You are on page 1of 34

Th.

s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin




thien731987@gmail.com
72
BI 3.PHNG PHP O LU LNG
3. 1 i cng
Cc cm bin o lu lng c s dng o c cht lng v cht kh trong nhiu
ng dng gim st v iu khin. Vi cht lng, khi lng ring c th coi l hng s
nn vic o lu lng nhn chung d thc hin hn. Mt s k thut hot ng vi c
cht lng v cht kh, mt s ch hot ng vi dng lu cht xc nh. Vic o lu lng
thng bt u bng vic o tc dng chy.
3.1.1. Khi nim chung v o lu lng
Mt trong cc tham s quan trng ca qu trnh cng ngh l lu lng cc cht
chy qua ng dn. Mun nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu qu ca h thng iu
khin t ng cc qu trnh cng ngh cn phi o chnh xc th tch v lu lng cc
cht.
Mi trng o khc nhau c c trng bng tnh cht l ha v cc yu cu cng
ngh, do ta c nhiu phng php o da trn nhng nguyn l khc nhau. S lng
vt cht c xc nh bng khi lng v th tch ca n tng ng vi cc n v o
(kg, tn) hay n v th tch (m
3
, lt). Lu lng vt cht l s lng cht y chy qua tit
din ngang ca ng dn trong mt n v thi gian.
Lu lng th tch
t
V
Q
V
=
n v o m
3
/s; m
3
/giv v
Lu lng khi Q
m
t
m
=
n v o kg/s; kg/gi; tn/giv v
Cn phn bit s khc nhau gi lu lng tc thi v lu lng trung bnh. Chng
hn lu lng th tch: Lu lng trung bnh Q
tb
=V(
2 1
t t ), lu lng tc thi: Q
V
=
dV/dt (V l th tch vt cht o c trong thi gian (
2 1
t t )),
i vi cht kh, kt qu o khng ph thuc vo iu kin p sut v nhit , ta
qui i v iu kin chun (nhit 20
0
C, p sut 760 mm thy ngn).
thch ng vi cc nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip, ngi ta pht trin
rt nhiu phng php khc nhau o lu lng cht lng, hi nc, kh...
3.1.2. c trng ca lu cht
Mi lu cht c c trng bi nhng yu t sau:
- Khi lng ring
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
73
- H s nht ng lc
- H s nht ng hc
Khi lng ring:
Khi lng ring l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch lu cht
) / (
3
m kg
V
m
=
m: khi lng ca khi lu cht
V: th tch ca khi lu cht


Hnh 3.1: Khi lng ring ca nc v hi nc trng
thi bo ha vi cc iu kin nhit khc nhau
Tnh nht
Tnh nht l tnh cht chng li s dch chuyn, n biu hin sc dnh phn t hay
kh nng lu ng ca lu cht. y l 1 tnh cht quan trng ca lu cht v n l
nguyn nhn c bn gy ra s tn tht nng lng khi lu cht chuyn ng. Khi lu
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
74
cht chuyn ng, gia chng c s chuyn ng tng i, ny sinh ma st to nn s
bin i 1 phn c nng thnh nhit nng v mt i. Tnh nht c c trng bi h s
nht ng lc, h s ny ph thuc vo loi lu cht.
C nhiu cch o nht, cch thc n gin thng c cc phng th
nghim cc trng i hc s dng chng minh s tn ti nht v xc nh gi
tr l: Cho 1 qu cu ri trong cht lng di tc dng ca trng lc. o khong cch (d)
v thi gian (t) qu cu ri, tnh vn tc u.
H s nht ng lc s c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
u
r g
. 9
. . . 2
2

A
=
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
A : S khc nhau gia khi lng ring qu cu v cht lng (kg/m
3
).
g: Gia tc trng trng 9,81 m/s
2
.
r: Bn knh qu cu (m).
u: Vn tc ri ca qu cu u= d/t (m/s)
n v ca h s nht ng lc:
Pa s= Ns/m
2
= 10
3

cP (centiPoise) = 10 P (Poise)

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
75

Hnh 3.2: H s nht ng lc ca nc v hi nc
trng thi bo ha vi cc iu kin nhit khc nhau
nhn mnh mi quan h gia tnh nht v khi lng ring ca lu cht ngi ta
a ra h s nht ng hc.
v =

3
10 .

