TNG HP

34 CHUY N

BI DNG HO HC THCS T P 2

Chuyn 6: Axit tc dng vi kim loi

Cch lm: 1/ Phn loi axit: Axit loi 1: Tt c cc axit trn( HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,...), tr HNO3 v H2SO4 c. Axit loi 2: HNO3 v H2SO4 c. 2/ Cng thc phn ng: gm 2 cng thc. Cng thc 1: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 1. Kim loi + Axit loi 1 ----> Mui + H2 iu kin: - Kim loi l kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ho hc Bktp. - Dy hot ng ho hc Bktp. K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au. c im: - Mui thu c c ho tr thp(i vi kim loi c nhiu ho tr) Th d: Fe + 2HCl ----> FeCl2 + H2 Cu + HCl ----> Khng phn ng. Cng thc 2: Kim loi phn ng vi axit loi 2: Kim loi + Axit loi 2 -----> Mui + H2O + Sn phm kh. c im: - Phn ng xy ra vi tt c cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt). - Mui c ho tr cao nht(i vi kim loi a ho tr) Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Ho tan ht 25,2g kim loi R trong dung dch axit HCl, sau phn ng thu c 1,008 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi R. p s: Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh kim loi A. p s: A l Zn. Bi 3: Cho 10g mt hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, th thu c 3,36 lit kh H2 (ktc). Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp u. p s: % Fe = 84%, % Cu = 16%. Bi 4: Cho 1 hn hp gm Al v Ag phn ng vi dung dch axit H2SO4 thu c 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng th cn 3g mt cht

rn khng tan. Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng cu mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. p s: % Al = 60% v % Ag = 40%. Bi 5: Cho 5,6g Fe tc dng vi 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,8M. Sau phn ng thu c V(lit) hn hp kh A gm N2O v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 22,25 v dd B. a/ Tnh V (ktc)? b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch B. Hng dn: Theo bi ra ta c: nFe = 5,6 : 56 = 0,1 mol n HNO3 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4 mol Mhh kh = 22,25 . 2 = 44,5 t x, y ln lt l s mol ca kh N2O v NO2. PTHH xy ra: 8Fe + 30HNO3 ----> 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O (1) 8mol 3mol 8x/3 x Fe + 6HNO3 -----> Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (2) 1mol 3mol y/3 y T l th tch cc kh trn l: Gi a l thnh phn % theo th tch ca kh N2O. Vy (1 a) l thnh phn % ca kh NO2. Ta c: 44a + 46(1 a) = 44,5 a = 0,75 hay % ca kh N2O l 75% v ca kh NO2 l 25% T phng trnh phn ng kt hp vi t l th tch ta c: x = 3y
(I)

8x/3 + y/3 = 0,1

(II)

---> y = 0,012 v x = 0,036

Vy th tch ca cc kh thu c ktc l: VN 2 O = 0,81(lit) v VNO 2 = 0,27(lit) Theo phng trnh th: S mol HNO3 (phn ng) = 10nN 2 O + 2n NO 2 = 10.0,036 + 2.0,012 = 0,384 mol S mol HNO3 (cn d) = 0,4 0,384 = 0,016 mol S mol Fe(NO3)3 = nFe = 0,1 mol Vy nng cc cht trong dung dch l: CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,2M CM(HNO3)d = 0,032M

Bi 6: ho tan 4,48g Fe phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M. Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M S mol HCl = 0,5V (mol) S mol H2SO4 = 0,75V (mol) S mol Fe = 0,08 mol PTHH xy ra: Fe + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2 Fe + H2SO4 ---> FeSO4 + H2 Theo phng trnh ta c: 0,25V + 0,75V = 0,08 ---> V = 0,08 : 1 = 0,08 (lit) Bi 7: ho tan 4,8g Mg phi dng bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1,5M v H2SO4 0,5M. a/ Tnh th tch dung dch hn hp axit trn cn dng. b/ Tnh th tch H2 thu c sau phn ng ktc. p s: a/ Vhh dd axit = 160ml. b/ Th tch kh H2 l 4,48 lit. Bi 8: Ho tan 2,8g mt kim loi ho tr (II) bng mt hn hp gm 80ml dung dch axit H2SO4 0,5M v 200ml dung dch axit HCl 0,2M. Dung dch thu c c tnh axit v mun trung ho phi dng 1ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Xc nh kim loi ho tr II em phn ng. Hng dn: Theo bi ra ta c: S mol ca H2SO4 l 0,04 mol S mol ca HCl l 0,04 mol S mol ca NaOH l 0,02 mol t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II a, b l s mol ca kim loi R tc dng vi axit H2SO4 v HCl. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. Sau khi kim loi tc dng vi kim loi R. S mol ca cc axit cn li l: S mol ca H2SO4 = 0,04 a (mol) S mol ca HCl = 0,04 2b (mol) Vit cc PTHH trung ho: T PTP ta c: S mol NaOH phn ng l: (0,04 2b) + 2(0,04 a) = 0,02 ---> (a + b) = 0,1 : 2 = 0,05 Vy s mol kim loi R = (a + b) = 0,05 mol ---> MR = 2,8 : 0,05 = 56 v R c ho tr II ---> R l Fe. Bi 9: Chia 7,22g hn hp A gm Fe v R (R l kim loi c ho tr khng i) thnh 2 phn bng nhau: - Phn 1: Phn ng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 2,128 lit H2(ktc)

- Phn 2: Phn ng vi HNO3, thu c 1,972 lit NO(ktc) a/ Xc nh kim loi R. b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A. Hng dn: a/ Gi 2x, 2y (mol) l s mol Fe, R c trong hn hp A --> S mol Fe, R trong 1/2 hn hp A l x, y. Vit cc PTHH xy ra: Lp cc phng trnh ton hc; mhh A = 56.2x + 2y.MR (I) nH 2 = x + ny/2 = 0,095 (II) nNO = x + ny/3 = 0,08 (III) Gii h phng trnh ta c: MR = 9n (vi n l ho tr ca R) Lp bng: Vi n = 3 th MR = 27 l ph hp. Vy R l nhm(Al) b/ %Fe = 46,54% v %Al = 53,46%.

(Bi ton hn hp axit tc dng vi hn hp baz) * Axit n: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3. Ta c nH = nA xit + + * Axit a: H2SO4, H3PO4, H2SO3. Ta c nH = 2nA xit hoc nH = 3nA
xit
+

Chuyn 7: axit tc dng vi baz

* Baz n: KOH, NaOH, LiOH. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ * Baz a: Ba(OH) 2, Ca(OH) 2. Ta c nOH = 2nBaZ PTHH ca phn ng trung ho: H+ + OH - H2O *Lu : trong mt hn hp m c nhiu phn ng xy ra th phn ng trung ho c u tin xy ra trc. Cch lm: - Vit cc PTHH xy ra. - t n s nu bi ton l hn hp. - Lp phng trnh ton hc - Gii phng trnh ton hc, tm n. - Tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi. Lu : - Khi gp dung dch hn hp cc axit tc dng vi hn hp cc baz th dng phng php t cng thc tng ng cho axit v baz. - t th tch dung dch cn tm l V(lit) - Tm V cn nh: nHX = nMOH. Bi tp:

Cho t t dung dch H2SO4 vo dung dch NaOH th c cc phn ng xy ra: Phn ng u tin to ra mui trung ho trc. H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ( 1 ) Sau khi s mol H2SO4 = s mol NaOH th c phn ng H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O ( 2 ) Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra.
n

T =

NaOH H 2 SO4

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (2) v c th d H2SO4. - Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d NaOH. - Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn. Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch H2SO4 th c cc phn ng xy ra: Phn ng u tin to ra mui axit trc. H2SO4 + NaOH + H2O ( 1 ) ! NaHSO 4 V sau NaOH d + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O ( 2 ) ! Hoc da vo s mol H2SO4 v s mol NaOH hoc s mol Na2SO4 v NaHSO4 to thnh sau phn ng lp cc phng trnh ton hc v gii. t n x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2SO4 v NaHSO4 to thnh sau phn ng. Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,5M trung ho 300ml dung dch A cha H2SO4 0,75M v HCl 1,5M. p s: Vdd KOH 1,5M = 0,6(lit) Bi 2: trung ho 10ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H2SO4 v HCl cn dng 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch axit em trung ho mt lng xt va ri c cn th thu c 13,2g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axt trong dung dch ban u. Hng dn: t x, y ln lt l nng mol/lit ca axit H2SO4 v axit HCl Vit PTHH. Lp h phng trnh: 2x + y = 0,02 (I) 142x + 58,5y = 1,32 (II) Gii phng trnh ta c: Nng ca axit HCl l 0,8M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,6M. Bi 3: Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,75M trung ho 400ml hn hp dung dch axit gm H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M.

p s: VNaOH = 1,07 lit Bi 4: trung ho 50ml dung dch hn hp axit gm H2SO4 v HCl cn dng 200ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc ly 100ml dung dch hn hp axit trn em trung ho vi mt lng dung dch NaOH va ri c cn th thu c 24,65g mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi axit trong dung dch ban u. p s: Nng ca axit HCl l 3M v nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,5M Bi 5: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l s mol 3:1, bit 100ml dung dch A c trung ho bi 50ml dung dch NaOH c cha 20g NaOH/lit. a/ Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong A. b/ 200ml dung dch A phn ng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M. c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia 2 dung dch A v B. Hng dn: a/ Theo bi ra ta c: n HCl : nH2SO4 = 3:1 t x l s mol ca H2SO4 (A1), th 3x l s mol ca HCl (A2) S mol NaOH c trong 1 lt dung dch l: n NaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 ( mol ) Nng mol/lit ca dung dch NaOH l: CM ( NaOH ) = 0,5 : 1 = 0,5M S mol NaOH dung trong phn ng trung ho l: n NaOH = 0,05 * 0,5 = 0,025 mol PTHH xy ra : HCl + NaOH + H2O (1) NaCl 3x 3x H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O (2) x 2x T PTHH 1 v 2 ta c : 3x + 2x = 0,025 <--> 5x = 0,025 x = 0,005 Vy nH2SO4 = x = 0,005 mol n HCl = 3x = 3*0,005 = 0,015 mol Nng ca cc cht c dung dch A l: CM ( A1 ) = 0,005 : 0,1 = 0,05M v CM ( A2 ) = 0,015 : 0,1 = 0,15M b/ t HA l axit i din cho 2 axit cho. Trong 200 ml dung dch A c: n HA = nHCl + 2nH2SO4 = 0,015*0,2 + 0,05*0,2*2 = 0,05 mol t MOH l baz i din v V(lit) l th tch ca dung dch B cha 2 baz cho: n MOH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH) 2 = 0,2 V + 2 * 0,1 V = 0,4 V

PTP trung ho: HA + MOH + H2O (3) MA n n Theo PTP ta c MOH = HA = 0,05 mol Vy: 0,4V = 0,05 V = 0,125 lit = 125 ml c/ Theo kt qu ca cu b ta c: n NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol v nBa(OH) 2 = 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol n n HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol v H2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol V P trn l phn ng trung ho nn cc cht tham gia phn ng u tc dng ht nn d phn ng no xy ra trc th khi lng mui thu c sau cng vn khng thay i hay n c bo ton. mhh mui = mSO 4 + mNa + mBa + mCl = 0,01*96 + 0,025*23 + 0,0125*137 + 0,03*35,5 = 0,96 + 1,065 + 0,575 + 1,7125 = 4,3125 gam Hoc t: n NaOH = 0,125 * 0,2 = 0,025 mol mNaOH = 0,025 * 40 = 1g n Ba(OH) 2 = 0,125 * 0,1 = 0,0125 mol mBa (OH) 2 = 0,0125 * 171 = 2,1375g n HCl = 0,2 * 0,015 = 0,03 mol mHCl = 0,03 * 36,5 = 1,095g n H2SO4 = 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 mol mH 2 SO 4 = 0,01 * 98 = 0,98g p dng l BTKL ta c: mhh mui = mNaOH + mBa (OH) 2 + mHCl + mH 2 SO 4 mH 2 O V s mol: nH2O = nMOH = nHA = 0,05 mol. mH 2 O = 0,05 *18 = 0,9g Vy ta c: mhh mui = 1 + 2,1375 + 1,095 + 0,98 0,9 = 4,3125 gam. Bi 6: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch H2SO4 v NaOH bit rng: - 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 200ml dung dch NaOH v 10ml dung dch KOH 2M. - 30ml dung dch NaOH c trung ho ht bi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 v 5ml dung dch HCl 1M. p s: Nng ca axit H2SO4 l 0,7M v nng ca dung dch NaOH l 1,1M. Bi 7: Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 v dung dch KOH bit: - 20ml dung dch HNO3 c trung ho ht bi 60ml dung dch KOH. - 20ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi tc dng ht vi 2g CuO th c trung ho ht bi 10ml dung dch KOH. p s: Nng dung dch HNO3 l 3M v nng dung dch KOH l 1M. Bi 8: Mt dd A cha HNO3 v HCl theo t l 2 : 1 (mol).

a/ Bit rng khi cho 200ml dd A tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 1M, th lng axit d trong A tc dng va vi 50ml Ba(OH) 2 0,2M. Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi axit trong dd A. b/ Nu trn 500ml dd A vi 100ml dd B cha NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M. Hi dd thu c c tnh axit hay baz ? c/ Phi thm vo dd C bao nhiu lit dd A hoc B c c dd D trung ho. /S: a/ CM [ HCl ] = 0,2M ; CM [ H 2 SO 4 ] = 0,4M b/ dd C c tnh axit, s mol axit d l 0,1 mol. c/ Phi thm vo dd C vi th tch l 50 ml dd B. Bi 9: Ho tan 8g hn hp 2 hiroxit kim loi kim nguyn cht thnh 100ml dung dch X. a/ 100ml dung dch X c trung ho va bi 800ml dung dch axit axtic CH3COOH, cho 14,72g hn hp mui. Tm tng s mol hai hiroxit kim loi kim c trong 8g hn hp. Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch CH3COOH. b/ Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim bit chng thuc 2 chu k k tip trong bng tun hon. Tm khi lng tng hiroxit trong 8g hn hp. Hng dn: Gi A, B l k hiu ca 2 kim loi kim ( cng chnh l k hiu KLNT ). Gi s MA < MB v R l k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi ---> MA < MR < MB Trong 8g hn hp c a mol ROH. a/ Nng mol/l ca CH3COOH = 0,16 : 0,8 = 0,2M b/ MR = 33 ---> MA = 23(Na) v MB = 39(K) mNaOH = 2,4g v mKOH = 5,6g.

