(YRC) - Mot So Giai Phap Nham Khac Phuc Tinh Trang Un Tac Container Tai Cang Bien VN

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Li m u ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chng 1: Khi qut v container ............................................................................................ 6 1.1/ Lch s pht trin ca container .................................................................................. 6 1.1.1. Khi nim v container........................................................................................... 6 1.1.2. Phn loi container ................................................................................................. 7 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo kch thc: ................................................................................. 7 1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo vt liu ng container:............................................................. 7 1.1.2.3. Phn loi theo cu trc container ..................................................................... 7 1.1.2.4. Phn loi theo cng dng ca container ........................................................... 8 1.1.3. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container ....................................................... 9 1.1.3.1. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container quc t ........................................ 9 1.1.3.2. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container Vit Nam ............................... 14 1.2/ Li ch ca phng thc vn ti bng container ...................................................... 15 1.2.1. i vi ch hng ................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.i vi ngi chuyn ch ...................................................................................... 17 1.2.3. i vi x hi ......................................................................................................... 18 Chng 2: Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca.............................................. 22 2.1. Tng quan v cng bin Vit Nam ............................................................................. 22 2.1.1 Thc trng cng bin Vit Nam ........................................................................... 22 2.1.2. Cng Si Gn ......................................................................................................... 27 2.1.2.1 V tr a l. ....................................................................................................... 27 2.1.2.2 Lung vo cng ................................................................................................. 28 2.1.2.3. C s h tng ................................................................................................... 29 2.1.2.4. Hng ho thng qua: ....................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.5. nh gi v thun li v kh khn ca cng Si Gn..................................... 32 2.1.3. Cng Hi Phng .................................................................................................... 37 2.1.3.1. V tr a l ....................................................................................................... 37 2.1.3.3 C s h tng, trang thit b. ............................................................................ 39 2.1.3.4 nh gi thun li v kh khn ca Cng Hi Phng ..................................... 41 2.2. Tnh trng v nguyn nhn n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam. ..... 44 2.2.1. Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam ........................... 44 2.2.2. Nguyn nhn.......................................................................................................... 46 2.2.2.1 .H thng giao thng ........................................................................................ 46 2. 2.2.2. Nng sut xp d khng cao ........................................................................... 47 2.2.2.3. Th tc hnh chnh rm r ............................................................................ 47 2.2.2.4. Yu t lin quan n doanh nghip v th trng ............................................ 47 2.2.2.5. Nguyn nhn do mt hng ............................................................................... 48 2.2.2.6. Hn ch v mt bng. ...................................................................................... 48 2.2.2.7. Do h thng php lut ..................................................................................... 49 2.2.3. Nhng thit hi do n tc container gy ra ........................................................ 50 2.2.3.1. i vi doanh nghip....................................................................................... 50 2.2.3.2. i vi x hi................................................................................................... 51
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2.2.3.3. i vi cng. .................................................................................................... 51 Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm khc phc tnh trng n tc container ti cng bin Vit Nam .......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.1. D bo xu th vn chuyn hng ho bng container. ............................................... 53 3.1.1 C s l lun ........................................................................................................... 53 3.1.2 C s thc tin ....................................................................................................... 54 3.2. nh hng pht trin vn ti container Vit Nam ................................................. 56 3.2.1 nh hng pht trin cng bin.......................................................................... 57 3.2.1.1 Giai on n nm 2010. .................................................................................. 57 3.2.1.2. Giai on 2010 2020. ................................................................................... 58 3.2.2 nh hng pht trin cc dch v vn ti. ......................................................... 60 3.2.3. Cng ngh xp d .................................................................................................. 60 3.3.Mt s gii php khc phc tnh trng n tc container .......................................... 61 3.3.1. i vi nh nc ................................................................................................... 61 3.3.1.1. Hon thin h thng vn bn php lut ........................................................... 61 3.3.1.2. Gim bt nhng th tc khng cn thit ......................................................... 63 3.3.1.3.Quy hoch u t, pht trin cng chuyn dng mt cch hp l, c bit l cng trung chuyn container ........................................................................................ 64 3.3.1.4. p dng chnh sch cnh tranh ginh th trng cho cc doanh nghip ........ 67 3.3.2. i vi cc Hip hi .............................................................................................. 68 3.3.2.1. Th hin tt chc nng tham mu cho Nh nc ............................................ 69 3.3.2.2. y mnh vic hp tc gia cc hip hi........................................................ 69 3.3.2.3. Pht trin quan h hp tc i ngoi, nht l trong khu vc ASEAN ............. 70 3.3.3. i vi doanh nghip qun l cng bin ............................................................. 70 3.3.3.1. Yu cu i vi trang thit b ca cng bin ................................................... 70 3.3.3.2. Yu cu v c s h tng v h thng giao thng............................................ 71 3.3.3.3. Phn lung container....................................................................................... 72 3.3.3.4. p dng cng ngh thng tin ........................................................................... 72 Kt lun .................................................................................................................................... 74 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 75
Li m u
1.Tnh cp thit ca ti Container c cho l lm nn cuc cch mng ln th ba trong ngnh hng hi. Tht vy, bng vic vn chuyn bng container, s lng hng ho giao dch trn th gii ngy cng tng vt. Gi y, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, vn chuyn container trn nhng chic tu siu trng khng cn l qu xa vi. V qu trnh lu thng hng ho ang dn tr thnh mt chui phn phi khp kn, vi nhng dch v vn chuyn mang li li nhun khng l . Vit Nam l mt quc gia kh c thin nhin u i vi li th c hn 3200km ng bin. V vy vic pht trin vn ti bin , ang v s em li nhiu li ch cho quc gia, c bit l trong vic lu thng container. Hng nm, khong 72% lu lng container thng qua cng Vit Nam i qua cc cng khu phc pha Nam, c bit l nhm cng s 5 (TPHCM v B Ra Vng Tu) v 26% l thng qua cc cng min Bc. Vi a th thun li nh vy, cng vi tc pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng bin ng l Vit Nam c th thu c nhng khon li nhun ng k v snh ngang vi cc cng ln trong khu vc nh Singapore, HongKong hay BusanThc t th, hng nm nc ta mt mt khon thu ngoi t ng k v thay vo l phi chi mt khon ngoi t bi vic thu gom hng ha t nc ngoi; khng nhng vy, khi hng ha v ti cng th cc nh chc trch li in u vi nn n tc container, khi m li nhun kim c khng b chi ph lu kho, bi ca hng ha. V mc d Vit Nam cng xy dng c nhiu cng container ln nhng khi lng hng nhp v l rt nhiu trong khi hng xut khu li t, v th mt khi lng container tn ng ti cng l rt ln, vic bo qun cc container ny khng nhng gy mt mt khon chi ph, m cn lm mt mt khon li khi khng th
cho thu cc container ny. Vn ny cng nh hng rt ln n cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu, bi hng ng, cc doanh nghip va phi mt ph lu kho lu bi, li va khng th chuyn hng n kp lm tn tht n doanh nghip hng ngn la M. Vy nguyn nhn ca vn n tc container ti cng bin l g v lm th no gii quyt c tnh trng ? Chng ti chn ti ny nhm mc tiu tm ra c nhng nguyn nhn tim n ca vn v a ra mt s gii php khc phc tnh trng trn, cng nh pht trin cng bin ca Vit Nam. Nhm tc gi hi vng bi nghin cu ca mnh s ng gp mt s gii php tch cc nhm gii quyt thc trng trc mt, gp phn lm cho cng bin Vit Nam ngy cng pht trin v em li nhiu li ch khng ch cho nh nc, doanh nghip m c x hi. Rt mong c cc thy c v cc bn c ng gp kin. Nhm tc gi xin chn thnh cm n! 2. i tng nghin cu v mc tiu nghin cu * i tng nghin cu: - Cc cng container Vit Nam, c bit l cng Hi Phng v cng Si Gn - Cc container * Mc tiu nghin cu: Ch ra tm quan trng ca phng thc vn ti bng container v nh hng ca n n s pht trin ca nn kinh t Nu ln thc trng ca cc cng, bi container v nhng gii php gip lu chuyn ti a container. 3. Phng php nghin cu * Tng hp v phn tch ti liu * Phng vn
* Nghin cu ti bn * iu tra, kho st 4.Phm vi nghin cu Cng container Hi Phng v Si Gn 5. Kt qu nghin cu d kin Gp phn gip cc doanh nghip cng nh cc bn c lin quan gii quyt vn n tc container ti cng bin. Mt khc gip cc doanh nghip s dng c ti a hiu sut lun chuyn container. V cui cng l gip c quan qun l cng bin c th tn dng ht cng sut cng nh din tch ca cng bin, gp phn thc y vo s pht trin ca cng bin Vit Nam.
Chng 1: Khi qut v container

