Chuyen de Hidrocacbon Vip

Khoa Ho Hc Chuyn Hidrocacbon
Trng H ng Thp GVHD: TS Dng Huy Cn

CHUYN HIDROCACBON

C nhiu cch phn loi bi tp hidrocacbon nh: da vo bt bo ho c
hiddrocacbon no, khng no, thm hoc Thit lp CTPT,thnh phn % hn hp trong
chuyn ny chng ti phn loi dc vo tnh cht ho hc in hnh ca
Hidrocacbon.
I. Gii bi ton v phn ng t chy hirocacbon
I.1 Kin thc cn nm:
Tm CTPT khng cn qua CT n gin nht ( khi bit M, m, hoc bit mt trong
cc ch s nguyn t).

12
12
% % 100
C H
x y M
m m m
x y M
C H

x, y.
C
x
Hy + (x+
4
y
)O
2

x CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
C
n
H
2n+2-2k

+

O H k n nCO O
k n
to
2 2 2
) 1 (
2
1 3
+ +
+
Nu
2 2
CO O H
n n >
A l ankan v A CO O H
n n n
2 2
Nu
2 2
CO O H
n n

A l anken (hay xicloankan)

Nu
2 2
CO O H
n n <
A l ankin, ankadien hoc aren. Nu A c C l mch h

A l ankin hay ankadien, lc A O H CO

n n n
2
2
t chy mt hidrocacbon hay hn hp hidrocacbon bt k, ta lun c:

2 2 2
1
2
pu
O CO H O
n n n +
Lp cng thc n gin nht t lp CTPT,
Tnh m
C
, m
H,
hoc %C, %H
Tnh t l x:y =
% %
:
12 1 12 1
C H
m m C H

Cng thc nguyn :(C

x
H
y
)
n
dng M hoc m bin lun tm CTPT
MT S LU :
Nu hp cht hu c t bi CuO, sau phn ng, khi lng bnh dng
CuO gim ag th chnh l khi lng Oxi phn ng.
Nu hp cht hu c t thu c CO
2
, H
2
O, Na
2
CO
3
th thnh phn nht
thit phi c C, H, Na ngoi ra c th c Oxi.
m
c(trong hp cht hu c)
=
2 2 3
( ) CO C Na CO
m m +
Nu hp cht hu c t thu c CO
2
, H
2
O, HCl th thnh phn nht
thit phi C, H, Cl, ngoi ra c th c Oxi.
m
c(trong hp cht hu c)
=
2
( ) ( ) H H O H HCl
m m +
Khi cho hn hp CO
2
, H
2
O vo bnh Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
th :
Nhm SVTH: Nhm 3 1 Lp ho 07B, nm hc 2009-2010
m
bnh tng
=
2 2
CO H O
m m +
m
dung dch tng
=
2 2
CO H O
m m m +
m
dung dch gim
=
2 2
( )
CO H O
m m m +
I.2 Bi tp p dng:
1. t chy hon ton hn hp M gm mt ankan X v mt ankin Y, thu
c s mol CO
2
bng s mol nc. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v s mol ca X
v Y trong hn hp M
gii

O H n nCO H C
O
n n 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
+ +
+
a
na
(n+1)a

O H m mCO H C
O
m m 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
+
mb
(m-1)b
Theo :
% 50 %
) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2

+ + +
+ + +
ankin ankan
O H CO
n n b a
b a mb na mb na
b m a n mb na n n
2. t chy han ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan,
propan bng oxi khng kh ( trong khng kh, Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c
7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc), v 9,9g nc.Th tch khng kh nh nht cn dng
t chy hon tan lng kh thin nhin trn l bao nhiu?
gii
Khi t chy 1hidrocacbon bt k ta lun c:

l V
mol n n n
kk
O H CO pu O
t
70
20
100
). 4 , 22 . 625 , 0 (
625 , 0 55 , 0 .
2
1
35 , 0 5 , 0
2 2

+ +
3. t chy mt ankin A thu c 5,4g nc v cho sn phm chy qua
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, dung dch c khi lng gim so vi dung dch nc vi
trong ban u l 19,8g. Xc nh CTPT ca A.
gii:
Ta c:
mol n
O H
3 , 0
18
5 , 5
2

gi
amol n n amol n
CO CaCO CO

2 3 2
khi lng dung dch gim:

45 , 0
8 , 19 ) 4 , 5 44 ( 100
8 , 19 ) (
2 2 3

+
+
a
a a
m m m
O H CO CaCO

O H n nCO H C
O
n n 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
2
+

0,45 0,3
0,3n = 0,45(n-1)
4 3
3 H C n
Bi tp t rn luyn :
1. Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy
hon ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu
c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l (cho H
= 1, C = 12, O = 16)
2. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh
cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng han ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt
na v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh Cng thc phn t ca 2
hirocacbon l (cho H = 1, C = 12)
3. Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng
phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh hp th
hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(d), thu c s gam kt ta l (cho H = 1, C = 12,
O = 16, Ca = 40)
4. ot chay hoan toan 1,12 lt mot anken X (ktc) thu
c 5,60 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). CTPT X la:
A. C
3
H
6
B.C
4
H
8
C. C
4
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
5. ot chay hoan toan mot the tch hon hp gom
anken X va hidrocacbon Y thu c 5,56 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) va 5,40
g nc. Y thuoc loai hirocacbon co cong thc phan t
dang.
A.C
n
H
2n
B.C
n
H
2n-2
C. C
n
H
2n+2
D. C
n
H
2n
6. ot chay hoan toan 1,3g ankin X thu c 2,24 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) . Cong thc phan t cua X la :
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
3
H
4
C.C
4
H
6
D. C
5
H
8
7. ot chay hoan toan 5,4g ankaien X thu c 8,96 lt kh
CO
2
( ktc) . Cong thc phan t cua X la
A. C
4
H
4
B. C
4
H
8
C.C
4
H
6
D. C
4
H
10
8. ot chay hoan toan hon hp kh gom ankin X va
hidrocacbon Y mach h co cung so nguyen t C, thu c
san pham chay co the tch hi nc bang the tch kh CO
2
(cac the tch o cung ieu kien). Y thuoc loai:
A.ankin B. anken C. xicloankan D. ankan
9. ot chay 1 so mol nh nhau cua 3 hidrocacbon A, B, C
thu c lng CO
2
nh nhau, con t le so mol CO
2
va H
2
O
oi vi A, B, C lan lt la 0,5: 1:1,5. CTPT cua A, B, C
A. CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
B. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
C. C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
D. C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
10. ot chay ht 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc), dan ton b san
pham chay vao dd nc voi trong d thay co 40g. CTPT X
A. C
2
H
6
B. C
4
H
10
C. C
3
H
6
D. C
3
H
8
11. ot chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hon hp 2 ankan thu
c 9,45g H
2
O. Cho san pham chay qua bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d
th khoi lng ket tua thu c la bao nhieu ?
A.37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g D.42,5g
12. ot chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hon hp 2 ankan thu
c 9,45g H
2
O. Cho san pham chay qua bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d
th khoi lng ket tua thu c la bao nhieu ?
A.37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g
D.42
II. Bi tp v phn ng th halogen ca Hidrocacbon
II.1. C s l thuyt:

{
2 2
2
as
n n
C H
X
+

2 1
2
........
n n
n n
C H X
C H X
+

' )

2
2 2 n n
HX
X
C H
+
'
Xt phng trnh phn ng:

Nhn xt:
- Nu phn ng xy ra theo t l 1:1 (x=1) trong phn t ankan c bao nhiu
v tr cacbon khc nhau cn hiro s cho ta by nhiu dn xut monohalogen. Khi sn
phm chnh u tin th vo cacbon bc cao.
- Nu cho kh Y qua dd NaOH d m vn c kh thot ra trong hh Y c
ankan cn d.
Hn h p A
Dn xut
Hh kh Y
d
d
xHCl
C H
n
2 n + 2
+
xCl
2
C H
n 2 n + 2
+
Cl
- x
a s
- Nu dd trong NaOH sau phn ng c tnh oxi ha trong hh Y c kh clo
d.
V:
2NaOH + Cl
2
NaClO + NaCl + H
2
O
v NaClO sinh ra c tnh oxi ha mnh.
- Sn phm th (dn xut) thng dng lng v ktc. Trong trng hp to ra
hai sn phm th monohalogen v ihalogen th nn vit hai phng trnh c lp xut
pht t ankan v Cl
2
ly s mol mi sn phm lm n s v lp hai phng trnh ton
hc.
- Ngoi ankan, cn c phng trnh phn ng:

CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+ Cl
2
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
Cl + HCl

V d:
Trn 6g C
2
H
6
v 14,2lit (ktc)Cl
2
c chiu sng thu c sn phm th mono v
iclo. Cho hn hp kh i qua dd NaOH d th cn li 22,4 lit kh duy nht thot ra (
ktc). Dung dch trong NaOH c kh nng oxi ha 200ml dd FeSO
4
0,5M. Phn trm s
mol mi sn th l bao nhiu? Bit cc p xy ra hon ton.
Gii:
( )
2 6
6
0, 2
30
C H bd
n mol

Gi a, b ln lc l s mol ca 2 sp th mono v iclo:

C
2
H
6 + Cl
2
C
2
H
5
Cl
HCl
+
a s
a a a a

C
2
H
6 + 2Cl
2
C
2
H
4
Cl
2
2HCl
+
b 2b b 2b
V sau khi qua dd NaOH d thu c mt kh duy nht l C
2
H
6
(d)=0,1mol

ddNaOH
2( ) 2 6
2 6( )
( 2 )
(0, 2 2 ) (0,1 )
(0, 2 )
du
du
HCl a b
Cl a b C H mol
C H a b
+

'

500
0
C
( )
2
14, 2
0, 2
22, 4
Cl bd
n mol
Hn hp kh sau p:
HCl NaOH NaCl H
2
O
Cl
2 2NaOH NaCl NaClO H
2
O
+ +
+ + +
2 6
0, 2 0,1 0,1
C H
n a b a b +
(1)
d
Trong 2 mui th ch c NaClO c tnh oxi ha mnh, v oxi ha Fe
2+
thnh Fe
3+

t (1) v (2) suy ra
Phn trm s mol sn phm th l: C
2
H
5
Cl = C
2
H
4
Cl
2
= 50%
II.2 Mt s bi tp:
Bi 1: HC mch h X ch cha lk v c hai nguyn t C bc ba trong mt phn t.
t chy hon ton mt th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO
2
(cng iu kin nhit , p
sut). Khi cho X tc dng vi Clo (t l 1:1), s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra l:
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5
(tuyn sinh H khi B-08)
Hng dn gii:
HC mch h X ch cha lk