Chuyn 8: axit tc dng vi mui

1/ Phn loi axit Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui. a/ Axit loi 1: - Thng gp l HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,.. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i. b/ Axit loi 2: - L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO3, H2SO4c. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh. c/ Axit loi 3: - L cc axit c tnh kh. - Thng gp l HCl, HI, H2S. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh. 2/ Cng thc phn ng. a/ Cng thc 1: Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi. iu kin: Sn phm phi c: - Kt ta. - Hoc c cht bay hi(kh). - Hoc cht in li yu hn. c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng phn ng vi axit loi 1. V d: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (k) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4(r) + 2HCl b/ Cng thc 2: Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H2O + sn phm kh. iu kin: - Mui phi c tnh kh. - Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui phi c ho tr cao nht. Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng. - Vi cc mui: CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- . + iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho tr ca kim loi trong mui trc phi ng khng cao nht. - Vi cc mui: SO32-, S2-, S2-. + Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi. c/ Cng thc 3: Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l phn ng oxi ho kh) 2FeCl3 + H2S ---> 2FeCl2 + S(r) + 2HCl. Ch :

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na2CO3 (hoc K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau: Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x mol x mol Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng NaHCO 3 + HCl d NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) x x x mol Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na2CO3. Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 3 ) i vi K2CO3 cng tng t. Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra t T =
n

HCl Na 2 CO3

- Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na2CO3. - Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl. - Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau. t x l s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 ) Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x mol x mol Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) ! Tnh s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo bi ra v qua phn ng(1). Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na 2CO3 (hoc K2CO3). Hy bin lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d sau phn ng: TH 1: x < y C PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl x x x x mol - Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO 3 = NaCl = x (mol) - Cht cn d l Na2CO3 (y x) mol TH 2: x = y C PTHH : Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl x x x x mol - Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO3 ; NaCl - C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht. TH 3: y < x < 2y C 2 PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl y y y y mol sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c phn ng

NaHCO 3 CO2

HCl

NaCl (x y)

H 2O

(x y)

(x y) (2y

(x y) - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v x)mol NaHCO3 cn d TH 4: x = 2y

C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 y 2y 2y y mol - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht. TH 5: x > 2y C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 y 2y 2y y mol - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x 2y) mol HCl. Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO 3 v Na2CO3 (hoc KHCO3 v K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau: t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3. Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x mol x mol Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng NaHCO 3 + HCl d NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) (x + y) (x + y) (x + y) mol i vi K2CO3 v KHCO3 cng tng t. Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na2CO3; K2CO3; NaHCO3 th c cc PTHH sau: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3; NaHCO3 v K2CO3. Giai on 1: Ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO 3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x x x (2) K2CO3 + HCl + KCl KHCO3 z (mol) z z z Giai on 2: c cc phn ng NaHCO 3 + HCl d NaCl + H2O + (3) CO2

KHCO3 z (mol)

HCl z

(x + y) (x + y) mol KCl +

(x + y) H2O + CO2 z
(4)

mol

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO2 th c cc PTHH sau. NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl ( 1 ) Al(OH) 3 + 3HCl d + 3H2O ( 2 ) AlCl3 NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O ( 3 ) Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Ho tan Na2CO3 vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M th thu c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan. a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng? b/ Tnh khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan. Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M. Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 0,25V 0,5V 0,5V 0,25V (mol) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V (mol) Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I) Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II) V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml. S mol Na2CO3 = s mol CO2 = 0,35 mol Vy khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan: m Na2CO3 = 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g. Bi 2: a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc). b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2 (ktc). Hng dn: a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2 Theo PTHH ta c: S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol ---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I)

Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol ---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II) T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim ---> M l Kali (K) Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit) b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit) Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO3 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v axit H2SO4 th thu c dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan. a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u. b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO3 dng. Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II. p s: - TH1 khi Ba(OH) 2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca. - TH2 khi Ba(OH) 2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg. Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,448 lit hn hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch cc kh o ktc). Hng dn: Hn hp G gm c kh CO2 v kh cn li l kh X. C dhh G/ H 2 = 22,5 --> MTB ca hh G = 22,5 . 2 = 45 M MCO 2 = 44 < 45 ---> Mkh X > 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c NO2 v SO2 c khi lng phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny kh X ch c th l NO2. t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO2 v NO2. Ta c h nhh G = a + b = 0,02 a = 0,01 MTB hh G = PTHH: R2(CO3)n + (4m 2n)HNO3 ---> 2R(NO3)m + (2m 2n)NO2 + nCO2 + (2m n)H2O. 2MR + 60n 2m 2n
44a + 46b = 45 a+b

b = 0,01

2m 2n 2 M R + 60n = 0,01 ----> MR = 116m 146n 1,16 Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4

1,16g

0,01 mol

Theo PTHH ta c:

n 1 2 2 3 3 m 3 2 3 3 4 MR 56 Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> MR = 56 l ph hp. Vy R l Fe CTHH: FeCO3 Bi 6: Cho 5,25g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,336 lit kh NO v V lit CO2. Xc nh cng thc mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc) p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO3 Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol mi mui trong hn hp. Bi gii Cc PTHH xy ra: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1) MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2) T (1) v (2) nhh = nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,03 (mol) Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO3 trong hn hp th (1 - x) l thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3. Ta c M 2 mui = 100x + 84(1 - x) = 0,03 x = 0,67 % s mol CaCO3 = 67% ; % s mol MgCO3 = 100 - 67 = 33%. Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH 3M. a/ Xc nh kim loi kim. b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u. Bi gii cc PTHH xy ra: M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1) M2SO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + SO2 + H2O (2) Ton b kh CO2 v SO2 hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm l mui axit. CO2 + KOH KHCO3 (3) SO2 + KOH KHSO3 (4) T (1), (2), (3) v (4)
2,84 0,672

suy ra: n 2 mui = n 2 kh = nKOH =

M 174
2 mui

500.3 = 1,5 (mol) 1000

= 1,5 = 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80 18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na. b/ Nhn thy M 2 mui =
%n 2 3 Na CO
=

106 + 126 = 116 (g/mol). 2

nNa 2 SO 3 = 50%.

Chuyn 9: Dung dch baz tc dng vi mui.

Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH) 2 (hoc Ca(OH) 2) vo dung dch AlCl3 th c cc PTHH sau. 3NaOH + AlCl3 + 3NaCl ( 1 ) Al(OH)3 NaOH d + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O ( 2 ) 4NaOH + AlCl3 NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O ( 3 ) v: 3Ba(OH) 2 + 2AlCl3 + 3BaCl 2 ( 1 ) 2Al(OH) 3 Ba(OH) 2 d + 2Al(OH) 3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 ) 4Ba(OH) 2 + 2AlCl3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O ( 3 ) Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH) 2 (hoc Ca(OH) 2) ch c PTHH sau: AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O v 2AlCl3 + 4Ba(OH) 2 ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaCl2 + 4H2O Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH) 2 (hoc Ca(OH) 2) vo dung dch Al2(SO4)3 th c cc PTHH sau. 6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH) 3 + 3Na2SO4 ( 1 ) NaOH d + Al(OH) 3 + 2H2O ( 2 ) NaAlO2 8NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + (3) 4H2O V: 3Ba(OH) 2 + Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaSO4 ( 1 ) 2Al(OH) 3 Ba(OH) 2 d + 2Al(OH) 3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O ( 2 ) 4Ba(OH) 2 + Al2(SO4)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O ( 3 ) Ngc li: Cho t t dung dch Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch NaOH (hoc KOH) hay Ba(OH) 2 (hoc Ca(OH) 2) th c PTHH no xy ra? Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O
(3 )/

Al2(SO4)3 + 4Ba(OH) 2

Ba(AlO2)2 + 3BaSO4 + 4H2O

(3 )//

Mt s phn ng c bit: NaHSO4 (dd) + NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH) 3 + Na2SO4 NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O Al(OH) 3 + NaHCO3 Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Cho 200 ml dd gm MgCl2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45; HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V(lt) dd C cha NaOH 0,02 M v Ba(OH) 2 0,01 M. Hy tnh th tich V(lt) cn dng thu c kt ta ln nht v

lng kt ta nh nht. Tnh lng kt ta . (gi s khi Mg(OH) 2 kt ta ht th Al(OH)3 tan trong kim khng ng k) Hng dn gii : nHCl = 0,11mol ; nMgCl 2 = 0,06 mol ; nAlCl 3 = 0,09 mol. Tng s mol OH- = 0,04 V (*) Cc PTHH xy ra: H+ + OH- H2O (1) 2+ Mg + OH- (2) Mg(OH) 2 3+ Al + 3OH Al(OH)3 (3) Al(OH) 3 + OH + 2H2O (4) AlO2 Trng hp 1: c kt ta ln nht th ch c cc phn ng (1,2,3 ). Vy tng s mol OH- dng l: 0,11 + 0,06 x 2 + 0,09 x 3 = 0,5 mol (**) T (*) v (**) ta c Th tch dd cn dng l: V = 0,5 : 0,04 = 12,5 (lit) mKt ta = 0,06 x 58 + 0,09 x 78 = 10,5 g Trng hp 2: c kt ta nh nht th ngoi cc p (1, 2, 3) th cn c p (4) na. Khi lng Al(OH)3 tan ht ch cn li Mg(OH) 2, cht rn cn li l: 0,06 x 58 = 3,48 g V lng OH- cn dng thm cho p (4) l 0,09 mol. Vy tng s mol OH- tham gia p l: 0,5 + 0,09 = 0,59 mol Th tch dd C cn dng l: 0,59/ 0,04 = 14,75 (lit) Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH vo 200g dung dch Al2(SO4)3 1,71%. Sau phn ng thu c 0,78g kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng. p s: TH1: NaOH thiu S mol NaOH = 3s mol Al(OH)3 = 3. 0,01 = 0,03 mol ---> CM NaOH = 0,15M TH2: NaOH d ---> CM NaOH = 0,35M Bi 3: Cho 400ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo 160ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau phn ng tch kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn C. a/ Tnh mrn C. b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca mui to thnh trong dung dch. p s: a/ mrn C = 0,02 . 160 + 0,02 . 102 = 5,24g b/ Nng ca Na2SO4 = 0,18 : 0,56 = 0,32M v nng ca NaAlO2 = 0,07M

Bi 4: Cho 200g dung dch Ba(OH)2 17,1% vo 500g dung dch hn hp (NH4)2SO4 1,32% v CuSO4 2%. Sau khi kt thc tt c cc phn ng ta thu c kh A, kt ta B v dung dch C. a/ Tnh th tch kh A (ktc) b/ Ly kt ta B ra sch v nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i th c bao nhiu gam rn? c/ Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong C. p s: a/ Kh A l NH3 c th tch l 2,24 lit b/ Khi lng BaSO4 = 0,1125 . 233 = 26,2g v mCuO = 0,0625 . 80 = 5g c/ Khi lng Ba(OH)2 d = 0,0875 . 171 = 14,96g mdd = Tng khi lng cc cht em trn - mkt ta - mkh mdd = 500 + 200 26,21 6,12 1,7 = 666g Nng % ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 = 2,25% Bi 5: Cho mt mu Na vo 200ml dung dch AlCl3 thu c 2,8 lit kh (ktc) v mt kt ta A. Nung A n khi lng khng i thu c 2,55 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch AlCl3 . Hng dn: mrn: Al2O3 --> s mol ca Al2O3 = 0,025 mol ---> s mol Al(OH)3 = 0,05 mol s mol NaOH = 2s mol H2 = 0,25 mol. TH1: NaOH thiu, ch c phn ng. 3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH) 3 + 3NaCl Khng xy ra v s mol Al(OH)3 to ra trong phn ng > s mol Al(OH) 3 cho. TH2: NaOH d, c 2 phn ng xy ra. 3NaOH + AlCl3 ---> Al(OH) 3 + 3NaCl 0,15 0,05 0,05 mol 4NaOH + AlCl3 ---> NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + H2O (0,25 0,15) 0,025 Tng s mol AlCl3 phn ng 2 phng trnh l 0,075 mol ----> Nng ca AlCl3 = 0,375M Bi 6: Cho 200ml dung dch NaOH x(M) tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M, sau cng thu c 7,8g kt ta. Tnh tr s x? p s: - TH1: Nng AlCl3 = 1,5M - TH2: Nng AlCl3 = 1,9M Bi 7: Cho 9,2g Na vo 160ml dung dch A c khi lng ring 1,25g/ml cha Fe2(SO4)3 0,125M v Al2(SO4)3 0,25M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc ngi ta tch kt ta v em nung nng n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn. a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c.

b/ Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu c. p s: a/ mFe2O3 = 3,2g v mAl2O3 = 2,04g. b/ Nng % ca cc dung dch l: C%(Na2SO4) = 12,71% v C% (NaAlO2) = 1,63%

Chuyn 10: Hai dung dch mui tc dng vi nhau.