Trong th k 21, khi cc quc gia ngy cng c xu hng hi nhp ton cu ha th vic giao dch thng mi tr nn d dng v thun tin hn. Khi lng hng ha xut nhp khu gia cc nc ngy cng ln v th vic vn chuyn hng ha bng hnh thc container hin nay c a chung hn bao gi ht. Ngi ta coi hnh thc vn ti container l cuc cch mng th ba trong ngnh hng hi. H thng vn ti bin, nht l vn ti container ph mng ton cu, cho php hng ha gi t mt cng c th ti bt k mt cng bin khc trn th gii trong mt chuyn i. 1.1/ Lch s pht trin ca container 1.1.1. Khi nim v container Container l mt dng c vn ti c cc c im: + C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng mt hoc nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng. + C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo v d hng ra. + C dung tch khng t hn 1m3.
(Theo U ban k thut ca t chc ISO (International Standarzing Organization))
T nh ngha ny, ta thy container khng phi l loi bao b hng ha thng thng, mc d n c th thc hin chc nng ca mt bao b vn ti. Container khng phi l cng c vn ti ,cng nh khng phi l mt b phn ca cng c vn ti v n khng gn lin vi cc cng c vn ti.
1.1.2. Phn loi container Trn thc t, container c chia lm nhiu loi ty theo cc tiu chun khc nhau. 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo kch thc: Container loi nh: trng ti di 5 tn v dung tch di 3 m3 . Container loi trung bnh: trng ti 5-8 tn v dung tch nh hn 10 m3 . Container loi ln: trng ti hn 10 tn v dung tch hn 10 m3 . 1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo vt liu ng container: Container c ng bng vt liu no th gi tn vt liu cho container, v d container g dn, container thp, container nhm K hiu Chiu cao Chiu rng Chiu di Trng ti a foot mm 1.A 8,0 foot mm foot mm 12.190 12.190 9.125 6.055 2.990 1.965 1.460 tn 30 30 25 20 10 7 5 Trng Dung tch trong m3 61,0 61,0 45,5 30,5 14,3 9,1 7,0 tnh tn 27,0 27,0 23,0 18,0 8,7 6,1 4,0 ti ti
2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0 2.435 8,0
2.435 40,0 2.435 40,0 2.435 29,1 2.435 19,1 2.435 9,9 2.435 6,5 2.435 4,5
1.A.A 8,0 1.B 1.C 1.D 1.E 1.F 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0
Bng 1: Tham s k thut ca 7 loi container thuc xri 1 theo tiu chun ca ISO 1.1.2.3. Phn loi theo cu trc container
Container kn Container h Container khung Container gp Container phng Container c bnh ln 1.1.2.4. Phn loi theo cng dng ca container -Nhm 1: Container ch hng bch ha. Nhm ny bao gm cc loi : container kn c ca mt u; container kn c ca mt u v cc bn; c ca trn nc, m cnh; m trn nc, m bn cnh; container c thnh thp; container c l thng hi -Nhm 2: Container ch hng ri: l loi container dng ch hng ri (v d nh thc ht, x phng bt, cc loi ht nh).i khi loi container ny c ming trn mi xp hng v c ca container bn cnh d hng ra. Tin li ca kiu container ny l tit kim sc lao ng khi xp hng vo v d hng ra, nhng n cng c in bt li l trng lng v nng, s ca v np c th gy kh khn trong vic gi an ton v kn nc cho hng ha trong container, v nu np nhi hng vo nh qu th s gy kh khn trong vic xp hng c th t. -Nhm 3: Container bo n /nng/lnh. Loi container ny c sn, sn, mi v ca p cht cch nhit hn ch s thay i nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi container. Nhiu container loi ny c thit b lm lnh hoc lm nng c t mt u hay bn thnh ca container hay vic lm lnh da vo nhng chic my c gn pha trc container hoc bng h thng lm lnh trc tip ca tu hay bi container. Nhiu container li da vo s lm lnh hn hp (khng ch nhit ). y l loi container dng cha cc hng mau
hng( hng rau qu) v cc hng ha b nh hng do s thay i nhit . Tuy nhin v c lp cch in v my lm lnh nn lm gim dung tch cha hng ca container, s bo qun my mc cng i hi cao hn, nu cc thit b my mc c t trong container. -Nhm 4: Container thng cha dng ch hng ha nguy him v hng dng lng ( nh du n, ha cht lng). Nhng thng cha bng thp c ch to ph hp vi kch thc ca ISO dung tch l 20cb.ft hnh dng nh mt khung st hnh ch nht cha khong 400 galon( 15.410 lt), ty theo yu cu loi container ny c th c lp thm thit b lm lnh hay nng. y l loi container c ch to ch nhng hng ha c bit, n c u im l lm gim sc lao ng dng xp d hng ha v c th c s dng nh mt kho cha tm thi. Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng hn ch nh: gi thnh ban u cao, chi ph bo dng nhiu. Trc khi cho hng ha vo i hi phi tn cng lm sch thng cha (mi ln cho hng vo l mt ln phi lm v sinh sch s thng cha). Kh khn cho vn chuyn, v hng d b bay hi, r r dc ng, trng lng v ln. -Nhm 5: Cc container c bit nh: Container ch sc vt sng. Nhng container ca ISO c lp t c nh nhng ngn chung cho sc vt sng v c th hoc khng th chuyn i thnh container ph hp cho mc ch chuyn ch hng bch ha. Loi container ny dng chuyn ch sc vt sng, do vy nhc im chnh ca n l vn lm v sinh sch s khi xp cc l hng ha tip theo. Trong nhiu quc gia th tc kim dch cc container dng ch sc vt rt kht khe, do vy container rng khi quay tr li cn ch khu v sinh. 1.1.3. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container 1.1.3.1. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container quc t
Container ha l mt yu t quan trng ca cuc cch mng trong logistics, gp phn lm thay i din mo ca ngnh vn ti trong th k 20. Malcolm McLean c cho l ngi u tin pht minh ra container trong nhng nm 1930 New Jersey. McLean nhn ra rng thay v xp hay d toa ch hng th cc toa ch hng ny t chng (vi mt vi thay i nh) s l container c vn chuyn. S pht trin ca container nhn chung c chia lm bn giai on: Giai on 1: tnh n nm 1955: C c trng l mt s nc bt u th nghim s dng container loi nh vo chuyn ch hng ha trong vn ti ng st. Trc i chin th gii ln th nht, mt s cng ty vn ti, c bit l cng ty vn ti ng st bt u th nghim phng php chuyn ch hng ha trong container c nh. Container lc by gi c kt cu v cng dng khng ging nh container dng hin nay. Trong thi gian gia hai cuc chin tranh th gii, cc nc nh : Anh, Php, M, c, Lin X tip tc m rng phm vi s dng container trong chuyn ch hng ha. S pht trin nhanh chng ca phng thc vn ti ny i hi phi c s phi hp cht ch gia cc phng thc vn ti, gia cc c quan vn ti vi nhau. cng l nguyn nhn ra i ca t chc Vn phng Container quc t( Bureau International Container- BIC) nm 1933, tr s ti Paris. T chc ny c nhim v nghin cu qu trnh p dng container trong chuyn ch hng ha v ng vai tr phi hp vic chuyn ch container trong mt s nc Chu u. Vn phng Container quc t l t chc u tin nhn thy ngha cch mng ca phng php chuyn ch hng ha bng container. Trong chin tranh th gii ln th hai, M s dng kh rng ri container chuyn ch v kh v vt liu chin tranh. Nhng kinh nghim ca M c tc dng nht nh thc y s pht trin chuyn ch container vo thi gian sau chin tranh.
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Nhng nm 50( 1948-1955), chuyn ch container c pht trin vi tc nhanh hn. Phm vi s dng container c m rng sang cc phng thc vn ti khc ( ng bin, ng t). Tuy nhin, phng php chuyn ch container cng mi ch p dng trong chuyn ch ni a v s dng conatiner loi nh v trung bnh. Giai on 2: Trong khong thi gian 1956- 1966 L thi k bt u p dng container trong chuyn ch quc t, s dng ngy cng nhiu container loi ln v tc pht trin chuyn ch container rt cao. C th ni rng giai on hai l thi k bt u cuc cch mng container trong chuyn ch hng ha. Trong giai on ny, phng php chuyn ch hng ha bng cc loi container c p dng trong vn ti ng st, ng bin, ng t. Cc hng tu bin ca M nh: SeaLand Service, Mailson Navigation Company bt u s dng tu container chuyn dng vo vic chuyn ch hng ha gia cc cng ca M v mt s nc Nam M, Chu u v Nht Bn. Chuyn ch container Chu u trong giai on ny cng pht trin vi tc nhanh. Nm 1955, cc nc Chu u khai thc trn 152.000 chic container cc loi. n nm 1960 s lng ny tng ln 282.000 chic, nhng cng cn phi nhn mnh rng cc nc chu u ch yu dng loi nh v trung bnh. n nhng nm 60, cc nc ny mi pht trin dng cc container loi ln. V vy, trong chuyn ch quc t xut hin nhiu loi container c kch thc, hnh dng khc nhau. T gy ra nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh chuyn ch v gim hiu qu kinh t ca phng php chuyn ch container. Giai on 3: T nm 1967 n 1980 Ly nm 1967 lm mc v trong nm ny c hai s kin rt quan trng nh hng n s pht trin ca chuyn ch container trn phm vi ton th gii. Thng 6 nm 1967, t chc tiu chun ha quc t (ISO) thng qua tiu chun
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container quc t loi ln (xri 1)p dng trong chuyn ch container quc t. S kin th hai l thng 12 nm 1967 thnh lp cng ty quc t v chuyn ch container vi tn gi Intercontainer, c tr s ti Brucxen. T chc Intercontainer kinh doanh vn chuyn container bng vn ti ng st gia cc nc chu u. c im chnh ca giai on 3 ny l - p dng ph bin cc loi container ln theo tiu chun ca ISO - nhiu nc trn th gii hnh thnh h thng vn ti container bao gm vn ti ng st, ng t, mc d trnh k thut, t chc qun l v kinh doanh mc khc nhau - Tng nhanh s lng container loi ln, s lng cng c vn ti chuyn dng ch container v thit b xp d container - Xy dng, ci to cc cng bin, ga ng st bin gii thch hp vi chuyn ch container v phc v chuyn ch container quc t - Hnh thnh cc tuyn ng st, ng bin chuyn ch container chu u v trn th gii. Qua , c th nhn xt rng: giai on th 3 l giai on pht trin nhanh v rng ri ca phng php chuyn ch container trong bun bn quc t. n gia nhng nm 70, chuyn ch container chuyn sang mt thi k mi m c im l ngy cng hon thin hn v k thut, t chc qun l v t kt qu kinh t cao. Giai on 4: T nm 1981 n nay. y l giai on hon thin v pht trin theo chiu su ca h thng vn ti container vi s dng container loi ln hu ht cc cng bin trn th gii. Tu chuyn dng ch container th h th t vi sc ch 6000 TEU c a vo khai thc. Trong hm tu, container c xp thnh 10-12 hng,cao 8-9 lp,
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trn boong tu xp ti 4 lp vi 13-16 hng. Cc cn cu hin i phc v xp d container c ln vi tm vi di hn 40m k t mp cu tu v sc nng ln ti 70 tn ra i. Giai on ny cng l thi k container c s dng ngy cng rng ri trong vn ti a phng thc. Mt xu hng khc trong giai on ny l t nhng nm u ca thp k 90, cc cng ty container ln trn th gii lin minh vi nhau, thit lp quan h hp tc lu di hay st nhp d tng kh nng cnh tranh. Cc s kin chnh gm c: Nm 1981: Cng Rotterdam thay th v tr cng New-York v tr thnh cng container ln nht trn th gii. Nm 1984: Cng ty Evergreen bt u kinh doanh tuyn chuyn ch container vng quanh th gii. Cng trong nhng nm ny, quc hi M xy dng li B lut vn ti bin. Nm 1987: Cng ty DSR-Senator bt u kinh doanh tuyn chuyn ch container vng quanh th gii. Nm 1988: Mt cng ty ng tu ca c ng thnh cng chic tu container c Paramax u tin cho APL ca M. Nm 1989: Cng HongKong thay th v tr ca cng Rotterdam v tr thnh cng container ln nht trn th gii. Nm 1990: Cng ty cho thu container ( Leasing Container company) ln nht trn th gii l Genstar mua li mt s cng ty cho thu container khc. Nm 1991: Cng ty SeaLand v cng ty Maersk hp nht chuyn ch trn Thi Bnh Dng ca h thit lp quan h hp tc lu di. Cng trong nm ny, 30 cng ty chu sng lp ra Hip nh hip thng trong khu vc chu . Nm 1992: 18 cng ty vn ti bin trong cng hi v ngoi cng h xc lp Hip nh tuyn u-.
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Nm 1993: Nin gim container quc t cng b s lng container thng qua cc cng ca ton th gii ln u vt qua ca i 100 triu TEU. Nm 1994: S lng container thng qua ca cng Hong Kong v Singapore vt qu con s 10 triu TEU. Nm 1995: Cng ty APL, cng ty Mitsui Osaka Lines, cng ty Nedlloyd, cng ty OOCL cng nhau thnh lp Lin minh ton cu u tin ca th gii. Nm 2006: Singapore ln u vt qua Hon Kong v tr thnh cng container nhn nhp nht th gii Nm 2007: Thng Hi thay th v tr ca Singapore v tr thnh cng container ln nht trn th gii. Qua bn giai on pht trin ca container trn, c th nhn thy rng trong nhng nm u th k XX, container pht trin Chu M nhng n nhng thp k cui th k XX, Chu u dn vt qua Chu M v s lng container lun chuyn qua cc cng bin, v n nhng nm u ca th k XXI, th li c xu hng chuyn dch sang chu . Gi y, hai phn ba trong tng s 20 cng container ln nht th gii nm Chu . Cc cng Singapore, HongKong, Thng Hi tr thnh cc cng c container ra vo ln nht trn gii. iu ny chng t rng, chu , ang v s tr thnh chu lc pht trin kinh t rt mnh m, c bit l trong vic pht trin vn ti bin m tm im l vic vn chuyn container. 1.1.3.2. Qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca container Vit Nam Hot ng kinh doanh vn chuyn hng bng container Vit Nam bt u c ch trng u t vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 90 th k XX. i tin phong trong hnh thc vn chuyn ny l Tng cng ty Hng hi Vit Nam (VINALINES).
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Trn th trng hin nay, c thm nhiu doanh nghip vn ti bin Vit Nam u t pht trin dch v vn chuyn container: Cng ty Vn ti Bin ng (BISCO - mt doanh nghip thuc Tp on Cng nghip tu thy Vit Nam), i l lin hip vn chuyn (GEMADEPT), Cng ty c phn Hng hi ng , Cng ty c phn Hng hi H Ni (MARINA HANOI). Trong , GEMADEPT v BISCO l nhng tn tui c ghi nhn trong lnh vc vn chuyn container Vit Nam. Nt chung trong kinh doanh vn chuyn container ca cc doanh nghip vn ti bin Vit Nam l u kinh doanh khai thc cc tu container trng ti nh (di 2.000 TEU), v v th hnh thc kinh doanh ch yu l cho thu nh hn lm cc tu chy feeder (gom hng t cc cng nh trong khu vc v cng trung chuyn quc t) v khai thc tuyn ni a. Cng v vy, vic kt hp kinh doanh vn chuyn container vi cung cp dch v logistics ti cc u bn l ht sc hn ch. Sau hn 10 nm, k t khi hot ng vn chuyn container xut hin ti Vit Nam, n nay hnh thc kinh doanh ny vn nh l, manh mn. 1.2/ Li ch ca phng thc vn ti bng container R rng vn chuyn hng ho bng container ang tr thnh mt cuc cch mng trong ngnh hng hi, vi khi lng vn chuyn ang ngy cng tng ln chng mt. Ngay t khi mi ra i, ngi ta nhn thy nhng im ti u ca phng thc vn chuyn ny.Vic vn chuyn bng nhng khi hp container mang li li ch cho rt nhiu thnh phn nh ch hng, ngi chuyn ch, cng nh c x hi. 1.2.1. i vi ch hng -Bo v hng ho, gim tnh trng mt cp, h hng, m t, nhim bn: nh bit, container c thit k nh nhng hp kn, c v vng chc chu
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c tc ng c hc, chu c nc- kho hng di ng. N nh mt lp bao b ngoi cng ca hng ho c tc dng bo v hng ho di tc ng ca mi trng, trnh c cc mt mt hay tn tht trong qu trnh vn chuyn hay giao nhn. Thng thng, trong qu trnh xp hng ho vo container, c quan hi quan s c mt kim m hng v sau khi hon tt vic xp hng th cc gim st vin ny s c nhim v nim phong v kp ch container. V vy, chuyn ch hng ho bng container c an ton cao hn so vi cc phng thc vn chuyn hng ha thng thung khc. Xt mt cch tng th th hng ho vn chuyn c th khng cn ng gi k lng v th ch hng c th gim c mt s chi ph bao b cn thit. Ngoi ra vi mt s mt hng thc phm ti sng hoc hng cn bo qun th vic chuyn ch bng nhng container bo n l rt l tng. H thng lm lnh hoc nng ca loi hnh container ny va gip bo qun hng ho, li c tc dng bo v nhng mt hng ny trnh b h hng. -Gim thi gian kim m hng, tng tc chuyn ti hng: Vi nhng loi hng ho m tnh theo khi lng, vic ng hng vo container gip cho vic kim m hng thun tin hn: ch cn tnh dung tch ca container l ra khi lng. Hn na, nh ni trn, trong qu trnh bc hng vo container, lun c s hin din ca c quan hi quan, v khi kt thc vic xp hng ny th ch thn cc gim st vin li kp ch nim phong container, do vy, khi hng n cng d, nu container vn cn nguyn nim phong kp ch v hng vn y th ngui nhn cng khng phi mt nhiu cng sc kim m li hng ho. Vic chuyn ti hng ho ln tu chim mt chi ph khng nh v cng tn km c v mt thi gian. V nhiu khi vic bc xp hng ri ti cc cng gy nn tnh trng n tc. Trong khi vic a cc container ln tu th rt n gin v
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nhanh bi h thng cu nng ti cc cng. Phng thc vn ti bng container ra i gip tit kim rt nhiu thi gian bng cch a rmoc ca cc cam nhng ln thng cc con tu vn chuyn chng t cng ny sang cng khc thay v c phi cht ln, bc xung mi ln. lm chuyn ny, c th xy dng cnh bin cc trm chuyn rmoc t tu ny sang tu khc. -Tit kim chi ph vn chuyn v ph BH: Vic vn chuyn hng ho bng container thng do cc tu chuyn dng c trng ti ln m trch v th gi cuc thng thng s r hn v ngi ch hng c th tit kim c ph vn chuyn. Hn na, do thi gian xp d bng container nhanh hn, nn cc ch hng c th s uc thng cho phn thi gian lm hng tit kim c. Mt li im ca vn chuyn bng container chnh l ti thiu ho cc h hng hay mt mt hng. Chnh iu ny gip cc ch hng gim c ph bo him. H khng cn mua bo him vi gi tr ln v nhiu iu khon bo him. 1.2.2.i vi ngi chuyn ch -Gim thi gian xp d, tng vng quay khai thc tu: vic thun tin trong vic bc d khng ch c ngha vi ch hng hay ngi giao nhn m n cn mang li tc dng to ln cho cc ch tu. Vn chuyn bng container gip nng sc ch mt tu t 1.000 tn n 15.000 tn mt ngy, tnh bnh qun l tng gp 15 ln so vi tu hng bnh thng v lm gim thi gian t 50% n 20% cho mi chuyn hi trnh. Khi so snh vi tu ch hng ri th mc xp d tu container tng t nht 5 ln. H s khng mt nhiu thi gian ch i xp hng ti cng, dn n thi gian quay vng khai thc tu cng nhanh hn, tu chy c nhiu chuyn hn. Nh vy, ngoi vic c th khai thc c ti a cng sut ca tu, ch tu hay ngui chuyn ch cng s c mt khon chi ph khng nh- l chi ph lu tu ti cng ch lm hng.
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-Tn dng ti a trng ti v dung tch tu: V cc container c thit k dng hnh hp v c th xp chng ln nhau nn c th tit kim din tch ca tu. Ch tu hoc ngi chuyn ch c th tn dng ti a trng ti ca tu ch c nhiu hng hn. -Gim khiu ni ca ch hng v tn tht ca hng ho: hng ho t b tn tht dn n ngi chuyn ch t b ngi bn hay ngi mua khiu ni hn. iu ny cng c ngha l cc ch tu hoc ngi chuyn ch s va trnh c tnh trng tranh chp, phi bi thng do lm h hng hng li va trnh c vic b bt gi tu do khng m bo v sinh, kim dch trn tu. -To iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn ti v vn chuyn a phng thc: vic a cc cam nhng v rmoc ln tu khin cho vic chuyn ti gia cc tu thun li hn. Hin nay xu th pht trin vn ti a phng thc ang ngy cng ph bin. V vic a cc container vo vn ti khin cho vic vn chuyn hng ho t phng tin ny sang cc phng tin khc d dng hn v tit kim chi ph bao b hn. Container chnh l iu kin cn ca vn ti a phng thc. 1.2.3. i vi x hi -Gim chi ph vn ti, h gi thnh sn phm: Vn ti bng container khin cho chi ph vn ti gim v hng ho c lu thng trn ton th gii d dng. V chi ph l mt phn tt yu c tnh vo gi thnh sn phm, do vy, khi cc ph gim th gi thnh sn phm cng gim v lm tng sc cnh tranh ca hng ho. X hi c tiu dng nhiu hng ho hn, tho mn nhiu hn na nhu cu ca con ngi -To iu kin hin i ho c s vt cht k thut ngnh giao thng vn ti: vn ti bng container cng gp phn pht trin ngnh cng nghip ng tu. Ngy cng c nhiu nhng siu tu ch container vi trng ti ln. Bn cnh
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cc tuyn giao thng ng b v ng st, nhng cng container quc t hay nhng cng trung chuyn container quc t cng c hon thin hn p ng nhu cu vn ti bng container. -To nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng, gim tnh trng tht nghip, to pht trin kinh t: khi nhu cu s dng v thay mi cc container ngy cng ln th cng ng ngha vi vic cc cng ty sn xut container ra i ngy cng nhiu. Nm Nhu cu Tng trng (%) 2001 1.085.000 7,3 2002 1.105.000 6,9 2003 1.190.000 7,0 2004 1.140.000 6,2 2005 1.20.000 6,2 565.000 650.000 725.000 820.000 900.000 985.000 1.100.000 1.240.000 1.250.000 1.330.000 Nhu cu Tng trng (%) 3,8 4,1 4,3 4,5 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,4 5,1 5,2 Tng cu mi 1.650.000 1.755.000 1.915.000 1.960.000 2.100.000 2.355.000 2.310.000 2.590.000 2.490.000 2.830.000 15.950.000 17.055.000 18.245.000 19.385.000 20.585.000 21.955.000 23.165.000 24.515.000 25.755.000 27.255.000 nhu Tng ng container s b sung thay th
2006 1.370.000 6,7 2007 1.210.000 5,5 2008 1.350.000 5,8 2009 1.240.000 5,1 2010 1.500.000 5,8
Bng 2: D bo nhu cu sn lng container trn th gii (2001-2010)

