You are on page 1of 10

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13. NO.

I , JANUARY 1995

13

Synthesis of Coherent Two-Port Lattice-Form Optical Delay-Line Circuit


Kaname Jinguji, Member, IEEE, and Masao Kawachi, Member, IEEE
Abstract-A method is presented for synthesizing a coherent two-port lattice-formoptical delay-linecircuit that is composed of optical delay lines, directional couplers, and phase shifters. The two bases of the method are the use of a unimodulus para-unitary matrix as a transfer matrix and the division of the transfer matrix into basic component transfer matrices. We succeeded in obtaining a set of recurrent equations with which to calculate circuit parameters to use for designing an optical delay-line circuit with a desired cross-port (through-port)transfer function. In the developed method, it is shown that two-port optical delayline circuits can have the same transmission characteristics as finite impulse response digital filters with complex expansion coefficients. Three synthesis examples for optical frequency filters are described: a linear-phase Chebyshev filter, a multi-channel selector, and a group-delay dispersion equalizer. It is confirmed that transmission characteristics with a maximum transmittance of 100% can be always synthesized. The allowable parameter error for the synthesized linear-phase Chebyshev filter is also discussed.

demonstrated, such as multi-channel selection, differentiation processing, low-pass filtering, and high-pass filtering. It was confirmed that coherent transversal-form optical delayline circuits could realize arbitrary signal processing functions identical with those of FIR digital filters with complex coefficients. In general, it is difficult in multi-port (more than three-port) optical delay-line circuits, including transversal-form circuits, to realize a maximum transmittance of 100%.This is because some of the propagating optical power is unavoidably released from the multiple output ports [ 131. Recently, considerable interest has been shown in coherent two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuits, in which a maximum transmittance of 100% is expected to be possible. Some useful applications such as an optical group-delay equalizer with a modified lattice-form configuration [ 141, [ 151 and a polarization-mode dispersion adaptive equalizer [ 161 were proposed. The optical group-delay equalizer was fabricated by using PLC technology I. INTRODUCTION [ 171, [18]. In a preliminary experiment, dispersion compensaT IS WELL KNOWN that optical delay-line circuits comtion was successfully demonstrated for a 20-km-long 1.3-pm posed of optical delay lines and directional couplers have zero-dispersion fiber at a wavelength of 1.55 pm. However, filter characteristics similar to those of finite impulse response no perfect methods have yet been developed for synthesizing (FIR) digital filters [l]. In many studies, optical fibers have coherent two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuits. been used mainly as optical delay lines, and various signal The first attempt to devise a circuit synthesis method for processing functions such as convolution, correlation, matrix coherent lattice-form optical delay-line circuits without phase operations, and frequency filtering have been demonstrated shifters was reported by Kikuchi [19]. It was based on dividing using optical delay-line circuits with fiber delay lines [2]-[5]. the total transfer matrix into the product of transfer matrices The fiber-optic delay-line circuits were designed by the methexpressing zero-order and one-order components [20]-[22]. It ods devised on the basis of the theory of positive systems was first shown that arbitrary filter characteristics correspond[3]. These methods dealt with incoherent optical signals and ing to real FIR digital filters can be realized by a lattice-form optical delay-line circuits composed of directional couplers circuit configuration, and that a maximum transmittance of with positive coupling coefficients because only optical power 100% can be realized as a natural consequence of lossless coupling was considered; it was difficult to adjust the delaycircuits. It was also shown that an Nth-order all-zero filter can line lengths and control the optical phases of optical sigbe built with at most 2 N 2 directional couplers and N delay nals with wavelength-order precision. As a consequence, the lines. However, the synthesized lattice-form optical delay-line applications of fiber-optic delay-line circuits are limited to circuits were not necessarily two-port in a strict sense. incoherent signal processing because of this incoherence. This paper presents a method for synthesizing coherent twoTo solve this problem, a coherent optical delay-line circuit port lattice-form optical delay-line circuits with phase shifters. with phase shifters [6]-[9] was fabricated by using a planar lightwave circuits (PLC) [lo]-[ 121. The phase shifters were The method is based on both the use of a unimodulus paracomposed of thermooptic Cr heaters. A transversal form was unitary matrix as a transfer matrix and on the division of adopted for the circuit configuration of this optical delay- the transfer matrix into basic component transfer matrices. line circuit, since the circuit synthesis method for this form The use of phase shifters allows us to deal with a transfer was already known. Some optical processing functions were function with complex expansion coefficients [23] and design filter characteristics with arbitrary symmetries. We showed Manuscript received June 17, 1994; revised September 13, 1994. that arbitrary filter characteristics corresponding to Nth-order The authors are with N'IT @to-Electronics Laboratories, Ibaraki-ken 319complex FIR digital filters can be realized by N-cascaded, 11, Japan. IEEE Log Number 9407 199. two-port lattice-form, optical delay-line circuits; that is, the

0733-8724/95$04.00 0 1995 IEEE

74

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13. NO. 1, JANUARY 1995

. . . . . . I . . . . . .r...........
I

,c
+

phase shifter

. . ,. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

cp,

VZ

. . . I..--.--. . . . . L. . . . ... .... . ..