v: h s nht ng hc, n v centistokes (cSt)
: H s nht ng lc.
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
).
n v h s nht ng hc l cSt (centistokes), St (stokes), m
2
/s
1St = 100 cSt = 1 cm
2
/s = 10
-4
m
2
/s
nht ph thuc vo nhit v p sut. nht ca cht lng tng khi nhit
gim v khi p sut tng, i vi cht kh th ngc li.
Tr s Reynold (Re)
Tt c cc yu t k trn u c nh hng ti dng chy ca lu cht trong ng
dn, ngi ta kt hp chng vi nhau to ra 1 i lng duy nht th hin c trng ca
lu cht: Tr s Reynold:

D u
R
e
. .
=
: Khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m
3
)
D: ng knh trong ca ng dn lu cht (m)
u: Vn tc ca lu cht (m/s)
: H s nht ng lc (Pa s)
3.1.3. Hiu chun khi lng ring
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
76
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, cht kh trong mi trng o nh hng n php
o lu lng. Thc cht khi lng ring thng khng l mt hng s.
+ Khi lng ring ca cht lng ty thuc vo nhit . Trng hp ny hiu
chun khi lng ring ta ch cn o nhit .
+ Kh thng l mt hn hp gm nhiu thnh phn. Khi lng ring ca n l
thuc vo p sut v nhit . hiu chnh sai s cn o c hai i lng ny (ly
chun l khi lng ring iu kin 0
0
C, p sut kh quyn).
3.1.4. Trng thi dng chy
Nu b i nh hng ca
nht v s ma st vi thnh
ng dn th vn tc dng chy s
nh nhau mi v tr trn mt
ct ngang ca ng dn (xem
hnh 3.3).

Hnh 3.3: Vn tc dng chy
(trng hp l tng)
Tuy nhin ch l trng
hp l tng, trong thc t
nht nh hng n tc ca
dng chy, cng vi s ma st
ca ng dn lm gim vn tc
ca lu cht v tr gn thnh
ng (hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4: Vn tc dng chy vi nh hng ca tnh
nht v lc ma st
Vi tr s Reynold nh
(Res2300), cht chuyn ng
thnh lp (chy tng).Tt c
cc chuyn ng xut hin theo
dc trc ca ng dn. Di nh
hng ca tnh nht v lc ma
st vi thnh ng dn, tc lu
cht ln nht v tr trung tm
ng dn (hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5:
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
77
Khi tc tng v tr s Re
vt qu 2300, dng chy tng
dn hn lon vi cng lc cng
nhiu cc dng xoy (trng thi
qu ). Vi Re t 10.000 tr
ln, dng chy hon ton hn
lon (trng thi chy ri).

Hnh 3.6

Cc kh ( trng thi bo
ha) v hu ht cc cht lng
thng c vn chuyn bng
ng dn trng thi dng chy
ri.


Hnh 3.7: Tr s Reynold

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
78
3. 2 Phng php o lu lng da trn nguyn tc s chnh lch p sut
dng cm bin p sut o lu lng, ngi ta o s chnh lch p sut (hiu
p) gia 2 v tr ng c tit din dng chy khc nhau. Cc lu lng k o da trn hiu
p (differential pressure flowmeter) c s dng rt ph bin, c bit l dng vi cc
cht lng. Cc thit b ny cng nh hu ht cc lu lng k khc gm hai thnh phn
c bn.
Thnh phn 1: l nguyn nhn gy nn s thay i trong nng lng ng hc, to
nn s thay i p sut trong ng. Thnh phn ny phi ph hp vi kch thc ca
ng ng, iu kin dng chy, tnh cht ca lu cht.
Thnh phn th 2: o s chnh lch p v tn hiu u ra c chuyn i thnh gi
tr lu lng.
3.2.1. nh ngha p sut
p sut l lc tc dng trn mt n v din tch
dS
dF
p =
p: p sut
A: din tch
F: lc
o p sut ngi ta s dng mt nguyn tc ging nhau, p sut c cho tc
dng ln mt b mt xc nh, nh th p sut c bin thnh lc. Vic o p sut
c a v o lc. Tt c cc lc tc dng ln mt mt phng xc nh l thc o p
xut.
S
F
p =
n v p sut
y ban quc t cho vic o c vi lut nh chn Pascal (Pa) = N/m
2
l n v p
sut (ISO 1000, DIN 1301). Vic phn chia thang o ca my o p sut c dng vi
bi s ca n v Pa.
1 mbar = 10
2
Pa
1 bar = 10
5
Pa
Nhng n v c dng ph bin trc y:
1 mmHg = 1,0000 Torr
1 atm = 760 Torr (atm n v p sut kh quyn vt l)
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
79
1Torr =1,333224 10
2
Pa
1kp/cm
2
= 0,980665. 10
5
Pa
1at =1kp/cm
2
= 0,980665. 10
5
Pa (at n v p sut kh quyn k thut)
1mm nc =9,80665 Pa
Ngoi ra cc nc Anh, M ngi ta cn dng cc n v p sut sau:
1 pound-force/ square yard (Lb/yd
2
)
1 pound-force/ square foot (Lb/ft
2
)
1 pound-force/ square inch (Lb/in
2
= psi)
1 ounce/ square foot (oz/ft
2
)
1 ounce/ square inch (oz/in
2
)
1 Ton/ square foot (Ton/ft
2
)
1 inch of water (trong nc)
1 inch of mecuri (trong thy ngn)
= 5,425. 10
-5
at
= 4,883. 10
-4
at
= 7,031. 10
-2
at
= 3,052. 10
-5
at
= 4,394. 10
-3
at
= 2,540. 10
-3
at
= 2,40. 10-3 at
= 3,455. 10
-2
at
3.2.2. B phn to nn s chnh lch p sut
D hin nay c nhiu phng php o lu lng c pht trin, phng
php o lu lng bng ng co vn c ng dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip v cc
lnh vc khc. ng co dng to s chnh lch p sut (gia v tr ng cha co v ng
co) nn ng co phi l nhng linh kin c hc rt bn b, cu trc n gin v khng c
cc phn t di ng chu c nhng iu kin v cng khc nghit trong cng
nghip. Phng php o s dng Pitot tube cng da trn s chnh lch p sut nhng
khng to s co trc tip trn dng chy.
3.2.2.1 ng co Venturi
Nguyn tc
Phng php o lu lng bng ng co da trn nh lut lin tc v phng
trnh nng lng ca Bernoulli.
Phng trnh lin tc:
A
1
u
1
=A
2
u
2