(Ngun: Containerisation International Market Analysis)
Theo s liu thng k c, trong giai an 1978-1986 ngnh cng nghip sn xut container trn th gii gn nh gim chn ti ch. Sn lng 1982 ch t
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460.000 TEU, gim 3,2% so vi trc 4 nm. n nm 1986 sn lng li tut gim ch cn 430,000 TEU, gim 9,5% so vi 8 nm trc (1978). Tuy nhin sang 1990 s lng container xut xng bt ng tng vt, t 805,000 TEU tng 87,2% so vi 4 nm trc . Bc sang nhng nm u ca th k XXI vic ton cu ha lm bng n hnh thc vn ti hng ha bng container trn phm vi tan th gii, dn n s tng trng ngon mc ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut container. C th sn lng ca nm 2006 l 3,050,000 TEU tng 75,3% so vi nm 2002. Trn th gii hin nay c trn 20 triu container chun (TEU). S container ny ang lu chuyn v c tc tng hng nm khang 6%. Vi thi gian mi container s dng trung bnh c 10 nm th tng nhu cu ng mi thay th v tng trng nm trong khong t 2,8-3,5 triu TEU mi nm trong giai on 2006-2010. Vi s tng mnh v nhu cu "container" trong vn chuyn hng, s lng tu container ng mi tng ln ng k, t 25% trong th phn ng tu th gii nm 2005 ln 31% th phn trong nm 2006. Cc chuyn gia trn th gii u cho rng trong thi gian ti nhng lai tu container khng l (Super Post Panamax) c th ch c 14.500 TEU s ln lt xut hin ngy cng nhiu hn. n nm 2010, s lng tu container Super Post Panamax d kin s t 682 chic. S tu ch container ng mi trong cc nm 2005, 2006 v 2007 chim khang 47% s lng tu ang c, tng khong 14%/nm. Theo xu hng hin nay, cc n t hng ng tu container loi ln lun chim t trng rt ln, n gin v cc tu ln s gip tng kh nng chuyn ch, tit kim chi ph vn chuyn container trong iu kin gi c nhin liu ang ngy mt tng cao nh hin nay. Khi cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut container v ng tu container pht trin th s to nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng. T hnh thnh nn cc khu dn
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c v khu th mi. Tt yu ca vic ny l cc dch v cng nh cc hot ng phc v nhu cu ngi dn cng s ngy cng mc ln nhiu v kt qu l lm cho nn kinh t ngy cng pht trin. T nhng li ch phn tch trn, c th khng nh rng: pht trin vn chuyn hng ha bng container l mt phn tt yu v ht sc quan trng pht trin kinh t ca mt quc gia trong th k XXI- thi i ca ton cu ha.
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Chng 2: Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam

2.1. Tng quan v cng bin Vit Nam 2.1.1 Thc trng cng bin Vit Nam Trong qu trnh hi nhp vi cc nn kinh t khc trn th gii. Giao thng ngy cng pht trin. Tn dng li th l mt t nc c b bin di v v tr a l thun li, Vit Nam tp trung khai thc mng vn ti bin. Mt khc, khi m vic vn chuyn hng ho bng container ang tr thnh mt cuc cch mng trong chuyn ch th vai tr ca cc cng v bn, bi container li cng quan trng. Nhn thc c iu Nh nc rt quan tm v u t c v nhn lc v vt lc pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam. Theo s liu thng k v qua kt qu iu tra thy rng trn ton lnh th nc ta trung bnh mi tnh c mt cng v 1,5 im cng. Cc hng hi Vit Nam cho bit, t u nhng nm m ca n nay, hu nh nm no cng c tnh ven bin tin hnh kho st, tm a im, ri ln xin trung ng cho m cng hi nhp. S cng v im cng tr nn dy kn, san st nhau dc b bin nc ta. Hin nay, nc ta c khong 266 cng bin ln nh, phn b trn 24/26 tnh thnh trong c nc. Trong , c 9 cng ln phn b trn 3 khu vc kinh t trng im: min Bc, min Trung, min Nam. Khu vc kinh t trng im pha Bc vi cc cng chnh l Hi Phng, Qung Ninh Ci Ln. Khu vc kinh t trng im kinh t min Trung c cc cng chnh l: Nng, Nha Trang v Quy Nhn. Ti khu vc trng im kinh t pha Nam c Cng Si Gn v B Ra Vng Tu.
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Chnh ph hin nay ang tin hnh quy hoch mt cch c h thng cc cng bin trn ton b lnh th Vit Nam, theo , cc cng c phn chia thnh 8 nhm cng bin ln. H thng cng bin Vit Nam hin nay ni chung p ng c mt phn nhu cu vn chuyn hng ho quc t phc v cho hot ng xut nhp khu. Tuy nhin, phn ln cng bin Vit Nam l cng tng hp, c xy dng t lu hoc ci to li, c quy m b, trang thit b xp d th cng lc hu, khng ng b, nhiu cng li nm su trong thnh ph nn c nhiu hn ch v lung lch, bi hng v vic vn chuyn hng ra vo bn cng. Cc cng ch yu l cng tng hp, cng container rt t trong khi xu th vn chuyn hng ho bng container ang ngy mt tng. Thng k cho thy, hin c khong 300 cu cng vi tng chiu di tuyn bin t 36 km. Tc xy dng cu cng mi nm tng 6 %, bnh qun mi nm c nc c thm gn 2 km cu cng. Cu cng c kh nng tip nhn cho tu t 3 5 vn DTW chim 8,84 %, tu t 2-3 vn chim 8,07 %, tu t 1-2 vn tn chim 35,38 % v tu di 1 vn l 46,53 % trong tng s cu cng c nc. Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nh hng tng cng pht trin cng bin ca chnh ph, mt s cng bin container c xy dng thm cc cng Ci Ln, Hi Phng, Si Gn nhng ch c cng VIC - Cng lin doanh vi Singapo c u t xy dng tng i hon chnh. Cc cng ny mi ch tip nhn c tu container vn chuyn tuyn nhnh. trng ti di 2000 TEU, trong khi tiu chun quc t i vi cc cng container hin i c kh nng tip nhn tu container c trng ti trn 3000 TEU. c bit, Vit Nam cn thiu cc cng trung chuyn quc t, cng ca ngDo vy, lng hng ho xut
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nhp khu ca Vit Nam n th trng nc ngoi vn b l thuc vo cc cng trung chuyn ca khu vc Hongkong v Singapo. V cng ngh bc xp, tr mt s cng nh Cha V, Cng Si Gn trang b thm mt s phng tin xp d hin i, chuyn dng container, cn li hu ht ch yu s dng thit b bc xp thng thng, th s hoc l cn cu l chnh. Nng sut bc d hng tng hp bnh qun ca cc cng t trn 3000T/m cu tu( Bng nng sut ca cc nc trong khu vc, mt s cng ln c cng sut bc d tng i cao nh cng Hi Phng t trn 5000T/m / cu tu/ nm). C s vt cht, trang thit b lc hu, km nng lc cnh tranh trong vic gii phng tu, bc xp, kho bi v giao nhn hng ho xut nhp khu, khng nhng th li cn kim lun dch v nh mi gii, thu tu, i l tu bin, i l giao nhn kho vn nn phn no hn ch vic pht huy tim nng ca cc cng bin Vit Nam. Nhng hn ch ca h thng cng bin dn n mt hu qu tt yu l ch hng hoc cng bin phi gnh chu chi ph, gim kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng v mt gi, do hin ti khng c bt k mt cng no p ng tiu chun cho tu m vo ra nn ton b hng xut nhp khu Vit Nam i M, u, c phi chuyn ti quan Hngkong, Malaysia, thm ch c Thi Lan. Chi ph cho hot ng gom hng, ch hng t Vit Nam sang chuyn ti v ph bc xp lu gi container ti cng chuyn ti l khng nh. V d cc gom hng container i Hngkong l 300USD/TEU cng thm chi ph chuyn ti t Hongkong l 250 USD/TEU. V phng din quy hoch pht trin cng bin th pha chnh ph c nhiu c gng nhng hin nay xt v tng th Vit Nam vn cha c c mt chin lc di hn v ng b cp quc gia pht trin c s h tng v khai
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thc cng bin, cnh tranh vi khu vc v chng chi trc nhng bin ng mnh ca th trng th gii. Vit Nam c nhiu cng bin, nhng v c bn vn cha c quy hoch mt cch ng b. C nhiu cng bin nm san st nhau, hay nm qu su trong t lin. Do , vn cn tnh trng c cng th hot ng ht cng sut m vn khng m bo c s lng hng ho vn chuyn gy ra tnh trng ng hng ti cc cng. Trong khi c nhng cng th li khng c hng thng quan. iu ny cho thy mt s bt hp l trong quy hoch h thng cng bin ca Vit Nam. Vit Nam li khng c mt h thng giao thng to nn mt phng thc ch sut. Chnh v vy, khi hng c a vo cng th khng c vn chuyn ngay ln phng tin vn ti ni a hay thu ni a, dn n vic chm gii phng hng v gy ra n tc container. Mt khc, Vit Nam hin nay, m hnh Cng dch v Nh nc trong , nh nc l ch u t, xy dng, t chc qun l kinh doanh nn cc a phng ua nhau xin xy dng cng vi l do chnh ng l pht trin kinh t. Cn cc cng t nhn th khng mnh dn u t do hn ch v vn v h thng php l iu chnh.
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Hnh 1: Bn cng bin Vit Nam.
Do mt s hn ch trong qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti ch xin php c nghin cu c th hai cng trong h thng cng ca Vit Nam thy c nhng bt cp trong quy hoch v qun l cng. Tiu ch chn cng nghin cu: - Cng c sn lng lm hng ln nht. - Cng xy ra tnh trng n tc container nhiu nht.
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Da trn nhng tiu ch , chng ti xin c gii hn phm vi nghin cu trong hai cng l: Cng Si Gn, Cng Hi Phng. 2.1.2. Cng Si Gn Tn cng: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh vin Cng Si Gn. Trc thuc: Tng cng ty Hng Hi Vit Nam. y l mt trong nhng cng ln nht nc ta vi cc dch v chnh l bc xp, ng bao, giao nhn, vn ti thy b, xy dng cng trnh, sa cha c kh, dch v lai dt v cu h tu bin, i l, cung ng tu bin, xut nhp khu, giao nhn kho vn v th tc hi quan, v.v. Qua nhiu giai on pht trin, ngy nay, Cng Si Gn l mt cng quc t, cng chnh ca min Nam Vit Nam. Tng din tch mt bng l 570.000 m2 gm 5 bn cng (Nh Rng, Khnh Hi, Tn Thun I, Tn Thun II v Cn Th) vi 2.830 m cu tu, 250.000 m2 bi, v 80.000 m2 kho hng. Mi y, Cng Si Gn thc hin thnh cng dch v trung chuyn container, m ng cho giai on pht trin mi ca ngnh Hng hi Vit Nam trong qu trnh hi nhp quc t. 2.1.2.1 V tr a l. - V tr cng:1050'N-10645'E, - Cc bn cng ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh : 103441N 1070127E - im n tr hoa tiu: 1020'N -10703'E vo cc bn cng ti khu vc Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 101900N -1070200 vo cc bn cng ti khu vc Ph M, B Ra Vng Tu.
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Hnh 2: S cng Si Gn.
2.1.2.2 Lung vo cng. - T im hoa tiu Vng Tu (Phao s 0) n Cng Si Gn qua sng Soi Rp - im hoa tiu: 10o20'N 107o03'E - Chiu di lung: 85km, Su: -8.5m, Rng: 11m - Thy triu: bn nht triu khng u. chnh lch bnh qun: 3.0m - V tr cng ti khu vc thnh ph H Ch Minh: 10o50'N 106o45'E.
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- C tu ln nht c th tip nhn: 32,000 DWT (Mn nc 11m) (60,000 DWT ti khu vc chuyn ti Thin Ling, su -13.5m) - V tr cng ti khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long:10o03'N - 10542'E t ca bin nh An. Hnh 3: S lung cng Si Gn
2.1.2.3. C s h tng - Kho bi Tng din tch mt bng: 500,000 m2 Kho: 25 (53,887 m2). Bi: 225,839 m2, trong bi cht xp container 160.569m2
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Qua y, ta thy bi container cng chim mt din tch kh ln trong tng din tch mt bng ca cng. iu ny cho thy thc t vic container b tc l xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn ch khng phi ch l do din tch kho bi khng ln. - Cu bn Bng 3: S lng cu bn ca cng Si Gn Tn/S hiu . Ti Tp.H Ch Minh: Loi tu/Hng
Di
Su
Nha Rong - Khanh Hoi
1750m
8.2-10m Bch ha/Hnh khch
Tan Thuan
773 m
11.0 m
Bch ha/Container Roro/Cont./Hng ri Hng bao/Hng ri St thp cc loi
Tan Thuan II
222 m
5.5m
. Ti Ph M, B Ra Vng 230 m Tu
-14 m
(Ngun: Tp ch hng hi Vit Nam s 15, 16 thng 11/2008) - Thit b chnh: Cng Si Gn l mt trong nhng cng( cng vi cng Hi Phng) c nh gi l c thit b vo loi hin i v phong ph bc nht c nc. y l mt trong nhng li th cnh tranh ca Cng.
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Bng 4: Thit b chnh ca Cng Si Gn Cu gin container Cu khung Cu b di ng Cu bnh xch Cu di ng trn tay Xe nng cc loi xp d 2 37 M outreach 35 MT under spreader 40 MT under spreader
5 7 1 18 11 15 80- 100 MT 45 MT 18 T 120 MT 10 40 MT 10 45 MT 1,5 40 MT 425 HP 2400 HP Withtrailer
Xe nng ng rt 60 hng container Tu lai u ko 18 32
( Ngun: http:// csg.com.vn) 2.1.2.4. Hng ho thng qua: Theo s liu thng k th cng Si Gn l mt trong nhng cng c khi lng hng ho thng qua ln nht qua cc nm. Nhng xu hng nhng nm gn y, hng cp cng di dng cc l hng ri ngy mt tng thm. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra n tc ti cng Si Gn (Bi v, cng phi mt nhiu thi gian thng quan cc l hng ri).
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Bng 5: Sn lng hng ho thng qua Sn lng Tng sn lng Nhp Xut 10, 12,077,0 10,888,8 10,533,5 744, 00 MT 06 MT 24 MT 131 MT 4,812,00 5,047,74 4,630,25 4,964,7 6,286,00 7,307,00 5,413,00 0 MT 0 MT 4 MT 31 MT 0 MT 0 MT 0 MT 11,127,0 13,618,0 13,165,9 00 MT 00 MT 33 MT 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 3/2009
2,916,00 2,018,12 2,255,62 2,548,7 2,016,00 2,114,00 2,845,00 0 MT 2 MT 0 MT 95 MT 3,230, 605 MT 284,50 0 MT 0 MT 0 MT
Ni a
4,349,00 3,822,94 3,647,65 0 MT 295,000 Teus 1,881 4 MT 329,532 Teus 1,773 0 MT 300,291 TEUs 1,732
2,825,00 4,197,00 4,908,00 0 MT 220,569 0 MT 350,418 TEUs 2,004 0 MT 510,496 TEUs 1,819
Contai ner S tu n
6 TEUs TEUs 1,843 1,905
( Ngun: http:/csg.com.vn) 2.1.2.5. nh gi v thun li v kh khn ca cng Si Gn a, Thun li Cng Si Gn, ca khu quan trng hng u pha Nam. C v tr c bit quan trng trong vic xut nhp khu hng ca khu vc pha nam. L cu ni chuyn ti hng Vit Nam ra th gii, nhp thit b thit yu v phc v cho sn xut, pht trin knh t x hi, p ng nhu cu ngi tiu dng trong nc.
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V tr a l. - Cng Si Gn tip gip vi ng Nguyn Tt Thnh qun 4, y l mt trong nhng khu vc c kinh t pht trin nht Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Do , lu lng hng ho vo khu vc ny kh nhiu. y l mt trong nhng li th ca Cng. Bn cnh , chiu di t cng l mt th mnh ca cng Si Gn. Tu vo nhp hng, n hng thun tin. Mt ngy hng trm chic xe ra vo cng vn chuyn hng ha. Cng, to iu kin thun li cho vic trung chuyn hng ha m ra bn cng nm bn a im khc nhau, n cc phng tin ch hng ho xut nhp khu cng cng nhn vo lm vic. - Cng ny nm v tr rch Tu H ra sng Si Gn, rt thun li cho tu ghe bc hng t Ch Ln ch n. Thy trnh t Vng Tu n cng ch mt khong 4-5 ting ng h, cng khng b ph bn, dng chy ca sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai khng mnh, trn thc t c lp vi sng Mkng v ch thy lu. Lung lch vo cng su v rng, tu trng ti ln c th vo tn cng. - Cng Si Gn cn c th m rng v pha h lu sng Si Gn, c nhng vng thng vi bin, thun li cho pht trin thng mi, c trin vng thu ht mt s tu t Singapore i Java (Indonesia) hay Hng Kng qua li ngoi khi. - Nu so snh v v tr th chc chn trong khu vc ng Nam v ng , Cng Si Gn s hon ton c th cnh tranh vi cng Hng Kng v cng Singapore, m cn c cc cng khc nh Busan ca Hn Quc, Thng Hi ca Trung Quc, Cao Hng (Kaohsiung) v Keelung ca i Loan, Klang v Tanjung Pelepas ca Malaysia, Laem Chabang ca Thi Lan. y u l cc cng trung chuyn container hng u khu vc vi lng container thng qua rt ln, v l cc cng m cc hng tu uy tn la chn trung chuyn hng ha. Trang thit b v c s h tng
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- Nu so snh vi cc cng khc trong khu vc th trang thit b v c s h tng khng phi l mt li th ca Cng Si Gn. Tuy nhin, so vi cc cc cng trong nc th y r rng l mt th mnh ca Cng ny. - Vi nhng s liu trn y, th Cng Si Gn ang s hu nhng phng tin h tr cc loi c nh gi l hin i v phong ph nht hin nay trong c nc - Hng nm, ban qun l lun quan tm u t vn mua thm cc trang thit b tin tin m cc cng bin trn th gii ang p s dng. - Vi tng din tch khong 500, 000 m2 th Cng Si Gn c nh gi l mt trong nhng cng ln nht Vit Nam. iu ny to thun li cho cc ch hng v cng lm hng nhanh hn. i ng nhn vin. Ngoi v tr a l, kh nng cnh tranh ca cng cn bao gm mt s yu t khc nh nng sut v cht lng xp d, c s vt cht, kh nng kt ni ca cng vi vng hu phng, cc dch v i km, quy trnh hot ng, gi c... Cc cng Klang, Tanjung Pelepas v Laem Chabang khng c c kh nng lm hng hiu qu v kh nng kt ni vo cc tuyn hng hi quc t nh Singapore, nn cnh tranh trong vai tr cng u mi trung chuyn cho khu vc ng Nam , h ch trng u t vo din tch khai thc cng v gi nhn cng r. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ngun nhn lc nn Cng Si Gn cho rng y s l phng thc cnh tranh m Cng s p dng. b, Kh khn. Bn cnh nhng thun li trn, Cng Si Gn cng phi i mt vi nhng kh khn nht nh. V tr a l.
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Tuy Cng Si Gn nm trong mt v tr kh thun li nhng chnh iu ny cng v hnh chung gy ra nhiu kh khn cho hot ng lm hng ca Cng. Nm trong khu vc pht trin nht c nc, vi lng hng ho ra vo tp np. Tuy nhin, h thng giao thng khu vc ny li c quy hoch khng ng b v hp l. Chnh iu ny to ra tnh trng ch tc giao thng dn n ng container trong khu vc Cng. Trong tnh hnh , cc bin php phi p dng l tng cng lc lng gii quyt ch tc ng giao thng sau cng nng cao tc rt hng ra khi cng, y mnh vic gii ta hng bng phng tin vn ti ng sng. Hai bin php cui cng cng c cc chuyn gia lu l y nhanh tin xy dng cng mi song song vi vic xy dng h thng ng b phc v cho vn chuyn thng qua cng ng thi gin thi gian di di cng Si Gn gim p lc cho Cng tip tc m bo duy tr nng lc tip nhn hng thng qua trong hon cnh yu cu hng thng qua cng tng t bin nh hin nay. Tuy nhin vic ny s khng th hon tt trong mt sm mt chiu, y l mt d n cn nhiu thi gian thc hin. ng ni hn, thc hin quyt nh di di, cng Si Gn khng th tip tc u t nng cp, i mi trang thit b bc xp, ci to h thng kho bi nng cao nng lc tip nhn hng ha. Trong khi , do nhng bin ng ca th trng, khi lng v chng loi hng ha i hi c thng qua cng trong thi gian gn y khng nhng khng gim m ngc li cn gia tng vt xa cc d tnh thng thng lm cho Cng khng kp xoay s. Bn cnh , Cng li phi i mt vi vn gii quyt mt bng xy dng Cng song song mi. i ng nhn vin
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Tuy Cng Si Gn ang s hu mt s lng ln nhn vin. Tuy nhin, trnh nghip v ca nhiu ngi vn cha thc s p ng yu cu. Qu trnh x l rm r v chm chp lm chm tin gii phng hng. Khng ch nh vy, m tnh trng tiu cc vn ang tn ti v tr thnh mt trong nhng vn nn nguy him nht hin nay. Dng nh t lt l cng vic c cc ch hng xem l khng th thiu v l mt bc trong qu trnh lm hng. iu ny nh mt nim tin i vi cc doanh nghip, c bit l cc doanh nghip nc ngoi. Qua , nh hng nghim trng n hnh nh v mi quan h lm n gia cc doanh nghip trong nc v cc doanh nghip nc ngoi. Ngoi ra, khi cc ch hng mun xut khu hay nhp khu hng ho u phi thc hin rt nhiu th tc hnh chnh rm r. iu ny, tiu tn kh nhiu thi gian v tin bc ca cc doanh nghip. Mc d, c nhiu kin ngh c a ln ban qun l Cng, nhng dng nh tnh trng ny khng nhng khng thuyn gim m cn tng ln nhanh chng. Nguyn nhn c a ra c th l do cp trn v cp di khng thng nht hoc chnh ban qun l cng khng thc s mun thc hin mt cuc ci t thc s trong ni b ca mnh v hot ng thng quan hng ho. Gi lm hng Theo nh gi ca cc ch hng th cc ph ( THD) m Cng Si Gn thu ca h vn t hn nhiu so vi cc cng trong khu vc. Trong khi, cc cng nc ngoi vn ang p dng bin php cc hp l li ko v gi chn khch hng th Cng Si Gn vn khng c nhng hnh ng c th i vi vn ny. Hin nay, Cng Si Gn vn p dng biu gi nh sau: - Cc Ngoi (Thu bng ngoi t ) p dng cho cc dch v cung cp cho cc tu nc ngoi hoc cc ch hng l cc Cng ty nc ngoi, hng ha xut
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nhp khu cn c theo biu cc i ngoi km theo Quyt nh s 61/2003/Q-BTC ngy 25/04/2003. - Cc ni : ( thu bng ni t) p dng cho cc ch hng , khch hng trong nc,hng ha vn chuyn ni a cn c theo biu cc km theo Quyt nh s 227/CSG.TTKT ngy 01/04/2001 ca Tng Gim c Cng Si Gn. Vic cng b v thu Cng ph cn c theo hai biu cc trn c thc hin n nh v c khch hng trong v ngoi nc chp nhn. Tuy nhin, cng ang gp kin vi cc B ngnh lin quan v thc hin vic iu chnh gi cc ni v cc ngoi theo hng tin ti p dng 1 gi chung thng nht. Nhng, vic iu chnh ny gp nhiu kh khn t pha khch hng trong nc do cc ni phi iu chnh tng nn cng i hi mt qu trnh v thi gian nht nh. 2.1.3. Cng Hi Phng Cng Hi Phng c hnh thnh t nm 1876. Tri qua 123 nm tn ti v pht trin, Cng Hi Phng lun lun ng vai tr l Ca khu giao lu quan trng nht ca pha Bc t nc. Hng ho xut nhp khu ca mi by tnh pha Bc v hng ho qu cnh ca Bc Lo v Nam Trung Quc thng qua cng Hi Phng n vi th trng cc nc v ngc li. 2.1.3.1. V tr a l. Cng Hi Phng l cng c lu lng hng thng qua ln nht pha bc Vit Nam c h thng thit b hin i v c s h tng y an ton, ph hp vi cc phng thc vn ti, thng mi quc t. Cng Hi Phng gm ba cng: Cng chnh, Cng Cha V v Cng nh V. - V tr: 2052N-10641E - V tr hoa tiu:2040N-10651E