...... ..... 1

so
Fig. 1.

SI

.2 s \

,. . . . . . . . . . . . .

--

'

S N

waveguide Circuit configuration of coherent two-port lattice-fom optical delay-line circuit.

directional coupler

numbers of directional couplers, delay lines, and phase shifters expressed as necessary to realize Nth-order all-zero filters are N 1 , N , and N , respectively. As the result, we could remove the excess directional couplers required in Kikuchi's theory. We also succeeded in defining a set of recurrent equations to obtain The second element is a phase shifter with a phase shift value circuit parameters and showed that there are 2 N solutions for of cp, whose transfer matrix can be expressed as the circuit parameters of the N-cascaded optical delay-line circuits. s,= (e-;$ The organization of this paper is as follows. Section I1 provides a transfer matrix for a coherent optical delay-line circuit with a two-port lattice-form configuration, which can The third element is a directional coupler with an amplitude be expressed by a unimodulus unitary matrix. Section I11 coupling coefficient of sind, whose transfer matrix can be presents our synthesis method. It is shown that our synthe- expressed as sized optical delay-line circuits realize filter characteristics with 100% maximum transmittance, which are identical with FIR digital filters with complex expansion coefficients. In Section IV, we describe three design examples for optical The total filter characteristics of this optical delay-line cirfrequency filters: a linear-phase Chebyshev filter, a multicuit can be expressed as a multiple product of the basic channel selector, and a group-delay dispersion equalizer. In components. Section V, the 2 N solutions of circuit parameters are discussed With N stages, the optical delay-line circuit includes N 1 and the allowable circuit parameter error is estimated for the propagation paths with delay time differences of 0 to N A r . synthesized Chebyshev filter. Section VI contains concluding Therefore, the through-port/cross-port impulse response can remarks. be expressed as

11. FORMULATION
k=O

(4)

The circuit configuration of the coherent optical delay-line circuit presented in this paper is shown in Fig. 1. It has a twoport lattice-form circuit configuration consisting of N pairs of waveguides with different path lengths, N 1 directional couplers, and N phase shifters on each waveguide. Each path length difference is the same, which corresponds to a delay time difference of AT. It is assumed in this paper that all device losses such as waveguide propagation loss and bending loss are negligible. Therefore, the transfer matrix of the optical delay-line circuit can be written as a unitary matrix. Frequency dependence in the coupling coefficients of the directional couplers is not considered here, because this dependence is negligible in the relevant optical frequency region of less than 1000 GHz. The two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuit is constructed of several basic components as shown in Fig. 2. Each basic component is also composed of the following three elements. The first element is a pair of waveguides with a delay time difference of AT, whose transfer matrix can be

where 6 ( t ) denotes the Delta function. The expansion coefficient x k indicates the complex amplitude of the optical signal propagating along the kth path with a delay time difference of AT. It is a complex number, because the phase of the optical signal can be controlled by phase shifters. The frequency response of the through-port/cross-port transfer characteristics can be obtained by calculating the Fourier transformation for (4) as
N

k=O

where w is the relative optical angular frequency. It can be seen from (5) that the frequency response of the optical delay-line circuit is cyclic for a relative optical frequency w , whose frequency period fo is given as fo = l / A r . It can be easily confirmed that IX(w)I = IX(-w)l and a r g { X ( w ) } = -arg { X ( - w ) } for real expansion coefficients.

JINGUJI AND KAWACHI: TWO-PORT LAITICE-FORM OFTICAL DELAY-LINE CIRCUIT

75

delay line

phase shifter

mdirectional c o u p l e r l

Fig. 2. Division of a transfer matrix for two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuit. The total transfer matrix, which is expressed by a unimodulus unitary matrix, is divided to the basic component transfer matrices. Each basic component is composed of two delay lines with a delay time difference of AT,a directional coupler with a coupling coefficient angle of &. and a phase shifter with a phase shift value of W k .

By replacing the frequency response term ejwAT with a complex variable z , X(w) can be expanded into the following complex function in a complex z-plane:
N

x(z) = z x k z - k .
k=O

(6)

This technique called z-transform is commonly used in the field of digital filter synthesis to investigate causality conditions. In this technique, the frequency response X(w) can be expressed as a complex function on the unit circle with = 1) in the complex z-plane. It should a radius of 1 1.( be noted that the transfer function expressed by (6) agrees with those of usual FIR digital filters with complex expansion coefficients [I]. This fact is successfully used to calculate the expansion coefficients for the desired filter characteristics in our synthesis method. When the two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuit shown in Fig. 1 is lossless, its transfer matrix can be expressed as a 2 x 2 unitary matrix S. In our method, the unitary matrix S must satisfy the following unimodulus property: det(S) = 1.
(7)

characteristics are not directly related to the absolute phase of each output response, but to the phase difference between the two output responses. Thus, two-port optical devices have an excess free dimension. This free dimension must be reduced by adding a restriction in order to express the transfer matrix unequivocally. In our synthesis method, we adopted the above unimodulus condition as this additional restriction. The unitary matrix S bounded by the unimodulus condition can be expressed in the following simple form:

H(z)H*(z)

+ F(z)F*(z)= 1.

