DYANMIC RESPONSE:-

In the earlier section it was maintained that the process of lighting a bulb resulting resistance changes of the LDR were almost instantaneous and hence the whole system was non dynamic.this resulted in a greatly simplified analysis .despite the presence of non linear elements in the system.strictly speaking

however the filament of the lamp has a small but non zero thermal capacitance and therefore needs a little time to heat up and stsrt glowing .this result ina single time constnt in the system while it is still possible to neglect the LDR response time.

ERROR DETECTOR

COMMAND

CONTROLLER

PROCESSS

OUTPUT

TRANSDUCER

EXPERIMENT :- to study the light intensity control system in open loop and closed loop and find out

a. b. c. d.

identification of the non linear characteristics Effect of P& PI on error signal Disturbance rejection using p &PI controller Dynamic response of controller circuit (P & PI)

Procedure The following subsection outline the different experiments designed on the set up 4.1 characteristics of the non-linearitys
1.2 1 sensor voltage,VF 0.8 0.6 Series 1 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 number of lamps,n 4 5 6

GRAPH 1

Study of a system usually begins with an analysis of its sub system. The characterization of the non linear sections of the system is therefore very important 1. Set up the system in open loop with VR =0 and K=0 2. Switch ON the disturbance lamps one by one and read VF 3. Now all the disturbances lamps are switched OFF and set the VF at the last reading by adjusting VR and K 4. Now again ON the disturbance lamp one by one and take next three readings for VF 5. Tabulate the readings as shown below and plot VF VS. n, the number of lamps switched ON fig 5(a) shows the non- linear characteristics of the LDR sensor i.e. F2 (VF=f2.n). 6. Switch OFF the disturbance lamps, continue operation in the open loop.

7. Adjust VR and K to vary VL in small steps and records VF in each case. 8. Also obtain and record at each step the effective vale of n from fig. (a). tabulate the data as below. 9. Plot graph as in fig (b), between n and VL to depict the non-linear characteristics of the lamps, i.e., F1(n=F1V1). 10. Plot graph as in fig. 5(c) between VF and VL to depict the loop non-linearity, i.e., F1F2. [VF=F1F2VL] ERROR WITH P PI CONTROL In this experiment the purpose is to study how the error varies as a function of forward gain K. also at each step the improvement achieved by PI control is observed. The steps for the experiment are given below: 1. Connect the system in closed loop. Switch off all the disturbance lamps. put p/pi switch to p position 2. Set VR =0.5 V for various settings of K=5,10,20. Record the values of VE<VL<VF 3. For each reading calculate and record. Compare the measured and computed value of error VE 4. Further, at each reading put the P/PI switch to position and observe how the error voltage,VE, decreases .record this VE and vswitch back to P-control for the next readings .tabulate the readings as shown in table(3). DISTURBANCE REJECTION This experiment is designed to study the disturbance rejection properties of negative feedback as a function of the forward gain. The various steps for this experiment are: Operate the system in close loop with all disturbance lamps switched off

5. Set k to 10.adjust VR to get VF=0.5 6. Switch on the disturbance lamps one by one and at each step record the value of VF 7. Calculate further the percentage increase in intensity (i.e VF ) every time a disturbance lamp is switched on

Set K=40.adjust VR to get VF =0.5 repeat the above steps. Repeat with K =70 .tabulate the readings as shown in table 4 DYNAMIC RESPONSE

This experiment is aimed at observing the time taken by the lamp filaments to heat up and cool down whwn a square wave command signal is superimposed on the normal reference or command VR .the important thing to observe here is that the basic nature of the response is dependent on the operating point or the value of VR this phenomena is due to non linearity in the system and will not be observed in a linear system.the steps for conducting this part are, 1. Coneect the system in closed closed loop. Switch off all the disturbance lamps 2. Set VR+0.5.k=5 and connect the squre wave source to the error detector.the controlled lamps will flicker which can be seen by opening the lamp cover. 3. Operate a double beam CRO in the X-Y mode.connect the X-Y and ground terminals on the panel.observe the waveform on the screen. 4. Vary VR and comment on the results