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- Lung tu: Di 20 hi l Lung vo cng. - Lung vo cng t Bn Bnh n phao s 0:30.2 km. - su lung: t im n hoa tiu n khu vc Cng nh V: -7.3 m, t Cng nh V n khu vc XNXD Hong Diu v Cha V: -5.5m. - Ch thy triu: nht triu . Chnh lch bnh qun: 2.5m. - C tu ln nht tip nhn c: 40.000 DWT. Hnh 4: S lung vo cng:
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Bng 6: V tr ca Cng Hi Phng so vi mt s cng bin trong khu vc: Cng Nng Si Gn Zhang Ziang Hongkong Manila KaoShiung Bangkok Hi L 320 799 200 500 885 940 1.39 Cng Klang Penang Busan Vladivostok Kobe Tokyo Sydney Hi l 1.528 1.73 1.749 2.114 2.141 2.349 5.56
(Ngun: http://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Position.aspx) 2.1.3.3 C s h tng, trang thit b. - H thng kho bi. H thng kho bi Cng Hi Phng xy dng theo tiu chun cht lng cao, c chia theo tng khu vc chuyn dng ph hp vi iu kin bo qun, xp d, vn chuyn tng loi hng ho. Bng 7: H thng kho bi ca cng Hi Phng Loi kho/bi Kho CFS S lng 2 Din tch(m2) 6.498 Ghi ch Phc thc Cc ho Bi Container Bi hng bch ho 3 20 343.565 141.455 v hng loi khai l hng
container Kho hng bch ho 10 30.052
( Ngun: http://www.haiphongport.com.vn/GeneralInfo/Storage.aspx)
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Bng 8: Trang thit b Trang thit b Sc nng/cng Ton sut Cn trc chn Cn cu ni Cn trc bnh lp Xe nng hng Cn in t Tu cng XNXD XNXD Hong Diu Cha V XNXD XNXD v Vn v VT ti thy Bch ng XNXD Tn Cng
5-40 tn 10-85 tn 25-70 tn 3-45 tn 80 tn
33
26
10
62
36
22
h 515-3200
tr lai dt CV Cn cu gin (QC) Cn cu gin bnh lp (RTG) 35,6 tn 35,6 tn
12
12
( Ngun : www.vinamarine.gov.vn/)
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Bng 9: Thng k sn lng Sn lng Tng sn lng Nhp 10,518,000 MT 10,500,0 00 MT 5,370,00 0 MT 1,800,00 0 MT 3,300,00 0 MT 398,300 TEUs 2,430 10,511,0 00 MT 5,370,00 0 MT 1,911,00 0 MT 3,230,00 0 MT 424,128 TEUs 2,430 11,151,0 00 MT 5,199,00 0 MT 2,825,00 0 MT 3,127,00 0 MT 464,000 TEUs 2,056 12,300,5 68 MT 6,218,24 8 MT 2,684,00 1 MT 3,398,31 9 MT 683,689 TEUs 2,452 13,900,0 00 MT 7,635,00 0 MT 3,231,00 1 MT 3,103,00 0 MT 808,000 TEUs 4,779
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
3/2009
5,401,000 MT
Xut
1,758,000 MT
Ni a
3,359,000 MT 377,000 Teus
Contain er S n tu
2,650
( Ngun: http:/haphongport.com.vn/) 2.1.3.4 nh gi thun li v kh khn ca Cng Hi Phng. a, Thun li. V tr a l.
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Cng Hi Phng c u th l nm ti mt trong nhng thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v l mt trong nhng th trng pht trin nht Vit Nam. c bit, Cng Hi phng l u mi giao thng quan trng, l ca ng chnh ra bin ca cc tnh pha Bc. Do , y l mt trong nhng tm im kinh t ca nc ta, sn lng hng ho xut khu v nhp khu rt ln. Cng Hi Phng c lung tu vo kh di v rng, chnh iu ny gim c kh ln tnh trng n tc tu ( nh Cng Si Gn). Bn cnh , Cng Hi Phng cn c mt thun li na l c nhiu cng thnh vin, cc cng thnh vin ny khng cch xa nhau lm v u nm trn tuyn ng giao thng chnh ni vi lung vo tu. cc cng thnh vin c xy dng cc im d hng. To iu kin thng quan nhanh hng ho, gim tnh trng n tc Cng Hi Phng gip vi mt s cng khc nh: Cng Vit Cch, Cng on X v khu vc pht trin cng Lch Huyn. Chnh v vy, khi hng ho c vn chuyn v vi s lng qu ln th cc ch hng cng c th d dng vn chuyn hng ho ca mnh v lm th tc xut nhp khu ti cc cng , gim tnh trng qu ti cho Cng Hi Phng. Bn cnh , h thng ng b, ng st quanh khu vc cng cng c b tr kh hp l, khng gy tnh trng ch tc giao thng dn n ng, n tc container. V qun l. C th ni, y l mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca cng Hi Phng. Ngoi trang thit b phong ph v tin tin th Cng Hi Phng cn to nn li th cnh tranh nh h thng qun l chuyn nghip v hiu qu. in hnh l vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong qu trnh qun l v thng quan hng. - Tip nhn v lm ch h thng qun l bn container chuyn nghip, hin i c u t theo d n nng cp ci to cng - giai on 2 ti x
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nghip xp d Cha V, khai thc ti a h thng my tnh cm tay ngoi hin trng phc v cng vic khai thc ti bi v cu tu gip cho vic giao nhn, iu hnh, qun l ti hin trng c nhanh chng, nng cao cht lng dch v, phc v khch hng. - Nng cp, chng trnh trao i d liu EDI vi cc hng tu v cc cng trong v ngoi nc, trao i thng tin vi cc c quan qun l nh nc nh: Hi Quan, Cng v, Hoa tiu...nhm m rng phm vi ng dng cng ngh thng tin - Cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng, thng qua dch v nhn tin SMS. - Cng u t xy dng c s h tng bng mt h thng mng xng sng thng qua h thng mng cp quang v mng khng dy t tc cao, xuyn sut trong phm vi ton cng, mt trung tm lu tr v x l d liu ln vi nhiu my ch mnh. Bn cnh , cng u t, nghin cu, xy dng v trin khai c hiu qu nhiu phn mm ng dng phc v cho vic qun l v iu hnh sn xut nh: H thng thng tin qun l (MIS); h thng qun l ti chnh; h thng qun l nhn s v tin lng; h thng trao i d liu in t EDI... b, Kh khn - Bn cnh nhng thun li th Cng Hi Phng vn cn gp phi nhiu kh khn. y cng l mt trong nhng kh khn chung ca h thng cng bin vit nam trong nhng nm va qua. l tnh trng tiu cc trong hi quan v th tc hnh chnh qu rm r. - Thm vo , trnh lm hng ca nhn vin trong cng v b phn qun l, hnh chnh vn cn thp v cha chuyn nghip dn mt b my hot ng tr tr v khng hiu qu.
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- Mt khc, vic qun l v b tr lch lm vic cho cc l hng khng hp l khin cho tu khng th tn dng c ht cng sut hot ng ca mnh. 2.2. Tnh trng v nguyn nhn n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam. 2.2.1. Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam. Thc t, tnh trng n tc container cc bin Vit Nam xy ra kh thng xuyn. V mt trong nhng im nng ca tnh trng ny l Cng Si Gn v Cng Hi Phng Trong nm 2008 tnh trng ng container ti cc cng ln ti con s kinh hong. Ch yu l cc container ch hng thc phm ti sng v hng ng lnh. Nhiu bn cng tr thnh nh kho cha container. Vic tc nghn hng ha ti cc cng trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh tr thnh chuyn xy ra thng xuyn v l ni m nh ca cc doanh nghip. Theo bo co ca Cng Si Gn, c hn 21.000 container hng ho loi 20 feet li cng Ct Li. Cn ti cng VICT, c 12.000 container loi 20 feet ang nm ch ch n nhn v. Ring mt hng thp, c khong 340.000 tn ang ti cc cng khc thnh ph H Ch Minh.. Lng hng tn ng ti cc cng: Tn Cng, Ct Li, Si Gn, Bn Ngh v VICT t 20 ngy tr ln t ti 592.403 tn v 17.616 TEU. Ch tnh ring cng Ct Li c trn 50 ch hng c t 10 container tr ln tn ng ti bi cng t 15 ngy tr ln; c 15 doanh nghip c s lng container ln tn ng ti bi cng. c bit, c ch hng c trn 500 container thp ph liu tn ng. Cn cng VICT, s lng container tn ng tai cng t 20 ngy tr ln l 859 container, ch yu l thp ph liu Ti cng Hi Phng, hng tn ng tnh n 10/6/2008 ln n 171.000 tn v 15.000 TEU, gn gp 3 ln so vi cng k
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nm 2007. Ring ti bn container Cha V, sc cha ca bi l 13.000 TEU, ch p ng 50% s container tn ng. Cng trong thi k ny th ti cng Hi Phng tnh trng tc nghn cng ang c t vo tnh trng bo ng. Ngay c mt cng chuyn tip nhn hng container ln nht Hi Phng nh Cha V ln u tin roi vo tnh t hng thc phm ng lnh phi nm cht mt ch v nhiu ch hng khng n lm th tc nhn hng. Ch trong khu vc chuyn xp hng ng lnh th c khong 1000 container b tc nghn v cha th lm th tc thng quan. Trc y mi ngy c vi chc container c thng quan, nhng thi gian qua con s y gim xung ch cn 1/4, cn 3/4 th b ng. Cu cng container VICT qun 7 thnh ph H Ch Minh c bnh qun ch tip nhn cng lc c 3 tu, trong khi mi tun c khong 24 lt tu cp cng b hng. Mt bng hn hp, cng buc phi xp 6-7 tng container, nn khi cn ly hng th phi o nhiu container, c doanh nghip phi i n 7-8 ngy mi n lt. Nhiu doanh nghip cng cho bit, khi mun ly mt l hng ra khi cng li phi h bi, nhiu ln di chuyn container t l ny qua l khc, tng ny qua tng khc. C thi im ti cng Ct Li v Tn Cng c hng nghn container ang b n tc. Theo hi quan cng, hng ha n tc ti cng Ct Li t sau Tt, c bit l hng nhp chim n 80% dung lng bi Ngy 6/5/2009, Cc Hi quan Hi Phng c bo co v s lng container tht, ni tng ng lnh cha ti xut c sang nc th ba ang tn ng ti cc cng thuc thnh ph Hi Phng. Theo , Hi quan Hi Phng cho bit trn ton b cc cng thuc thnh ph Hi Phng hin c 1.738 container tht, ni tng ng lnh gm c loi nhp tiu th ni a v tm nhp ti xut, trong ch yu l hng tm nhp ch ti xut.
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Ngoi ra ti Mng Ci cng ang b n trn 200 container tht ng lnh ch xut khu sang Trung Quc. V nguyn nhn ca tnh trng tn ng cc container tht ng lnh ca khu Mng Ci c gii thch l do i tc nc ngoi khng thu xp c vic tip nhn hng nn doanh nghip trong nc khng th giao hng. Ti cng Cha V (Hi Phng) c xem l cng tn nhiu hng nht, hin cn gn 700 container c t ri rc trong cng. C thi im s hng b n ln n 1.000 container buc cng phi ngng tip nhn mt hng ny. T khi hng nhp v, cng Cha V phi vn chuyn cc container ny n khu vc R (chuyn dng cho hng ng lnh) v ph cn ba trm in m bo in nng bo qun hng ha. Cng trong giai on ny ti cc cng Hi Phng nh nh V tn khong 250 container hng, cng Nam Hi tn ng hn 200 container, cng Green Port gn 200 container, cng on X cn trn 100 container. Vi biu mc lu kho bi 2 USD/gi nh hin nay, ch tnh ring cng nh V mi ngy cc ch hng phi chi ph 12.000 USD. Nu tnh tng cng 1.738 container cn tn ng ti Hi Phng, mi ngy cc ch hng thit hi khong 1,4 t ng. Tn ng hng ln, chi ph bo qun khng l nh vy nhng cc cng ty qun l cng u khng c cch no gii quyt bi l ch hng lin tc xin gia hn lu kho bi. 2.2.2. Nguyn nhn. 2.2.2.1 .H thng giao thng. Qua s v v tr a l ca cc cng th chng ta c th thy mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn ti tnh trng n tc container nhiu nh vy l do vic b tr khng hp l h thng giao thng ng b, ng st v ng sng.
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Tnh trng n tc giao thng nghim trng ang din ra trn a bn thnh ph.Trc y, mt xe container chy c 3 chuyn mi ngy, nhng hin nay, mi ngy xe ch chy c mt chuyn. Kh khn cng thm chng cht vi cc cng VICT, Lotus... t khi c ch trng cm xe trng ti qu 25 tn qua cu Tn Thun. 2. 2.2.2. Nng sut xp d khng cao Mt thc t trnh chuyn mn ca cc nhn vin ti cc cng v cht lng ca cc phng tin xp d container l khng cao. C hai yu t ny lm chm tin thng quan hng ho trong cc container trong khi nhng l hng khc vn ang cp cng ngy cng nhiu. 2.2.2.3. Th tc hnh chnh rm r. Theo nh gi ca nhiu chuyn gia th mt ch hng mun lm th tc xut khu, nhp khu cho hng ca mnh th phi lm kh nhiu th tc rm r, tn km thi gian v chi ph. Vn cn xy ra tnh trng hch dch ca nhn vin ti cc cng Mt nguyn nhn khc l m s cng v hng ho, tu, container nhng cng khc nhau l khng ging nhau. C nhng thi im hng ti cng Si Gn hay Cng Hi Phng qu nhiu, ch hng mun vn chuyn hng sang cc cng khc nhng li vng phi vn m s. 2.2.2.4. Yu t lin quan n doanh nghip v th trng. Thi im cc container b tc nhiu nht l trong nm 2008. C 2 nguyn nhn xut pht t cc doanh nghip nh sau: Th nht, do u nm t sut USD/VND thp, cc doanh nghip ua nhau nhp hng, khin lng hng ha tng t bin. Bn thng u nm, lng hng ha xut nhp khu qua cng Ct Li tng 21% so vi cng k nm 2007, trong hng nhp khu tng trn 43%.
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Ti cng Si Gn lng hng ho v cng t u nm n nay tng khong 40% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Lng hng ha tng t bin ny vt qu nng lc ca cc phng tin vn chuyn, bc d container ti cng. Nm 2008 c xem l nm m Vit Nam c t l nhp siu k lc. Chnh v vy, hng ho ng lot v. Trong khi , hnh thc thanh ton ch yu l L/C tr chm, cc doanh nghip mun nhn hng phi thanh ton tin trc khi lm th tc thng quan. Do thiu vn, khng th chi tr cho cc doanh nghip nc ngoi, cc ch hng mun ko di thi gian, khng chu lm th tc thng quan cho hng. iu ny lm cho cc container b cht ng ti cc cng ngy cng nhiu thm. Hin tng qu ti ti cc cng c ngnh cnh bo t trc, v c s h tng, bn bi, cu tu cc cng hin nay khng p ng nhu cu xut nhp khu hng ho. Th hai, l do nhiu doanh nghip khng c tin gii phng hng ha. Chnh sch tht cht tin t ca ngn hng ang gy nhiu kh khn v vn cho cc doanh nghip. Bn cnh li c nhiu kin cho rng, nhiu doanh nghip ang c tnh chy , gm gi hng ha ti cng ch tng gi trong thi gian ti. 2.2.2.5. Nguyn nhn do mt hng Tnh trng tc nghn container xy ra nhiu nht ti cng Si Gn, theo ban qun l ca cng th c nhng nguyn nhn mt phn l do cc l hng ch yu l khng c ng gi v cc ch hng th mun lm th tc ng gi ngay ti kho hoc bi container. iu ny lm gim tc xp d v gy ra tnh trng n tc ti cng Si Gn. 2.2.2.6. Hn ch v mt bng.
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Do din tch cc Cng l khng ln. Ngay c cng c xem l ln nht Vit Nam cng ch gii hn 500.000 m2, do , kho bi dng cha container b hn ch. Cc container phi xp chng ln nhau cao n my trm mt. Khi mun lm th tc cho mt l hng no li phi mt thi gian li cc container ra. 2.2.2.7. Do h thng php lut. Hin nay, tt c cc doanh nghip ch container hng t Hi Phng v H Ni v ngc li u ang b bp cht bi mt loi giy php ca B Giao thng vn ti - giy php lu hnh c bit. Giy php ny (do Khu Qun l ng b II, Cc ng b VN cp) ch yu cho php trng ti ca xe ch container ch vn vn mc 16-18 tn, trong khi theo tiu chun chung container 40 feet trng ti ca hng c th vt trn 30 tn. Trong khi , trn tuyn ng t Hi Phng v H Ni (trn 100 cy s) m phi dng ti7 ln. Vi s kim tra cht nh vy, c ti 95% xe ch container b pht. V dn n kt qu l container b n tc ngy cng nhiu hn. Vic chuyn ch hng container ca h ang b kt l do nhng quy nh thiu cp nht ca B Giao thng Vn ti. C th, quc l 5 c xp l ng cp 1 ng bng, khng hn ch ti trng, nhng cc quy nh hin hnh ca B ny li khng ch tng trng ti (c xe, hng v v container) cho xe container loi 40 feet khng vt qu 30 tn, xe 20 feet khng vt qu 27 tn. Trong khi hnh thc chuyn ch container ang pht trin tng ngy, th quy nh ny cho n nay, B Giao thng trong nhiu nm vn khng ch mt mc trng ti nh nh th. V vy ci gc ca vn xe ch container qu ti hin nay l B Giao thng Vn ti phi sm iu chnh nhng bt hp l trn. Ngoi ra cn mt s nguyn nhn khc gy nn tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin Vit Nam. Thc t c nhiu ch hng c tnh gi mo giy t
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thc hin hnh vi gian ln thng mi nn trong khi lm th tc thng quan khng p ng y chng t cn thit. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi bn khng giao h s, chng t hp l cho ngi mua lm th tc nhn hng. Hay l vic cc l hng khng p ng cc iu kin v tiu chun k thut ca cc nc xut khu, nhp khu.... Mt l do khc l do nhng tiu cc trong b my qun l. Trong khi Cng Si Gn c mc cc cao nhng hng ho vn v, m cc cng th khng c hng, liu tnh trng ny c cha ng yu t tiu cc trong ? Chnh nhng iu ny khin cho nhiu l hng phi nm cng hng thng tri m vn cha th thng quan. Thc t ny, gy ra tnh trng nhiu l hng khng th xut cng, cn c nhng l hng th mun vo cng li khng c mt bng. Do , n tc container cng cng l mt tt yu. 2.2.3. Nhng thit hi do n tc container gy ra. 2.2.3.1. i vi doanh nghip Thc t, s lng hng ho b kt li cc container ch yu l cc mt hng ti sng v ng lnh. Do container b tc nghn qu lu nn nhiu l hng b hng hon ton. Nhiu doanh nghip t b hng buc ban qun l cc cng phi quyt nh tiu hu. Vic tiu hu ny tiu tn ca doanh nghip hng chc t ng, cn nh nc th mt ph tiu hu v tht thu thu. Bn cnh , vic tiu hu cng gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng nh n cuc sng ca nhn dn Nhiu l hng b ng trong cc container thi gian di tiu tn ca cc doanh nghip mt khon tin khng l tr ph tc nghn v ph lu kho, lu bi. Nhiu cng ng lot thng bo biu ph tc nghn cao ngt ngng. Chng hn nh cng Si Gn: 50 la M/container loi 20 feet v 100 la M/container loi 40 feet.
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Thc t, nhng thng u nm 2009 tnh hnh tc nghn dn c ci thin nhng mt s cng vn thu ph tc nghn ht sc v l. Mt thit hi ln nht m doanh nghip phi hng chu l vic n tc container dn ti gii phng hng b nh tr. iu s lm cho vic a hng ho ra th trng b chm li. Nhiu khi doanh nghip s mt c hi kinh doanh v gy thit hi c v vt cht v uy tn ca mnh. 2.2.3.2. i vi x hi Vic cc l hng b ng trong cc container lm chm vic a hng vo th trng trong nc, nh hng nhiu n vic tiu dng ca nhn dn, c nhng thi im hng ho trn th trng khan him, iu ny y gi c ln cao. V chnh ngi tiu dng l ngi phi hng chu hu qu nhiu nht. Vic n tc container khng ch xy ra cc cng m cn din ra trn cc tuyn ng giao thng khc. Dn n tnh trng n tc giao thng trong cc tuyn ng chnh trn cc tuyn ng c container i qua. Bn cnh , trong thi gian gn y bo ng tnh trng container chen chc lt nga v gy ra nhiu v tai nn ht sc nghim trng. Vic cc ch hng t b cc l hng hng v li nhun thu li khng b p chi ph. Vic tiu hu khin nh nc tht thu thu. Bn cnh , vic tiu hu cng gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng nh n cuc sng ca nhn dn 2.2.3.3. i vi cng. Vn n tc container khng ch gy ra thit hi cho cc doanh nghip v x hi m n cn gin tip nh hng ti hot ng v doanh thu v cng. C nhng ch hng tr hon hay t b hng khin cc cng phi mt thm chi ph qun l v tiu hu i vi l hng hng. Trong khi , khon ph m h thu thm li gp phi s phn i t pha cc doanh nghip v nh nc, do , chi ph pht sinh lm gim doanh thu v li nhun c cng.