(9)

where H ( z ) and F ( z ) indicate the through-port transfer function from port l a to port 2a and the cross-port transfer function from port l a to port 2b, respectively. The subscript * indicates the following para-Hermitian conjugate [24]: X*(z) 3 x*

(J-)
~

This requirement was introduced for the following reason. In two-port optical devices such as directional couplers, the filter

where the superscript * indicates a complex conjugate. This unitary matrix S satisfies the para-unitary property defined as

76

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. I , JANUARY 1995

Calculate the unit delay time AT from a desired frequency periodfo:

AT = -

step1

Approximate the desired through-port transfer function Fo(o) as a z polynomial F(z) by employing the approximation methodNusedfor Pgital filters:

step2

F(z)= j (Cbkz-')zi

Normalize the obtained z polynomial: mux IF(z)l = mux IF(o)l 5 1

step3

step4

J/
Set initial data: ay1= a,, b r l = bk (k = o , l ; . * , N - l , N )

>
Solve the recurrent equations in the order n=N to n=O:

step5

b,["-ll (u: sine, =


when n=O

+ bfi"'cos0,)e-J7

0, = -tan-'(+)

b[o1
a 0

no
equations finished?

All the circuit pwameters 0, (n=0,1,2,...,N) and


(Pa

(n=0,1,2;..,") are obtained.

Fig. 3. Synthesis algorithm of the present method.

JINGUJI AND KAWACHI: TWO-PORT LAITICE-FORM OPTICAL DELAY-LINE CIRCUIT

77

The matrix elements H ( z ) and F ( z ) can be written by referring (6) as

normalized cross-port transfer function F ( z ) to the unimodulus condition. The term H ( z ) H , ( z ) can be written as

The complex value j is added to F ( z ) so as to have a phase difference of 7r/2 for H ( z ) ; when both H ( z ) and F ( z ) have real expansion coefficients. The term of zNI2 is multiplied both for H ( z ) and F ( z ) in (12) so as to satisfy the unimodulus condition. The transfer matrices of the three elements written in (1)-(3) are satisfied by this unimodulus condition.
111. CIRCUIT SYNTHESIS

= 1 - F(z)F*(z),

(15)

This section presents a novel synthesis method for designing the two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuit with a desired cross-port transfer function Fo( z ) whose frequency period is fa. The unknown circuit parameters are the delay time difference AT of N pairs of waveguides, the coupling coefficient angles Bk (C = 0 I N ) of N 1 directional couplers, and the phase shift values (pk(k = 1 N ) of N phase shifters. Our synthesis method is constructed in the following five synthesis steps. Step I-The purpose of the first step is to obtain the delay time difference AT from the desired frequency period SO.It is calculated by

where 2N zeros of 1 - F(z)F,(z) appears as pairs of {a!&.,/ a i } ( I C = 1 N N ) . To obtain the through-port transfer l function H ( z ) , both N zeros and the 0-th complex coefficient a0 of H ( z ) must be calculated from (15). Each zero of H ( z ) is calculated by selecting one from each pair of zeros of 1 - F(z)F,(z). There are 2N selections for obtaining the zeros of H ( z ) ; that is, 2N different kinds of H ( z ) can be obtained from one given F ( z ) . These 2 N kinds of H ( z ) have the same amplitude characteristics but different phase characteristics. By substituting z = 1 in ( 1 3 , the amplitude of a0 can be obtained as

1 Ar = -.

f0

(13)

Step 2-The aim of the second step is to obtain the optimum complex expansion coefficients b k (IC = 0 N N ) of a z polynomial F ( z ) approximating the desired cross-port filter Since the transfer function F ( z ) is the characteristics Fo(z). same as those of FIR digital filters, the complex expansion coefficients bk can be obtained by using various functional approximation methods developed for FIR digital filters. For example, we can use the Fourier expansion method, the window function method, the Remez exchange method, the frequency sampling method, and the Hermann and Schessler's method [l]. Step .?-The purpose of the third step is to normalize the obtained complex expansion coefficients bk (IC = 0 N ) . Digital filters, which deal with only digitized numerical values, sometimes have a maximum transmission over 100%. However, optical delay-line circuits, which are analog filters, cannot exceed 100% due to their passivity. To satisfy this restriction, the obtained complex expansion coefficients must be normalized so that the transmittance does not exceed 100%. This normalization is also a necessary condition for F ( z ) to satisfy the unimodulus condition written in (9). Here, we perform the following normalization process:

We set the phase of a0 at the same value as that of the given 0-thcomplex coefficient bo of F ( z ) .The reasoning behind this requirement will be described in the next step. Step 5-The purpose of the final step is to derive a set of recurrent equations to obtain the coupling coefficient angles 6k (IC = 0 N N ) of N 1 directional couplers and the phase shift I values V k (C = 1 N ) of N phase shifters. These recurrent equations are derived by dividing the total transfer matrix S into the following product of N 1 basic component transfer matrices:

-+

The transfer matrix SI, (k = 1 N ) of the IC-th basic circuit component, which is composed of a directional coupler with a coupling coefficient angle 8k, a pair of optical waveguides with a unit delay z , and a phase shifter with a phase shift value Cpk, can be written as

k=N

and the transfer matrix SO of the 0-th basic circuit component, which consists of a directional coupler with a coupling coefficient angle do, can be written as

Step 4-The goal of the fourth step is to obtain the total transfer matrix S. The total transfer matrix can be obtained by calculating the through-port transfer function. The throughport transfer function H ( z ) is calculated by substituting the

We describe a method for calculating the unknown circuit parameters BN and V N included in the N-th basic component transfer matrix S N using as an example the separation of the N-th basic component transfer matrix S N . fdN-'I, which is defined as
0

k=N-1

78

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 1995

is obtained as the product of SA$ and S (= S I N ] ) :

Considering that aLN-ll/bbN-ll is written as


[N-ll

--

- a1 cos ON - bl sin

bhN-l]

a0 sin 8~

+ bo Cos 8~

ej'PN

- ul bo - aobl e j r P N U;

+ b;

where S$ indicates the transposed complex conjugate matrix of SN which is equal to the inverse matrix S i 1 due to its unitarity. From (21), the transfer functions H I N - l ] ( z ) and F I N - l ] ( ~of SIN-ll are obtained from H ( z ) and F ( z ) as )

(27) the condition for making tan B N - ~ positive is obtained as

Consequently, all the circuit parameters can be obtained by successively calculating the following recurrent equations in the order n = N , N - 1,.. . ,2,1: (22) are Substituting (12) to (22), H I N - l ] ( z )and F I N - l ] ( ~ ) written as

b r - l l = ( u r ]sin8, +bji"]cos &)e-j 9

(k = 0, 1, 2,..-,~.) , (30) -l

In the above second equation, the second term of the right side ) has to be erased to write F I N - l I ( ~ as the following standard form like (12):

where aji"]and b["] indicate the k-th expansion coefficients of H["l(z) and F[,f(z), respectively. At the first stage n = N, initial data for the recurrent equations are given as aiN]= U k and biN1 = bb (k = 0 , 1, 2 , . - . , N ) At the final stage n = 0, . (29) becomes

where 6fEN-'I represents the complex expansion coefficients of the z-polynomial FIN-l](z) . From this condition, BAT can be derived as

The relation ON = tan-l(aO/bo), which is obtained from the first equation in the same way, is equivalent to (25) because the relation aOaN +bobN = 0 can be easily derived by considering the unitarity of S. Since tan8N must be real, the phase of a0 is fequired to be the same as the phase of bo. This phase condition was already required in the fourth step. In order to achieve the above separation, it is essential to be able to obtain the (N - 1)-th coupling coefficient angle 8~~~ like (25) in the next separation step. Namely, it must be guaranteed that the phase of the expansion coefficient A. Linear-Phase Chebyshev Filter abN-'] is the same as that of biN-l1 so that tan 8 ~ - 1 becomes The linear-phase Chebyshev filter, which was designed by positive, where and bLN-l1 indicate the 0-th expansion McClallen et al. 1251, is well known in the field of digital coefficients of HrN-'](z) and F I N - l ] ( ~ respectively. From filters. The filter characteristics were designed to be as follows: ), (23), aiN-'] and bfEN-ll, which indicate the k-th expansion the pass band edge and the stop band edge was 0.0Sfo ), coefficients of H I N - l ] ( z ) and F I N - l ] ( ~ are obtained as and 0.16 fo, respectively (10: desired frequency period), the deviation from 100%-maximum transmittance at the pass band a[Jw(ak+l cos BN - bk+l sin 6 ~ ) e j v (26) was less than 0.22 dB, and the transmittance at the stop bp-" (ak Sin8N + bk COS 8 N ) e - j y band was less than -38.1 dB. They calculated the expansion

Thus, all the circuit parameters en (n = 0, 1,. . . , N) and (n = 1, 2, . . . , N) are obtained by performing the above five synthesis processes, which are summarized in Fig. 3. As pointed out in the fourth step, there are 2N solutions in our synthesis method; namely, we can obtain 2N circuit parameters for one desired transfer function. Since the 2N optical delayline circuits synthesized by using these 2N different circuit parameters have the same cross-port filter characteristics, we may select any one of the 2 N circuit parameters to realize the desired cross-port transfer function. In this section, three synthesis examples for optical frequency filters are described: a linear-phase Chebyshev filter, a multi-channel selector, and a group-delay dispersion equalizer. The first and third examples employ real expansion coefficients, and the second example employs complex expansion coefficients.
(, P