X l ankan

2 2 2
2
CO H C
O
n n

+
V 6V
14 6
: 6 H C X n
c hai nguyn t C bc ba trong mt phn t
CTCT ca X l:
CH
3
CH(CH
3
)CH(CH
3
)CH
3
da vo CTCT X
X tc dng vi Clo (t l 1:1) s dn xut monoclo l 2
n n C
Bi 2: Khi brom ha mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t
khi hi i vi hidro l 75,5. Tn ankan l:
A. 3,3-imetylhexan
B. 2,2-imetylpropan
C. Isopentan
D. 2,2,,3-trimetylpentan
(tuyn sinh H khi B-07)
FeSO
4
NaOH
Fe(OH)
2
Na
2
SO
4
2Fe(OH)
2
NaClO
2Fe(OH)
3
NaCl
+ +
+ + +
H
2
O
2 2 4
( )
1
0, 05 0, 2 2
2
Cl NaClO Fe OH FeSO
n n n n a b
(2)
{
0,05
0,05
a mol
b mol

Hng dn gii:

HBr Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+ +
+ + 1 2 2 2 2
Ta c:
151 2 . 5 , 75
1 2

+
Br H C
n n
M

12 5
5
151 81 14
H C n
n

+

2
1 2 5
Br
H C mt dn xut monobrom duy nht
CTCT ca ankan l: C(CH

3
)
4
:2,2-imetylpropan
n n B.
Bi 3: Mt ankan phn ng vi clo theo t l 1:2 thu c sn phm cha 83,53% clo v
khi lng. CTPT ca ankan l:
A. mtan
B. tan
C. propan
D. butan
Hng dn gii:

1:2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
n n n n
C H Cl C H Cl HCl
+
+ +
Ta c:
% 53 , 83 % 100 .
71 14
5 , 35 . 2
%
+
n
Cl
1 n
ankan X l mtan
n n A
Bi 4: Cho 19,5g benzen tc dng vi 48g brom lng, c bt Fe lm xc tc, thu dc
27,475g brombenzen. Hiu sut ca phn ng trn l?
A. 40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 70%
Hng dn gii:

mol n
mol n
Br
H C
3 , 0
25 , 0
2
6 6

mol n
Br H C
175 , 0
157
475 , 27
6 6

Da vo t l s mol ta tnh hiu sut theo benzen

r H Br H C Br H C
t Fe
B + +
6 6
,
2 6 6
0
0,25 0,3 0,175 (mol)
Theo PTP ta c:

% 70 % 100 .
25 , 0
175 , 0
% H

p n D
Bi 5: Cht A c CTPT C
7
H
8
. Cho A tc dng vi Ag
2
O/NH
3
thu c kt ta B. M
B
>
M
A
l 214vC. S ng phn tha mn iu kin trn l:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Hng dn gii:
Gi x l s H b thay th bi Ag.
O xH Ag H C O xAg H C
x x
NH
2 8 7 2 8 7
2 2
3
+ +

+
Ta c: M
B
- M
A
= 214

(92-x+108x)-92=214

x=2
CTCT c th c l:
CHC-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CCH
CHC-C(CH
3
)
2
-CCH
CHC-CH
2
-CH(CH
3
)-CCH
p n B
Bi tp tham kho
Bi 1: Nitro ha benzen thu dc 2 cht X, Y km nhau mt nhm NO
2
. t chy hon
ton 19,4g hh X, Y thu c CO
2
, H
2
O v 2.24l kh N
2
(kc). Tm CTCT ca X, Y?
Bi 2: A l mt HC mch h. t chy A thu c t s mol CO
2
gp i s mol nc.
Mt khc ly 0,05mol A phn ng va ht vi agNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 7,5g kt ta. tm
CTCT ca A
Bi 3: Cho m(g) HC A thuc dy ng ng ca mtan tc dng vi Clo c chiu sng,
ch thu c mt dn xut clo duy nht B vi khi lng 8,52g. trung ha ht kh
HCl sinh ra, cn 80ml KOH 1M. Tm CTPT ca A, B. Vit CTCT ca cc ng phn
A v gi tn chng.
III phn ng cng
III.1 C s l thuyt:

2 2 2 2 2 2 + +
+
n n k n n
H C kH H C

k k n n k n n
Br H C kBr H C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + +
+
Thng thng cc bi ton v phn ng cng thng dn hn hp ca anken ng ng phn
ng vi Br
2
, H
2
sau phn ng khi lng bnh tng ln agam, hoc % ca brom trong hp cht
l x% xc nh cng thc ca hidrocacbon .
Vi nhng dng ny ta cn xc nh
_
n ca hidrocacbon ri t suy ra CTPT ca HC
III.2 Bi tp p dng
Bi. 1,792 lt hn hp (X) gm 2 anken lin tip (o 0
0
C, 2.5atm) cho qua nc brom
d th khi lng bnh nc brom tng 7gam.
a. xc nh CTPT ca 2 anken
b. t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho sn phm chy vo 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M th
thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Gii:
mol
RT
PV
n
hhX
2 , 0
273 . 082 , 0
792 , 1 . 5 , 2

a. t CTPT trung bnh ca 2 anken l
n n
H C
2
Ta c phn ng:
2
2
2
2
Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+
m
hhX
= tng khi lng bnh nc brom =7g

