INTRODUCTION TO CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING UNIT I Introduction the business opportunity driving forces in the 1990 s Major issues

s of the 1990- client /server computing. UNIT II Advantages of client /server computing technology revolution Connectivity ways to improve performance reduce network traffic- faster delivery systems. UNIT III Components of client /server applications the client role of the client client services request of services. UNIT IV Components of client /server applications- the server role of the server sever functionality network operating system server operating system. UNIT V Client /server systems development software factors of driving demand need for improve technology- need for platform migration client /server system development methodology architecture definition system development enviromment CASEobject oriented programming.

TEXT : 1. Client / server computing ,Patrick N.SMITH ,STEVEN L.GUENGERICH, REF:1. Client /server computing Dawna Travis Dewire,

The Business opportunity

We are in the midst of fundamental change in both technology and its application. A business opportunity consists of four integrated elements all of which are
to be present within the same timeframe (window of opportunity) and most often within the same domain or geographical location, before it can be claimed as a business opportunity. These four elements are: A need The means to fulfill the need A method to apply the means to fulfill the need and; A method to benefit With anyone of the elements missing, a business opportunity may be developed, by finding the missing element. The more unique the combination of the elements, the more unique the business opportunity. The more control an institution (or individual) has over the elements, the better they are positioned to exploit the opportunity and become a niche market leader. Opportunities are available to organizations and people who are ready and able to compete in the global market Organizations are aggressively downsizing even as they try to expand change. Reengineering the business process to provide information and decision making management improves response and customer service. Key factors in organizational philosophy, policies and practices. Business process reengineering Business process reengineering is one approach for redesigning the way work is done to better support the organization's mission and reduce costs. Reengineering starts with a high-level assessment of the organization's mission, strategic goals, and customer needs.

Globalization Name for the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's market and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do business internationally. Operational systems The information systems organizations justify their cost. There is question if the existing investments are return or not? To the companies. Market driven Market the product is very flexible. Buyers have more options and more demanding. Technology must satisfy the demand. Downsized organizational structure Quality and flexibility require decisions to be made by made by individuals who are in touch with the customer. Many organizations are eliminating layers of middle management. Technology must provide the necessary information and support to this new structure. Enterprise network management If a business if run from its distributed locations the technology supporting these units must be as reliable as the existing central systems Information and technology

Information is very important to communicate. we can use technology today to provide Single system image to provide information.

Cost Competitive Competion is driving innovation.Organization use architectures that take advantage of cost effective offferings as new offer. Increasing power and capacity of workstations. Desktop workstations provide the power and capacity to create solutions to real business problems. Growing importance of workgroup coputing Access information and work collectively. Decision are made in the work place not in head office Expanded network access
Computer networking is a large and technically very complex topic upon which a great deal of online information is widely available. The scope of this section is therefore constrained to a largely non-technical overview of the practicalities involved in connecting computers together to form a local area network (LAN) or a personal area network (PAN) using the most commonly available wired and wireless technologies. Connecting a computer to the Internet is covered separately in the internet pages, whilst networking-related security issues receive attention in the security pages. OPEN SYSTEMS

Open system, a system where matter or energy can flow into and/or out of the system, in contrast to a closed system, where energy can enter or leave but matter may not Open system, in management science system that is capable of self-maintenance on the basis of throughput of resources from the environment

Client server computing To truly understand how much of the Internet operates, including the Web, it is important to understand the concept of client/server computing. The client/server model is a form of distributed computing where one program (the client) communicates with another program (the server) for the purpose of exchanging information.

OLTP Online transaction processing, or OLTP, refers to a class of systems that facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and retrieval transaction proceesing. The term is somewhat ambiguous; some understand a "transaction" in the context of computer or database transaction.OLTP has also been used to refer to processing in which the system responds immediately to user requests. An automatic teller machine (ATM) for a bank is an example of a commercial transaction processing application. EIS An Executive Information System (EIS) is a type of management information system intended to facilitate and support the information and decision making needs of senior executives by providing easy access to both internal and external information relevant to meeting the strategic goals of the organization. It is commonly considered as a specialized form of a (DSS) The emphasis of EIS is on graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting and drill down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can monitor performance and identify opportunities and problems.
DSS

A decision support systems (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance. DSSs include knowledge based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.
Enterprise solutions

Enterprise Solutions provide for a scalable, easy to manage programming solution to providing business management and information accessability for internal and external clients. Enterprise solutions deal with the problem of providing information to clients both externally and internally. It deals with programming and databases. The main problem being how to most efficiently get our data accessable to those we want to access it.