Phng trnh Bernoulli:
p
1
+
1
. . h g +
2

2
1
u = p
2
+
2
. . h g +
2

2
2
u
p dng cho trng ng co venturi:
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
80
p
1
+
2

2
1
u = p
2
+
2

2
2
u
Trong :

A
1
: Din tch trc co.
A
2
: Din tch v tr co.
u
1
: Vn tc trc v tr co
u
2
: Vn tc v tr co
p
1
: p sut tnh trc v tr co
p
2
: p sut tnh v tr co
: Khi lng ring.
h
1
: cao v tr v tr trc co
h
2
: cao v tr v tr sau co

Hnh 3.8
ni din tch ng b thu nh, vn tc dng chy gia tng. Vi phng trnh nng
lng ca Bernoulli, nng lng ca dng chy l tng nng lng p sut tnh v ng
nng (vn tc) l mt hng s.
) (
2
2
1
2
2 2 1
u u p p p = = A


Gii phng trnh trn theo v
2
:
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
81
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
1 2 1
2
2
. ) (
2
) (
2
u
A
A
p p u p p u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =



t
2
1
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
A
A
o l hng s dng chy
Ta c
2 1 2
.
2
p p u =

o
T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:
p k p p A u A Q
V
A = = = . . .
2
. . .
2 1 2 2 2
o

o
p k p p A u A Q
m
A = = = . . . 2 . . . .
'
2 1 2 2 2
o o
Nh th lu lng t l vi cn s bc hai ca hiu p khi khi lng ring l hng s.
Hnh nh thc t loi ng co Venturi H800 do hng Tetratec Instruments sn xut.




Hnh 3.9
3.2.2.2 Orifice plate
Orifice plate l mt trong nhng cch thc n gin nht (v cng kinh t nht)
tc ng n dng chy, t c th tnh c lu lng.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
82

Hnh 3.10: Cc dng ng co Orifice plate
Orifice plate dy khong 1/16 n n inch. C 3 loi Orifice plate: concentric
(ng tm), eccentric (lch tm), segmental (hnh cung) (nh hnh trn).
Trong 3 loi, loi concentric c s dng nhiu nht. Khi lu cht i qua Orifice
plate, dng chy hi t, tc lu cht tng ln mc ti a. Ti im ny, p sut l nh
nht. Khi dng chy phn k, tc lu cht gim tr li mc ban u.
Hai loi Eccentric v Segmental cng c chc nng hon ton ton ging nh
Consentric. Thit b c lp t ng tm vi ng dn lu cht (ng dn t nm
ngang), vi loi Segmental, v tr phn cung trn (phn c ct) ph thuc vo dng
cht lng c th trn hoc di nhm mc ch ngn chn cc vt l t trong dng
chy. Kt qu t c l php o tng mc chnh xc. Loi eccentric cng c thit
k vi cng mc ch trn.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
83
Nguyn tc hot ng

