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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :
AN OVERVIEW
1. ABSTRACT:
Embedded systems are increasingly becoming integral parts of almost all technologyoriented applications. Embedded systems are the unsung heroes of much of the
technology we use today- video games, washing machines etc. The appliances using
embedded systems are pre programmed to perform a dedicated or narrow range of
functions as part of a large system, usually with minimal end user interaction and
optimum performance. Embedded systems are used in navigation tools like global
positioning systems (GPS), automated teller machines(ATMs), networking
equipments such as Echo cancellation, facsimile etc. the coming together of
embedded systems and the internet, which made possible the networking of several
embedded systems to operate as part of a large system across networks- be it a
LAN, WAN, or the Internet. This convergence of embedded systems with the Internet
is going to transfer the way we live.
The Embedded systems are fast achieving ubiquity, blurring the lines between
science fiction and hard reality.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in the number of
applications that demand customized computer systems that offer high performance
at low cost. These applications are, more often than not, characterized by the need
to process large amounts of data in real time. Examples include consumer
electronics, scientific computing, and signal processing systems. Constraints on
performance, cost and power make software implementations of data processing
algorithms for such systems infeasible. Non-programmable hardware, however, does
not support modifications of algorithms. The solution to this dilemma has been to
develop application-specific hardware that is flexible programmable these systems
are commonly referred to as embedded systems
An embedded system is a "behind the scenes" computer which, when combined
with resident software applications, provides functionality typically focused on a
single, specialized purpose.
Embedded systems typically include embedded software that is burned into
Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) or resident in memory,
special-purpose hardware, and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); often there
are stringent requirements on power consumption, performance, and cost.
Embedded systems cannot be redesigned or removed easily
once the device that incorporates the system has been built. Embedded systems
development thus requires concurrent work on both hardware and software
components.
3. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS : THE DESIGN
A system can be defined as a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization
forming a network especially for distributing something or serving a common
purpose . To embed a system into some object means to make that system an
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integral part of the object. When an engineer talks about an embedded system, he
or she is usually referring to a system that satisfies a well-defined need at a specific
instant in time. The system is usually dedicated to that need, and its operational
limits are clearly defined: lifetime, power consumption, performance, and so on. The
system usually has limited capabilities for future development, simply because it is
permanently installed in a device that provides a certain service to its user.
Examples include DSP processors in hand-held communication devices,
programmable controllers installed in robots or cars, and video signal processors in
television sets. Because these systems cannot be redesigned or removed easily once
the device that incorporates the embedded system is built, the development
procedure must produce a correct system that meets all of its operational
requirements.
As stated in the introduction, some of the characteristics of embedded systems
include embedded software that is burned into
EPROM or resident in memory, special-purpose hardware, FPGAs, stringent
requirements on power consumption, performance, and cost. Clearly, an embedded
system consists of both hardware and software components. The performance and
cost constraints make it necessary for the design engineer to explore a combination
of possible hardware architectures or custom hardware components and software or
programmable parts that would best suit the nature of the application. Hence, the
division between the programmable and non-programmable components and their
interface can become a critical issue in the design.
3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE :
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6. CONCLUSIONS:
Many embedded systems have requirements that differ significantly both in details
and in scope from desktop computers. In particular, the demands of the specific
application and the interface with external equipment may dominate the system
design. Also, long life-cycles and in some cases extreme cost sensitivity require more
attention to optimization based on these goals rather than maximizing the
computational throughput.
Recent interest in hardware/software codesign is a step in the right direction, as it
permits tradeoffs between hardware and software that are critical for more costeffective embedded systems. However, to be successful future tools may well need
to increase scope even further to include life cycle issues and business issues.