Cng thc 1: Mui + Mui ---> 2 Mui mi iu kin: - Mui phn ng: tan hoc tan t trong nc. - Sn phm phi c cht: + Kt ta. + Hoc bay hi + Hoc cht in li yu. H2O V d: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2NaCl Cng thc 2: Cc mui ca kim loi nhm, km, st(III) ---> Gi chung l mui A Phn ng vi cc mui c cha cc gc axit: CO3, HCO3, SO3, HSO3, S, HS, AlO2 ---> Gi chung l mui B. Phn ng xy ra theo quy lut: Mui A + H2O ----> Hiroxit (r) + Axit Axit + Mui B ----> Mui mi + Axit mi. V d: FeCl3 phn ng vi dung dch Na2CO3 2FeCl3 + 6H2O -----> 2Fe(OH) 3 + 6HCl 6HCl + 3Na2CO3 ---> 6NaCl + 3CO2 + 3H2O PT tng hp: 2FeCl3 + 3H2O + 3Na2CO3 ---> 2Fe(OH) 3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl. Cng thc 3: Xy ra khi gp st, phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2. V d: AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 ---> Fe(NO3)3 + Ag. Bi 1: Cho 0,1mol FeCl3 tc dng ht vi dung dch Na2CO3 d, thu c cht kh B v kt ta C. em nung C n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn D. Tnh th tch kh B (ktc) v khi lng cht rn D. p s: - Th tch kh CO2 l 3,36 lit - Rn D l Fe2O3 c khi lng l 8g Bi 2: Trn 100g dung dch AgNO3 17% vi 200g dung dch Fe(NO3)2 18% thu c dung dch A c khi lng ring (D = 1,446g/ml). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A. p s: - Dung dch A gm Fe(NO3)2 0,1 mol v Fe(NO3)3 0,1 mol.

- Nng mol/l ca cc cht l: CM(Fe(NO3)2) = CM(Fe(NO3)3) = 0,5M Bi 3: Cho 500ml dung dch A gm BaCl2 v MgCl2 phn ng vi 120ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M d, thu c 11,65g kt ta. em phn dung dch c cn thu c 16,77g hn hp mui khan. Xc nh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch. Hng dn: Phn ng ca dung dch A vi dung dch Na2SO4. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ----> BaSO4 + 2NaCl 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 mol Theo (1) s mol BaCl2 trng dd A l 0,05 mol v s mol NaCl = 0,1 mol. S mol Na2SO4 cn d l 0,06 0,05 = 0,01 mol S mol MgCl 2 =
16,77 0,01.142 0,1.58,5 = 0,1 mol. 95

Vy trong 500ml dd A c 0,05 mol BaCl2 v 0,1 mol MgCl2. ---> Nng ca BaCl 2 = 0,1M v nng ca MgCl 2 = 0,2M. Bi 4: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui. Hng dn; * TH1: X l Flo(F) --> Y l Cl. Vy kt ta l AgCl. Hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaF v NaCl PTHH: NaCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + NaNO3 Theo PT (1) th nNaCl = nAgCl = 0,4 mol ---> %NaCl = 73,49% v %NaF = 26,51%. * TH2: X khng phi l Flo(F). Gi Na X l cng thc i din cho 2 mui. PTHH: Na X + AgNO3 ---> Ag X + NaNO 3 (23 + X ) (108 + X ) 31,84g 57,34g Theo PT(2) ta c:
23 + X 108 + X = ---> X = 83,13 31,84 57,34

Vy hn hp 2 mui cn tm l NaBr v NaI ---> %NaBr = 90,58% v %NaI = 9,42% Bi 5: Dung dch A cha 7,2g XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3. Cho dung dch Pb(NO3)2 tc dng vi dung dch A (va ), thu c 15,15g kt ta v dung dch B. a/ Xc nh khi lng mui c trong dung dch B. b/ Tnh X, Y bit t l s mol XSO4 v Y2(SO4)3 trong dung dch A l 2 : 1 v t l khi lng mol nguyn t ca X v Y l 8 : 7. Hng dn:

PTHH xy ra: XSO4 + Pb(NO3)2 ---> PbSO4 + X(NO3)2 x x x mol Y2(SO4)3 + 3Pb(NO3)2 ---> 3PbSO4 + 2Y(NO3)3 y 3y 2y Theo PT (1, 2) v cho ta c: mhh mui = (X+96)x + (2Y+3.96)y = 7,2 (I) ---> X.x + 2Y.y = 2,4 Tng khi lng kt ta l 15,15g --> S mol PbSO4 = x + 3y = 15,15/303 = 0,05 mol Gii h ta c: mmui trong dd B = 8,6g (c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng) Theo ra v kt qu ca cu a ta c: x:y=2:1 X:Y=8:7 x + 3y = 0,05 X.x + 2.Y.y = 2,4 ---> X l Cu v Y l Fe Vy 2 mui cn tm l CuSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. Bi 6: C 1 lit dung dch hn hp gm Na2CO3 0,1M v (NH4)2CO3 0,25M. Cho 43g hn hp BaCl2 v CaCl2 vo dung dch trn. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7g kt ta A v dung dch B. a/ Chng minh mui cacbonat cn d. b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong A. c/ Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch B. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch v nung cht rn cn li ti khi lng khng i thu c rn X. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng rn X. Hng dn: chng minh mui cacbonat d, ta chng minh mmui phn ng < mmui
ban u

Ta c: S mol Na2CO3 = 0,1 mol v s mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0,25 mol. Tng s mol CO3 ban u = 0,35 mol Phn ng to kt ta: BaCl2 + CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2Cl CaCl2 + CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2Cl Theo PTHH ta thy: Tng s mol CO3 phn ng = (43 39,7) : 11 = 0,3 mol. Vy s mol CO3 phn ng < s mol CO3 ban u.---> s mol CO3 d b/ V CO3 d nn 2 mui CaCl2 v BaCl2 phn ng ht. mmui kt ta = 197x + 100y = 39,7 Tng s mol Cl phn ng = x + y = 0,3 ----> x = 0,1 v y = 0,2 Kt ta A c thnh phn: %BaCO3 = 49,62% v %CaCO3 = 50,38% c/ Cht rn X ch c NaCl. ---> %NaCl = 100%.

Chuyn 11: bi ton hn hp kim loi.

Thng gp di dng kim loi phn ng vi axit, baz, mui v vi nc. Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi. K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au (Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng) ngha: K B C Na Mg Al Z F N S P H C A H A P a a n e i n b u g g u t + O2: nhit thng phn ng K B a C a Na Mg Al Z n F e nhit cao N i S n P H C b u A g H g Kh A u P t

Tc dng vi nc K B a C a Na Mg Al

Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng Z n F e N i S n P H C b u A g H g A u P t

Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc dng. K B a C a Na Mg Al Z n F e N i S n P H C b u A g H g A u P t

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui K B a C a Na Mg Al Z n F e N i S n P H C b u A g H g A u P t

H2, CO khng kh c oxit nhit cao

kh c oxit cc kim loi ny

Ch : - Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro. - Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.

 ngha ca dy hot ng ho hc K Na Ba Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Ag Pt Au

Cu

Hg

- Dy c sp xp theo chiu gim dn tnh hot ng ho hc (t tri sang phi) - Mt s kim loi va tc dng c vi axit v vi nc: K, Na, Ba, Ca Kim loi + H2O ----> Dung dch baz + H2 - Kim loi va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz: (Be), Al, Zn, Cr 2A + 2(4 n)NaOH + 2(n 2)H2O ---> 2Na4 nAO2 + nH2 V d: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ----> 2NaAlO2+ 3H2 2Al + Ba(OH) 2 + 2H2O ----> Ba(AlO2)2 + 3H2 Zn + 2NaOH ---> Na2ZnO2 + H2 Zn + Ba(OH) 2 ---> BaZnO2 + H2 - Kim loi ng trc H tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v gii phng H2. Kim loi + Axit ----> Mui + H2 Lu : Kim loi trong mui c ho tr thp (i vi kim loi a ho tr) - K t Mg tr i kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca chng. theo quy tc: Cht kh mnh + cht oxi ha mnh cht oxi ho yu + cht kh yu. Lu : nhng kim loi u dy (kim loi tc dng c vi nc) th khng tun theo quy tc trn m n xy ra theo cc bc sau: Kim loi kim (hoc kim th) + H2O Dung dch baz + H2 Sau : Dung dch baz + dung dch mui Mui mi + Baz mi (*) iu kin(*): Cht to thnh phi c t nht 1 cht kt ta (khng tan). VD: cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4. Trc tin: BaSO4 Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH) 2 + H2 Ba(OH) 2 + CuSO4 Cu(OH) 2 +

c bit: Cu + 2FeCl3 ---> CuCl2 + 2FeCl2 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ---> CuSO4 + 2FeSO4

Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht.

1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh) Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc: Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc: Hoc: Hoc:

MTB =

M 1V + M 21V2 22 , 4V

MTB = MTB =

MTB =
M 1n1 + M 2 ( n n1 ) n M 1 x1 + M 2 (1 x1 ) 1

M 1V1 + M 2V2 V

(n l tng s mol kh trong hn hp) (x1l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng. MTB ca hh = n Tnh cht 1: MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong hn hp. Tnh cht 2: MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
mhh
hh

Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3: Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%) Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mB MB

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li. Lu : - Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1 hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A hoc B - Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th: Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B - Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th: Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B. Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.

<

nhh

<

mA MA

nA =

mhh MA

> nhh =

mhh M hh

nB =

mhh MB

< nhh =

mhh M hh

V d 1: Cho 22,2 gam hn hp gm Fe, Al tan hon ton trong HCl, ta thu c 13,44 lt H2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp v khi lng mui clorua khan thu c. Bi gii V phn ng hon ton nn ta c th thay hn hp Fe, Al bng kim loi tng ng M c ho tr n . Gi x l s mol Fe trong 1 mol hn hp. M = 56.x + 27(1 - x) n = 2.x + 3(1 - x) PTHH:
M + n HCl M Cl n + 22,2 22,2 M M 13,44 22,2 n Theo bi ra: . = nH 2 = = 0,6 (mol) 22,4 M 2 22,2[ 2 x + 3(1 x)] [ 56 x + 27(1 x)].2 = 0,6 x = 0,6 mol Fe v 0,4 mol Al M = 0,6.56 + 27.0,4 = 44,4 (g/mol) 0,6.56 % Fe = 44,4 .100% = 75,67% n H2 2 22,2 n . M 2

% Al = 100 - 75,67 = 24,33% Ta c n = 0,6.2 + 0,4.3 = 2,4 (mol) Khi lng mui clorua khan: m=
35,5.2,4 22,2 ( M + 35,5. n ) = 22,2 + .22,2 = 64,8 gam. 44,4 M

Ch : C th p dng KLMTB ca mt hn hp vo bi ton xc nh tn kim loi. Thng thng l bi ton hn hp hai kim loi thuc 2 chu k, hai phn nhm k tip, ... V d 2: Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). Xc nh hai kim loi v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp. Bi gii V phn ng xy ra hon ton nn ta c th thay th hn hp hai kim loi kim bng mt kim loi tng ng A c ho tr 1 (kim loi kim) 2 A + 2H2O 2 A OH + H2 (1) Theo (1) n A = 2nH 2 = 2 22,4 = 0,1 (mol)
3,1 A = = 31 g/mol 0,1 Na = 23 < A = 31 < K = 39 1,12

Mt khc: A = 31 =

23 + 39 s mol hai cht bng nhau 2

ngha l trong 1 mol hn hp mi kim loi c 0,5 mol. Thnh phn % khi lng: % Na =
0,5.23 .100 = 37,1% v % K = (100 - 37,1)% = 62,9%. 31

Nhn xt: S dng cc i lng trung bnh s cho php chng ta gii quyt nhanh cc bi tp ho hc.

A-hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi axit

Bi 1: Cho 10g hn hp gm Zn v Cu tc dng vi dung dch axit H2SO4 long th thu c 2,24 lit H2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. p s: Bi 2: Ho tan 5,2g hn hp gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch axit HCl 1M, th thu dc 3,36 lit H2 (ktc). a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl dng. p s: a/ b/ Bi 3: Cho mt lng hn hp gm Ag v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung dch axit H2SO4, thu c 5,6 lit kh H2 (ktc). Sau phn ng thy cn 6,25g mt cht rn khng tan. Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. p s: Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 15,3g hn hp gm Mg v Zn bng dung dch axit HCl 1M th thu c 6,72 lit H2 (ktc). a/ Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. b/ Tnh th tch dung dch axit HCl cn dng. p s: a/ mMg = 2,46g v mZn = 12,84g v b/ Vdd HCl 1M = 0,6 lit. Bi 5: A l hn hp gm: Ba, Al, Mg. - Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi nc ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 3,36 lit H2 (ktc). - Ly m gam A cho vo dung dch xt d ti khi ht phn ng thy thot ra 6,72 lt H2 (ktc). - Ly m gam A ho tan bng mt lng va dung dch axit HCl th thu c mt dung dch v 8,96 lit H2 (ktc). Hy tnh m gam v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp.

p s: m = 24,65g trong mBa = 19,55g, mAl = 2,7g, mMg = 2,4g. Bi 3: Ho tan hn hp gm Fe, Zn trong 500ml dung dch HCl 0,4M c dung dch A v 10,52g mui khan. a/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi kim loi. b/ Tnh th tch dung dch B gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)2 cn dng trung ho dung dch A. p s: a/ %Fe = 46,28% v %Zn = 53,72% b/ Vdd B = 1(lit) Bi 7: Ho tan ht 12g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 200ml dung dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 3,6g kim loi M tan ht vo 400ml dung dch H2SO4 nng 1M th H2SO4 cn d. a/ Xc nh kim loi M. b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, M trong hn hp. p s: a/ M l Mg. b/ %Mg = 30% v %Fe = 70%. Bi 8: Ho tan ht 11,3g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ho tr II khng i) vo 300ml dung dch HCl 2,5M thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc ly 4,8g kim loi M tan ht vo 200ml dung dch H2SO4 nng 2M th H2SO4 cn d. a/ Xc nh kim loi R. b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp. p s: a/ v b/ Bi 9: Ho tan ht 12,1g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ho tr II khng i) vo 150ml dung dch HCl 3M th thu c 4,48 lit kh (ktc). Mt khc mun ho tan ht 4,875g kim loi M th cn phi dng 100ml dung dch H2SO4 0,75M, dung dch thu c khng lm i mu giy qu. Bi 10: Hn hp A gm Mg v kim loi M ho tr III, ng trc hir trong dy hot ng ho hc. Ho tan hon ton 1,275 g A vo 125ml dd B cha ng thi HCl nng C1(M) v H2SO4 nng C2(M). Thy thot ra 1400 ml kh H2 ( ktc) v dd D. trung ho hon ton lng a xt d trong D cn dng 50ml dd Ba(OH) 2 1M. Sau khi trung ho dd D cn thu c 0,0375mol mt cht rn khng ho tan trong HCl. a/ Vit cc PTP xy ra. b/ Tnh C1 v C2 ca dd B.