Hnh: 3.11
Nguyn tc o lu lng khi s dng Orifice plate cng da trn phng trnh
Bernoulli.
gh v 2 =
gh A v A Q
V
2 . . = =
Trong thc t gi tr vn tc thc s s nh hn gi tr vn tc trn l thuyt (do ma
st). S khc bit ny c iu chnh vi h s
V
C .
V
C =vn tc thc t/ vn tc l thuyt.
Bn cnh din tch dng chy hi t s nh hn din tch ca Orifice plate, iu
ny tip tc c iu chnh vi h s C
C
.
C
C
= din tch vng hi t / din tch Orifice plate
Hai h s
V
C , C
C
kt hp vi nhau c c h s iu chnh C.
Qv = C. gh A 2 .
Q
v
: Lu lng m
3
/s
A: H s iu chnh.
A: Din tch Orifice plate.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
84
h: S chnh lch v p sut (m)
g: Gia tc trong trng (9,8 m
2
/s)
H s C (c nh ngha theo tiu chun ISO 5167 2003) c th tra cc gi tr
da vo da vo tiu chun ISO 5167.

Hnh 3.12: Loi Orifice Plate BLS 100 ca
Tetratec Instruments
Hnh 3.13: Loi Orifice plate tiu chun
BLB300 ca Tetratec Instruments
Yu cu lp dt (theo tiu chun ISO 5167)


Hnh 3.14
Cn c cc on ng dn lu cht khng cong, thng v tr trc v sau v tr lp
t Orifice Plate. di ti ti thiu ca cc on ng ny phi t mc:
+ v tr sau Orifice Plate (cui ngun): 5 ln ng knh ng dn lu cht.
+ v tr trc Orifice Plate (u ngun): Ph thuc vo t s | v cch lp t.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
85
D
d
= |
d: ng knh ca Orifice Plate (ng knh ming vi ca).
D: ng knh ng dn lu cht.
Cn c vo gi tr | v cch lp t (xem hnh) m s dng 1 trong cc h s a,
b, c. Tnh c di ti thiu cn thit = h s * D.

|
H s
<0,32 0,45 0,55 0,63 0,70 0,77 0,84
A 18 20 23 27 32 40 49
B 15 18 22 28 36 46 57
C 10 13 16 22 29 44 56
3.2.2.3 Pitot tube

Hnh 3.15: Lc Pitot tube
Nguyn tc hot ng
p
1
+
2

2
1
v = p
2
+
2

2
2
v
p
1
: p sut tnh trong dng chy ca lu cht ng dn.
p
2
: p sut tnh trong Pitot tube.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
86
v
1
: Vn tc dng chy.
v
2
: Vn tc dng chy v tr ng (bng 0).

: Khi lng ring ca lu cht.



Do v
2
=0
p
1
+
2

2
1
v = p
2

2
1 1 2
2
v p p p

= = A
Gii phng trnh trn theo v
1

p
v
A
=
. 2
2
1

p
v
A
=
. 2
1

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
87
T ta c lu lng tnh theo th tch v khi lng nh sau:

p
A v A Q
v
A
= =
. 2
. .
1

Trong thc t, Pitot tube c th c tch hp trong cng 1 khi, b phn o tng
p sut tnh v ng nng vi b b phn o p sut tnh c t trong cng mt thit
b.
Do dng n gin ca pitot tube ch o ti 1 im, m gi tr ca vn tc dng
chy ti nhng v tr khc nhau l khng ging nhau (trn mt ct ngang ca dng chy).
Do v tr o mang tnh cht quyt nh.

Hnh 3.16: Dng n gin ca Pitot tube
khc phc c im vn tc dng chy khc nhau, dng pitot tube trung bnh
c s dng. ng nng ca dng chy c o cc v tr khc nhau, kt qu ly gi
tr trung bnh.