Single System Image In distributed computing, a single system image (SSI) cluster is a cluster of machines that appears to be one single system. The concept is often considered synonymous with that of a distributed operating system, but a single image may be presented for more limited purposes, just job scheduling for instance, which may be achieved by means of an additional layer of software over conventional operating system images running on each node. The interest in SSI clusters is based on the perception that they may be simpler to use and administer than more specialized clusters. Different SSI systems may provide a more or less complete illusion of a single system.

Islands of automation

CLIENT/SERVER MODEL OF COMPUTING

This is client/server computing described. To truly understand how much of the Internet operates, including the Web, it is important to understand the concept of client/server computing. The client/server model is a form of distributed computing where one program (the client) communicates with another program (the server) for the purpose of exchanging information. The client's responsibility is usually to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Handle the user interface. Translate the user's request into the desired protocol. Send the request to the server. Wait for the server's response. Translate the response into "human-readable" results. Present the results to the user.

The server's functions include: 1. Listen for a client's query. 2. Process that query. 3. Return the results back to the client. A typical client/server interaction goes like this: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The user runs client software to create a query. The client connects to the server. The client sends the query to the server. The server analyzes the query. The server computes the results of the query. The server sends the results to the client. The client presents the results to the user. Repeat as necessary.

A typical client/server interaction This client/server interaction is a lot like going to a French restaurant. At the restaurant, you (the user) are presented with a menu of choices by the waiter (the client). After making your selections, the waiter takes note of your choices, translates them into French, and presents them to the French chef (the server) in the kitchen. After the chef prepares your meal, the waiter returns with your diner (the results). Hopefully, the waiter returns with the items you selected, but not always; sometimes things get "lost in the translation." Flexible user interface development is the most obvious advantage of client/server computing. It is possible to create an interface that is independent of the server hosting the data. Therefore, the user interface of a client/server application can be written on a Macintosh and the server can be written on a mainframe. Clients could be also written for DOS- or UNIX-based computers. This allows information to be stored in a central server and disseminated to different types of remote computers. Since the user interface is the responsibility of the client, the server has more computing resources to spend on analyzing queries and disseminating information. This is another major advantage of

client/server computing; it tends to use the strengths of divergent computing platforms to create more powerful applications. Although its computing and storage capabilities are dwarfed by those of the mainframe, there is no reason why a Macintosh could not be used as a server for less demanding applications. In short, client/server computing provides a mechanism for disparate computers to cooperate on a single computing task.

Introduction to Client/Server Architecture

Numerous applications run in a client/server environment, this means that client computers (computers forming part of the network) contact a server, generally a very powerful computer in terms of input/output, which provides services to the client computers. These services are programmes which provide data such as the time, files, a connection, etc. The services are used by programs client programs which run on client computers. This is why the term "client" is applied FTP client,email client, etc.), where a program is designed to run on a client computer, capable of processing data received from a server (in the case of the FTP client we are dealing with files whereas for the email client we deal with email email).

Advantages of Client/Server Architecture

The client/server model is particularly recommended for networks requiring a high degree of reliability, the main advantages being:

centralised resources: given that the server is the centre of the network, it can manage resources that are common to all users, for example: a central database would be used to avoid problems caused by redundant and inconsistent data improved security: as the number of entry points giving access to data is not so important server level administration: as clients do not play a major role in this model, they require less administration scalable network: thanks to this architecture it is possible to remove or add clients without affecting the operation of the network and without the need for major modification

Disadvantages of the client/server model

Client/Server architecture also has the following drawbacks: increased cost: due to the technical complexity of the server a weak link: the server is the only weak ling in the client/server network, given that the entire network is built around it! Fortunately, the server is highly fault tolerant (primarily thanks to the RAID System)

Client/Server system operation

A client/server system operates as outlined in the following diagram:

The client sends a request to the server using its IP address and the Port, which is reserved for a particular service running on the server. The server receives the request and responds using the client IP address and port

Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means. It is used to transfer electronic documents or business data from one computer system to another computer system, i.e. from one trading partner to another trading partner without human intervention. It is more than mere e-mail; for instance, organizations might replace bills of lading and even cheques with appropriate EDI messages. It also refers specifically to a family of standards, e.g. UN/EDIFACT, ANSI X12. The National Institute of Standards and Technology in a 1996 publication defines electronic data interchange as "the computer-to-computer interchange of strictly formatted messages that represent documents other than monetary instruments. EDI implies a sequence of messages between two parties, either of whom may serve as originator or recipient. The formatted data representing the documents may be transmitted from originator to recipient via telecommunications or physically transported on electronic storage media.". It goes on further to say that "In EDI, the usual processing of received messages is by computer only. Human intervention in the processing of a received message is typically intended only for error conditions, for quality review, and for special situations. For example, the transmission of binary or textual data is not EDI as defined here unless the data are treated as one or more data elements of an EDI message and are not normally intended for human interpretation as part of online data processing."