c/ Tm NTK ca kim loi M (AM) v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A em th nghim. Bit rng ho tan 1,35g M cn dng khng qu 200ml dd HCl 1M. Hng dn gii: a/ cc PTHH xy ra. Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2 (1) + 3+ 2M + 6H 2M + 3H2 (2) + 2Trong dd D c cc Ion: H d , Cl , SO4 , Mg2+, M3+. Trung ho dd D bng Ba(OH) 2. H+ + OHH2O (3) 2+ 2Ba + SO4 BaSO4 (4) Theo bi ra ta c: S mol OH- = 2 s mol Ba(OH) 2 = 0,05 . 1 . 2 = 0,1 mol S mol Ba2+ = s mol Ba(OH) 2 = 0,05 mol. b/ S mol H+ trong dd B = 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2 s mol H+ tham gia cc phn ng (1,2,3) l: 0,0625 . 2 + 0,1 = 0,225 mol ( V s mol ca H2 thot ra = 0,0625 mol ) Ta c: 0,125C1 + 2 . 0,125C2 = 0,225 (*) Mt khc , s mol Ba2+ = 0,05 mol > s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol. Nh vy chng t SO42- phn ng ht v Ba2+ cn d. Do s mol ca SO42- = s mol ca BaSO4 = 0,0375 mol. Nn ta c nng mol/ lit ca dd H2SO4 l: C2 = 0,0375 : 0,125 = 0,3M V s mol ca H2SO4 = s mol ca SO42- = 0,0375 (mol) Thay v ( * ) ta c: C1 = 1,2 M c/ PTP ho tan M trong HCl. 2M + 6HCl 3H2 (5) 2MCl 3 + S mol HCl = 0,2 x 1 = 0,2 mol Theo (5): S mol ca kim loi M 0,2 : 3 (V theo bi ra M b ho tan ht) Do NTK ca M l: AM 1,35 : ( 0,2 : 3 ) = 20,25 V M l kim loi ho tr III nn M phi l: Al (nhm) Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Mg v Al trong 1,275 g hn hp A Ta c: 24x + 27y = 1,275 (I) Theo PT (1, 2): x + 1,5 y = 0,0625 (II) Gii h pt (I) v (II) ta c: x = y = 0,025. Vy khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp l: mMg = 0,6 g v mAl = 0,675 g. Bi 11: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H2SO4 1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH)2 0,05M v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v

nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Hng dn; t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y. Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I) S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol S mol Ba(OH) 2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho. Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol PTHH xy ra Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0. Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0 Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol 0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108 V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l: 0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol. Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht. Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c. x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4. Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz. HX + ROH ---> RX + H2O. 0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol MgX2 + 2ROH ----> Mg(OH) 2 + 2RX x 2x x mol ZnX2 + 2ROH ----> Zn(OH) 2 + 2RX y 2y y mol Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol Tip tc c phn ng xy ra: Zn(OH) 2 + 2ROH ----> R2ZnO2 + 2H2O b: y 0,1 mol P: y1 2y1 mol cn: y y1 0,1 2y1 mol ( iu kin: y y1) Phn ng to kt ta. Ba(OH) 2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol Nung kt ta. Mg(OH) 2 -----> MgO + H2O

x x mol Zn(OH) 2 -------> ZnO + H2O y y1 y y1 mol BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu. 0,06 mol Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08 ---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1 (II) Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05 Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht) ----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15. Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036 Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.

B-hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi nc v baz

Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 17,2g hn hp gm kim loi kim A v oxit ca n vo 1600g nc c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B c 22,4g hiroxit kim loi khan. a/ Tm kim loi v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp. b/ Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,5M cn dng trung ho dung dc B. Hng dn: Gi cng thc ca 2 cht cho l A v A2O. a, b ln lt l s mol ca A v A2O Vit PTHH: Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c: a.MA + b(2MA + 16) = 17,2 (I) (a + 2b)(MA + 17) = 22,4 (II) Ly (II) (I): 17a + 18b = 5,2 (*) Khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp: MTB = 17,2 : (a + b) Tng ng: MTB = 18.17,2 : 18(a + b). Nhn thy: 18.17,2 : 18(a + b) < 18.17,2 : 17a + 18b = 18.17,2 : 5,2

---> MTB < 59,5 Ta c: MA < 59,5 < 2MA + 16 ---> 21,75 < MA < 59,5. Vy A c th l: Na(23) hoc K(39). Gii h PT ton hc v tnh ton theo yu cu ca bi. p s: a/ - Vi A l Na th %Na = 2,67% v %Na2O = 97,33% - Vi A l K th %K = 45,3% v %K2O = 54,7% b/ - TH: A l Na ----> Vdd axit = 0,56 lit - TH: A l K -----> Vdd axit = 0,4 lit. Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp 2 kim loi kim trong nc thu c dung dch A. trung ho dung dch A phi dng 50ml dung dch HCl 2M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B. a/ Nu c cn dung dch B th s thu c bao nhiu gam hn hp mui khan? b/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn, bit rng t l s mol ca chng trong hn hp l 1 : 1. p s: a/ mMui = 6,65g b/ 2 kim loi l: Na v K. Bi 3: Cho 6,2g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon phn ng vi H2O d, thu c 2,24 lit kh (ktc) v dung dch A. a/ Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u. b/ Sc CO2 vo dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho B phn ng vi BaCl2 d thu c 19,7g kt ta. Tnh th tch kh CO2 b hp th. Hng dn: a/ t R l KHHH chung cho 2 kim loi kim cho MR l khi lng trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim A v B, gi s MA < MB ---.> MA < MR < MB . Vit PTHH xy ra: Theo phng trnh phn ng: nR = 2nH 2 = 0,2 mol. ----> MR = 6,2 : 0,2 = 31 Theo ra: 2 kim loi ny thuc 2 chu k lin tip, nn 2 kim loi l: A l Na(23) v B l K(39) b/ Ta c: nROH = nR = 0,2 mol PTHH xy ra: CO2 + 2ROH ----> R2CO3 + H2O CO2 + ROH ---> RHCO3

Theo bi ra khi cho BaCl2 vo dung dch B th c kt ta. Nh vy trong B phi c R2CO3 v trong 2 loi mui trn th BaCl2 ch phn ng vi R2CO3 m khng phn ng vi RHCO3. BaCl2 + R2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + RCl ---> nCO 2 = nR 2 CO 3 = nBaCO 3 = 19,7 : 197 = 0,1 mol ----> VCO 2 = 2,24 lt. Bi 4: Hai kim loi kim A v B c khi lng bng nhau. Cho 17,94g hn hp A v B tan hon ton trong 500g H2O thu c 500ml dung dch C(d = 1,03464g/ml). Tm A v B. Bi 5: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc) a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D. p s: a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g. b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g. Bi 6: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc). Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH) 2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn. p s: 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

C- hn hp Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui.

Th d 1: Ngm thanh st vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau: * Mui ca kim loi c tnh oxi ho mnh hn s ( Ag+ > Cu2+ ) tham gia phn ng trc vi kim loi ( hoc ni cch khc l mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn s tham gia phn ng trc ). Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu Bi tp p dung: 1/ C 200ml hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Thm 2,24g bt Fe kim loi vo dung dch khuy u ti phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn A v dung dch B. a/ Tnh s gam cht rn A. b/Tnh nng mol/lit ca cc mui trong dung dch B, bit rng th tch dung dch khng i. Hng dn gii Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag ( 1 ) Fe + Cu(NO3)2 (2) Fe(NO3)2 + Cu n n S mol ca cc cht l: Fe = 0,04 mol ; AgNO3 = 0,02 mol ; n Cu(NO3)2 = 0,1 mol V Ag hot ng ho hc yu hn Cu nn mui ca kim loi Ag s tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc. Theo p ( 1 ): nFe ( p ) = 0,01 mol ; Vy sau phn ng ( 1 ) th nFe cn li = 0,03 mol. Theo (p ( 2 ): ta c nCu(NO3)2 p = nFe cn d = 0,03 mol. Vy sau p ( 2 ): nCu(NO3)2 cn d l = 0,1 0,03 = 0,07 mol Cht rn A gm Ag v Cu mA = 0,02 x 108 + 0,03 x 64 = 4,08g dung dch B gm: 0,04 mol Fe(NO3)2 v 0,07 mol Cu(NO3)2 cn d. Th tch dung dch khng thay i V = 0,2 lit Vy nng mol/lit ca dung dch sau cng l: CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,35M ; CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,2M 2/ Cho 1,68 g Fe vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 0,15M v AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A v dung dch B. a/ Tnh khi lng cht rn A. b/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca dung dch B. Gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i. /S: a/ mA = 3,44g b/ CM [ Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] d = 0,05M v CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,15M

Th d 2: Cho hn hp gm bt st v km vo trong cng 1 ng nghim ( 1 l ) cha dung dch AgNO3. Phn ng xy ra theo th t nh sau: Kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui. Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag Fe + 2AgNO3 d Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag Bi tp p dng: Nhng 2 ming kim loi Zn v Fe cng vo mt ng nghim ng dung dch CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly 2 ming kim loi ra th trong dung dch nhn c bit nng ca mui Zn gp 2,5 ln mui Fe. ng thi khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim so vi trc phn ng 0,11g. Gi thit Cu gii phng u bm ht vo cc thanh kim loi. Hy tnh khi lng Cu bm trn mi thanh. Hng dn gii: - Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i giai phong - mkim lo ai tan - Nu khi lng thanh kim loi tng = mkim lo i tan - mkim lo ai giai phong V Zn hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe. Nn Zn tham gia phn ng vi mui trc. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu (1) x x x x (mol) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2) y y y y (mol) V khi lng dung dch gim 0,11 g. Tc l khi lng 2 thanh kim loi tng 0,11 g Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (160y 152y) + (160x 161x) = 0,11 Hay 8y x = 0,11 (I) Mt khc: nng mui Zn = 2,5 ln nng mui Fe * Nu l nng mol/lit th ta c x : y = 2,5 (II) (V th tch dung dch khng i) * Nu l nng % th ta c 161x : 152y = 2,5 (II)/ (Khi lng dd chung) Gii h (I) v (II) ta c: x = 0,02 mol v y = 0,05 mol . mCu = 3,2 g v mZn = / 1,3 g Gii h (I) v (II) ta c: x= 0,046 mol v y = 0,0195 mol mCu = 2,944 g v mZn = 1,267 g

Phng php dng mc so snh

Bi ton 1: Nhng 2 kim loi vo cng 1 dung dch mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i). Trng hp 1: Nu cho 2 kim loi trn vo 2 ng nghim ng cng 1 dung dch mui th lc ny c 2 kim loi ng thi cng xy ra phn ng. V d: Cho 2 kim loi l Mg v Fe vo 2 ng nghim cha dung dch CuSO4 Xy ra ng thi cc phn ng: Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Trng hp 2: - Nu cho hn hp gm 2 kim loi l: Mg v Fe vo cng mt ng nghim th lc ny xy ra phn ng theo th t ln lt nh sau: Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu ( 1 ) - Phn ng (1) s dng li khi CuSO4 tham gia phn ng ht v Mg dng vi lng va hoc cn d. Lc ny dung dch thu c l MgSO4; cht rn thu c l Fe cha tham gia phn ng Cu va c sinh ra, c th c Mg c d. - C phn ng (2) xy ra khi CuSO4 sau khi tham gia phn ng (1) cn d (tc l Mg ht) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu ( 2 ) - Sau phn ng (2) c th xy ra cc trng hp l: + C Fe v CuSO4 u ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn thu c l Cu. + Fe cn d v CuSO4 ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l: MgSO4, FeSO4; cht rn thu c l Cu v c th c Fe d. + CuSO4 cn d v Fe ht: dung dch thu c sau 2 phn ng l : MgSO4 , FeSO4 v c th c CuSO4 cn d ; cht rn thu c l Cu. Gii thch: Khi cho 2 kim loi trn vo cng 1 ng nghim cha mui ca kim loi hot ng ho hc yu hn th kim loi no hot ng ho hc mnh hn s tham gia phn ng trc vi mui theo quy c sau: Kim loi mnh + Mui ca kim loi yu hn Mui ca kim loi mnh hn + Kim loi yu Trng hp ngoi l: Fe ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd ) 3FeCl2 ( dd ) Cu ( r ) + 2FeCl3 ( dd ) 2FeCl2 ( dd ) + CuCl2 ( dd )

Bi ton 2: Cho hn hp (hoc hp kim) gm Mg v Fe vo hn hp dung dch mui ca 2 kim loi yu hn. (cc kim loi tham gia phn ng phi t Mg tr i) Bi 1: Cho hp kim gm Fe v Mg vo hn hp dung dch gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c dung dch A v cht rn B. a/ C th xy ra nhng phn ng no? b/ Dung dch A c th c nhng mui no v cht rn B c nhng kim loi no? Hy bin lun v vit cc phn ng xy ra. Hng dn cu a. Do Mg hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe nn Mg s tham gia phn ng trc. V Ion Ag + c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cu 2+ nn mui AgNO3 s tham gia phn ng trc. Tun theo quy lut: Nn c cc phn ng. Mg + 2AgNO3 Mg(NO 3)2 + 2Ag (1) Mg + Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 + Cu (2) Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (3) Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO 3)2 + Cu (4) Cu b C cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau. Trng hp 1: Kim loi d, mui ht * iu kin chung - dung dch A khng c: AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 - cht rn B c Ag v Cu. Nu Mg d th Fe cha tham gia phn ng nn dung dch A ch c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Mg d, Fe, Ag, Cu. Nu Mg phn ng va ht vi hn hp dung dch trn v Fe cha phn ng th dung dch A ch c Mg(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Fe, Ag, Cu. Mg ht, Fe phn ng mt phn vn cn d (tc l hn hp dung dch ht) th dung dch A cha Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B cha Fe d, Ag, Cu. Trng hp 2: Kim loi v mui phn ng va ht. - Dung dch A: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 - Cht rn B: Ag, Cu. Trng hp 3: Mui d, 2 kim loi phn ng ht. * iu kin chung
Cht kh mnh + cht Oxi ho mnh Cht Oxi ho yu + cht kh yu.