5 , 2 35
2 , 0
7
14 ) (
2
n
n
m
n M
hhX
hhX
H C
n n
2 anken l lin tip nhau suy ra CTPT ca 2 anken l:
6 3 4 2
H vC H C
b. phng trnh phn ng chy: O H n CO n O
n
H C
t
n n
2 2
0
2
2
)
2
3
( + +
0,2mol 0,2
n
mol
n(CO
2
)=0,2
n
= 0,2.2,5=0,5 mol
n(NaOH) = 0,5.1,8 = 0,9 mol
nhn thy t l: 1<
2
5 , 0
9 , 0
2
<
CO
NaOH
n
n
nn phn ng to thnh mui trung ha v mui axit
O H CO Na NaOH CO
2 3 2 2
2 + +
x 2x x
O H CO Na NaOH CO
2 3 2 2
2 + +
y y y
ta c: n(CO
2
) = x + y =0,5
n(NaOH) = 2x + y = 0,9 Gii phng trnh suy ra x = 0,4mol ; y = 0,1mol
vy kh lng mui thu c l m
mui
=
g y x m m
NaHCO CO Na
8 , 50 84 106
3 3 2
+ +
Lu : nu xy ra phn ng ca anken vi dung dch Br
2
. khi lng bnh cha dch Br
2
tng l
khi lng ca anken.
Bi 2: cho 12,6 gam hn hp 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va vi dung
dch Br
2
thu c 44,6 g hn hp sn phm. xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anken.
Gii :
t CTPT trung bnh ca anken l
n n
H C
2
Pt phn ng:
2
2
2
2
Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+
x x
Theo LBTKL ta c m
anken
+ m
brom
= m
sn phm
mol n g m m m
r
Br anken sp Br
2 , 0
160
32
32 6 , 12 6 , 44
2

mol n n
Br anken
2 , 0
2

5 , 4 63 14 63
2 , 0
6 , 12
n n M anken
Vy CTPT ca hai anken l: C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
Bi: Dn hn hp X gm etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom d khi lng bnh
brom tng 1,34g. Cn khi cho tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 7,2g
kt ta. Thnh phn phn trm th tch ca etilen v axetilen ln lt l :
A. 50% ; 50% B. 35,5% ; 64,5% C. 40% ; 60% D. 25% ; 75%
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:

2 4 2 2 4 2
Br H C Br H C +
x x

4 2 2 2 2 2
2 Br H C Br H C + +
y y

3 4 3 3
2 2 2 NO NH CAg AgC NH AgNO CH HC + + +
y y
Gi x, y (mol) ln lt l s mol ca etylen v axetylen
khi lng bnh brom tng 1,34g l khi lng ca hn hp X

28x + 26y = 1,34

mol y 03 , 0
24 2 . 108
2 , 7

x
0,02mol
cng iu kin v hit v p sut th t l v s mol bng t l v th tch
%V(C
2
H
4
) =
% 40 100 .
05 , 0
02 , 0
%V(C
2
H
2
) =
% 60 100 .
05 , 0
03 , 0
Bi 4. A l 1 HC mch h , cht kh iu kin thng .4,48 lt kh A ktc tc dng

va vi 0,4 mol Brom to ra sn phm B cha 85,562% brom v khi lng. Cng
thc phn t ca A l:
a. C
2
H
6
b. C
3
H
4
c. C
4
H
6
d. C
6
H
6
Gii:
n
mol
A
2 , 0
t CTPT trung bnh ca HC l
k n n
H C
2 2 2 +
pt phn ng:
k k n n k n n
Br H C kBr H C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + +
+

0,2 0,2k
2 k
Ta li c
4 562 , 85 100 .
2 . 160 2 . 2 2 14
2 . 160
%
+ +
n
n
Br
chn p n C
Bi 5. Cho 10,2g h n h p khi A g m CH
4
va anken ng ng lin ti p i qua dd n c
brom d, th y kh i l ng bi nh tng 7g, ng th i th ti ch h n h p gia m i m t
n a.Cng th c phn t ca c anken la :
A. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
10
C.C
4
H
8
,C
5
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
, C
6
H
12
Gii:
t CTPT trung bnh ca anken l:
n n
H C
2
gi x, y(mol) ln lt s mol ca CH
4
v anken
Phng trnh phn ng:
2
2
2
2
Br H C Br H C
n n n n
+
y y
ta c 16x + 14n y = 10,2 (1)
khi hn hp kh qua Br
2
th th tch gim mt na
y x
(2)
khi lng bnh brom tng 7g l khi lng ca hn hp anken
n
y
M 14
7

