Statistics 1510

Research Project;
Is there a Correlation Between Circumference and Diameter of Circular Objects?

Laura Imbelloni Professor Brian Jean Taft College

Abstract This experiment looked at the relationship between two variables of interest in order to determine if there is a correlation between the two. The two variables of interest were circumference and diameter. Summary statistics as well as various forms of statistical analyses were done including a regression analysis. This study was able to conclude that there is a strong correlation between circumference and diameter of circular objects. Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to gain experience in collecting measurement data and being able to apply inferential and graphical techniques to analyze the collected data and report it in a professional and clear manner (Jean, Brian). Our variables of interest are circumference and diameter which are both quantitative with a measurement scale being ratio as well as well PI () which represents the correlation between circumference and diameter of circular objects, also a quantitative variable. Rules of data collection were followed in which the objects were defined, along with the population, sampling technique, measuring devices and variables of interest with the use of randomization. This study looked at the relationship between circumference and diameter. Our hypothesis was that there is a positive, direct correlation between the two variables of interest between circular objects. Materials & Methods The circumference of each object was found by wrapping a string around the object once until the ends were touching as seen in the examples in Figure 1 & 2. The amount of string between the two points was then measured with a ruler in order to find the value of the circumference of the specific object as seen in the examples, Figure 3 & 4. Objects

included; CD, Foldgers Coffee lid, Mens After Shave, Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream lid, Bracelet, Lifewater Bottle lid, Tuna can, bottom of drinking glass, Wine Bottle base, Peanut Butter jar lid, Tea Light Candle, paper towel roll, paper plate, drum, clock, nickel, quarter, can of soup, Yo-yo, Hat Box, Hockey puck, Frosting can, Soda can, face cream, Vitamin Bottle. Diameter of objects were then measured with a ruler by measuring one end of the object to the opposite end of the specific object and then recorded as seen in the examples from Figures 5 & 6. Objects or samples were chosen at random from various circular objects found throughout the household as well as randomly chosen objects from the class data set. All objects or samples were chosen at random to ensure the sample is reflective of the population.

Figure 1: First part of measurement of Circumference of Quarter.

Figure 2: First part of measurement of Circumference of CD.

Figure 3: Second part of measurement of the circumference of Quarter.

Figure 4: Second part of measurement of the circumference of CD.

Figure 5: Measurement of the diameter of Quarter.

Figure 6: Measurement of the diameter of CD.

Results:

Table 1: Summary Statistics Circumference Average Sx N Min X 13.3132 9.849772 25 2.6 Diameter 4.168 3.116083 25 0.8 PI () 3.194146 3.160946 25 2.857143

 Vlaues
0 1 2 3 4

Q1 M Q3 Max X 7.4 9.5 17.64 38

Figure 7: Linear association between Diameter and Circumference.

Figure 8: Histogram displaying (gray) of Sample objects.

- Values for Objects

Objects

2.4 3 5.125 12

CD Foldgers Coffee Lid Mens Aftershave Lid Ben & Jerry's Ice Bracelet Life Water Bottle Lid Tuna Can Bottom of Drinking Wine Bottle base Peanut Butter Jar Lid Tea light Candle Paper Towl Roll Paper Plate Drum Clock Nickel Quarter Soup Can Yo-yo Hat box Hockey puck Frosting Can Soda can Face cream Vitamin Container

3.1371 3.166667 3.2668 3.789474

Circumference

Diameter Figure 9 & 10: Box and Whisker Plot of circumference, diameter and . Figure 10 is rescaled.

Discussion: Shown in Table 1 by the descriptive data of , displaying little difference in the mean and median as well as very similar variability within the sample allows us to conclude that there is a relationship between circumference and diameter of circular objects. This also shows that the sample is symmetrical and an appropriate measure of center and spread is the sample mean as well as the sample standard deviation.

The results also show that there is correlation between circumference and diameter of circular objects. The calculated correlation coefficient or r is .997748. This is a strong correlation due it being extremely close to 1. The data met the necessary assumptions for Pearsons correlation. The data set also met the assumptions for a simple linear regression. A complete regression analysis using diameter to predict circumference was then done to predict and check the sample data. The regression further concluded that there is a correlation between circumference and diameter due to the small values of epsilon or error between the observed value and the expected value. The regression coefficients (0) corresponds with the Y-intercept which is equal to .1680 and (1) corresponds with the slope of the line which is equal to 3.154. The equation for the sample regression line would then be y-hat= b(o) + b(1)(x) or y-hat= .1680 + 3.154(x). The linear association can be seen in Figure 7. One may also observe in Figure 8 that the values for the sample is uniform, further supporting the direct correlation between the circular objects circumference and diameter. Figure 9 and Figure 10 also support the conclusion that there is a correlation between the circumference and diameter of circular objects by displaying in both the circumference and diameter skewed left and in Figure 10, a relative uniform and symmetrical shape.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study was able to show a correlation between circumference and diameter of circular objects. This was done by several statistical analyses that were done on the sample data. All rules and assumptions to ensure a fair test or experiment were followed in order for this sample to reflect the population.

Appendix: Jean, Brian, David Meyers, and Rene Sporer. Data Analysis: An Applied Approach to Statistics with Technology. 3rd ed. N.p.: 3RingPublishing, 2004-2008. Print. Raw Data:
Circu mfere nce Diameter PI ( 18 4.75 3.789474 12.5 4 3.125 6 1.75 3.428571 12 9 5 10.625 7.5 9.5 11.625 5 18.75 27 33 34.5 2.6 3.1 8.5 8 38 9.1 10.7 8.25 7.3 17.28 13.313 2 332.83 6759.4 65 3.75 3.2 2.75 3.272727 1.5 3.333333 3.375 3.148148 2.4 3 3.625 1.5 5.75 8.5 10.5 11 0.8 0.9 2.625 2.8 12 2.9 3.5 2.625 2.4 5.5 3.125 3.166667 3.206897 3.333333 3.26087 3.176471 3.142857 3.136364 3.25 3.444444 3.238095 2.857143 3.166667 3.137931 3.057143 3.142857 3.041667 3.141818

Objects CD Foldgers Coffee Lid Mens Aftershave Lid Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream Lid Bracelet Life Water Bottle Lid Tuna Can Bottom of Drinking Glass Wine Bottle base Peanut Butter Jar Lid Tea light Candle Paper Towl Roll Paper Plate Drum Clock Nickel Quarter Soup Can Yo-yo Hat box Hockey puck Frosting Can Soda can Face cream Vitamin Container

Average x x

4.168 3.194146 104.2 80.32348 667.345 258.7758

Sx x N Min X Q1 M Q3 Max X

9.8497 72 3.116083 3.160946 9.6508 3.0531 0.1675 25 25 25 2.6 0.8 2.857143 7.4 2.4 3.1371 9.5 3 3.166667 17.64 5.125 3.2668 38 12 3.789474