- Dung dch A chc chn c: Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 - Kt ta B khng c: Mg, Fe. Nu AgNO3 d v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht) Nu AgNO3 phn ng va ht v Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng: th dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag.(duy nht) AgNO3 ht v Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn vn cn d: th dung dch A cha Cu(NO3)2 d Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 v cht rn B ch c Ag, Cu. Bi tp: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II c nhng vo trong 1 lit dung dch CuSO4 0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh M ra v cn li, thy khi lng ca thanh tng 1,6g, nng CuSO4 gim cn bng 0,3M. a/ Xc nh kim loi M b/ Ly thanh M c khi lng ban u bng 8,4g nhng vo hh dung dch cha AgNO3 0,2M v CuSO4 0,1M. Thanh M c tan ht khng? Tnh khi lng cht rn A thu c sau phn ng v nng mol/lit cc cht c trong dung dch B (gi s th tch dung dch khng thay i) Hng dn gii: a/ M l Fe. b/ s mol Fe = 0,15 mol; s mol AgNO3 = 0,2 mol; s mol CuSO4 = 0,1 mol. (cht kh
+

Fe

Cu2+

Ag+ (cht oxh mnh)

0,15 0,1 0,2 ( mol ) 2+ Ag C Tnh o xi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc. PTHH : Fe + 2AgNO 3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2) Theo bi ra ta thy, sau phn ng (1) th Ag NO3 phn ng ht v Fe cn d: 0,05 mol Sau phn ng (2) Fe tan ht v cn d CuSO4 l: 0,05 mol Dung dch thu c sau cng l: c 0,1 mol Fe(NO3)2; 0,05 mol FeSO4 v 0,05 mol CuSO4 d Cht rn A l: c 0,2 mol Ag v 0,05 mol Cu mA = 24,8 g V th tch dung dch khng thay i nn V = 1 lit Vy nng ca cc cht sau phn ng l :

CM [ Fe (NO 3 ) 2 ] = 0,1M ; CM [ CuSO 4 ] d = 0,05M Bi tp p dng:

; CM [ Fe SO 4 ] = 0,05M

Bi 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II vo 0,5 lit dd CuSO4 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian phn ng, khi lng thanh M tng ln 0,40 g trong khi nng CuSO4 cn li l 0,1M. a/ Xc nh kim loi M. b/ Ly m(g) kim loi M cho vo 1 lit dd cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 , nng mi mui l 0,1M. Sau phn ng ta thu c cht rn A khi lng 15,28g v dd B. Tnh m(g)? Hng dn gii: a/ theo bi ra ta c PTHH . Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (1) S mol Cu(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng (1) l: 0,5 (0,2 0,1) = 0,05 mol tng khi lng ca M l: mtng = mkl gp - mkl tan = 0,05 (64 M) = 0,40 gii ra: M = 56, vy M l Fe b/ ta ch bit s mol ca AgNO3 v s mol ca Cu(NO3)2. Nhng khng bit s mol ca Fe (cht kh Fe Cu2+ Ag+ (cht oxh mnh) 0,1 0,1 ( mol ) 2+ Ag C Tnh oxi ho mnh hn Cu nn mui AgNO3 tham gia phn ng vi Fe trc. PTHH: Fe + 2AgNO 3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2) Ta c 2 mc so snh: - Nu va xong phn ng (1): Ag kt ta ht, Fe tan ht, Cu(NO3)2 cha phn ng. Cht rn A l Ag th ta c: mA = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 g - Nu va xong c phn ng (1) v (2) th khi cht rn A gm: 0,1 mol Ag v 0,1 mol Cu mA = 0,1 ( 108 + 64 ) = 17,2 g theo cho mA = 15,28 g ta c: 10,8 < 15,28 < 17,2 vy AgNO3 phn ng ht, Cu(NO3)2 phn ng mt phn v Fe tan ht. mCu to ra = mA mAg = 15,28 10,80 = 4,48 g. Vy s mol ca Cu = 0,07 mol. Tng s mol Fe tham gia c 2 phn ng l: 0,05 ( p 1 ) + 0,07 ( p 2 ) = 0,12 mol Khi lng Fe ban u l: 6,72g
+

Bi 2: Cho 8,3 g hn hp gm Al v Fe c s mol bng nhau vo 100ml hn hp dung dch cha AgNO3 2M v Cu(NO3)2 1,5M. Xc nh kim loi c gii phng, khi lng l bao nhiu? /S: mrn = mAg + mCu = 0,2 . 108 + 0,15 . 64 = 31,2 g Bi 3: Mt thanh kim loi M ho tr II nhng vo 1 lt dd FeSO4, thy khi lng M tng ln 16g. Nu nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo 1 lit dd CuSO4 th thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng ln 20g. Bit rng cc phn ng ni trn u xy ra hon ton v sau phn ng cn d kim loi M, 2 dd FeSO4 v CuSO4 c cng nng mol ban u. a/ Tnh nng mol/lit ca mi dd v xc nh kim loi M. b/ Nu khi lng ban u ca thanh kim loi M l 24g, chng t rng sau phn ng vi mi dd trn cn d M. Tnh khi lng kim loi sau 2 phn ng trn. HDG: a/ V th tch dung dch khng thay i, m 2 dd li c nng bng nhau. Nn chng c cng s mol. Gi x l s mol ca FeSO4 (cng chnh l s mol ca CuSO4) Lp PT ton hc v gii: M l Mg, nng mol/lit ca 2 dd ban u l: 0,5 M b/ Vi FeSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 40g Vi CuSO4 th khi lng thanh Mg sau phn ng l: 44g

Chuyn 12: Bi ton hn hp mui

Cc bi ton vn dng s mol trung bnh v xc nh khong s mol ca cht. 1/ i vi cht kh. (hn hp gm c 2 kh) Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 lit hn hp kh ktc: Khi lng trung bnh ca 1 mol hn hp kh ktc: Hoc: Hoc:

MTB =

M 1V + M 21V2 22 , 4V

MTB = MTB =

MTB =
M 1n1 + M 2 ( n n1 ) n M 1 x1 + M 2 (1 x1 ) 1

M 1V1 + M 2V2 V

(n l tng s mol kh trong hn hp) (x1l % ca kh th nht)

Hoc: MTB = dhh/kh x . Mx

2/ i vi cht rn, lng. MTB ca hh = n Tnh cht 1: MTB ca hh c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht thnh phn trong hn hp. Tnh cht 2: MTB ca hh lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht thnh phn nh nht v ln nht.
mhh
hh

Mmin < nhh < Mmax

Tnh cht 3: Hn hp 2 cht A, B c MA < MB v c thnh phn % theo s mol l a(%) v b(%) Th khong xc nh s mol ca hn hp l.
mB MB

Gi s A hoc B c % = 100% v cht kia c % = 0 hoc ngc li. Lu : - Vi bi ton hn hp 2 cht A, B (cha bit s mol) cng tc dng vi 1 hoc c 2 cht X, Y ( bit s mol). bit sau phn ng ht A, B hay X, Y cha. C th gi thit hn hp A, B ch cha 1 cht A hoc B - Vi MA < MB nu hn hp ch cha A th: Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng vi A m cn d, th X, Y s c d tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B - Vi MA < MB, nu hn hp ch cha B th:

<

nhh

<

mA MA

nA =

mhh MA

> nhh =

mhh M hh

Nh vy nu X, Y tc dng cha vi B th cng khng tc dng ht vi hn hp A, B. Ngha l sau phn ng X, Y ht, cn A, B d.

nB =

mhh MB

< nhh =

mhh M hh

A- Ton hn hp mui cacbonat

Bi 1: Cho 5,68g hn hp gm CaCO3 v MgCO3 ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, kh CO2 thu c cho hp th hon ton bi 50ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,9M to ra 5,91g kt ta. Tnh khi lng v thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp. p s: mMgCO 3 = 1,68g v m CaCO 3 = 4g Bi 2: Ho tan hon ton 27,4g hn hp gm M2CO3 v MHCO3 (M l kim loi kim) bng 500ml dung dch HCl 1M thy thot ra 6,72 lit kh CO2 (ktc). trung ho axit d phi dng 50ml dung dch NaOH 2M. a/ Xc nh 2 mui ban u. b/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u. p s: a/ M l Na ---> 2 mui l Na2CO3 v NaHCO 3 b/ %Na2CO3 = 38,6% v %NaHCO 3 Bi 3: Ho tan 8g hn hp A gm K2CO3 v MgCO3 vo dung dch H2SO4 d, kh sinh ra c sc vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,2M, thu c m(g) kt ta. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A m t gi tr cc tiu(nh nht) v cc i(ln nht). p s: - Khi lng kt ta l cc tiu(nh nht) khi CO2 l cc i. Tc l %K2CO3 = 0% v %MgCO3 = 100%. - Khi lng kt ta l cc i(ln nht) khi nCO2 = nBa(OH) 2 = 0,06 mol. Tc l %K2CO3 = 94,76% v %MgCO3 = 5,24%. Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II. p s: - TH1 khi Ba(OH) 2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca. - TH2 khi Ba(OH) 2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.

Bi 5: Ho tan ht 4,52g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhu trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng 200ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 1,12 lit kh D (ktc). a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B. b/ Tnh tng khi lng ca mui to thnh trong dung dch C. c/ Ton b lng kh D thu c trn c hp th hon ton bi 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH) 2 : - Thu c 1,97g kt ta. - Thu c lng kt ta ln nht, nh nht. p s: a/ 2 kim loi l Mg v Ca b/ mmui = 5,07g c/ - TH1: 0,15M - TH2: khi kt ta thu c ln nht l 0,25M. - TH3: khi kt ta thu c nh nht l 0,125M. Bi 6: Cho 10,8g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca 2 mui trn v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u. %MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67%. Bi 7: Ho tan hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 vo nc thnh 400 ml dung dch A. Cho t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A ng thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c dung dch B v 1,008 lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH) 2 d c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp ban u. Nu cho t t dung dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l bao nhiu? HDG: a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na2CO3 v KHCO3 (x, y > 0) Ta c PTP: Giai on 1: NaCO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( 1 ) Mol: x x x x n n Nh vy: HCO3 = x + y (mol ) ; Theo PT (1) th NaHCO3 = n Na2CO3 = x (mol) Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO3 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v dung dch Ba(OH) 2 Giai on 2: HCO3 + HCl Cl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) Mol: a a a a n Theo bi ra: HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )

= n CO2 = a = 22,4 = 0,045 ( mol ) n Na2CO3 ( b ) = n HCl ( P 1 ) = 0,15 0,045 = 0,105 (mol) Sau phn ng (1) th ton b Na2CO3 chuyn thnh NaHCO3. Khi cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d xy ra phn ng sau: HCO3 + Ba(OH) 2 BaCO3 + OH + H2O ( 3 ) Mol : b b b b
n

HCl

1,008

( P 2 )

BaCO3 = b =

29,55 = 0,15 ( mol ) 197

Vy n HCO3 ( P ) = a + b = x + y = 0,045 + 0,15 = 0,195 (mol) n KHCO3 ( b ) = 0,195 0,105 = 0,09 (mol) Khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u: m Na2CO3 = 0,105 . 106 = 11,13g m KHCO3 = 0,09 . 100 = 9g b/ Khi cho dung dch A vo bnh cha dung dch HCl 1,5M th xy ra phn ng *Nu c 2 phn ng xy ra ng thi th ta thy phng trnh (4) nu gii phng 1 mol kh CO2 cn 2 mol HCl ,gp i s mol HCl dng cho phn ng (5). t z l s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (5); th s mol HCl tham gia phn ng (4) l 2z (mol) Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 4 ) KHCO3 + HCl KCl + H2O + CO2 ( 5 ) Theo PTP ta c: 2z + z = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 (mol) z = 0,05 ( mol ). S mol CO2 thot ra l: 0,1 ( mol ) *Nu phn ng ( 4 ) xy ra trc: ta c 2z = 0,15 ( mol ) z = 0,075 (mol); m s mol ca Na2CO3 = 0,105( mol ) > 0,075.Vy nn axt phi phn ng ht,nn s mol kh CO2 thot ra l 0,075 (mol) *Nu phn ng (5) xy ra trc: ta c z = 0,09 ( mol ) z = 0,09 (mol); m s mol ca HCl = 0,15 (mol).Vy s mol HCl cn d = 0,15 0,09 = 0,06 (mol) s tip tc tham gia phn ng (4) .Khi 2z = 0,06 (mol) z = 0,03 (mol). Vy tng s mol CO2 thot ra l: n CO2 = 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 (mol) kt hp cc d kin ta c: 0,075 ( mol ) < n CO2 < 0,12(mol) Hay 1,68 ( lt ) < VCO 2 < 2,688 (lt) Bi 8: Cho 28,1g qung lmt gm MgCO 3; BaCO3 (%MgCO3 = a %) vo dung dch HCl d thu c V (lt) CO2 ( ktc). a/ Xc nh V (lt). b/ Sc V (lt) CO2 va thu c vo dung dch nc vi trong. Tnh khi lng kt ta ti a thu c bit s mol Ca(OH) 2 = 0,2 (mol) v khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u. Hng dn: a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH: MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2 (1)

x(mol) BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + y(mol) CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 + H2O 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy mBaCO3 = 0 S mol: nMgCO3 = S mol: nBaCO3 = Nu hn hp ch ton l BaCO3 th mMgCO3 = 0
28,1 = 0,143 (mol) 197 28,1 = 0,3345 (mol) 84

x(mol) CO2 (2) y(mol) (3) (4)