(3)
t (3) v (1) 5 . 2 2 , 0 , 5 , 0 n y x y n
Vy chon p n A
Bi tp tham kho
1. Cho 2,24 lt anken X (ktc) tac dung vi dd brom thu c
san pham co khoi lng ln hn khoi lng anken la
A. 0,8 g B. 10,0g C. 12,0 g D. 16,0g
2. Anken X tac dung vi nc (xuc tac axit) to ra hon hp 2
ancol ong phan cua nhau.
d
/N
2
= 2,00. Ten ca X la
A. iso-penten B. but-1-en C. but-2-en
D. pent-1en
3. Anken Y tac dung vi dd brom tao thanh dan suat ibrom
trong o % khoi lng C bang 17,82 %. CTPT Y la:
A. C
3
H
6
B.C
4
H
8
C. C
4
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
4, Cho 14g h n h p 2 anken la ng ng lin ti p i qua dung di ch n c Br
2
th y la m
m t ma u v a u dd ch a 64g Br
2
.Cng th c phn t cu a ca c anken la :
A. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
10
C. C
4
H
10
, C
5
H
12
D.
C
5
H
10
, C
6
H
12
5. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm hai hidrocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha
1,4 lt dung dch Br
2
0,5 M. sau phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na
v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai hidrocacbon
.
6. Mt hirocacbon cng hp vi HCl theo t l 1:1 to ra sn phm c thnh phn khi
lng Clo l 45,223%. Xc nh CTPT X
IV.s dng cc gi tr trung bnh gii nhanh cc bi tp v
Hidrocacbon
IV.1/ c s l thuyt:
Nu c mt hn hp nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc (m cc PTP
cng loi, cng hiu sut, sn phm phn ng tng t nhau) ta c th thay hn hp ny
bng mt cht tng ng.
Gi s hn hp gm cc chtA, B, C,( cha C, H, O), c th thay bng cht tng
ng
x y z
C H O
: M vi:
-Khi lng phn t (nguyn t) trung bnh:

...
...
hh A A B B K K
hh A B K
m n M n M n M
M
n n n n
+ + +

+ + +
(n
A
, n
B
, n
K
c th l s mol, th tch hay % s mol,)
Lun c M
A
< M <M
K
- S nguyn t C trung bnh:

1 2
...
...
A B K K
A B K
n x n x n x
x
n n n
+ + +
+ + +
(vi x
1
<
x
< x
K
)
(x
1,
x
2
, x
3
, l s nguyn t C ca A, B, C,)
- S nguyn t H trung bnh :
1 2
...
...
A B K K
A B K
n y n y n y
y
n n n
+ + +
+ + +
(vi y
1
<
y
< y
K
)
(y
1,
y
2
, y
3
, l s nguyn t H ca A, B, C,)
Cc gi tr trung bnh khc nh s nguyn t O trung bnh, s lien kt
trung bnh,
s nhm chc trung bnh, Cch thit lp tng t.
Phm vi p dng :
Dng gii nhanh cc bi ho hc nh : xc nh cng thc phn t ca cht hu c
(c th k tip nhau trong cng mt dy ng ng hoc c th khng k tip), tnh th
tch hay % th tch, s mol hay % s mol, ca cc cht trong hn hp.
IV.2. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1 : Cho 4,48l hn hp X (ktc) gm 2 HC mch h tc dung v vi 700 ml
dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi ton b lng kh hp th ht th khi lng bnh tng
thm 5,3g. CTPT ca hai HC l:
A. C
2
H
2
v C
2
H
4
B. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
D. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
Bi gii :
n
X
= 0,2 mol

2
Br
n
= 0.35 mol
Gi CT chung ca 2 HC l
2 2 2 n n k
C H
+

2 2 2 n n k
C H
+
+
2
kBr
2 2 2 2 n n k k
C H Br
+
1<k =
0, 35
0, 2
=1,175<2. Vy hn hp c mt anken v mt ankin c s nguyn t C 2.
M =
5, 3
0, 2
= 26,5
14 2 2.1,175 26, 5 n +
2 n
X l C
2
H
2
v C
2
H
4
. Vy chon cu A
Bi 2:Hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
v C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
6
. t chy hon ton 24,8g hn hp X thu
c 28,8g H
2
O. Mt khc 0,5 mol hh ny tc dng vi 500g dd Br
2
20% va . Phn
trm v th tch mi kh trong hh l:
A. 50%, 30%,20% B. 30%, 50%, 20% C.50%, 25%, 25% D. 25%, 25%,
50%
Hng dn gii:
Hh X theo bi l mt hh ng nht, t l gia cc thnh phn kh trong hh l khng
i. Do , khi lng PTTB ca hh M trung bnh l mt gi tr khng i.
Gi s c 1 mol hh X.
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca 3 kh trong 1 mol hh X. T gi thuyt ta c h phng
trnh :
1
0, 625
2 1, 25
0.5
24, 8( 3 3 )
26 30 42
1, 6
x y z
x z
x y z
M x y z
+ +
+
'
+ +
+ +
0, 5
0, 25
x mol
y z mol

'

2 2 2 6 3 6
% 50%, % % 25%
C H C H C H
V V V
p n C
Bi 3: (bi 8 trang 182-SGK 11NC)
HH A gm hai cht k tip nhau trong dy ng ng ca etilen. Cho 3.36l (kc) hh kh
trn phn ng ho ton vi Br
2
/CCl
4
th thy khi lng bnh cha nc brom tng them
7,7g.
a) Hy xc nh CTPT ca 2 anken .
b) Xc nh thnh phn % v th tch ca 2 hh A.
c) Vit CTCT ca cc ankenng phn c cng CTPT vi 2 anken cho.
Hng dn gii:
a) t A C
n
H
2n
(a mol) ; C
m
H
2m
(b mol)
CTPT trung bnh ca hh A
2 n n
C H
(c mol)
2 1 n n m n < < +
3, 36
0,15
22, 4
c a b mol +
PTP:
2 2 2 2 n n n n
C H Br C H Br +
Theo :
14 .0,15 7, 7 n