Hnh 3.17: Pitot tube trung bnh
3.2.2.4 S chnh xc ca php o
Khi din tch ct ngang ca dng chy v khi lng ring ca lu cht coi nh c
nh, trong phng trnh
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
88
Q
v
= h s.
p A

Hiu p p A t l vi bnh phng vi lu lng Q
V
, do khi Q
V
= 30% thang o
th p A = 9% thang o.
Hiu p cng thp, sai s tng i cng ln. Khi p A = 9% thang o, sai s tng
i lc ny ln gp 11 ln sai s cui thang o.
Do ch nn thc hin vic o lu lng bng ng co t 30% n 100% thang o.
3.2.3. B phn o s chnh lch p sut
B phn o s chnh lch p sut ny c thit k o p sut da trn cc nguyn
tc:
Chuyn i p sut kiu in dung
Chuyn i p sut kiu bin p vi sai
Chuyn i p sut kiu in tr p in
Chuyn i p sut kiu p in
Chuyn i p sut kiu mng sc co gin...vv
3.2.3.1. Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
Cm bin p sut loi in tr p in thay i in tr tng ng vi bin dng trn
bn thn n.
+ Cm bin bin dng p in tr kim loi
+ Cm bin bin dng p in tr bn dn
Cc thng s c bn:
+ di bin dng: t s ca s thay i kch thc vi chiu di ban u
l
l A
= c
n v l Strain v thng s dng microstrain
+ H s bin dng: t s thay i in tr vi thay i chiu di.
c
R
R
l
l
R
R
GF
A
=
A
A
=

H s GF ca kim loi: 2, bn dn: 80 120
Nguyn l o s dng cm bin dng p in tr.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
89
Cc php o bin dng t khi c gi tr ln hn vi millistrain (. 10
-3
)
V d: C cu chu lc bin dng 500. H s bin dng GF = 2.
Gi tr thay i in tr: R/R = GF. 500. 10
-3
= 0. 001
o s thay i nh gi tr in tr, cc cm bin bin dng p in tr s dng mch
cu.
S o
V
R R
R
R R
R
V .
2 1
1
4 3
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
Khi R1/R2 = R3/R4 th in p ra
bng 0. Nu thay th R4 bng cm bin th
khi c lc tc dng ln, in p ra s thay
i

Hnh dng mch cu

thay i in tr: R = R
G
. GF.
Chn R1 = R2 v R3 = R
G
ta c:


|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
. 1
1
4
.
.
c
c
GF
GF
V V
S O

Tuy nhin GF*/2 << 1 nn ta c th ly
4
.
.
c GF
V V
S O
=

Hnh dng mch cu



V
O
=V
S
.
2
.c GF




Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
90
Mch cu 4 nhnh
in p ra c th xc nh:
V
0
= V
s
. GF.

3.2.3.2. Cm bin p sut loi p in
Cm bn p sut p in c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng thay i hay
xut hin phn cc in khi mt s cht in mi b bin dng di tc dng ca lc.
B cm bin gm ba lp mng
polyvinylidene flourid (PVDF) c
dt mng gia l cht nn (cao su
silicon) v lp p Khi tc dng lc ln
b cm bin mng PVDF chu ng
sut v hnh thnh cc in tch trn
b mt.
in tch thay i to nn bin
thin in p ra. Bin in p ra t
l vi lc tc ng vo b cm bin.

Hnh 3.18
Cm bin p in c dng o lc bin thin (n 10 kN), o p sut 1000 ms
-
1
(100N/mm
2
) v gia tc (ti 1kg) trong di tn t 0,5 100kHz.
u im ca cm bin loi ny l cu trc n gin, kch thc nh, tin cy cao,
c kh nng o cc i lng bin thin nhanh.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
91
3.2.3.3. Cm bin p sut loi mng sc co gin kim loi
Mng sc co gin l loi cm bin rt quan trng dng o p sut, lc... c
pht trin u tin M trong nhng nm cui thp nin 40. u im ca loi cm bin
ny l tr s o chnh xc, kch thc b. Mch o thng dng vi cu Wheatstone.
c chnh xc, mch in cn nhiu in tr b tr v sa sai.
Nguyn tc
Khi 1 si dy dn in b ko cng ra, n tr nn di v m hn nn in tr ca
dy tng ln. Khi si dy b nn, co li, n tr nn ngn hn v mp hn nn in tr
gim i. Nu gi vic nn v ko dn ny trong gii hn n hi th sau khi b bin dng
n vn gi nguyn kch thc v tr s nh ban u. Nu gn cht dy dn ny vo phn
t cn o c, chiu di dy dn thay i theo s bin dng ca phn t ny. Sao cho s
thay i in tr ca dy dn tng ng vi lc, p sut lm bin dng phn t cn kho
st.
S
l
R =
R: in tr dy dn.
L: Chiu di.
: in tr sut
S; Din tch mt ct ngang ca dy dn
3.2.4. Mch ng dng
ng dng o lu lng bng ng co vi cm bin p sut loi in tr p in
o s chnh lch ca p sut 2 v tr c th s dng cm bin p sut loi in
tr p in.
Loi cm bin ny c 2 mt:
Mt trc cn gi l mt tch cc (mt cng tc), v l do cch in nn ch chu ng
c cc kh sch nh khng kh v kh Freon.
Mt sau cn gi l mt th ng ch gm cc mt silic chu ng c nhiu mi
trng khc nhau.
Cho nn o hiu s p sut ca mt dng chy ta dng 2 cm bin v cho mi
trng tc dng mt sau cm bin.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
92
- C th dng loi cm bin 240PC Series
ca Honeywell.
- Cc loi cm bin ny c cc khong o:
0..0,345 bar, 01 bar, 0 2 bar, 04 bar,
07 bar, 010 bar.
- Hot ng vi in p 8 V.
- iu kin nhit mi trng: -
40
0
C+85
0
C.