Theo PT (1) v (2) ta c s mol CO2 gii phng l: 0,143 (mol) nCO2 0,3345 (mol) Vy th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 3,2 (lt) VCO 2 7,49 (lt) b/ Khi lng kt ta thu c l: *Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,143 ( mol ), th ch c PTP (3) xy ra v d Ca(OH) 2, theo PTP th nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 (mol). Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 1,43g *Nu s mol ca CO2 l: 0,3345 (mol), th c c P (3) v (4), theo PTP ta c: S mol CO2 tham gia P (3) l: nCO2 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2 (mol). Vy s mol CO2 d l: 0,3345 0,2 = 0,1345 (mol). Tip tc tham gia P (4) khi : S mol ca CaCO3 to ra (3) l: nCaCO3 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2 (mol). S mol ca CaCO3 P (4) l: nCaCO3 = nCO2 ( d ) = 0,1345 (mol) Vy sau P (4) s mol ca CaCO3 cn li l: 0,2 0,1345 = 0,0655 (mol) Khi lng kt ta thu c l: mCaCO3 = 0,0655 . 100 = 6,55g * thu c kt ta ti a th nCO2 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2 (mol). Vy nCaCO3 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2(mol) Khi lng ca CaCO3 l: mCaCO3 = 0,2 . 100 = 20g t x,y ln lt l s mol ca MgCO3 v BaCO3 Theo bi ra v PT (3) ta c: x + y = 0,2 (*) x = 0,1(mol) Gii h PT (*) v (**) ta c: 84x + 197y = 28,1 (**) y = 0,1(mol) Vy khi lng ca mi cht c trong hn hp ban u l: m MgCO3 = 0,1 . 84 = 8,4g m BaCO3 = 0,1 .197 = 19,7g Bi 9: Khi thm t t v khuy u 0,8 lit dd HCl 0,5 M vo dd cha 35g hn hp A gm 2 mui Na2CO3 v K2CO3 th c 2,24 lit kh CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v dd D. Thm dd Ca(OH) 2 c d vo dd D thu c kt ta B. a/ Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp A v khi lng kt ta B.

b/ Thm m (g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A c hn hp A/. Tin hnh th nghim tng t nh trn, th tch dd HCl 0,5M thm vo vn l 0,8 lit, dd thu c l dd D/. Khi thm Ca(OH) 2 d vo dd D/ c kt ta B/ nng 30 g. Tnh V (lit) kh CO2 thot ra ( ktc) v m (g). Hng dn gii: Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v K2CO3. Theo bi ra: S mol HCl = 0,4 mol Giai on 1: HCl + Na2CO3 (1) NaHCO 3 + NaCl HCl + K2CO3 (2) KHCO3 + KCl Sau phn ng (1 v 2) S mol HCl cn li l: 0,4 (x + y) tip tc tham gia phn ng Giai on 2: HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 (3) HCl + KHCO3 KCl + H2O + CO2 (4) Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol. Theo PTP ( 3 v 4 ) th: S mol HCl ( p ) = S mol CO2 = 0,1 mol. Khi thm dd Ca(OH)2 d vo dd D thu c kt ta B , chng t HCl tham gia phn ng ht. Trong D ch cha Mui clo rua v mui hir cacbonat (cn li sau phn ng 3 v 4) Theo PTP: NaHCO3 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O (5) KHCO3 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 + KOH + H2O (6) T cc PT (1, 2, 3, 4) ta c: x + y = 0,3 (I) Theo bi ra ta c: 106 x + 138 y = 35 (II) Gii h PT (I) v (II): ta c x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1. Khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u l: mNa 2 CO 3 = 21,2 g ; mK 2 CO 3 = 13,8 g Theo PT (5,6) S mol CaCO3 = S mol (NaKHO 3 + KHCO3) cn li sau phn ng (3,4) Theo PT (3,4) S mol NaHCO 3 + KHCO3 phn ng = S mol CO2 gii phng = 0,1 mol Vy s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li l: 0,3 0,1 = 0,2 mol Khi lng CaCO3 to thnh l: 0,2 x 100 = 20 g b/ khi thm m(g) NaHCO3 vo hn hp A giai on 1: ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng nn s mol ca HCl vn l: x + y = 0,3 mol s mol HCl phn ng giai on 2 vn l: 0,1 mol Do s mol CO2 vn l 0,1 mol. Vy VCO 2 = 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 lit Nu gi s mol ca NaHCO 3 thm vo l b (mol) Th tng s mol NaHCO3 + KHCO3 cn li sau giai on 2 l: (0,2 + b) mol Theo bi ra ta c: 0,2 + b = 30 : 100 = 0,3. Vy b = 0,1 (mol) Khi lng NaHCO3 thm vo l: 0,1 x 84 = 8,4 g

Bi 10: Cho 38,2g hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat trung ho ca 2 kim loi ho tr I tc dng va vi dung dch axit HCl th thu c 6,72 lit CO2 (ktc). a/ Tm tng khi lng 2 mui thu c sau phn ng. b/ Tm 2 kim loi trn, bit 2 kim loi ny lin tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm I. p s: a/ mhh mui = 41,5g. b/ 2 kim loi trn l Na v K. Bi 11: Mt hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3 c khi lng l 10,5g. Khi cho hn hp X tc dng vi HCl d th thu c 2,016 lit kh CO2 (ktc). a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp X. b/ Ly 21g hn hp X vi thnh phn nh trn cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl va (khng c kh thot ra). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng. p s: a/ %Na2CO3 = 60,57% v %K2CO3 = 39,43%. Bi 12: Cho 7,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Cho A ho tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 long thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp th ht bi 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 15,76g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng tronh hn hp. p s: TH1: Ba(OH) 2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3 %MgCO3 = 58,33% v %CaCO3 = 41,67% TH2: Ba(OH) 2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3 %MgCO3 = 23,33% v %BeCO3 = 76,67% Bi 13: Cho 9,2g hn hp A gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II. Ho tan hon ton hn hp a trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b kh B hp th ht bi 550ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M thu c 19,7g kt ta. Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca chng trong hn hp u. p s: TH1: Ba(OH) 2 d --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v CaCO3 %MgCO3 = 45,65% v %CaCO3 = 54,35% TH2: Ba(OH) 2 thiu --> 2 mui l: MgCO3 v BeCO3 %MgCO3 = 44% v %BeCO3 = 56%

Bi 14: Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon, c khi lng l 8,5g. Cho X phn ng ht vi nc cho ra 3,36 lit kh H2(ktc) a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi v tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. b/ Thm vo 8,5g hn hp X trn, 1 kim loi kim th D c hn hp Y, cho Y tc dng vi nc thu c dung dch E v 4,48 lit kh H2 (ktc). C cn dung dch E ta c cht rn Z c khi lng l 22,15g. Xc nh D v khi lng ca D. c/ trung ho dung dch E trn cn bao nhiu lt dung dch F cha HCl 0,2M v H2SO4 0,1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c. p s: a/ mNa = 4,6g v mK = 3,9g. b/ kim loi D l Ba. --> mBa = 6,85g. c/ S mol BaSO4 = s mol Ba(OH) 2 = s mol Ba = 0,05mol. ---> khi lng ca BaSO4 = 0,05 . 233 = 11,65g. Bi 15: Ho tan 23g mt hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng tun hon vo nc thu c dung dch D v 5,6 lit H2 (ktc). a/ Nu trung ho 1/2 dung dch D cn bao nhiu ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M? C cn dung dch thu c sau khi trung ho th c bao nhiu gam mui khan? b/ Nu thm 180ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th cha kt ta ht c Ba(OH) 2. Nu thm 210ml dung dch Na2SO4 0,5M vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim trn. p s: a/ mhh mui = 23,75g b/ 2 kim loi kim l Na v K.

B- Ton hn hp mui halogen.

Cn nh: - halogen ng trn y c halogen ng di ra khi mui. - Tt c halogen u tan tr: AgCl, AgBr, AgI. - Hin nhin: AgF tan. Bi 1: Mt hn hp 3 mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82g. Ho tan hon ton trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch A ri c cn, thu c 3,93g mui khan. Ly mt na lng mui khan ny ho tan trong nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c 4,305g kt ta. Vit cc phn ng xy ra v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u. Hng dn: PTHH xy ra:

Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br2 (1) z z mol T PT (1) --> Trong 3,93g hn hp c cha x(mol) NaF v (y + z) mol NaCl. Phn ng to kt ta: AgNO3 + NaCl ----> NaNO 3 + AgCl (2)
y+z 2 y+z 2

mol

Ta c h PT. mmui ban u = 42x + 58,5y + 103z = 4,82 (I) mmui khan = 42x + 58,5(y + z) = 3,93 (II) S mol AgCl =
y+z = 4,305 : 143,5 = 0,03 2

(III)

Gii h 3 phng trnh: x = 0,01, y = 0,04, z = 0,02 ---> %NaCl = 48,5%; %NaBr = 42,7% v %NaF = 8,8%. Bi 2: Dung dch A c cha 2 mui l AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, trong nng ca AgNO3 l 1M. Cho 500ml dung dch A tc dng vi 24,05g mui gm KI v KCl, to ra c 37,85g kt ta v dung dch B. Ngm mt thanh km vo trong dung dch B. Sau khi phn ng kt thc nhn thy khi lng thanh kim loi km tng thm 22,15g. a/ Xc nh thnh phn % theo s mol ca mui KI v KCl. b/ Tnh khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong 500ml dung dch A. p s: a/ nKI = nKCl ---> %nKI = %nKCl = 50%. b/ S mol Cu(NO3)2 = 0,5 mol ----> khi lng Cu(NO3)2 = 94g. Bi 3: Ho tan 5,94g hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A v B( A, B l 2 kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II) vo nc, c 100ml dung dch X. Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO3 th thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc kt ta thu c dung dch Y c th tch l 200ml. C cn dung dch Y thu c m(g) hn hp mui khan. a/ Tnh m? b/ Xc nh CTHH ca 2 mui clorua. Bit t l KLNT A so vi B l 5 : 3 v trong mui ban u c t l s phn t A i vi s phn t mui B l 1 : 3. c/ Tnh nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dung dch X. Hng dn: Vit cc PTHH xy ra. t x, y l s mol ca mui ACl2 v BCl2 Ta c: (MA + 71).x + (MB + 71)y = 5,94 S mol AgCl to ra = 2(x + y) = 17,22 : 143,5 = 0,12 mol ---> x + y = 0,06. ----> xMA + yMB = 1,68 dd Y thu c gm x mol A(NO3)2 v y mol B(NO3)2 ---> mui khan.

(MA + 124)x + (MB + 124)y = m Thay cc gi tr ta c: m = 9,12g b/ theo bi ra ta c: MA : MB = 5 : 3 x : y = nA : nB = 1 : 3 x + y = 0,06 xMA + yMB = 1,68 Gii h phng trnh ta c: MA = 40 v MB = 24. Nng mol/l ca cc dung dch l: CM(CaCl2) = 0,15M v CM(BaCl2) = 0,45M. Bi 4: Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho tan phn 1 vo nc ri cho phn ng vi AgNO3 d thu c 8,61g kt ta. em in phn nng chy phn 2 n hon ton thu c V lit kh X ktc. Bit s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp ban u. a/ Xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u. b/ Tnh V? Hng dn: Gi s mol MCl v BaCl2 trong 8,84g hn hp l 2x v 2y (mol) Cc PTHH xy ra: MCl + AgNO3 ---> AgCl + MNO3 BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ----> Ba(NO3)2 + 2AgCl Phn 2: 2MCl -----> 2M + Cl2 BaCl2 ------> Ba + Cl2 Ta c: nAgCl = x + 2y = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 mol ---> nCl 2 = (x + 2y) : 2 = 0,03 mol Vy th tch kh Cl2 thu c ktc l: V = 0,03 . 22,4 = 0,672 lit - V MCl chim 80% tng s mol nn ta c: x = 4y ---> x = 0,04 v y = 0,01. mhh X = (M + 35,5).2x + (137 + 71).2y = 8,84 ---> M = 23 v M c ho tr I, M l Na. %NaCl = 52,94% v %BaCl 2 = 47,06%. Bi 5: Mt hp cht ho hc c to thnh t kim loi ho tr II v phi kim ho tr I. Ho tan 9,2g hp cht ny vo nc c 100ml dung dch. Chia dung dch ny thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Thm mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 vo phn 1, thy to ra 9,4g kt ta. Thm mt lng d dung dch Na2CO3 vo phn 2, thu c 2,1g kt ta. a/ Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht ban u. b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch pha ch. Hng dn.