3, 67
2 3, 76 1
n
n m n

< < +
Chn n = 3 v m = 4
Vy CTPT ca 2 anken l C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
b) ta c h:
0,15 0, 05
42 56 7, 7 0,1
a b a mol
a b b mol
+
' '
+

3 6
4 8
0, 05
% .100% 33, 33%
0,15
% 66.67%
C H
C H

c) C
3
H
6
: CH
3
CH=CH
2
C
4
H
8
: CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
CH
3
C(CH
3
)=CH
2
Bi 4 (bi 4.19 trang 31 SBT HH 11)
HH kh A cha 2 HC k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Ly 1,12l kh A em t chy
hon ton. Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh (1) ng H
2
SO
4
c, sau qua bnh (2)
ng NaOH d. Sau th nghim khi lng bnh (1) tng 2,16g v bnh (2) tng 7,48g.
Xc nh CTPT v % v th tch ca tng cht trong hh A.
Hng dn gii:
t CTPT ca 2 HC k tip nhau trong dy ng ng l: C
x
H
y
v C
x+1
H
y+2
t CTPT chung ca 2 HC l: y x
H C

vi
) 2 ( ) 1 ( + > < + < < y y y v x x x
O H
y
CO x O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2
2 4
+
,
_
+ +
nH
2
O + H
2
SO
4

H
2
SO
4
.nH
2
O
CO
2
+ 2NaOH
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
n
hh
=0,12mol
mol n
mol n
co
O H
17 , 0
12 , 0
2
2
Theo pt: 1mol y x

H C
to ra
x
mol CO
2
v
2
y
mol H
2
O.
Theo : 0,05mol y x
H C
to ra 0,17mol CO
2
v 0,12mol H
2
O.
4 , 3 4 , 2
1 4 , 3
4 , 3
05 , 0
17 , 0
< <
+ < <

x
x x
x
x=3 (v x nguyn)
Mt khc:
8 , 4 8 , 2
2 8 , 4
8 , 4
4 , 2
05 , 0
12 , 0
2
< <
+ < <

y
y y
y
y
y=4 (v y nguyn,chn)
Vy CTPT ca 2 cht l C
3
H
4
(a mol) v C
4
H
6
( b mol).
Ta c h:
'
+
+
17 . 0 4 3
05 , 0
b a
b a

'
) ( 02 , 0
) ( 03 , 0
mol b
mol a

% th tch cng l % v s mol:
% 40 %
% 60 % 100 .
05 , 0
03 , 0
%
6 4
4 3

H C
H C
V
V
Lu : c th gii theo pp i s
t C
x
H
y
(a mol) ; C
x+1
H
y+2
(b mol)
a+b= 0,05 mol (1)
O H
y
xCO O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2
2 4
+
,
_
+ +
a mol ax mol
mol
ay
2

O H
y
CO x O
y
x H C
y x 2 2 2 2 1
2
2
) 1 ( 5 , 1
4
+
+ +
,
_
+ + +
+ +
b mol (x+1) mol
mol
y b
2
) 2 ( +
) 3 ( 12 , 0
2
) 2 (
) 2 ( 17 , 0 ) 1 (
2
2
mol
y b ay
n
mol x b ax n
O H
CO
+ +
+ +
T (2) ta c: (a + b)x + b = 0,17
b = 0,17-0,05x
ta c 0 < b < 0,05
0 < 0,17-0,05x < 0,05
2,4 < x < 3,4

3 x
03 , 0
02 , 0 ) 3 . 05 , 0 ( 17 , 0

a
b
Thay gi tr a, b vo (3) ta c y=4
Vy CTPT ca 2 cht l C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
6
.
Bi 5 (bi 6.11 trang 43SBT HH 11)
HH kh A cha H
2
v 2 anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. T khi ca A i vi
H
2
l 8,26. un nh hh A c mt xc tc Ni th A bin thnh hh B khng lm mt mu
nc Brom v c t khi i vi H
2 l
11,8.
Xc nh CTPT v % th tch ca tng cht trong hh A v hh B?
Hng dn gii:
t CTC ca 2 anken l:
) (
2
xmol H C
n n
v H
2
(1-x)mol. ( trong 1 mol A)
52 , 16 2 . 26 , 8 ) 1 ( 2 14 + x x n M
A
(1)
2 2 2 2 +
+
n n n n
H C H H C
x x x (mol)
mol x
x
M
B
3 , 0
6 , 23 2 . 8 , 11
1
52 , 16

Thay x vo (1) c
6 , 3 n
Vy CTPT 2 anken l: C
3
H
6
(amol) v C
4
H
8
(bmol)
Ta c h:
'
+
+
+
6 , 3
4 3
03 , 0
b a
b a
b a