Hnh 3.19: 240 PC Series
- Vt liu ng dn l cao su buna - N nn c th chu ng c du la, du nht,
du thy lc, cn, kh Freon
i lng ng ra ca cm bin l gi tr in p.Tn hiu ra ca 2 cm bin c a
n mch x l cui cng c c kt qu ch th.
Mch lp t thc t s dng Orifice plate o lu lng

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
93
Hnh 3.20
Thng tin chnh lch p sut c th a trc tip ti 1 b ch th n gin hay
a ti mt mch tnh ton ch th phc tp (flow computer) hn km theo c thng tin
nhit v p sut. B phn ny c th tnh ton b vo s thay i ca khi lng ring
lu cht theo iu kin mi trng.
Cc lnh vc ng dng tiu biu ca h thng iu khin lu lng:
- H thng hot ng bng hi nc.
- Kim sot lng nc a vo sn phm (chng i hi mi trng kh ro khi
vn chuyn v lu tr nh: thuc l, c ph, cc cht liu lm thc n gia sc.




Hnh 3.21: S h thng o lu lng
3. 3 Phng php o lu lng bng tn s dng xoy.
3.3.1. Nguyn tc hot ng
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
94
Phng php o lu lng
bng dng xoy da trn hiu ng s
pht sinh dng xoy khi mt vt cn
nm trong lu cht. Cc dng xoy
xut hin tun t v b dng chy
cun i. Hin tng ny c
Leonardo da Vinci ghi nhn Strouhal
trong nm 1878 c gng gii thch
ln u tin. ng nhn thy rng
mt si dy nm trong dng chy c
s rung ng nh mt dy n. S
dao ng ny t l thun vi vn tc
dng chy v t l nghch vi ng
knh si dy.


Hnh 3.22: Cm bin o lu lng vi nguyn
tc tn s dng xoy
Theodor von Karman tm thy nguyn nhn gy ra s dao ng ny: l s
sinh ra v bin mt ca cc dng xoy bn cnh vt cn. Mt con ng. Dng xoy hnh
thnh pha sau vt cn khi mt vt c t trong mt dng chy.
Cc dng xoy ny ri b vt cn tun t v tri i theo dng chy. Pha sau vt
cn hnh thnh con ng ca dng xoy c t tn l con ng xoy Karman. Cc
dng xoy hai bn cnh ca vt cn, c chiu xoy ngc nhau.Tn s s bin mt (v
c s xut hin) l hiu ng dng o lu lng bng th tch.

Hnh 3.23: Hnh nh dng xoy
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
95
Lord Rayleigh tm thy s lin h gia kch thc hnh hc vt cn, vn tc lu
cht v v tn s bin mt ca dng xoy f. S lin h ny dc din t vi tr s
Strouhal.:
v
a f
S
.
=
a: ng knh ca vt cn.
f: tn s dng xoy
v: vn tc dng xoy
Tr s Strouhal l hm ca tr s Reynold (Reynold: l t l gia lc qun tnh v lc
nht trong mt lu cht, biu th s ma st ca mt dng chy. Re= / D u : khi
lng ring ca lu cht, u: vn tc lu cht, D: ng knh bn trong ng dn, :
nht)
Hnh dng ca vt cn phi c cu to sao cho trong mt khong tr s Renoyld
kh rng m tr s Strouhal vn l hng s. Hnh 3.24 pha di cho ta s lin h gia tr
s Strouhal v tr s Renoyld vi hai vt cn khc nhau. Vi vt cn hnh lng knh tr s
S n nh trong sut mt di tr s Re kh rng.