- t R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II v X l KHHH ca phi kim c ho tr I - Ta c CTHH ca hp cht l: RX2 - t 2a l s mol ca hp cht RX2 ban u. Ta c: 2a(MR + 2MX) = 9,2 (g) ----> a.MR + 2.a.MX = 4,6 (I) - Vit cc PTHH xy ra: - Phn 1: 2a(MAg + MX) = 216.a + 2.a.MX = 9,4 (II) Hay 2.a.MAg - a.MR = 216.a - a.MR = 9,4 4,6 = 4,8 (*) - Phn 2: a(MR + MCO 3 ) = a.MR + 60.a = 2,1 (III) Hay 2.a.MX - a.MCO 3 = 2.a.MX 60.a = 4,6 2,1 = 2,5 (**) T (*) v (III) ---> 216.a + 60.a = 4,8 + 2,1 = 6,9 ---> a = 0,025. Thay a = 0,025 vo (III) ---> MR = 24. Vy R l Mg Thay vo (I) ---> MX = 80. Vy X l Br. CTHH ca hp cht: MgBr2 p s: a/ Cng thc ho hc ca hp cht l MgBr 2 b/ Nng dung dch MgBr2 l 0,5M. Bi 6: Hn hp A gm 3 mui MgCl2, NaBr, KI. Cho 93,4g hn hp A tc dng vi 700ml dung dch AgNO3 2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch D v kt ta B, cho 22,4g bt Fe vo dung dch D. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F vo dung dch HCl d to ra 4,48 lit H2 (ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch E thu c kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh cho n khi lng khng i thu c 24g cht rn. Tnh khi lng kt ta B. Hng dn: Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol MgCl 2, NaBr, KI. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. Dung dch D gm: Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3, v AgNO3 cn d. Kt ta B gm: AgCl, AgBr, AgI. Rn F gm: Ag v Fe cn d. Dung dch E: Fe(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, NaNO3, KNO3 ch c Fe(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch NaOH d. ----> 24g rn sau khi nung l: Fe2O3 v MgO. p s: mB = 179,6g. Bi 7: Ho tan 104,25g hn hp cc mui NaCl v NaI vo nc. Cho kh clo i qua ri un cn. Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi ht hi mu tm bay ra. B cht rn thu c sau khi nung nng 58,5g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng mi mui trong hn hp. Hng dn: Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaCl v NaI Khi sc kh clo vo th ton b mui NaI chuyn thnh mui NaCl.

Tng s mol mui NaCl sau phn ng l: (a + b) = 58,5 : 58,5 = 1 mol v ta c: 58,5a + 150b = 104,25 Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 0,5 v b = 0,5 ---> %mNaCl = (58,5 . 0,5 : 104,25 ) . 100% = 28,06% v %mNaI = 100 28,06 = 71,94% Bi 8: Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen thuc 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 c d thu c 57,34g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX v NaY v thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u. Hng dn: Gi R l halogen tng ng ca X v Y. Cng thc tng ng ca 2 mui NaX, NaY l Na R Na R + AgNO3 ---> Ag R + NaNO3 C 1 mol kt ta Ag R nhiu hn 1 mol Na R l: 108 23 = 85g Vy s mol Na R phn ng l: (57,34 31,84) : 85 = 0,3 mol Ta c: Khi lng mol ca Na R l: 31,84 : 0,3 = 106,13 ---> Khi lng mol ca R = 106,13 23 = 83,13. Vy X l Br v Y l I. ---> %mNaI = 9,43% v %mNaBr = 90,57% Bi 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ho tan hn hp vo nc ri cho brm d vo dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dc lm kh sn phm, th thy khi lng ca sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m(g). Li ho tan sn phm vo nc v cho clo li qua cho n d, lm bay hi dung dch v lm kh, cht cn li ngi ta thy khi lng cht thu c li nh hn khi lng mui phn ng l m(g). Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca NaBr trong hn hp ban u. Hng dn; Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca NaBr v NaI. Khi sc Br2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaI phn ng v ton b NaI chuyn thnh NaBr. Vy tng s mol NaBr sau phn ng (1) l: (a + b) mol. Sau phn ng (1) khi lng gim: m = mI - mBr = (127 - 80)b = 47b (*) Tip tc sc Cl2 vo trong dung dch th ch c NaBr phn ng v ton b NaBr chuyn thnh NaCl. Vy tng s mol NaCl sau phn ng (2) l: (a + b) mol. Sau phn ng (2) khi lng gim: m = mBr mCl = (80 35,5)(a + b) = 44,5(a + b) (**) T (*) v (**) ta c: b = 17,8a Vy %mNaBr = (103a : (103a + 150b)) . 100% = 3,7%

Chuyn 13: bi tp tng hp v tnh theo PTHH

Bi 1: Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn bng nhau. Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H2 (ktc). Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh (ktc) v cn li cht rn khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi lng mi phn. Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A2On v B2Om . Tnh tng khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v B. Hng dn: Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn. Phn 1: Vit PTHH: S mol H2 =
na mb + = 1,792 : 22,4 = 0,08 mol ----> na + mb = 2 2

0,16 (I) Phn 2: Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan. A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H2O ---> Na4 nAO2 + n/2 H2 a (mol) na/2 (mol) S mol H2 = na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12 (II) Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04. Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn: mB = 4/13.m1/3 hh Phn 3: Vit PTHH: mhh oxit = (2MA + 16n).a/2 + (2MB + 16m).b/2 = 2,84 = MA + MB + 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> MA + MB = 1,56 (g) (*) mB = 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> mA = 1,08 (g) ---> MA = 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v MA = 27 l ph hp. Vy A l Al ---> MB = 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v MB = 24 l ph hp. Vy B l Mg. Bi 2: Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO3, Fe2O3 v CaCO3 nhit cao n khi lng khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng 60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i, thu c 12,92g hn hp 2 oxit.

Cho kh C hp th hon ton vo 2 lit dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,075M, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly dung dch, thm nc vi trong d vo trong dung dch thu c thm 14,85g kt ta. a/ Tnh th tch kh C ktc. b/ Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A. Hng dn: t s mol MgCO3, Fe2O3, CaCO3 ln lt l x, y, z (mol) trong hn hp A. Ta c: 84x + 160y + 100z = a(g) (I) Sau khi nung cht rn B gm: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 v z mol CaO. 40x + 160y + 56z = 0,6a (II) T (I, II) ta c: 44(x + y) = 0,4a ---> a = 110(x + y) (III) Cho A + HCl. Kh C gm c: S mol CO2 = x + y (mol) Hn hp D gm c: x mol MgCl 2, y mol FeCl3, z mol CaCl2. Cho D + NaOH d thu c 2 kt ta: x mol Mg(OH) 2 v y mol Fe(OH) 3 ---> 2 oxit tng ng l: x mol MgO, y mol Fe2O3 . moxit = 40x + 160y = 12,92 (IV) Cho C + dd Ba(OH) 2 ---> a mol BaCO3 v b mol Ba(HCO3)2 Ta c: S mol CO2 phn ng l: a + 2b = x + z S mol Ba(OH) 2 phn ng l: a + b = 2 . 0,075 ---> b = (x + y) 0,15 (V) PTHH: Ba(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH) 2 -----> CaCO3 + BaCO3 + 2H2O b mol b mol b mol Ta c: 100b + 197b = 14,85 ---> b = 0,05. T (V) --> x + y = 0,2 T (III) --> a = 110 . 0,2 = 22g a/ Th tch kh CO2 thu c ktc l: 4,48 lit b/ Gii h PT (I, III, V) ---> x = 0,195, y = 0,032, z = 0,005. Khi lng v thnh phn % ca cc cht l: m MgCO3 = 16,38g ( 74,45%) m Fe2O3 = 5,12g (23,27%) m CaCO3 = 0,5g ( 2,27%) Bi 3: Hn hp bt A gm Fe v Mg c khi lng 2,72g c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1: Cho vo 400ml dung dch CuSO4 a(M) ch cho phn ng xong thu c 1,84g cht rn B v dung dch C. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch C thu c kt ta. Sy nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i cn c 1,2g cht rn D. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp A v tr s a?

Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c cht rn E c khi lng 3,36g. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong cht rn E? Tnh V? Hng dn: Xt phn 1: m(Mg + Fe) = 2,72 : 2 = 1,36g. TH1: 1/2 hh A phn ng ht vi CuSO4. ---> dd C gm c: FeSO4, MgSO4, CuSO4. Cht rn B l Cu (c khi lng 1,84g) Cho dd C + dd NaOH ---> kt ta Fe(OH) 2, Mg(OH) 2, Cu(OH) 2 ---> Oxit tng ng sau khi nung trong kk l Fe2O3, MgO, CuO c khi lng l 1,2g < 1,36g --> Vy A cha tham gia phn ng ht. TH2: 1/2 hh A phn ng cha ht vi CuSO4. Gi thit Mg Mg phn ng cha ht (m Mg li hot ng ho hc mnh hn Fe) th dd CuSO4 phi ht v Fe cha tham gia phn ng --> dd C l MgSO4 v cht rn D ch c MgO. ---> S mol Mg phn ng = nCu = nMgO = 1,2 : 40 = 0,03 mol Cht rn B gm Cu, Fe v Mg cn d. Nhng ta thy mCu to ra = 0,03 . 64 = 1,92g > 1,84g --> Tri vi iu kin bi ton. Vy Mg phi ht v Fe tham gia 1 phn. Nh vy: cht rn B gm c: Cu v Fe cn d dd C gm c MgSO4 v FeSO4 cht rn D gm c MgO v Fe2O3 c khi lng l 1,2g. - t x, y l s mol Fe, Mg trong 1/2 hh A v s mol Fe cn d l z (mol) - 56x + 24y = 1,36 - (x z).64 + y.64 + 56z = 1,84 - 160(x z) : 2 + 40y = 1,2 Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: x = 0,02, y = 0,01, z = 0,01. ---> %Fe = 82,35% v %Mg = 17,65% S mol ca CuSO4 = 0,02 mol ----> a = 0,02 : 0,4 = 0,05M Xt phn 2: 1/2 hh A c khi lng l 1,36g tng khi lng cht rn = 3,36 1,36 = 2,0g Gi thit Fe cha phn ng. Ta c: s mol Mg phn ng = 2 : (2 . 108 24) = 0,0104 mol > nMg trong phn 1. ----> Nh vy Fe tham gia phn ng v Mg phn ng ht. mrn do Mg sinh ra = 0,01 . (2. 108 24) = 1,92g mrn do Fe sinh ra = 2 1,92 = 0,08 g nFe phn ng = 0,08 : (2. 108 56) = 0,0005 mol. nFe d = 0,02 0,0005 = 0,0195mol Vy cht rn E gm c Fe cn d v Ag c sinh ra sau phn ng. Tng s mol AgNO3 phn ng = (0,01 + 0,0005).2 = 0,021 mol Th tch ca dd AgNO3 0,1M dng = 0,021 : 0,1 = 0,21 lit.

Bi 4: Cho 9,86g hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo 1 cc cha 430ml dung dch H2SO4 1M long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thm tip vo cc 1,2 lit dung dch hn hp gm Ba(OH) 2 0,05M v NaOH 0,7M, khuy u cho phn ng hon ton, ri lc ly kt ta v nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Hng dn; t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y. Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I) S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,43.2 = 0,86 mol S mol Ba(OH) 2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 = 0,84 mol t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho. Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol PTHH xy ra Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0. Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0 Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol 0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108 V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l: 0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol. Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht. Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c. x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4. Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz. HX + ROH ---> RX + H2O. 0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y) mol MgX2 + 2ROH ----> Mg(OH) 2 + 2RX x 2x x mol ZnX2 + 2ROH ----> Zn(OH) 2 + 2RX y 2y y mol Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol Tip tc c phn ng xy ra: Zn(OH) 2 + 2ROH ----> R2ZnO2 + 2H2O b: y 0,1 mol P: y1 2y1 mol cn: y y1 0,1 2y1 mol ( iu kin: y y1) Phn ng to kt ta. Ba(OH) 2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O

b: 0,06 0,43 0 mol p: 0,06 0,06 0,06 mol cn: 0 0,43 0,06 0,06 mol Nung kt ta. Mg(OH) 2 -----> MgO + H2O x x mol Zn(OH) 2 -------> ZnO + H2O y y1 y y1 mol BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu. 0,06 mol Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08 ---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1 (II) Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05 Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht) ----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15. Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036 Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi. Bi 5: Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui sunfat ca kim loi R. bit R c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia 29,6 gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c dung dch A, kh B. lng kh B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d cho n khi kt thc phn ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i th thu c 14g cht rn. Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO4 1,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc tch b cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th thu c 46g mui khan. a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra. b/ Xc nh kim loi R. c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Hng dn: t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO4 trong 1/2 hh X ta c: x.MR + (MR + 16).y + (MR + 96).z = 14,8g phn 1; Vit cc PTHH xy ra; dd A c RSO4 = (x + y + z) mol v H2SO4 d Kh B l H2 = x mol H2 + CuO -----> Cu + H2O x x x mol nCuO = x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol

dd A + KOH d H2SO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + H2O RSO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + R(OH) 2 R(OH) 2 ------> RO + H2O (x + y + z) (x + y + z) mol Ta c: (MR + 16). (x + y + z) = 14 (II). Thay x = 0,2 vo (I, II) --> z = 0,05 Phn 2: R + CuSO4 ----> RSO4 + Cu b: 0,2 0,3 mol p: 0,2 0,2 0,2 mol S mol CuSO4 d = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol Tng s mol RSO4 = (0,2 + z) mol mMui khan = mRSO 4 + mCuSO 4 = 0,1.160 + (MR + 96)(0,2 + z) = 46. Thay z = 0,05 ---> MR = 24, R c ho tr II ---> R l Mg Thay cc gi tr vo tnh c y = 0,1. mMg = 4,8g --> %Mg = 32,43% mMgO = 4,0g --> %MgO = 27,03% mMgSO 4 = 6,0g --> %MgSO4 = 40,54% Bi 6: Ho tan ht 7,74g hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v Al bng 500ml dung dch hn hp cha axit HCl 1M v axit H2SO4 long 0,28M, thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lit kh H2 (ktc). Cho rng cc axit phn ng ng thi vi 2 kim loi. a/ Tnh tng khi lng mui to thnh sau phn ng. b/ Cho dung dch A phn ng vi V lit dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH) 2 0,5M. Tnh th tch V cn dng sau phn ng thu c lng kt ta ln nht, tnh khi lng kt ta . Hng dn: t x, y l s mol Mg v Al 24x + 27y = 7,74 (I) t HA l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 axit HCl v H2SO4. nHA = nHCl + 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,5 + 2.0,14 = 0,78 mol. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. nH 2 = x + 1,5y = 8,736 : 22,4 = 0,39 (II) T (I, II) --> x = 0,12 v y = 0,18. mmui = mhh kim loai + mhh axit - mH 2 = 38,93g t ROH l cng thc tng ng ca hn hp gm 2 baz l NaOH v Ba(OH) 2 nROH = nNaOH + 2nBa(OH) 2 = 1V + 2.0,5V = 2V (mol) Vit cc PTHH xy ra. ----> Tng s mol ROH = 0,78 mol. Vy th tch V cn dng l: V = 0,39 lit