JINGUJI AND KAWACHI: WO-PORT LAITICE-FORMOPTICAL DELAY-LINE CIRCUIT

79

TABLE I NORMALIZED EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS be OF THE DESIRED CROSS-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION, THE EWANSION COEFFTCIENTS OF THE THROUGH-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION ak CALCULATED USING UNIMODULUS BY THE CONDI'ITON, AND THE CIRCUIT PARAMETERS SYNTHESIZED BY OUR METHOD FOR A LINEAR-PHASE CI-aBYSHEV FILTER
ORIGINAL AND

stage number

:xpansion :oefficienuof F(z Ibtamed by he Remez :xchange method 0.00337 0.01494 0.01057 0.00254 -0,01593 -0.03409 -0.03811 -0.01463 0.o4009 0.11541 0.18851 0.23355 0.23355 0.18851 0.11541

iormalued xpansion oefficiencs of F(r bk 0.00332 0.01468 0.01039 0.00250 -0.01565 -0.03349 -0.03745 -0.01438 0.03939 0.11341 0.18524 0.22949 0.22949 0.18524 0.11341 0.03939 -0.01438 -0.03745 -0.03349 -0.01565 0.00250 0.01039 0.01468 0.00332

Kpansion Jefficients of H ( z

coupling coefficient angle

et

hase shift value qk

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8

IO
11
12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

0.O4009
-0.01463 -0.03811 -0.03409 -0.01593 0.00254 0.01057 0.01494 0.00337

-0.00369 -0.02777 -0.06446 -0.07708 -0.11144 -0.00643 -0.02560 0.25958 0.00000 0.35648 -0.67658 -0.10130 0.31968 0.00574 0.00425 0.03567 0.01571 0.01284 -0.00428 -0.00647 -0.00813 -0.00482 0.00397 0.00298

0.26706 x x 0.31655 0.80769 0.24393 0.87959 0.9803I 0.00276 0.9 1 896 0.10942 0.86838 0.22864 0.64282 0.64282 0.22864 0.86838 0.10942 0.91896 0.00276 0.98031 0.87959 0.24393 0.80769 0.31655 0.26707

O.Oo0

xn

O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0


O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 0.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0
O.Oo0

O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0

O.Oo0 O.Oo0

coefficients of a z approximation polynomial by the Remez exchange method so as to satisfy the above requirements. We adopted their expansion coefficients to realize a linear-phase Chebyshev-type optical frequency filter. The delay time of each pair of waveguides was set at 0.01 ns, which corresponds to a frequency period of 100 GHz. Table I shows McClallen's original expansion coefficients and the normalized expansion coefficients obtained in the third step of our synthesis method. The number of expansion coefficients was set at 24, which corresponds to the lattice number N = 23. All the expansion coefficients are real, because the desired filter characteristics are symmetrical for a relative optical frequency. It can be seen that the expansion coefficients satisfy the relation of Uk = U N - ~and therefore satisfy a linear-phase condition [l]. Table I also shows the circuit parameters calculated by performing the fourth and fifth synthesis steps, where the coupling coefficient angles of directional couplers are written with a radian unit; for example, the coupling coefficient angle of x/4 and x / 2 corresponds to 3 dB and 100% coupling, respectively. All the phase shift values are fixed at zero, because the expansion coefficients are real. Fig. 4 shows the synthesized linear-phase Chebyshev filter characteristics. Some ripples in the amplitude, which are characteristic in Chebyshev filters, can be found in both the pass and stop bands. This filter property satisfies the desired condition well. It can be confirmed that 100% maximum transmittance is realized as expected. EXAMPLES IV. SYNTHESIS B. Multi-Channel Selector The multi-channel selector is an optical frequency filter designed to select signals at certain frequencies from eight frequency-divisionmultiplexing (FDM) signals [lo]. This filter is expected to be applied as a multiplexer/demultiplexer for

FDM communications. Here, we demonstrate an optical filter designed to select three signals with frequencies of f l l fsl and f 7 from eight FDM signals. The desired filter characteristics were as follows: the transmittance values at the three frequency points of -7/16 fo, -3/16 fo, 5/16f0 were set at 1, and the transmission values at the other frequency points were set at 0. The discrete Fourier expansion method was adopted as the approximation method by which to obtain the expansion coefficients, because the property of the desired filter characteristics was discrete. The delay time of each pair of waveguides was set at 0.01 ns, which corresponds to a frequency period of 100 GHz. Table I1 shows the original and normalized expansion coefficients calculated by the discrete Fourier expansion approximation. All the expansion coefficients are complex, because the desired filter Characteristics have no symmetry. The number of expansion coefficients was set at 16, which corresponds to the lattice number N = 15. Table I1 also shows the obtained circuit parameters. The phase shift values are non-zero, because the expansion coefficients are complex. Fig. 5 shows the filter characteristics synthesized by using these obtained circuit parameters. The result agrees well with the desired properties. It can also be confirmed that 100% maximum transmittance is realized.