Desktop application integration

A workflow is a model to represent real work for further assessment, e.g., for describing a reliably repeatable sequence of operations. More abstractly, a workflow is a pattern of activity enabled by a systematic organization of resources, defined roles and mass, energy and information flows, into a work process that can be documented and learned In, intelligent character recognition (ICR) is an advanced optical character recognition (OCR) or - rather more specific handwriting recognition system that allows fonts and different styles of handwriting to be learned by a computer during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Most ICR software has a self-learning system referred to as a neural network, which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. It extends the usefulness of scanning devices for the purpose of document processing, from printed character recognition (a function of OCR) to hand-written matter recognition. Because this process is involved in recognising hand writing, accuracy levels may, in some circumstances, not be very good but can achieve 97%+ accuracy rates in reading handwriting in structured forms. Often to achieve these high recognition rates several read engines are used within the software and each is given elective voting rights to determine the true reading of characters. In numeric fields, engines which are designed to

read numbers take preference, while in alpha fields, engines designed to read hand written letters have higher elective rights.

Downsizing and client/server computing Down Sizing is nothing but The Process of mo ving an application from a {main frame ) to cheaper system, typically a (client-server) system.
Downsizing is a process of moving an application from a mainframe system to clent sever system.

Perserving your mainframe applications investment through porting

Though different legacy environments and modernization strategies require different sets of tools, most projects need to address existing COBOL, CICS, and JCL applications. Software tools and runtime environments are available from various ISV for those companies wishing to continue support of these applications on the Windows and Microsoft .NET platform. Alchemy Solutions The Alchemy software solutions are designed to revitalize as you migrate. The Neo suite of products (NeoKicks, NeoBatch, and NeoSort) along with NetCOBOL automate the migration of CICS COBOL, batch COBOL, and JCL to the Microsoft .NET Framework, with minimum change to the COBOL and JCL code, while fully enabling the applications for the new environment. For example, CICS BMS screens are transformed to ASP.NET Web pages. Anubex Anubex is an important player in the mainframe modernization market and has one of the largest sets of tools available to automate the transformation and modernization of mission-critical applications. Anubex specializes in IBM zSeries and Siemens BS2000/OSD application porting and targets .NET and other modern platforms. With over 15 years' experience in building such tools for its customers, Anubex succeeds in generating maintainable, compact, and functionally auditable software from applications with even many millions of lines of code. Anubex offers a comprehensive solution to applications created with proprietary 4GLs and development tools: database modernization including the automated migration from prerelational databases to RDBMSs; automated translation of COBOL, Natural, ADS, JCL, and other languages; and screen modernization through the conversion to nonproprietary mainframe alternatives or the latest in graphical .NET user interfaces. Asysco Asysco is the leading migration technology provider for the Unisys mainframe environment. We help our customers protect and enhance their investments in mission-critical enterprise applications. The Asysco Migration Technology (AMT) provides our customers with all the tools they need to migrate their legacy applications to an open systems environment. Our technology solutions, AMT-LION and AMT-VS (Visual Studio), allow companies to choose their path away from the mainframe. Both

technologies lower the costs of maintaining existing enterprise applications and speed up the development and the time to market of new applications. At the same time, our customers are able to continue to enjoy the unparalleled robustness, security and availability of the traditional mainframe environment in an open environment. . Enterprise Informatics Enterprise Informatics Inc. is a leading provider of enterprise information management solutions that vastly improves the integrity, visibility, and access to all relevant information at the time it is neededreducing the cost of meeting compliance requirements, minimizing business risk, and optimizing process efficiency. As one of 400 Microsoft Gold Managed Partners, Enterprise Informatics has been an early adopter of the latest Microsoft technologies. The company's flagship product eB (enterprise bridge) is Certified for the Windows Vista logo and for Microsoft Windows Server 2008. eB is built on the Microsoft .NET Framework and extends the document management capabilities of Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 to the enterprise. Language conversion Technology changement Custom developments Software management analysis and assessment APM (application portfolio management) Tools to convert ALGOL libraries to Windows-compatible languages ClientView Builder tool that modernizes legacy applications by creating a web-based GUI using Visual Studio and Microsoft ASP.NET Idea has revolutionized the industry with our innovative tools and key partnerships. If you need an affordable migration tailored to your needs, choose Idea Legacy. Treehouse software, Treehouse Software, Inc. (TSI) is a global leader in mainframe integration, offering the most complete and flexible portfolio of solutions available anywhere for integration, replication and migration of data between mainframe sources and any target, application or platform. Using ETL, CDC and SQL/XML technologies, we connect your enterprise--from anything to anything. Hundreds of customers worldwide benefit from TSIs industry-leading products and outstanding support. Traditionally, the company has focused on software that was complementary to the Software AG mainframe product line (ADABAS database management system and NATURAL programming language) in the areas of security, control, auditing, performance enhancement, etc. The primary TSI focus today is software and services that enable mainframe customers to leverage