'
) ( 18 , 0
) ( 12 , 0
mol b
mol a

hh A: C
3
H
6
: 12% ; C
4
H
8
: 18% ; H
2
: 70%
hh B: C
3
H
8
:
% 17 % 100 .
7 , 0
12 , 0
C
4
H
10
:
% 26 % 100 .
7 , 0
18 , 0
H
2
: 57%
Bi 6(bi 7.27 trang 57 SBT HH 11)
HH M cha 2 HC k tip nhau trong mt dy ng ng. Khi t chy hon ton 13,2g
hh M thu c 20,72l CO
2
(kc). Xc nh CTPT v % khi lng tng cht trong hh
M.
Hng dn gii:
mol n
CO
925 , 0
4 , 22
72 , 20
2

g m
C
1 , 11 12 . 925 , 0
mol n
g m
O H
H
05 , 1
18
1 , 2
1 , 2 1 , 11 2 , 13
2

V
2 2
CO O H
n n >
nn 2 cht trong hh M u l ankan
4 , 7
05 , 1
925 , 0
1
) 1 (
2
2 3
2 2 2 2 2

+
+ +
+
+
+
n
n
n
O H n CO n O
n
H C
n n
Vy CTPT 2 ankan l: C
7
H
16
(xmol) v C
8
H
18
(ymol)
Gii h:
'
+
+
925 , 0 8 7
2 , 13 114 100
2
y x n
y x m
CO
M

'
mol y
mol x
05 , 0
075 , 0
% v khi lng ca C
7
H
16
: 56,8% ; C
8
H
18
: 43,2%
V.Bi tp v phn ng th nguyn t hidro linh ng bng ion kim loi
(Ag)
V.1 c s l thuyt
Vi cc hidrocacbon c ni ba u mch th nguyn t H gn vi C ni ba tr
nn linh ng d tham gia phn ng th:
R-C
CH + AgNO
3
+ NH
3

R-C
CAg + NH
4
NO
3
Dng tng qut:
C
x
H
y
+
AgNO
3
+
NH
3

C
x
H
y
Ag
NH
4
NO
3
Vi ankin:
Nu
=1
ank-1-in (R-C
CH)
Nu
=2
HC
CH (C
2
H
2
)
Kt ta d ho tan trong axit mnh
R-C
CAg + HCl
R-C
CH + AgCl
V.2. Bi tp p dng:
Bi tp 1: Cho 17,92 lt hn hp kh X gm 3 hidrocacbon l ankan, anken v ankin ly
theo t l th tch tng ng l 1:1:2 li qua bnh cha dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
ly d thu
c 96g kt ta v hn hp kh Y. t chy ho ton hn hp kh Y thu c 13,44 lt
CO
2
. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Tm CTPT ca 3 hidrocacbon?
Gii:
n
X
=
4 , 22
92 , 17
=0,8 mol
V t l th tch bng t l s mol nn s mol tng ng l: C
n
H
2n+2
: 0,2 mol ; C
m
H
2m
:
0,2 mol; C
p
H
2p-2
: 0,4 mol.
C
p
H
2p-2
+
AgNO
3
+
NH
3

C
p
H 2 2 p Ag
NH
4
NO
3
0,4 mol
0,4 mol
Ta c n = n
ankin
= 0,4 mol =
107 2 14
96
+ p

5,6p + 42,8
= 96,8
+ Nu
=1
p = 9,6 (loi)
+ Nu
= 2
p = 2 (nhn)
CTPT ca ankin l C
2
H
2
Kh Y gm : C
n
H
2n+2
: 0,2 mol v C
m
H
2m
: 0,2 mol
Ta c phn ng chy:
C
n
H
2n+2
+
,
_
+
2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n+1)CO
2
0,2 mol
0,2n mol
C
m
H
2m
+
,
_
2
3m
O
2

mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
0,2 mol
0,2m mol

0,2 (n+m) =
4 , 22
44 , 13
= 0,6 mol
n+m = 3
n=1 v m=2
CTPT ankan l CH
4
CTPT anken l C
2
H
4
Bi tp 2: t chy ankin A to ra 11g CO
2
. Mt khc, khi cho 3,4g A tc dng vi
lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy to thnh a gam kt ta. CTPT ca A v a
l:
A. C
2
H
2
; 8,5g B. C
3
H
4
; 8,5g C. C
4
H
6
; 8,75g D. C
5
H
8
; 8,7
Gii:
Do A tc dng c vi AgNO
3
trong NH
3
nn A l ank-1-in:
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
_

2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O

2 14
4 , 3
n
mol 0,25 mol
n
2
CO =
44
11
= 0,25 mol
Ta c:
2 14
4 , 3
n
=
n
25 , 0

n = 5
CTPT A l C
5
H
8
C
5
H
8
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3

C
5
H
7
Ag + NH
4
NO
3
0,05 mol
0,05 mol
n
8
5H C =
8 , 6
4 , 3
=0,05 mol
a = 0,05.175= 8,75g
p n D
Bi tp 3: Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch
AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o
ktc.
a) Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong A.
b) Tnh m.
Gii:
a) Khi dn A vo dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
ch c propin phn ng
V
C2H4
= 0,84 lt
V
propin
= 3,36-0,84= 2,52 lt
%V
etilen
=
36 , 3
84 , 0
.100%= 25%
%V
propin
= 100%-25%=75%
b) n
propin
=
4 , 22
52 , 2
= 0,1125 mol
CH
C-CH
3
+ AgNO
3
+ NH
3