C. Group-Delay Dispersion Equalizer


The group-delay dispersion equalizer is an optical frequency filter designed to equalize group-delay dispersion of long-distance optical fibers at a wavelength of 1.55 pm. A large number of 1.3-pm zero-dispersion fibers are already installed in 1.55-pm long-distance optical transmission systems throughout the world. However, since these 1.3-pm zero-dispersion fibers have nonzero group-delay dispersion at 1.55 pm, group-delay dispersion equalizing is necessary in 1.55-pm long-distance optical transmission systems. This filter 'simultaneously realizes a flat pass band and a linear

80

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 1995

TABLE I1 EXPANSION COEFFlCIENTS bk OF THE DESIRED CROSS-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION, THE ORlGlNAL AND NORMALIZED EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS OF THE THROUGH-PORT ak TRANSFER FUNCTION CALCULATED USINGTHE UNIMODULUS BY CONDITION, THE CIRCUIT AND PARAMETERS SYNTHESIZED OURMETHOD A MULTI-CHANNEL BY FOR SELECTOR
stage number Expansion iormalhed xpansion xefficients of F(rJ :xpansion oefficients of H(z, obtained by the discrete Fouriei :oefficienu of F(z, ak 4 :xpansion senes

1 2 3 4
5

6
7

8 9
10

11 13 12 14 15

4.057740.02392j 4.044194.04419j 4.023924.05774j O.KOBt0.1875Cj 0.023924.6'74j 0.044194.04419j 0.057740.02392j 4.187wka0.05774to.02392j 0.01419+0.04419j 0.02392+0.05774j am.is7q 4.02392+0.05774j 4.04419+0.04419j 4.05774tO.CQ392j 0.187m.ar3Q

4.6'114.UZ365j

0043714,01371j 0023W.OS7llj O.oacmto.lss46j ~ ~ . G 5 7 l l j (1043714.04371j 0.057114.UZ365j 4.18S46tO.aKO3j aB71lt0.02366j C~M371t0.04371j M ? MG 7j Q& . 5 l QO3XbO.18546j ~3m61Q0571 lj 004371+0.04371j 4.0571ltO.ou66j Rl8.546tC.KEKQ

0.57263 xx 0.03138 0.03336 0.02575 0.10173 0.03445 0.04296 0.03432 0.10579 0.02754 0.03695 0.03390 0.08123 0.01722 0.02171 0.47541

0.90593 -0.16610 -0.16825 0.92840 0.93704 -0.18751 -0.18900 0.94019 0.93682 -0.11697 -0.17511 0.91563 0.89204 -0,12750 0.85938

XI[

10

N=23

f,

f3

f7

0.8
0

5 .w

0.6 -

2 0.4 5
0.2-

i L

-50

-30

-10

10

30

50

0 1

relative optical frequency (GHz)


Fig. 4. Linear-phase Chebyshev filter characteristics. The synthesized filter characteristics are as follows: the pass band edge is 8 GHz, the stop band edge is 16 GHz. the deviation of the pass band is less than 0.22 dB,and the attenuation of the stop band is less than -38.1 dB.

-50

-30

-10

10

30

relative optical frequency (GHz) Fig. 5. Multi-channel selector designed to select three signals with frequencies of f i , f3, and f7 from 8 FDM signals.

group delay. The Fourier expansion method was adopted as an approximation method in order to get expansion coefficients, as it can approximate both amplitude and phase simultaneously. Here, the following desired amplitude function A(w) and phase function @ ( w ) were adopted:

(32) where wo is the desired angular frequency period. The sine function was selected as the desired phase function, because it becomes square at the angular frequency near fYf. This square-like phase function results in group delay linearity. The desired amplitude was designed to be 100% maximum transmittance at the same frequency. The delay time of each

pair of waveguides was set at 0.02 ns, which corresponds to a frequency period of 50 GHz. Table I11 shows the original and normalized expansion coefficients calculated by the Fourier expansion approximation. All the expansion coefficients are real because of the symmetry in the desired filter characteristics. The number of expansion coefficients was set at 23, which corresponds to the lattice number N = 22. Table I11 also shows the obtained circuit parameters. The phase values are fixed at zero, because the expansion coefficients are real. Fig. 6 shows the group delay characteristics synthesized by using the circuit parameters. The linearity of the group delay time is observed in two frequency regions near frequencies of -12.5 GHz and 12.5 GHz. The frequency width of the linear region is about 9 GHz. It can be estimated from this result that the equalization ability of this filter is about 1400 pshm. This value corresponds to group-delay dispersion equalization for 70-km-long, 1.3-pm zero-dispersion fibers with a groupdelay dispersion of 20 ps/nm/km at 1.55 pm. Further, the

JINGUJI AND KAWACHI: TWO-PORT LATIICE-FORM OPTICAL DELAY-LINE CIRCUIT

81

TABLE I11 NORMALIZED EXPANSION COEFFlClENTS bk OF THE DESIRED CROSS-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTION, THE EXPANSION COEFFKIENTSak OF THE THROUGH-PORT TRANSFER FUNCTIONCALCULATEDUSING UNIMODULUS BY THE CONDITION, AND THE CLRCUIT PARAMETERS SYNTHESIZED BY OUR METHOD FOR A GROUP-DELAY DISPERSION EQUALIZER
ORlGlNAL AND

stage
number

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

-0.04226 0.08839 -0.18296 0.25041 -0.24204 0.09856 0.15421 -0.25156 0.05927 0.22442 -0.19217 -0.19424 0.19217 0.22442 -0.05927 -0.25156 -0.15421 0.09856 0.24204 0.25041 0.18296 0.08839 0.04226