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Vic n tc cng lm thay i quy hoch ca cc cng, din tch vn hp li phi u t vn m rng khu vc cha bi container, m iu ny li vng phi vn chi ph gii phng mt bng. Vn ny ang thc s gy ra rt nhiu kh khn cho cc cng bi ln ca Vit Nam. Qua y, ta thy tnh trng ng container ti cc cng, bn, bi ca Vit Nam l ht sc ng bo ng. Thc trng ny gy ra nhiu thit hi v nh hng rt ln n s pht trin kinh t x hi ca nc ta. Chnh v vy, chng ta cn c s phi hp ng b gia cc n v v b ngnh lin quan sm gii quyt vn ny.
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Chng 3: Mt s gii php nhm khc phc tnh trng n tc container ti cng bin Vit Nam
3.1. D bo xu th vn chuyn hng ho bng container. 3.1.1 C s l lun. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu vn chuyn bng ng bin khng ngng tng ln, trong , vn chuyn bng phng thc container bnh qun chim 72%. Tri qua thi k i khng hong kinh t ton cu th cc nn kinh t s dn hi phc v tng trng tr li. Do , thng mi s tip tc pht trin, m thng mi lun gn lin vi tc tng trng ca vn chuyn bng container. Chnh v vy, theo d on th nhng nm tip theo nhu cu vn chuyn bng container l rt ln. Thc t, nhng li ch m container mang li l khng th ph nhn. Trong nhng nm gn y, ch hng rt chung phng thc chuyn ch ny. Nh nc tp trung u t mi v quy hoch li cc cng container trong c 3 min Bc, Trung v Nam. Bn cnh cc cng thuc s hu Nh nc th Vit Nam cng xut hin nhiu cng t nhn, cc cng ny cng mnh dn hn trong vic u t v p dng mc cc hp l cnh tranh vi cc cng nc ngoi. Cc chuyn gia d bo rng nn kinh t M s bt u phc hi vo nm 2009 v s pht trin mc trung bnh trong sut mi nm ti vi tc khong 2.7%/nm.V trong 10 nm ti Chu vn tip tc l ng lc tng trng vi tc 4.4%. Vi cc d on ny, d on rng tc tng trng container s tng trng mc 6.9% trong mi nm ti. Theo quy hoch cng bin n nm 2010 th s lng hng ho thng qua bng container
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d kin t 230-250 triu tn, tng gp 200% so vi trc v n nm 2020 t 500-550 triu tn. i vi cng bin nhm 5 ca vng kinh t trng im pha Nam, trong khu vc cng bin thnh ph H Ch Minh c cp nht li d bo lng hng ha tng ng vi thc t v nhu cu pht trin s t 100 triu tn, tng 200% so vi qui hoch c. Quy hoch cng bin n nm 2020, c Chnh ph ph duyt vo nm 1999, d bo nhu cu hng ha thng qua cng vo nm 2003 l 106 triu tn, n nm 2010 t 200 triu tn v nm 2020 l 336 triu tn. Xu hng pht trin ca th trng vn ti bin Vit Nam, s qu ti ca h thng cng, c bit l cng container, vng kinh t trng im pha Nam ang thu ht nhiu cng ty kinh doanh cng bin nc ngoi. Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam cho bit, n nm 2009-2010 s c tm cng container do nc ngoi u t c a vo khai thc. Ti lc , tng nng lc xp d container s t 16 triu TEU (TEU = container 20 feet), tng gp ba ln hin nay. Phn ln cc cng container mi l tnh B Ra - Vng Tu. Nh vy, tnh trng cng qu ti vng kinh t trng im pha Nam c th s sm c gii quyt, nhng vn tc nghn giao thng ng b th cha bit n bao gi mi ht. Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam d bo, vi cc cng mi ang xy dng Ci Mp, Th Vi, nhu cu vn chuyn container gia TPHCM v Vng Tu vo nm 2010 s trn 5 triu TEU. Trn c s l lun ny, chng ta hon ton c th lc quan vo tc tng trng vn chuyn hng ho bng phng thc container trong nhng nm ti Vit Nam v trn ton th gii. 3.1.2 C s thc tin Theo s liu thng k ca Portcoast, lng hng ha xut nhp khu tng mnh tt c cng bin TP.HCM, nht l container. C th Tn Cng nm 2000 xp d 411.627 container, n nm 2007 tng ln 1,84 triu container (tng
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bnh qun 28,4%/nm). Cng Si Gn bc xp t 237.331 container tng ln 385.311 container, cng VICT t 122.650 ln 572.045 container, cng Phc Long ICD t 68.421 container ln 221.119 container... Su cng bin ln khu vc TP.HCM xp d 960.029 container (nm 2000) v tng ln 3,271 triu container (nm 2007). V d, sn lng hng ho vn chuyn bng container ti cng Hi Phng trong giai on 1996 2000: Hnh 5: Thng k hng ho vn chuyn bng container qua cng Hi Phng
( Ngun: http://haiphongport.com.vn) Nm 2008 c nh gi l nm kh kh khn i vi tt c cc ngnh kinh t, trong c vn ti bin. Tc tng trng ca nn kinh t ton cu nm 2008 mc 2.6%, gim so vi 3.7% nm 2007. Tuy nhin, container qua cng Hi Phng vn lin tc tng v t 790,000 TEU. Trong nm 2008, ti cng Hi Phng v cc cng bin khc vn xy ra tnh trng qu ti.
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Trong nhng thng u nm 2009 nn kinh t ton cu bt u hi phc
chm mc 2.8%. c bit kinh t M c mc tng trng 0.8% nm 2008 so vi 2.2% nm 2007. M y l mt trong nhng i tc ln ca Vit Nam. Do , nhu cu hng ho xut nhp khu chc chn tng ln. Thng mi quc t lun lun c mi quan h t l thun vi nhu cu vn chuyn container. Thc t nhu cu vn chuyn container d kin tng trng mc 9.1% nm 2008 so vi 10.4% nm 2007 v phc hi nh vo nm nhng thng u nm 2009 vi tc tng trng khong 9.9%. Lng hng ha xut, nhp khu qua h thng cng bin Vit Nam tng mnh k t sau khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO. Theo Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam, nm 2008 lng hng ha thng qua bng container t trn 170 triu tn, tng 20% so vi nm trc v ln u tin lng hng xut khu vt hn 2 triu tn so vi hng nhp khu. Su thng u nm nay, d kinh t trong nc gp nhiu kh khn, nhng hng xut nhp khu bng ng bin vn tng ti 22%, t 101 triu tn trong ch yu l bng container. Nh vy, qua cc l lun trn chng ta c th thy l lng hng ho vn chuyn bng container lin tc tng qua cc nm. Theo d bo ca cc hng tu quc t, trong nhng nm ti nhu cu vn ti hng ha bng container Vit Nam cn tip tc tng vi mc bnh qun 25%/nm. y l mc tng rt cao so vi tc tng bnh qun 13%/nm ca giai on 2001-2006. 3.2. nh hng pht trin vn ti container Vit Nam. i vi vn ti hng ho bng container th mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh n hiu qu xp d l kt cu h thng cng bin v nhng dch v vn ti bin v cng ngh xp d container. Do , chng ti xin c php a ra nh
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hng i vi ba lnh vc ny. y cng l mt trong nhng gii php, mc tiu nhm gim tnh trng n tc container cc cng, bn, bi container Vit Nam. 3.2.1 nh hng pht trin cng bin. Nhm p ng yu cu cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc, h thng cng bin Vit Nam c chnh ph quy hoch pht trin tng th trn c s p dng cc tin b khoa hc cng ngh hng hi v quy m, trang thit b, dy chuyn cng ngh, h thng qun l, h thng xp d c th tng bc a nc ta hi nhp v sc cnh tranh trong hot ng cng bin vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Trong nhng thi im kh khn nh hin nay, nh hng v s quan tm u t, u tin pht trin l nhn t quan trng gip nng cao nng sut xp d v gim tnh trng n tc container. Mc tiu chung vi cng bin l xy dng v pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam theo mt quy hoch tng th v thng nht trn quy m c nc hnh thnh nhng trung tm kt ni c s h tng v giao thng vn ti ti cc khu vc c bit l cc vng kinh t trng im, ng thi to nhng y mi giao lu kinh t trng im gia trong nc v nc ngoi. C th nh sau: 3.2.1.1 Giai on n nm 2010. H thng cng bin Vit Nam c xc nh l phi bo m thng qua ton b 100 % lng hng ho xut khu v nhp khu v ng bin theo yu cu tng trng ca nn kinh t t nc, d kin t khong 200 triu tn/ nm vo thi im 2010. Nhm tng cng hiu qu v nng lc hot ng ca h thng cng bin trong tin trnh n nh v pht trin kinh t t nc, ngy 12/10/1999 Th tng chnh ph ph duyt quyt nh s 202/1999/Q-TTg ph duyn quy
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hoch tng th pht trin cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2010 vi nh hng nh sau. - Ci to nng cp v hin i ho cc cng bin Vit Nam hin c tim nng nhm khai thc cc iu kin t nhin sn c, nhm pht trin hp l, khai tc c hiu qu h thng cng. - Tp trung xy dng mt s cng tng hp gi vai tr ch o cc vng kinh t trng im cho cc tu c trng ti ln ( 30.000 DWT). Ch trng ti cc cng bin hoc khu bn chuyn dng cho hng container, hng ri, hng lng v cng trung chuyn quc t. - Xy dng c trng im mt s cng cc a phng trn c s cn nhc k lng hiu qu u t, chc nng v quy m thch hp vi mc pht trin kinh t ca a phng v kh nng huy ng vn. - Cng vi vic pht trin cc cng cn ch pht trin ng b cc dch v hng hi v cc c s h tng lin quan nhm nng cao nng lc phc v v hiu qu u t cng. - Trong vic u t pht trin cng nh khai thc cc cng bin cn phi hp cht ch giac cc yu cu pht trin kinh t v quc phng. 3.2.1.2. Giai on 2010 2020. Trong chin lc pht trin h thng cng bin n nm 2020, cng bin tip tc c hon thnh vic m rng, nng cp cc cng tng hp quc gia chnh, xy dng cc cng nc su 3 khu vc kinh t trng im, pht trin cng trung chuyn quc t, tip nhn tu c trng ti ln, p ng nhu cu vn ti quc gia. Mc tiu i vi c s h tng cng bin l tng tng chiu di cu tu cc cng tng hp ln 48000 50000 m, nng cp 6000 m cu tu, xy dng mi 26000 m cu cng, trong bao gm 3 cng nc su 3 khu vc tip nhn
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c tu 50000 80000 DWT, 1 cng trung chuyn quc t tip nhn c tu 4000 6000 TEU, tt c cc cng tng hp quc gia u t tiu chun quc t Bng 10:Bng tm tt cc cm cng c quy hoch.
Tn cm cng 1. Cm cng S cng v im Lng hng ho thng qua cm cng cng bin Hi Phng 15 cng v im Ci Ln, cng. cc Bc b 2. Cm cng Bc 7 cng Trung b 3. Cm cng Trung 8 cng Trung b 4. Cm cng 39 44 78 86 TPHCM Vng 33 cng Tu Th Vi 5. Cm cng Nam 5 cng v im Trung b 6. Cm cng ng bng Long 7. Cm cng Ph Quc v cc o pha Ty Nam. 8. Cm cng Cn o. 1 cng sn v chuyn ti hnh khch Cn c i tu vn Cn c i tu hi ti, hnh khch. sng Cu 11 cng 4.4 4.8 7.9 8.7 cng 3 56 18.5 20 42 43 34 17 18 cng 20 22 44 47 Nm 2000 Nm 2010.
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( Ngun: B giao thng vn ti) 3.2.2 nh hng pht trin cc dch v vn ti. Vic n tc container trong thi gian qua cho thy dch v vn ti ca Vit Nam cn yu. Cng tc hu cn cha p ng yu cu hot ng vn chuyn hng ho xut nhp khu. V vy, hn ch tnh trng n tc nh hin nay th Vit Nam cn c c nhng dch v vn ti tht chuyn nghip v hiu qu. Cn c theo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 1195/Q TTg ngy 04/11/2003 v ph duyt quy hoch pht trin vn ti bin Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh hng 2020, nh hng h thng dch v hng hi c pht trin nh sau: - Tng cng cng tc qun l nh nc trong lnh vc dch v hng ho, va to mi trng thng thong, nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh, va m bo hot ng lnh mnh, to iu kin bc xp thng sut. Khuyn khch mi thnh phn kinh t tham gia hot ng kinh doanh dch v hng hi theo nh hng quy hoch trong mt mng li c s qun l v iu tit thng nht. - Coi trng pht trin nhng loi hnh dch v hng hi c thu ngoi t cao v hiu qu kinh doanh cao - Nghin cu hnh thnh mt s trung tm phn phi hng ho v dch v tip vn v cc loi hnh dch v hng hi tin tin khc cc khu vc u mi vn ti. Sau nm 2010 pht trin mnh loi hnh dch v hng hi c tnh cht trn gi. 3.2.3. Cng ngh xp d i vi cng ngh xp d, nh hng pht trin cng c Chnh ph nu r trong quyt nh nh sau:
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- Hnh thnh cc u mi vn ti c cc cng trung tm v h thng cc v tinh iu kin p dng cc cng ngh xp d tin tin, to tin hnh thnh ca ng quc t v cng trung chuyn quc t. - Cng ngh xp d phi m bo kt ni cc phng thc vn ti ng bin vi ng st, ng b, ng sng, ng dng cng ngh tin tin, nng sut cao, to iu kin h gi thnh sn phm dch v. 3.3.Mt s gii php khc phc tnh trng n tc container 3.3.1. i vi nh nc 3.3.1.1. Hon thin h thng vn bn php lut Hin nay, h thng php lut hng hi Vit Nam va thiu, va chng cho nhiu hng mc, ni dung cha ph hp vi thng l v iu c quc t. Cc vn bn iu chnh ngnh vn ti ni chung v vn ti bin quc t ni ring vn cn rt t, ch c B lut hng hi, cn li ch yu cc vn bn di lut. Nhiu vn bn php lut c tnh php l thp do mi ch ba hnh mc vn bn di lut, trong khi , thc tin pht trin ngnh vn ti bin rt phong ph, i hi mt h thng php lut y v ph hp trong tng giai on. . Mt v d in hnh cho vic thiu st trong h thng vn bn php lut l: Thc t hin nay, th trng hng ha ti min Bc ch yu l hng giy dp, may mc, in t, hng linh kin t, xe my, ch, th cng m ngh, in t gia dng v cc mt hng gia cng khc. Doanh thu t cc ngnh ny ch yu t gia cng nguyn liu, nn hiu qu kinh t t c rt thp. Nhm gim gi thnh vn chuyn, tng nng lc cnh tranh hu ht cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu s dng container cao (container HC 40 feet) vn chuyn hng ha. Bi v cc vn ti hng ha ni a vn ang l mt vn kh khn i vi cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu, chim ti 10% chi ph gi thnh ca doanh nghip v cc vn ti ni a thng xuyn cao hn cc vn chuyn bng tu
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bin i cc nc trn th gii. Vic ng hng trong container HC 40 feet ch yu tp trung ti cc khu cng nghip nn lu lng thng qua khu vc min Bc l rt ln. Theo Quyt nh s 2074/2003/Q-BGTVT ngy 16/07/2003 B Giao thng vn ti v ti trng v kh gii hn ng b cc quc l trong quy nh phng tin giao thng c gii ng b c chiu cao (chiu cao hng + chiu cao xe) tnh t mt t ln nh hn hoc bng 4,2m c lu hnh bnh thng trn cc quc l. Nu cn c Quyt nh trn th hng ho hn 4,2m c a vo hng ho lu hnh c bit. Trn thc t hin nay container 40'HC vn khng thuc i tng Cc ng b Vit Nam cp giy php lu hnh c bit. Nhng vi nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, trong nhiu nm qua lu lng hng ho ng trong container 40'HC vn thng xuyn c thng qua ti Cng Hi Phng. Nh vy chng minh c mt iu: vic vn chuyn container Hc khng nh hng yu t cu ng (ng quc l 5 v tnh l khc). Tuy nhin, y vn l vic vi phm quy nh php lut nn xy ra t nn mi l, iu ny lm nh hng rt xu n mi trng cnh tranh gia cc doanh nghip. Cn nu khng, th cc container 40HC s khng c gii phng m ch c th nm lu ti kho bi, vy th, tt yu l xy ra tnh trng ng cc container ti cc cng, thit hi ln s khng ch xy ra vi cc doanh nghip m c vi cc c quan qun l cng. Vy nn, vic cn lm trc ht l hon thin h thng vn bn php lut sao cho va ph hp vi thng l v iu c quc t li va ph hp vi cc tp qun ca Vit Nam. Vic ra cc quyt nh v vn bn php lut phi cn c trn tnh hnh thc t v xu hng pht trin ca vn ti giao nhn, c bit l vn chuyn bng container. Nh v d trn, B giao thng vn ti c th vn quy nh c, nhng xp xe ch container 40 HC vo loi c cp php c bit cc xe ch container 40HC c th chy trn quc l, nhng c th yu cu v
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tc hp l cho cc xe ch container 40HC ny hoc quy nh v gi chy cho loi xe ny, v d t by gi chiu n su gi sng khng lm nh hng n cc phng tin giao thng khc.
3.3.1.2. Gim bt nhng th tc khng cn thit Khng t doanh nghip trong nc v c doanh nghip nc ngoi phn nn v cc th tc hnh chnh ca Vit Nam l qu rm r v vn cn tnh trng sch nhiu. Trong , phi k n nhng bt cp trong vic quy nh v trng ti chuyn ch ti a ca container hay vic kim tra qu kht khe khin cho nhiu container khng hot ng ht cng sut ca mnh. Do vy, cnh tranh c th cc chnh ph cn phi n gin th tc hnh chnh, tin ti cho php doanh nghip lm th tc hi quan in t. Bn cnh , cn c bin php qun l cht ch hn ch tiu cc trong qu trnh thng quan hng ho Cuc ci cch th tc hnh chnh c chnh ph quan tm thc hin th im ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, ni dung l hnh thnh c ch mt ca, xo b tnh trng khai bo phi n tr s c 6 c quan chc nng, a im lm th tc s l ti Cc hng hi, n gin ho trnh t, th tc, gim thiu cc loi giy t phi np hoc xut trnh, gim thi hn v ci tin cch thc lm th tc cng nh phn nh r trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan. lm tt vic ny, chnh ph nn m rng v dn tin ti vic p dng khai bo hi quan in t cho cc doanh nghip. Nh vy th cc doanh nghip s khng mt nhiu thi gian thng quan, hng ha cng khng phi lu lu ti cng m s c gii phng nhanh hn. Tt nhin, vic khai bo hi quan in t rt cn n s trung thc v thnh tht ca cc doanh nghip. i vi nhng doanh nghip gian ln trong vic khai bo, th nn c nhng bin php x
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pht tht nng rn e doanh nghip v cng l bi cnh co cho cc doanh nghip c nh gian ln.