their investments in legacy systemsemploying virtually any data sourcewith data integration, data warehousing, modernization and conversion, Service-Oriented Architectures, and other new technologies.

Service solutions
System integrators with dedicated modernization practices can provide the skills, expertise, and staffing necessary to plan and execute on a modernization practice. The integrators often work with Microsoft consultants to build the best solution for the customer.

Accenture
Many organizations have accumulated technology that impedes business productivity and flexibility. According to Accenture research, more than half of all business applications are between 5 and 20 years old. Accenture can help clients obtain more value out of existing investments by replatforming, decommissioning, remediating, and reverse engineering existing or legacy technologies and applications. The result is increased stability and flexibility, decreased cost, and an extended life of current IT assets. Anuberx Anubex provides solutions for the modernization of large and complex legacy applications for business and government organizations alike. Anubex exclusively applies a proven, iterative process and specialized software to optimally re-use the value in existing applications while automatically transforming them to use the most leading-edge technologies. A core part of Anubex's offering is its ability to tailor the standard transformation behavior of the tools to satisfy the coding guidelines and environment parameters of each individual customer. A recent addition to the core Anubex modernization services is a framework for automating the testing of interactive (online) applications. Using the Anubex automated testing framework, companies have been able to reduce the amount of time users spend testing and accepting the converted software by as much as 90%. Several of Anubex's customers are ranked among the Fortune Global 500. Anubex operates internationally and often collaborates with systems integrators to manage modernization projects and minimize risk. Asyco Asysco is the leading migration technology and service provider for the Unisys mainframe environment. We help our customers protect and enhance their investments in mission-critical enterprise applications. Our technology solutions, AMT-LION and AMT-VS (Visual Studio), allow companies to choose their path away from the mainframe. Before, during, and after a migration project, Asysco provides services to their customers, including, but not limited to, migration project management, software installations and upgrades, new development projects assistance, outsourcing resources, and training. Treehouse software Treehouse Software, Inc. (TSI) is a global leader in mainframe integration, offering the most complete and flexible portfolio of solutions available anywhere for integration, replication and migration of data between mainframe sources and any target, application or platform. Using ETL,

CDC and SQL/XML technologies, we connect your enterprise--from anything to anything. Hundreds of customers worldwide benefit from TSIs industry-leading products and outstanding support. Traditionally, the company has focused on software that was complementary to the Software AG mainframe product line (ADABAS database management system and NATURAL programming language) in the areas of security, control, auditing, performance enhancement, etc. Today, TSI consulting services include: modernization of mainframe data sources into state-of-theart RDBMSs, and support for extracting, propagating, and integrating that mainframe data; complementary rehosting, transformation and modernization services for NATURAL and other applications; ADABAS and NATURAL technical consulting, project management and training for application development, software installation, change management, database design, security and audit implementation and performance and tuning analysis; and remote and on-site DBA services for outsourcing and staff augmentation. Qualified TSI personnel are familiar with many programming languages, operating systems, databases and platforms, and they are available for short- and long-term consulting assignments.

Real world tools

A tool for the development of multiple-table database applications for client/server environments automates both capture of system requirements and code production. A client portion of a multiple-table, client/server database application for processing requests against a server database, is developed by first storing in a repository a description of the server database describing database entities within the server database and relationships between those database entities. Representations of the database entities are displayed, and an application drawing window is provided. The user drags and drops within the application drawing window one of said representations that represents a particular database entity. The tool then creates within the repository an entry for the particular database entity, and draws within the drawing window a representation of the particular database entity. For each database entity for which an entry within the repository has been created, the tool checks the description of the server database stored in the repository to determine whether a relationship exists between the particular database entity and the database entity being checked. If a relationship does exist between the particular database entity and the database entity being checked, the tool then creates within the repository an entry for that relationship, and draws within the drawing window a connector representing that relationship. The foregoing drag-and-drop sequence is repeated multiple times. When the design is complete, the tool, using information stored in the repository, automatically generates the client portion of the multiple-table, client/server database application