Hnh 3.24: S lin h gia tr s Strouhal v tr s Renoyld
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
96


Hnh 3.25: Hnh nh dng xoy vi cc tr s Reynold khc nhau
Vi iu kin hng s Strouhal S khng ty thuc vo tr s Reynold ta c th tnh
lu lng th tch trn n v thi gian theo cng thc sau:
Q= f A a
S
. . .
1

A: Din tch ct ngang ca dng chy.
Nguyn tc o tn s dng xoy
Vi s bin mt v xut hin
ca dng xoy, vn tc dng chy
hai bn vt cn v trn ng
dng xoy thay i mt cch cc
b. Tn s dao ng ca vn tc
c th o vi nhng phng php
khc nhau. Cc nh sn xut cc
lu lng k s dng nguyn tc
tn s dng xoy dng cc k thut
khc nhau ghi nhn tn s.

Hnh 3.26: K thut o vi cm bin p in
Mt s s dng cc vy c c kh ghi nhn nhng rung ng ca dng chy.
S khc s dng k thut cm bin p in hoc sng siu m cm nhn s thay
i ca p sut. Ngoi ra cn c mt s phng php khc ghi nhn s liu nh: o
s dao ng p sut vi mng sc co dn...
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
97

Hnh 3.27: K thut o dng Sng siu m
K thut s m ra mt k nguyn mi cho cc lu lng k s dng nguyn tc tn s
dng xoy, k thut s cho php phn tch tn hiu nhn c, iu m trc y khng
th thc hin c. Trong nhng bo co nghin cu gn y cho thy cc nh sn xut
t c nhng tin b ng k cho mc tiu c bn: o tn s dng xoy. Vn
chnh lun l xc nh tn hiu t dng xoy, c bit l khi tn s ca dng xoy mc
thp. Vi tn hiu dng xoy tn s thp, s c s chia s di tn vi nhng rung ng h
tn khc trong cng nghip. Cc nh sn xut s dng cc b lc tng t l tn hiu
trn tp m. Tuy nhin khi tn s ca dng xoy thay i, thit b phi t ng iu chnh
li di thng ca b lc. Tnh trng trn c so snh vi mt chic radio, khi ngi s
dng d cc tn s ca cc i pht thanh, khi tm thy th gi c nh. Vn tn s ca
dng xoy th kh khn hn, c nhiu tn hiu khc nhau trong di tn m thit b tm
kim. Thm ch khi tm c ng tn s ri, th n vn c th thay i trong chc lt.
3.3.2. Cc u im ni bt v hn ch ca phng php o lu lng vi nguyn
tc tn s dng xoy
Cc u im
Rt kinh t v c tin cy cao.
Tn s dng xoy khng b nh hng bi s d bn hay h hng nh ca vt cn.
ng biu din ca n tuyn tnh v khng thay i theo thi gian s dng.
Sai s php o rt b.
Khong o lu lng tnh bng th tch t 3% n 100% thang o.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
98
Php o bng dng xoy l c lp vi cc tnh cht vt l ca mi trng dng chy.
Sau mt ln chun nh, khng cn chun nh li vi tng loi lu cht.
Cc my o lu lng bng dng xoy khng c b phn c hc chuyn ng v s
i hi v cu trc kh n gin.
Lu cht khng cn c tnh cht dn in nh trong php o lu lng bng cm ng
in t.
Khng gy cn tr dng chy nhiu
Cc hn ch
Vi tc dng chy qu thp, dng xoy c th khng c to ra v nh vy lu
lng k s ch mc 0.
Cc rung ng c th nh hng n chnh xc ca kt qu o.
Vic lp t nu to ra nu to ra cc im nh ra (nh cc v tr hn) c th nh
hng ti dng ca dng xoy, nh hng ti chnh xc.
Tc ln nht cho php ca dng chy theo ch dn thng mc 80 n 100 m/s.
Nu lu cht o dng kh hoc hi m vn tc ln hn s gp nhiu vn kh
khn c bit l vi cc cht kh m t v bn.
i hi phi c mt on ng thng, di trc v tr o.
3.3.3. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin o lu lng vi nguyn tc tn s dng
xoy.
o lu lng hi nc ti khu vc nung nng to hi v khu vc s dng.
o lu lng cc cht kh t.
o lu lng dn in v c khng dn in.
S dng cc khu vc c yu cu khc nghit.
o lng lu cht cn thit (h thng nn kh, cc sn phm ha hc..).
H thng o lu lng trong thc t c th dng my tnh lu lng (flow computer),
cc cm bin o nhit , cm bin p sut em li nhng tin dng cho ngi s dng.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
99