Ngoi 2 kt ta Mg(OH) 2 v Al(OH) 3 th trong dung dch cn xy ra phn ng to kt ta BaSO4.Ta c nBaSO 4 = nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol (V nBa(OH) 2 = 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > nH 2 SO 4 = 0,14 mol) ---> nH 2 SO 4 phn ng ht. Vy khi lng kt ta ti a c th thu c l. mkt ta = mMg(OH) 2 + mAl(OH) 3 + mBaSO 4 = 53,62g Bi 7: 1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung dch H2SO4 long nng 4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui tan c nng 7,6 %. a) Cho bit tn kim loi M. b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng 2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO2 v hi H2O vo 900 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt ta, thy khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH) 2 ban u. Hy tm khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O em dng. Hng dn: Gi x l s mol MO MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O Khi lng cht tan MSO4 l: (M+96)x. Khi lng MO l: (M+16)x. Khi lng H2SO4 ban u: m= Khi lng dung dch MSO4: m=
( M + 96) x 2000 x + ( M + 16) x .100 = 7,69 98 x.100 = 2000 x 4,9

2000x + (M + 16)x

(x=1) Do x c nhiu gi tr nn c rt nhiu gi tr khi lng dung dch H2SO4 tng ng. 2, a . Khi s mol CO2 s mol Ca(OH) 2 CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 + H2O S mol CaCO3 =
40 = 0,4 mol 100

m = 2000 (g)

Khi lng CO2 l 0,4 . 44 = 17,6 (g) 17,6 + mdd+mH2O= m' + 40 (m' = mdd+7,8) mH2O=7,8+40-17,6 = 30,2 (g)

b) Khi nCa(OH)2 < nCO2 < 2nCa(OH)2 CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 + H2O ? 0,9 0,9

CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 S mol kt ta: 0,9- t =

40 = 0,4 t = 0,5 100

S mol CO2: 0,9 + 0,5 = 1,4 (mol) Khi lng CO2: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g) Khi lng H2O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0 -----> Ta loi trng hp ny. Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II bng dung dch HCl 7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b kh CO2 thu c vo 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui. a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat. b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng. Hng dn: a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO3. Cc PTHH: MCO3 + 2 HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2) NaOH + CO2 NaHCO 3. (3) a a a 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O. (4) 2b b b S mol NaOH: nNaOH = 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng (3) v (4). Theo phng trnh v bi ta c: nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,5 mol (5). mmui = 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6) Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol. S mol CO2 to thnh (2): nCO2 = a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol. Theo pt (2): nMCO3= nCO2 = 0,3 mol. Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u: 25, 2 M MCO3 = = 84. 0, 3 M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.

Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO3 Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4). Ta thy:
29, 6 29, 6 < nmui < 106 84 0,28 mol < nmui < 0,35 mol.

M nCO2 = nmui. : 0,28 < nCO2 < 0,35.

0,5 nNaOH 0,5 < 2 0,35 nCO2 0, 28

1< nNaOH/ nCO2 < 2 ra to 2 mui c c (3 ) v (4) xy ra.

a. Theo phng trnh (2) nHCl =2nCO2 =2 . 0,3 = 0,6 mol Khi lng HCl dng: MHCl =0,6 .36,5 =21,9 (g) Khi lng dung dch HCl dng: mddHCl =
21.9 x100 = 300g. 7,3 300

Th tch dung dch HCl dng: Vdd HCl = 1,038 = 289ml = 0,289 (lit) Bi 9: Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H2SO4 long ly d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O2(ktc) th lng Oxi cn d sau phn ng. a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II. b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp. Hng dn: a/ Cc PTP: Fe + H 2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 xmol xmol xmol A + H2SO4 ASO4 + H2 ymol ymol ymol nH
2

2,24 =0,1mol 224 ,

Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:

56 +Ay =4 x (a) x +y =0,1 1,6 56 - A

Ay - 56y = - 1,6
y=

0 < 2A
0,7

1,6 < 0,1 M A < 40 56 - A

(1) O2 2AO (*)

mol n O2 = 224 =0,03125 ,

Theo PTP (*):

---> 2A > 38,4 Vy A > 19,2 (2) (1) v (2) Ta c 19,2 < MA < 40. Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg. b. Thay A vo h PT (a)
56 x + 24 y = 4 x = 0,05 x + y = 0,1 y = 0,05

1 2 0,03125 , < (do oxi d) 2A 1

mFe = 0,05. 56= 2,8g mMg = 1,2g % Fe =

2,8 .100 =70 % % 4

% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30% Bi 10: Nhit phn hon ton 20 g hn hp MgCO3, CaCO3 , BaCO3 thu c kh B. Cho kh B hp th ht vo nc vi trong thu c 10 gam kt ta v dung dch C. un nng dung dch C ti phn ng hon ton thy to thnh thm 6 gam kt ta. Hi % khi lng ca MgCO3 nm trong khong no? Hng dn: Cc PTHH: MgCO3 CaCO3 BaCO3

t
0

MgO + CO2(k) (B) Ca0 + CO2(k) (B)

(1) (2)

t
t0

BaO

CO2(k) + Ca (OH)2(dd) (B) 2CO2(k) + Ca(OH) 2(dd) ----> Ca(HCO3)2(dd) (5) (B) (C) 0 t Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3(r) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (6) (C) Theo phng trnh phn ng (4) v (6) ta c: nCaCO3 = 0,1 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) ----> n cO2 = 0,1 + 0,06 x 2 = 0,22 (mol) theo phng trnh phn ng (1) , (2) , (3), (4 ), (5) ta c: Tng s mol mui: n mui = n CO2 = 0,22 (mol)

+ CO2;k) (3) (B) ----> CaCO3(r) + H2O(l) (4)

Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca mui: MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3 c trong 100 gam hn hp v tng s mol ca cc mui s l: x + y + z = 1,1 mol V ban u l 20 gam hn hp ta quy v 100 gam hn hp nn nmui = 1,1 (mol) Ta c: 84x + 100y + 197z = 100 ---> 100y + 197z = 100 84x V x + y + z = 1,1 ---> y +z = 1,1 x 100 y + 197 z 100 84x = <--> 100 < < 197 y+ z 1,1 x ----> 52,5 < 84x < 86,75 Vy % lng MgCO3 nm trong khong t 52,6% n 86,75 %

Bi 11: Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A. 1/ Nu kh CO2 sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt kh CO2 tham gia phn ng? 2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3 c thnh phn thay i trong cha a% MgCO3 bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D. Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht? 1. nCaO = Phng trnh ho hc: CaO + H2O 0,2 Khi sc CO2 vo c phn ng: CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 (2) CaCO3 + H2O Trng hp 1: Ca(OH) 2 d v CO2 phn ng ht th: Theo (2) nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
2,5 = 0,025 mol 100 Ca(OH) 2 (1) 11,2 = 0,2 mol 56

0,2

mol

VCO2 = 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 Lt. Trng hp 2: CO2 d, Ca(OH) 2 phn ng ht c thm phn ng: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Theo (1) nCO2 = nCa(OH) 2 = nCaCO3 = 0,2 mol. nCaCO3 phn ng (3): = 0,2 - 0,025 = 0, 175 mol. Theo (3) nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,175 Mol. (3)

Tng nCO2 (2) v (3) l: 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 mol. VCO2 = 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 Lt. 2. Cc phn ng xy ra: MgCO3 + 2 HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1) BaCO3 + 2 HCl BaCl 2 + CO2 + H2O (2) Khi sc CO2 vo dd A c th xy ra cc phn ng : CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 (3) CaCO3 + H2O 2 CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 (4) Ca(HCO 3)2 lng kt ta CaCO3 thu c l ln nht th ch xy ra phn ng (3). Khi : nCO2 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2mol. Theo bi khi lng MgCO3 c trong 28,1 g hn hp l: mMgCO 3 =
2,81.a = 0,281a 100 28,1 0,281a nBaCO3 = 197 nMgCO 3 = 0,281a 84

Theo (1) v (2) nCO2 = nMgCO3 + nBaCO3 Ta c phng trnh:

0,281a 28,1 0,281a + = 0,2. 84 197

Gii ra ta c: a = 29,89 % . Vy khi a = 29,89 % th lng kt ta ln nht. Khi a = 0 % th ngha l hn hp ch ton mui BaCO3 Khi nCO2 =
28,1 = 0,143 mol. 197

Ta c: nCO2 < nCa(OH) 2. Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,143 mol. m CaCO3 = 0,143 . 100 = 14,3g. Khi a = 100% ngha l hn hp ch ton mui MgCO3 khi : nCO2 =
28,1 = 0,334 > nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2 mol. 84

Theo (3): nCaCO3 = nCa(OH) 2 = 0,2 mol. V CO2 d nn CaCO3 tip tc phn ng: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (5) Ca(HCO 3)2 Theo (5): nCaCO 3 = nCO2 d = 0,334 - 0,2 = 0,134. nCaCO 3 cn li : 0,2 - 0,134 = 0,066 mCaCO 3 = 0,066 . 100 = 6,6 < 14,3g. Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta thu c b nht. Bi 12: Ho tan 7,74g hn hp 2 kim loi Mg, Al trong 500ml dung dch hn hp cha HCl 1M v H2SO4 0,38M (long). Thu c dung dch A v 8,736 lt kh H2(ktc). a. Kim loi tan ht cha? gii thch? b. Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A? Hng dn:

n HCl = 0,5 mol ; n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol ; n H 2 = 0,39 mol a/ Cc P.T.H.H: Mi PTHH ng cho. Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2 (1) 2 Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2 (2) Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 (3) 2 Al + 3 H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 (4) T 1,2 : n H 2 = 2 n HCl = 2 .0,5 = 0,25 (mol). T 3, 4 n H 2 = n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 (mol) Suy ra: Tng n H 2 = 0,25 + 0,19 = 0,44 (mol) Ta thy: 0,44 > 0,39 Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht. b/ Theo cu a: Axt d. * TH1: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H2SO4 d: n HCl = 0,5 mol
1 1

n H 2 =0,25 mol (1,2)

n H 2 = 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,14 mol (3,4) (p) Theo nh lut BTKL: m mui = 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 = 38,93g (A) * TH2: Gi s H2SO4 phn ng ht, HCl d Suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol suy ra n H 2 = 0,19 mol 3,4 n H 2 = 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n HCl = 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol) (1,2) (p ) Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: m mui = 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5 = 40,18 (g) V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d. Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l: 38,93 (g) < m mui A <40,18 (g) Bi 13: Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al2O3 v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr II km hot ng. Ly 16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri cho mt lung kh H2 i qua cho n phn ng hon ton. Lng hi nc thot ra c hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H2SO4 90%, thu c dung dch H2SO4 85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho tan trong HCl vi lng va , thu c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht rn khng tan. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung dch

NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta, sy kh v nung nng n khi lng khng i, c 6,08 gam cht rn. Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca A. Hng dn: Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit. t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al2O3, RO trong hn hp A. Theo bi ra ta c: 40a + 102b + (MR + 16)c = 16,2 (I) Cc PTHH xy ra: RO + H2 -----> R + H2O (1) MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl2 + H2O (2) Al2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (3) MgCl2 + 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH) 2 + 2NaCl (4) AlCl3 + 3NaOH -----> Al(OH) 3 + 3NaCl (5) C th c: Al(OH)3 + NaOH -----> NaAlO2 + H2O (6) x x x Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)3 Mg(OH) 2 -----> MgO + H2O (7) 2Al(OH) 3 ------> Al2O3 + 3H2O (8) 2b x
2b x 2

mol

Ta c: Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 90% l: m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77 (g) Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha long bng H2O th khi lng cht tan c bo ton. Khi lng dd H2SO4 85% l: (15,3 + 18c) Ta c: C% = (15,3 + 18c) .100% = 85% Gii phng trnh: c = 0,05 (mol) Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l R, c khi lng 3,2g. MR = 0,05 = 64. Vy R l Cu. Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II) S mol NaOH = 0,82.1 = 0,82 (mol) TH1: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH) 3 tan cha ht. nNaOH = 2a + 6b + x = 0,82 (III) 40a + 102(
2b x ) = 6,08 2 3,2 13,77

(IV)

Gii h phng trnh (II) v (IV) c: x = 0,12 (mol) Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)/ Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)/ c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1 %CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v %Al2O3 = 62,96% TH2: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)3 tan ht mrn = mMgO = 6,08g

nMgO = 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol mAl 2 O 3 = 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g nAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol nNaOH = 2nMgO + 6nAl 2 O 3 = 2.0,152 + 6.0,06 = 0,664 mol nAl(OH) 3 = 2nAl 2 O 3 = 0,12 mol nNaOH d = 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol Nhn thy: nNaOH d = 0,156 > nAl(OH) 3 = 0,12 mol => Al(OH)3 tan ht. Tnh c: mCuO = 4g => %mCuO = 24,69% mMgO = 6,08g => %mMgO = 37,53% mAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 => % mAl 2 O 3 = 37,78%

H T T P 2
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