3.3.1.3.Quy hoch u t, pht trin cng chuyn dng mt cch hp l, c bit l cng trung chuyn container a, Quy hoch v pht trin cng chuyn dng Hin ti, Vit Nam c 8 nhm cng gm 24 cng bin, nhng ch c 5 cng ln c kh nng tip nhn tu container thng xuyn. ng u l cng Si Gn chim ti 72% t l khi lng container qua cng, xp sau l Hi Phng vi 22%. ng ni l ba cng thuc dng ln cn li l Ci Ln (ch chim 3%), Quy Nhn (1%) v Nng (1%) lng container qua cng. iu ny bt ngun t nghch l u t theo b rng, dn tri nhiu hn l u t theo b su ti Vit Nam. Hin a phng ven bin no cng mun xy dng cng bin ti tnh v thnh ph ca mnh. Vic xy dng li tin hnh vi v, thiu tnh ton, dn n na chng thc hin th ht vn, nhiu cng bin phi p chiu nm ch hoc c xy xong th cht lng khng m bo v khng c tu vo lm hng. Tnh trng cc a phng, cc ngnh xy dng qu nhiu cng nh chuyn dng, khng cn i v a l, ang lm cho vn u t b phn tn. Do , cng nh th nhiu, m cng ln p ng tu chuyn dng v tu trng ti ln li thiu. Hn na, vic quy hoch ti cc cng ny li khng hp l, dn n tnh trng, cng th lm hng khng ht, cng th li khng c hng lm. Ch ring Hi Phng c nhng bn cng bin nm gn nhau l Hi Phng, nh V, Cha V v Lch Huyn. Trong khi , cng Lch Huyn li cch cng Ci Ln, mt trong nhng cng bin ln ca Vit Nam khng xa. Hay, ti Tha Thin Hu
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cng xy dng hai cng bin nm cch nhau khng xa l cng Chn My v Tin Sa. Vi mc tng khi lng container trung bnh hin nay l 20%/nm v c th s tng ln 25% trong ngn hn, nu vic quy hoch cc cng vn dn tri nh th ny th vn nn tc nghn container vn l mt bi ton kh. Do vy, thay v dn tri theo b rng theo kiu cng no cng trung tm nh hin nay, min Bc cn tp trung pht trin mt cng trung tm. Thm vo , cn xy dng cc cng phc v di hn, bao gm mn nc su tip nhn tu bin nhiu th h, bi cc gii php tm thi s khng c hiu qu v lu di. Trong khi , min Nam cn ch trng ti nhu cu di hn vi cc cng gn lin c s h tng p ng nhu cu 20 nm ti. H thng cng cng phi khc phc kiu lm nh khng ca hin nay, khi thiu hn cc c s h tng, dch v h tr pht trin tng ng nh ng b, ng st, h thng kho bi Vic quy hoch v pht trin cng trung tm phi c s ng b, tnh khoa hc, tm nhn chin lc di hn v c s phi h cht ch gia cc c quan ban ngnh. C th l, tr thnh cng trung tm, th cng bin phi p ng c nhng yu cu sau y: Th nht, cng phi m bo c ngun hng hay cn gi l chn hng tnh ton khi lng thng qua cng,trn nguyn tc c hng mi xy cng. Th hai, cng phi c v tr a l thun li, tc l cng phi gn bin v lung lch phi su tu ra vo thun li. Cui cng, l phi c hu c vng chc, iu ny cng c nha l pha sau cng phi l nhng vng nguyn liu hoc cc khu vc sn xut hng ho bo m s cung ng u n v lin tc cho cng hot ng. ng thi cng phi c ni kt vi mng li giao thng ng sng, ng b v ng st nhm to
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ra mt dy chuyn vn ti thng sut a hng n v rt hng i, trnh cho cng s ri lon, ch tc. T nhng yu t ni trn, chng ti thit ngh min Bc c th chn cng Hi Phng v Ci Ln pht trin thnh cng trung tm; min trung, cng Nng l c tim nng hn c v min Nam, cng Si Gn v Vng Tu nn c tp trung pht trin hn na. b, Tp trung xy dng cng container quc t Hin ti, Vit Nam cha c mt cng trung chuyn container quc t no. Nm 2008, d n xy dng cng trung chuyn container quc t u tin ca Vit Nam: cng Vn Phong c th tng chnh ph thng qua. V cha c cng trung chuyn container nn Vit Nam chng ta phi i gom hng t cc nc bn nh Singapore, Hong Hong v phi chu n hai ln ph. Nu l hng nhp khu, thng thng cc tu ca Vit Nam s phi n Singapore hay Hong Kong nhn hng v. L do l v: th nht, cc tu ca Vit Nam thng c trong ti nh nn tit kim chi ph, cc ch hng s gi hng qua cc tu c trng ti ln, m tu c trng ti ln th khng th cp cng Vit Nam v hin ti cc cng ca chng ta khng th tip nhn tu container 4.000 TEU tr ln, v cc tu trng ti ln ny thng s tp trung hng Singapore hoc Hong Kong cc nc xung quanh n nhn hng. i vi hng xut khu cng tng t. Theo d bo n nm 2010, Singapore v nhiu ni s hng, nu cng ca Vit Nam vn khng th tip nhn cc tu c trng ti ln, th tt yu l hng s tn ng trong nc rt ln. Do vy, vic cn thit trc ht l phi xy dng v pht trin cng trung chuyn container quc t. S ra i ca cng trung chuyn container quc t Vn Phong s to nn u mi giao thng quan trng, tip nhn s chia s hng ho, dch v ca h thng cng thng mi u mi quan trng nh Singapore, Thi
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Lan, Hng Kng. V th, chng ti kin ngh rng cc c quan ban ngnh nn ht sc tp trung xy dng cng trung chuyn quc t ny, trnh tnh trng phn tn ngun lc. c, Vn ngun vn tp trung quy hoch, pht trin v xy dng cc cng container tm c quc t ni trn th cn mt ngun vn cng rt ln. Hin nay, nc chng ta ang c nhiu chnh sch thu ht ngun vn t bn ngoi nh FDI hay ODA. Vic thu ht ny cn phi c mt c ch thng thong, cc a phng nn gim bt cc th tc khng cn thit, m bo cho cc nh u t nhng quyn li h s c hng cng nhng u tin cho cc nh u t. Hoc chnh ph c th to iu kin cc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc c th mnh dn u t. Khi thu ht c cc ngun vn th nn tp trung li, quy hoch v pht trin ln lt tng cng mt, xong cng ny mi n cng tip theo. Phi m bo rng, nhng cng c u t phi mang tm quc t, khng c xy tm ri chuyn sang cng khc. C nh vy, cc cng bin ca Vit Nam mi c th tip nhn cc tu container c ln v gii quyt tnh trng ng container c. 3.3.1.4. p dng chnh sch cnh tranh ginh th trng cho cc doanh nghip Hin nay, cc cng bin ln nc ta nh Hi Phng, Nng, Si Gn do Vinalines vn hnh, cn cc cng nh do cc hng hi vn hnh, c hai u l doanh nghip nh nc. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn tnh trng n tc container l do khi lng hng ri v cc cng ln (Si Gn...) qu nhiu. Trong khi , cc cng Tn Thun ng, Bn Ngh, Lotus, cng rau qu, ng Nai cng c th
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tip nhn mt hng ny th li khng mun nhn. L do l v gi v nng sut bc d nhng mt hng ri rt thp so vi hng container. Vy nn, chng ti c mt s kin ngh nh sau: Th nht, nu khi lng hng ri qu ln nh th, th cc c quan qun l nn yu cu ch hng nn vn chuyn bng container tng cng sut bc xp hng ti cng, hoc chuyn sang mt s cng khc trnh tnh trng n tc hoc nu khng th nn ng hng vo cc bao kin ri mi chuyn n cng, khng c trc tip em hng ri n cng ng vo bao sau mi xp xung tu. Th hai l, cc c quan nn p dng chnh sch: cnh tranh ginh th trng, bng cch nhng quyn khai thc tng cng cho doanh nghip no tr mc ph cao nht cho chnh ph hoc mc gi thp nht cho ngi ch hng. Nu lu lng kt ni lin hon gia giao thng thy-b-ha ln, cc cng c th cnh tranh trc tip vi nhau. V d: TP.H Ch Minh c th dng dch v ca cng Si Gn hay c th gi hng ti M Tho v hon thnh nt chng ng cn li bng ng st hay b. Cui cng nhng cng ln c nhiu bn , th vic nhng quyn bn cho t nhn vn hnh c th khin tng bn cnh tranh trc tip vi nhau. Nh vy, thu ht c nhiu khch hng th cc doanh nghip t nhn cn c s cnh tranh khc bit nh: gi ph u i, cc dch v km theo, kt qu l s lm gim c mt lng ln hng ha v cc cng bin ln v trnh c tnh trng n tc nh hin nay. 3.3.2. i vi cc Hip hi Cc hip hi nh: Hip hi Logistics Vit Nam, Hip hi Ch tu Vit Nam (VSA), Hip hi i l Mi gii hng hi Vit Nam (VISABA), Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam (VPA) c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic pht trin h thng cng bin v y l chic cu ni gia nh nc vi doanh nghip.
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Chnh v vy cc hip hi cn pht huy ti a vai tr ca mnh m bo li ch gia cc bn. C th l: 3.3.2.1. Th hin tt chc nng tham mu cho Nh nc Cc Hip hi c nhim v tham mu cho nh nc v nhng vn quan trng ca khi cng nh: d tho sa i b sung Lut hng hi, iu kin kinh doanh dch v hng hi, cc chnh sch v hi nhp kinh t quc t, chin lc pht trin cng nc su, c ch qun l kt cu h tng cng bin Vit Nam, tham gia kin cho nhng nh hng v qui ch khc lin quan n hot ng ca ngnh. Vi chc nng tham mu cho nh nc v bo v quyn li ca cc cng hi vin, Hip hi tp hp kin chung v c nhiu kin ngh vi nh nc v nhiu ch trng chnh sch c bin php kp thi v hu hiu tho g nhng kh khn, to iu kin tt hn cho cc cng hot ng v pht trin. L n v trc tip nm bt c tnh trng ca cng bin nh: c s h tng, qu trnh lm hng, lu lng container ra vo, thc trng n tc container ti cng, cc hip hi c th tham mu cho nh nc nh nc ban hnh vn bn php lut ph hp vi thc t cc cng bin ca Vit Nam, c bit l trong quy hoch pht trin cng bin v rt bt cc th tc rm r, iu ny gp ng k cng sc vo vic gii phng hng cho cc doanh nghip mt cch mau chng. 3.3.2.2. y mnh vic hp tc gia cc hip hi S hp tc c hiu qu gia cc Hip hi v c bit l tng hi vin ca cc Hip hi ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin dch v logistics trong thi gian ti, gp phn vo vic xy dng Vit Nam thnh mt trung tm dch v logistics ca khu vc v th gii. Pht trin logistics s ng gp phn ln vo vic trao i thng tin c lin quan ti cc hot ng xp d hng ha ca cng, cc th tc giao nhn hng ha ca cng, cc loi gi dch v ca cng
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bin, thi gian tu n, ri cng, vic iu ng phng tin vn ti giao nhn hng nhm trnh n tc ti cng, cc thng tin v hng ha v giao nhn kho vn, thng tin v cc cng bin v cc cng ty giao nhn kho vn... Vic pht trin logistics mang mt ngha v cng to ln. Bi v, cc chui hot ng cung ng logistics gp phn qun l cc container, cung cp thng tin gii phng hng mt cch nhanh nht v c bit l thc y vn ti a phng thc pht trin. Khi cc container c ch n cng s khng phi lu kho, lu bi m c ch i thng nh cc phng tin khc bng ng st, ng t hay hng khng. 3.3.2.3. Pht trin quan h hp tc i ngoi, nht l trong khu vc ASEAN Theo yu cu v xu th chung hin nay, cc Hip hi cn y mnh hn na quan h hp tc vi khi cng ASEAN v quc t to iu kin cho cc cng pht trin ngun nhn lc v hi nhp kinh t mt cch ch ng hn . Cc hip hi c th tng cng cng tc thng tin tip th, xc tin thng mi cho khi cng. T c th thu ht v tn dng c cc ngun h tr pht trin t cc quc gia pht trin. Thu ht c ngun vn l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng c th u t b sung hoc xy mi c s h tng cng nh mua sm nhng trang thit b cn thit nng cao kh nng xp d ca cng, trnh c tnh trng hng ch cng- l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng n tc conatiner ti cng bin. 3.3.3. i vi doanh nghip qun l cng bin 3.3.3.1. Yu cu i vi trang thit b ca cng bin Thc t, nhng trang thit b xp d ti cc cng ca Vit Nam cn kh th s v li thi. C nhng trang thit b qu lc hu, khng p ng c nng sut xp d nhng vn c nhiu cng tip tc s dng. Nguyn nhn l
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do cc cng ny khng kinh ph nhp cc l hng mi nn vn mun tn dng gi tr cn li ca nhng dng c ny. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm hiu sut gim xung v gy n tc container. Chnh v vy, cc cng phi ch ng trong vic mua sm cc trang thit b tin tin m cc cng nc ngoi ang s dng. Mt s cc trang thit b cn thit nh l: cn cu gin, xe khung nng hng, cn cu t vn hnh, cn trc, xe bnh li, xe xp tng, xe nng trc trnTt c cc trang thit b trn nhm mc ch xp d cc container ln xung cc phng tin vn ti mt cch nhanh chng nht nng cao hiu sut xp d v vn chuyn container ra khi cng mt cch thun tin. Ngoi ra cng cn phi m bo cung cp nh sng c th lm hng vo bt c thi im no m hng v n cng. 3.3.3.2. Yu cu v c s h tng v h thng giao thng Pht trin kt cu h tng giao thng l mt nhim v cp bch cn c quan tm, tp trung u tin u t. Pht trin h thng kt cu h tng vn ti bin trc ht l cc cng bin, cng cn (ICD), kho bi, cc khu u mi vn ti. ng thi pht trin nhanh cc phng tin vn ti bin v phng tin bc d hng ha, c bit l lm hng container. Vic u t pht trin ny cn c tin hnh ng thi vi kt cu h tng ng b, ng st, hng khng v ng thy ni a. lm c vic ny cn phi hp quy hoch v hp tc pht trin vi cc ngnh ng b, ng st v ng sng trong vic xy dng cc khu u mi giao thng, cc cng cn, kho cha hng, nhm to iu kin cho quy trnh khp kn vn ti a phng thc v logistics mt cch c hiu qu.
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3.3.3.3. Phn lung container Ti cc cng nn phn lung r rng tng khu vc dnh cho cc cng lm hng. V d, khu vc 1 s l khu vc dnh cho hng xut khu, khu vc 2 l khu vc hng nhp khu, khu vc 3 l khu vc hng ri. Ty theo khi lng hng tp trung ti cng qua cc thng, nm trc m c s u tin trong cch b tr tng khu vc v din tch cho cc khu vc . Nu hng n m khng phi lu kho, bi th nn u tin gii phng hng trc. Nu hng phi lu kho, th cn c theo thi gian, hng xut sm s nm v tr ngoi cng, hng nhp v cn sm xut kho th s nm gn li ca ra. i vi trng hp vi phm, qu ngy phi xut kho m khng chu nhn hng v, c quan qun l cng nn tng gi cc tht cao, gp hai, dn ba ln gi cc chu pht thng thng. Nu sau mt thi gian chu pht m ch hng vn khng chu nhn hng, c quan qun l nn chuyn hng ra khi kho, bi v thng bo s khng chu trch nhim vi s hng . Chc chn cc ch hng khng th b v nh vy s l nng hn thay v c th bn tng bn tho. 3.3.3.4. p dng cng ngh thng tin Hin nay, vic qun l cng vn lm l theo hnh thc th cng, c mt s cng p dng cng ngh thng tin nhng cha hiu qu. Kh nng tu container xp d hng nhanh hay chm ph thuc rt nhiu vo cng ngh c cc cng ty qun l (cng v) v nh khai thc cng bin s dng. Nh khai thc cng bin c nhim v x l cng vic xp d hng ca tu . Mt trong nhng v d in hnh v vic p dng thnh cng cng ngh thng tin trong vic qun l cng l Singapore v HongKong. Cc cng ny dng cng ngh gip ch tu hoch nh ton b tin trnh, lm th no xp d hng, vn chuyn hng n hay i khi bi, thm ch l xp container nh th no v lm sao cho ti u.
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Trong khi , cc cng v da vo cng ngh gim st s an ton ca vng bin v gii quyt giy t tu c th ra vo cng nhanh chng v d dng. Mt trong nhng h thng cng ngh thng tin chnh l Portnet v CITOS(Computer Integrated Terminal Operations System- H thng tch hp vn hnh cng) dng h tr trong vic xp d, vn chuyn v lu tr hng ha. CITOS mt h thng hoch nh ti nguyn doanh nghip c nhim v iu phi v hp nht mi ti sn, t cn trc, container cho n ti x. Khi thng tin c nhp vo thng qua Portnet, CITOS s t ng lp k hoch xp hng v b tr kho bi da trn nhng yu t nh s n nh ca tu, trng lng container, im n ca container... iu ny cho php cc cng ca Singapore ti u ha cng vic ca mnh. Hay nh HongKong s dng mt h thng in t quyt nh cch thc dn ng cho xe ti trong bi container, s lng cn trc, xe ti no c trin khai v ln thi gian biu cho xe ti ch hng i khi bi. Vic p dng ny kh cht ch v cc ch hng hoc ngi chuyn ch buc phi tun theo, iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic s khng c gian ln xin gi hng cng lu hn thi gian quy nh. Tt yu l s kh c th xy ra tnh trng ng conatainer ti cc cng ny. Chnh v nhng u im trn, Vit Nam cn p dng nhng chng trnh qun l bng cng ngh thng tin tin tin nht hin nay, khng nhng khc phc c tnh trng n tc container m cn to ra li th cnh tranh ca cng bin Vit Nam i vi cc cng khc trong khu vc v trn th gii.
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Kt lun
Vi xu th ton cu ha, vic hi nhp kinh t th gii , ang v s em li nhiu c hi pht trin cho cc quc gia, trong c Vit Nam, m mt trong nhng phng tin gp phn ln vo vic tng trng kinh t chnh l vn ti hng hi, c bit l phng thc chuyn ch hng ha bng container. Trong khu vc Chu , VN ang c xem l th trng tim nng hng u v ring v hng container, vi v tr a d thun li ca mnh, h thng cng bin ca Vit Nam, nu pht trin nhanh v hi iu kin, tiu chun quc t s lm thay i ng k tnh hnh vn ti container trong khu vc trong thp nin ti. Thc t l, hng nm Vit Nam tht thu mt phn ngoi t ng k cho vic gom hng t cc nc bn, ngoi ra cn phi chi mt khon ni t v vic n tc container ti cng. Nhng vi tnh hnh hin nay, nu khng c s ci cch th cng bin Vit Nam v hnh thc chuyn ch bng container khng nhng khng gp phn thc y m cn km hm s pht trin ca nn kinh t. Qua qu trnh nghin cu thc trng n tc container ti cc cng bin Vit Nam hin nay, nhm tc gi a ra c mt s bin php khc phc tnh trng trn vi hi vng s gp phn thc y s pht trin ca ngnh vn ti hng hi ni chung v phng thc vn chuyn bng container ni ring ti Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, bi vit chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st v c nhng vn cha khai thc ht. Rt mong s ng gp kin v b sung t pha cc thy c v bn c. Xin chn thnh cm n! Nhm tc gi
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TI LIU THAM KHO I. Sch, bo, tp ch 1. Tp ch hng hi Vit Nam s 15, 16 thng 11/2008, Pht trin kinh t bin Vit Nam: Thc trng v trin vng 2. TS L mg Doanh, Thi bo kinh t Si Gn, ngy 25/12/2008, Nhn li kinh t bin Vit Nam 3. Quyt nh ca Th tng chnh ph s 202/1999/Q TTg ngy 12 thng 10 nm 1999 v ph duyt Quy hoch tng th pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2010. 4. Ngn hng th gii ti Vit Nam 2006 - Chin lc c s h tng nhng vn lin ngnh 5. K yu hi tho khoa hc, H Ni, 2004: Thng mi quc t v vn hi nhp kinh t quc t 6. Alasdair MacBean: Trade and transiton trade promotion in transitional economies 7. United nations: Review of maritime transport 2007 8. PGS TS Nguyn Nh Tin trng i hc Ngoi Thng, Gio trnh vn ti v giao nhn II. Cc website 1. http://www.unctad.org 2. http://www.iggi.unesco.or.kr 3. http://www.worldlanguage.com 4. http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/ 5. http://www.taichinhvietnam.com/ 6. http://www.thesaigontimes.vn
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7. http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/ 8 .http://www.baothuongmai.com.vn 9. http://www.vcci.com.vn 10. http:// csg.com.vn/ 11. http:// haiphongport.com.vn
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(YRC) - Mot So Giai Phap Nham Khac Phuc Tinh Trang Un Tac Container Tai Cang Bien VN