Hnh 3.28: H thng o lu lng vi cm bin Vortex

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
100
3. 4 Thc hnh vi cm bin o lu lng (nguyn tc tn s dng xoy) ca hng
KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH
3. 4.1 Ghi nhn cc thng s ca cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C
Mc ch - Yu cu
- Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut ca cm bin
OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
Thit b
- Cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C (s dng o
lu lng ca kh, hi nc v cht lng).
o lu lng vi gii hn vn tc:
+ Tc 0,3 n 9 m/s cho cht lng.
+ Tc 3 n 80 m/s cho kh v hi nc
o lu lng nc
+ Q
min
= 0,36 m
3
/h
+ Q
max
= 5,7 m
3
/h
- Ti liu Quick Start Manual km theo thit b
cm bin.


Thc hin
Ghi nhn cc thng s k thut
Ngun gc: ____________________________________
Cng ty: ______________________________________
Dng cm bin _________________________________
ng knh danh nh ca cm bin: ________________
in p hot ng: ______________________________
Dng in tiu th: ______________________________
_____________________________________________
V s kt ni cm bin





Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
101



Cc ghi ch khi thc hnh





3. 4.2 Thit lp cc thng s cho cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
Yu cu
- Thc hin c cc thit lp khc nhau cho cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C.
Thit b
- Cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C
Thc hin
Kho st chc nng cc phm

1, 5: Phm Enter.
2, 6: Phm phi.
3, 4: Phm ln.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
102
7: Mn hnh hin th.
(Cc phm 1, 2, 3 tc ng bng thanh nam chm)
Cu trc menu


Chuyn t ch Measuring mode n ch Main menu.
Di chuyn gia cc cp menu (theo chiu xung)
M 1 mc menu.
|
ch Measuring mode: di chuyn t gi tr v thng bo li.
Di chuyn gia cc mc menu trong mt cp menu.
Khi thit lp cc thng s ci t: Thay i gi tr, di chuyn gia cc k t, di
chuyn du chm v bn phi (du thp phn).
.
Di chuyn gia cc cp menu (theo chiu ln).
Khi thit lp cc thng s ci t: Quay tr li ch Measuring mode.
Thc hin cc thit lp sau:
- Chn ngn ng: English (cp menu 1.1.1)
- Tn khu vc t cm bin (cp menu 1.1.2)
- Chn dng n v o lu lng: lu lng th tch (Volume measurement) (cp menu
1.1.3)
- n v o: m
3
/h (cp menu 1.1.4)
- Gi tr lu lng o ln nht: 5,7 m
3
/h (cp menu 1.1.1)
- Trnh by gi tr o vi n v o tuyt i (m
3
/h) hay tng i (%): chn m
3
/h (cp
menu 1.1.1)
- Gi tr lu lng nh nht: 0,36 m
3
/h (cp menu 1.1.5)
- Thit lp thng s loi lu cht cm bin phi o l cht lng (cp menu 3.4.1).
3. 4.3 o lu lng nc vi cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C
Yu cu
- Thc hin lp t cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C ng cc tiu chun k thut
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
103
Thit b
- Cm bin OPTISWIRL 4070 C
- H thng ng dn nc.
- H thng ng dn nc c ng knh trong 0,62 mm.
- My bm, van v cc thit b cn thit khc.
Thc hin
Lp t cm bin vo ng ng dn nc
- Kch thc chi tit ca cm bin (Flange version ASME B16.5)

DN (ng knh
danh nh)
d
(mm)
D
(mm)
L
(mm)
l
(mm)
H a
(mm)
b
(mm)
c
(mm)
0,62 3,54 7,87 5,67 10,43 133 105 179



- ng knh ca ming m, ng dn lu cht, v cm bin cn bng nhau.

1: ng knh trong ng dn lu cht 2: ng knh trong ca ming m
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
104
3: ng knh trong ca cm bin

1: Cm bin 2: bu lng v c 3: Ming m
- di ti thiu ca cc on ng dn lu cht thng trc v sau v tr lp cm
bin (khng c: khp ni, s thay i ng knh ng, van).
+ di on ng trc cm bin:

: > 20 DN : > 50 DN
> 20 DN > 20 DN
: >30 DN : >40 DN
+ di on ng sau cm bin
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
Th.s Nguyn Xun Nguyn Gio trnh K thut cm bin


thien731987@gmail.com
105

Kt ni cm bin vi ngun (nh phn 3.4.1).
Cho my bm nc hot ng, nc chy qua v tr o ca cm bin.
c gi tr lu lng hin th trn cm bin.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

You might also like