1
1

-0.04126

-??% 0.24444
-0.23627 0.09621 0.15053 -0.24556 0.05786 0.21906 -0.18759 -0.18960 0.18759 0.21906 -0.05786 -0.24556 -0.15053 0.09621 0.23627 0.24444 0.17860 0.08628 0.04126

1
1
I

0.41506 0.00000 0.32687 0.00000 0.08626

1
1
I

-0.04857 0.00000 0.04567 0.00000 -0.00033 -0,00144 0.00000 -0.02105 0.00000 0.01005 0.00000 0.01434 0.00000 0.00410

0.53153 xn 0.06462 0.10156 0.10194 0.03558 0.93126 0.86753 0.96319 0.12094 0.10248 0.93251 0.88235 0.06749 0.10248 0.87906 0.96319 0.13247 0.93126 0.96441 0.10194 0.89844 0.06462 0.46847

1
1
I

o.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.OO0 O.OO0 O.Oo0 o.OO0 O.Oo0 O.OO0 O.OO0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0 O.Oo0

XX

300 I
h

I
N=22 A~d.02ns .

equalizing region
I , I I I I , ,

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

10

, 15

, 20

25

relative optical frequency (GHz) Fig. 6. Group-delay dispersion equalizer. The frequency range with a linear delay time is 9 GHz. The estimated equalization ability is about 1400 pdnm, which corresponds to group-delay dispersion equalization for 70-km-long, 1.3 p m zero-dispersion fibers with a group-delay dispersion of 20 ps/nm/km at 1.55 urn.

understood as follows. Since the amplitude of the cross-port transfer function is connected directly with that of the throughport transfer function by the unimodulus condition, to give one desired cross-port transfer function corresponds to giving the amplitude of the through-port transfer function directly. When we investigate only the through-port transfer function, it can be seen that there are 2N phase characteristics for one given amplitude. Thus, the equivalence of the two phenomena can be explained by the non-linearity of the unimodulus condition for the transfer functions. The cross-port filter characteristics were calculated for some of the 2N optical circuits with the same desired cross-port transfer function. It could be confirmed that any optical circuits have the same cross-port filter characteristics.

B. Allowable Circuit Parameter Error

It is important to estimate the allowable parameter error for the fabrication of synthesized optical delay-line circuits. Here, the allowable parameters error was estimated for the linearphase Chebyshev filter synthesized in the previous section. V. CONSIDERATIONS Fig. 7 shows the deviations of the filter characteristics for the A. 2N-Circuit Parameters three cases, in which the circuit parameters errors of less than In the previous section, it was shown that 2N circuit 0.001 T , 0.01 T , and 0.1 T were given randomly, respectively. parameters are obtained, when one desired cross-port trans- The black line in the figure indicates no parameter errors. The fer function is given. These 2 N circuit parameters result in many gray lines indicate the filter characteristic deviations. 2 optical delay-line circuits. In the 2N optical delay-line They were calculated by giving the random parameter errors circuits with the same desired cross-port characteristics, the for both directional couplers and phase shifters. When the through-port filter characteristics have the same amplitude parameter errors are below 0.001 x,the filter characteristics are characteristics but 2 N different phase characteristics. In the close to the desired characteristics. From this result, the allowfield of digital signal processing, it is known that there are able parameter error for the linear-phase Chebyshev filter is 2 N phase characteristics for an FIR digital filter expressed estimated to be about 0.001 T . However, the attenuation charby an N-order z polynomial, when its amplitude is given acteristics are sufficiently practical even with parameter errors [24]. This phenomenon is equivalent to the above-mentioned of less than 0.01 T , because the stop band attenuation of about phenomenon found in our synthesis method. This can be -20 dB is an allowable value in conventional optical systems. transmittance in the two equalizing regions is almost flat near the transmittance of 0 dB.

82

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 1995

REFERENCES

I
5
I

\
. .
0

-40

.
-40

.
-20

.
20

.
40

relative optical frequency (GHz)


0 ,

-40

-20

20

40

relative optical frequency (GHz)

B
v

c -20 .-

.3
5
I

parameter error< kO.1

I[

40

.
-40

.
-20

0 20 40 relative optical frequency (GHz)