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(YRC) - Mot So Giai Phap Nham Khac Phuc Tinh Trang Un Tac Container Tai Cang Bien VN

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MC LC

Chng 1: Khi qut v container

Bng 2: D bo nhu cu sn lng container trn th gii (2001-2010)

Chng 2: Tnh trng n tc container ti cc cng bin ca Vit Nam

Hnh 1: Bn cng bin Vit Nam.

Hnh 2: S cng Si Gn.

Nha Rong - Khanh Hoi

8.2-10m Bch ha/Hnh khch

Bch ha/Container Roro/Cont./Hng ri Hng bao/Hng ri St thp cc loi

5 7 1 18 11 15 80- 100 MT 45 MT 18 T 120 MT 10 40 MT 10 45 MT 1,5 40 MT 425 HP 2400 HP Withtrailer

Xe nng ng rt 60 hng container Tu lai u ko 18 32

6 TEUs TEUs 1,843 1,905

container Kho hng bch ho 10 30.052

5-40 tn 10-85 tn 25-70 tn 3-45 tn 80 tn

tr lai dt CV Cn cu gin (QC) Cn cu gin bnh lp (RTG) 35,6 tn 35,6 tn

3,359,000 MT 377,000 Teus

( Ngun: http:/haphongport.com.vn/) 2.1.3.4 nh gi thun li v kh khn ca Cng Hi Phng. a, Thun li. V tr a l.

Trong nhng thng u nm 2009 nn kinh t ton cu bt u hi phc

7. http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/ 8 .http://www.baothuongmai.com.vn 9. http://www.vcci.com.vn 10. http:// csg.com.vn/ 11. http:// haiphongport.com.vn

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