010101101000011101001111000111100101111011000010000100110101101110001011110110100010001000001110110111100000111100000111100101111000111

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0010010100001101011000011010010110101101001001001100101100101011000001110100110110111101100000010010010101001101000001111010101101000011101001111000111100101111011000010000100110101101110001011110110100010001000001110110111100000111100000111100101111000111001001010000110101100001101001011010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111
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1000111100101111011000010000100110101101110001011110110100010001000001110110111100000111100000111100101111000111001001010000110101100001101001011010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111100011110010111101100001000010011010110111000101111011010001000100000111011011110000011110000011110010111100011100100101000011010110000110100101
1010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111100011110010111101100001000010011010110111000101111011010001000100000111011011110000011110000011110010111100011100100101000011010110000110100101101011010010010011001011001010110000011101001101101111011000000100100101010011010000011110101011010000111010011110001111001011110110000100001001

First a need or opportunity to deploy new technology is identified. Then a product

concept is developed. This is followed by concurrent product and manufacturing
process design, production, and deployment. But in many embedded systems, the
designer must see past deployment and take into account support, maintenance,
upgrades, and system retirement issues in order to actually create a profitable
design. . Some of the issues affecting this life-cycle profitability are
discussed below.
3.1.1 Component acquisition
Because an embedded system may be more application-driven than a typical
technology-driven desktop computer design, there may be more leeway in
component selection. Thus, component acquisition costs can be taken into account
when optimizing system life-cycle cost
3.1.2 System certification
Embedded computers can affect the safety as well as the performance the system.
Therefore, rigorous qualification procedures are necessary in some systems after any
design change in order to assess and reduce the risk of malfunction or unanticipated
sys system failure.
One strategy to minimize the cost of system recertification is to delay all design
changes until major system upgrades occur. As distributed embedded systems come
into more widespread use, another likely strategy is to partiition the system in such
a way as to minimize the number of subsystems that need to be recertified when
changes occur
3.1.3 Logistics and repair
Whenever an embedded computer design is created or changed, it affects the
downstream maintenance of the product. A failure of the computer can cause the
entire system to be unusable until the computer is repaired. In many cases
embedded systems must be repairable in a few minutes to a few hours, which
implies that spare components and maintenance personnel must be located close to
the system. A fast repair time may also imply that extensive diagnosis and data
collection capabilities must be built into the system, which may be at odds with
keeping production costs low.
Because of the long system lifetimes of many embedded systems, proliferation of
design variations can cause significant logistics expenses. For example, if a
component design is changed it can force changes in spare component inventory,
maintenance test equipment, maintenance procedures, and maintenance training.
Furthermore, each design change should be tested for compatibility with various
system configurations, and accommodated by the configuration management
database
3.1.4 Upgrades
Because of the long life of many embedded systems, upgrades to electronic
components and software may be used to update functionality and extend the life of
the embedded system with respect to competing with replacement equipment. While
it may often be the case that an electronics upgrade involves completely replacing
circuit boards, it is important to realize that the rest of the system will remain
unchanged. Therefore, any special behaviors, interfaces, and undocumented features
must be taken into account when performing the upgrade. Also, upgrades may be
subject to recertification requirements.

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1101101010110010100111100111011001110000000110001011110011010100100111001001100001010010011111100001011010111110111110101011000000110100010111001111000000110000100111001111011010011110001110100101001011011110101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000101111001101010010011100100110000101001001111110000101101011111011111010101100000011010001011100
1111000000110000100111001111011010011110001110100101001011011110101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110110110101011001010011110011101100111000000011000101111001101010010011100100110000101001001111110000101101011111011111010101100000011010001011100111100000011000010011100111101101001111000111010010100101101111010111110100100000111000001011100001101100011111011011010101100101001111001110110
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4. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS

4.1 Military Communications, radar,
sonar, image processing, navigation, missile guidance
4.2 Automotive
Engine control, brake control, vibration analysis, cellular telephones, digital
radio, air bags, driver navigation systems
4.3 Medical
Hearing aids, patient monitoring, ultrasound equipment, image processing,
Topography
4.4 Telecommunications
Echo cancellation, facsimile, speaker phones, personal communication
systems (PCS), video conferencing, packet switching, data encryption,
channel multiplexing, adaptive equalization
4.5 Consumer
Radar detectors, power tools, digital TV, music synthesizers, toys, video
games, telephones, answering machines, personal digital assistants, paging
4.6 Industrial
Robotics, numeric control, security access, visual inspection, lathe control,
computer aided manufacturing (CAM), noise cancellation.
5. EMBEDDED INTERNET:
Used in everything from consumer electronics to industrial equipment, embedded
systems small, specialized computer systems stored on a single microprocessor
are playing a major role in the growth of the Internet and the boom of wireless
communication channels.Due in part to embedded systems, more and more
consumer products and industrial equipment are becoming Internet-friendly.

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The future of embedded Internet in an unlimited array of appliances and applications

designed to create, connect and make smarter the things that people use everyday.
Operating in the background embedded Internet will connect home appliances to
each other and to the homeowner, shop floor tools will connect to data gathering
systems and hospitals will connect to laboratories. This ubiquitous computing
environment is becoming a reality, with embedded systems starting to be connected
to the Internet, creating a new market category of embedded Internet systems.
One feature of embedding devices is the ability of appliances to send their own emails. For example, a fetal monitor could routinely call a hospital's computer system
and transmit a daily log of fetal activity. Or a home security system could send an
email to both a security service and a homeowner, informing them of a possible
problem. Another feature is Web serving, where a machine tool's web page servedup information on interrupts and maintenance records.How embedded
communications is going to be accomplished is part of the excitement in the
unfolding of the concept. Obviously, applying lessons learned from the PC and
networking will speed the adoption of embedded Internet. First,
standards are key. Second, use of the Web browser as the universal interface will
speed deployment and acceptance because it is familiar, requires little training and
can be programmed for rich content. Third is the truth of "Metcalf's law," which
states that the value of a node on a network increases exponentially as the number
of nodes on that network increases. Device-to-device communications will take
network connectivity into thousands of everyday items.
Comprehensive, seamless, and worldwide connected embedded systems may still be
a pipe dream today, but they are quickly becoming more accessible and controllable
thanks to LANs, WANs, and the Internet. Many businesses are already using
embedded technology to innovate with voice, video, and data traffic, hoping to set
the stage for a competitive advantage in the future.

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6. CONCLUSIONS:
Many embedded systems have requirements that differ significantly both in details
and in scope from desktop computers. In particular, the demands of the specific
application and the interface with external equipment may dominate the system
design. Also, long life-cycles and in some cases extreme cost sensitivity require more
attention to optimization based on these goals rather than maximizing the
computational throughput.
Recent interest in hardware/software codesign is a step in the right direction, as it
permits tradeoffs between hardware and software that are critical for more costeffective embedded systems. However, to be successful future tools may well need
to increase scope even further to include life cycle issues and business issues.

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