A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafter, Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975. L. F. Stokes, M. Chodorow, and H. J. Shaw, All single-mode fiber et, resonator, Opt. L f . vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 288-290, 1982. B. Moslehi, J. W. Goodman, M. TIN, and H. J. Shaw, Fiber-optic lattice signal processing, Proc. fEEE, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 909-930. 1984. K. P. Jackson, S. A. Newtons, B. Moslehi, M. C. C. Cuter, J. W. Goodman, and H. J. Shaw, Optical fiber delay-line signal processing, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 193-208, 1985. K. P. Jackson, G. Xiao, and H. J. Shaw, Coherent optical fiber delay line processor, Electron. Lett., vol. 22, no. 25, pp. 1335-1337, 1986. K. Sasayama, M. Okuno, and K. Habara, Coherent optical transversal filter using silica-based waveguides for high-speed signal processing, J . Lighfwave Technol., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1225-1230, 1991. , [71 - Frequency-division-multiplexing multichannel selector using a coherent optical transversal filter, in Tech. Dig. OFC92, Paper TuC2, 1992. , Photonic FDM switch using coherent optical transversal filter, in Proc. International Switching Symp.92, 1992, Paper B9-2, pp. 347-35 1. -, An optical transversal filter using coherent interference, in Proc. Photonic Switching93, 1993, Paper FTuB2-1. M. Kawachi, Silica waveguides on silicon and their application to integrated-optic components, Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 22, pp. 391416, 1990. N. Takato, T. Komonato, A. Sugita, K. Jinguji, H. Toba, and M. Kawachi, Silica-based integrated-optic Mach-Zehnder multi/demultiplexer family with channel spacing of 0.01 to 250 nm, J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 8, pp. 112Cbl127, 1990. M. Kawachi and K. Jinguji, Planar lightwave circuits for optical signal processing, in Tech. Dig. OFC94. 1994, Paper FB7. C. W. Lee and K. Sakaniwa, A design method for optical fiber of lattice and ladder structures, in Proc. JTC-CSCC89, 1989, pp. 435440. T. Ozeki. Optical equalizers. Optics Lett., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 375-377.
tnn?

L77.L.

Fig. 7. Estimation an allowable circuit parameter error for a linear-phase Chebyshev filter. The deviations in filter characteristics are indicated by the many gray lines for three different maximum circuit parameter errors of less than 0,001?r, 0.01 ?r, and 0.1 ?r, and the black line indicates no parameter

errors.

VI. CONCLUSION

We proposed a method for synthesizing a coherent optical delay-line circuit with a two-port lattice-form configuration. Our synthesis method was based on the use of a unimodulus para-unitary matrix as a transfer matrix and on the division of the transfer matrix into the basic component transfer matrices. We succeeded in deriving a synthesis algorithm and a set of recurrent equations in order to obtain circuit parameters for a desired cross-port (through-port) transfer function. It was shown that arbitrary filter characteristics corresponding to Nth-order complex FIR digital filters can be realized by N cascaded two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuits. Our next goal is to develop a synthesis algorithm for 2 x 2 optical delay-line circuits with ring resonators. It is expected that the optical delay-line circuits have the same filter characteristics as those of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters which can realize filter characteristics with sharp filtering edges.

[15] M. Sharma, H. Ibe, and T. Ozeki, Birefringent crystal based dispersion equalizer, in Tech. Dig. ECOC92. 1992, pp. 1459-152. [I61 T. Ozeki and T. Kudo, Adaptive equalization of polarization mode dispersion, in Tech. Dig. OFC/fOOC93,Paper FC-7, 1993. [171 K.Takiguchi. K. Okmoto, s. S U Z U b , and y. Ohmon, planar lightwave circuit optical dispersion equalizer, in Tech. Dig. ECOC93, 1993, Paper ThC12.9. -~ [ 181 __, Planar lightwave circuit optical dispersion equalizer, fEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-88, 1994. [19] H. Kikuchi, H. Watanabe, and T. Abe, Lightwave filter architectures-A mapping technique of optical-wave digital filters, in Proc. Midwest Symp. Circuits Syst., 1990, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 808-81 1. [20] E. Watanabe, Study on the design of low-sensitivity digital filters based on the concept of structurally induced boundedness, Doctoral dissertation, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Dec. 1985. [21] H. Kikuchi, H. Watanabe, A. Nishihara, and T. Yanagisawa, Pipelinable low-sensitivity digital filters based on the localization of transmission zeros, Trans. IEfCE Japan, vol. E-71, no. 7, pp. 493-504, 1988. [22] H. Kikuchi, H. Watanabe, A. Nishihara, and T. Yanagisawa, Systematic synthesis of power-wave digital filters, Trans. fEfCEJapan. vol. E-72, no. 4, pp. 363-374, 1989. [23] S. K. Mitra, P. A. Regalia, and P. P. Vaidyanthan, Bounded complex transfer functions and its application to low sensitivity digital filter realization, ISCSA 86, 1986, pp. 452-455. [24] E. Deprettere and P. Dewilde, Orthogonal cascade realization of real multiport digital filters, In?. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., vol. 8, pp. 245-272, 1980. [25] J. H. McClellan, T. W. Parks, and L. R. Labiners, A computer program for designing optimum FIR linear phase digital filters, IEEE Trans. Audio & Electroacoust., vol. AU-21, no. 6, pp. 506-526, 1973.
~

Kaname Jinguji (M88), photograph and biography not available at the time

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

of publication.

The authors would like to thank Dr. T. Izawa and Dr. M. Nakahara for their helpful suggestions and encourDr- K.Okamoto for wish to agementdiscussions.

Masao Kawachi(M85), photograph and biogrdpny not available at the time


of publication.

You might also like