AgC
C-CH
3
+ NH
4
NO
3
0,1125 mol
0,1125 mol
m= 0,1125. 147=16,5375 g
Bi tp 4: Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua dung dch
brom d, thy cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X trn qua dung
dch bc nitrat trong amoniac thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
a) Vit cc phng trnh ho hc gii thch phng trnh TN trn.
b) Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch v theo khi lng ca mi kh trong
hn hp.
Gii:
a) Dn X qua dd Br
2
d ch c etilen v axetilen phn ng
CH
2
=CH
2
+ Br
2

BrCH
2
-CH
2
Br
CH
CH + Br
2

BrCH=CHBr
BrCH=CHBr + Br
2

Br
2
CH-CHBr
2
Dn X qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
ch c axetilen phn ng
CH
CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3

AgC
CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3
b)
Khi dn qua dung dch brom d c 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th l propan
V
propan
= 1,68 lt
V
etilen+axetilen
= 6,72 - 1,68 = 5,04 lt
CH
CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3

AgC
CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3
0,101 mol

0,101 mol
n =
240
24 , 24
= 0,101 mol

V
axetilen
= 0,101. 22,4= 2,2624 lt

V
etilen
= 5,04 2,2624= 2,7776 lt
%V
propan
=
72 , 6
68 , 1
.100%= 25%
%V
axetilen
=
72 , 6
2624 , 2
.100%= 33,67%
%V
etilen
= 41,33%
Bi tp 5: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hirocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc). X
tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
trong NH
3
sinh ra kt ta Y. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
a) CH
3
-CH=CH
2
b) CH
CH
c) CH
3
-C
CH
d) CH
2
=CH-CH
CH
Gii:
X tc dng c vi dd AgNO
3
/NH
3

X l ank-1-in
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
_

2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
0,1
0,1.n mol
n
X
=0,1 mol
n
2
CO = 0,3 mol
Ta c: 0,1n = 0,3
n=3
CTPT X l C
3
H
4
CTCT X l: CH
3
-C
CH
p n d
Bi tp 6: Mt bnh kn ng hn hp hidro vi axetilen v mt t bt Niken. Nung
nng bnh mt thi gian sau a v nhit ban u. Nu cho mt na kh trong
bnh sau khi nung nng i qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
th c 1,2g kt ta mu vng nht. Nu
cho na cn li qua bnh ng nc brom d thy khi lng bnh tng 0,41g.
a) Vit PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng TN.
b) Tnh khi lng axetilen cha phn ng, khi lng etilen to ra sau phn ng.
Gii:
a) Khi nung nng hn hp hidro v axetilen c xc tc Niken
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

0
,t Ni
C
2
H
4

C
2
H
4
+ H
2

0
,t Ni
C
2
H
6
Khi dn kh thu c sau phn ng qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
to kt ta mu vng nht
chng t hn hp kh thu c c C
2
H
2
cn d.
CH
CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3

AgC
CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3
Khi dn qua bnh ng nc brom d thy khi lng bnh tng 0,41g l khi
lng ca C
2
H
2
v C
2
H
4
CH
2
=CH
2
+ Br
2

BrCH
2
-CH
2
Br
CH
CH + 2Br
2

Br
2
CH-CHBr
2
b) Khi lng axetilen chua phn ng:
CH
CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3

AgC
CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3
0,005 mol

0,005 mol
n
=
240
2 , 1
= 0,005 mol
m
axetilen cha p
= 0,005.26= 0,13 g
m
etilen to ra
= 0,41- 0,13= 0,28 g
Bi tp 7: Khi t chy mt ankin A thu c mt khi lng nc ng bng khi
lng ankin em t. Tm cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca A. Gi tn ca
A, bit A to c kt ta vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Vit PTHH ca phn ng.
Gii:
Gi m l khi lng ankin v cng l khi lng ca nc to thnh.
C
n
H
2n-2
+
,
_

2
1 3n
O
2

nCO
2
+ (n-1)H
2
O
2 14 n
m
mol
(n-1)
2 14 n
m
mol
n
ankin
=
2 14 n
m
mol
n O H
2
=
18
m
mol
Ta c:
(n-1)
2 14 n
m
=
18
m

18n -18 = 14n -2
4n = 16
n = 4
CTPT A l C
4
H
6
V A c p vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
nn CTCT ca A l:
CH
C-CH
2
-CH
3
: But-1-in

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Khoa Ho Hc Chuyn Hidrocacbon

Trng H ng Thp GVHD: TS Dng Huy Cn

A l anken (hay xicloankan)

A l ankin hay ankadien, lc A O H CO

Cng thc nguyn :(C

Nhm SVTH: Nhm 3 2 Lp ho 07B, nm hc 2009-2010

Xt phng trnh phn ng:

X tc dng vi Clo (t l 1:1) s dn xut monoclo l 2

Khoa Ho Hc Chuyn Hidrocacbon

CTCT ca ankan l: C(CH

28x + 26y = 1,34

Bi 4. A l 1 HC mch h , cht kh iu kin thng .4,48 lt kh A ktc tc dng

Theo pt: 1mol y x

0 < 0,17-0,05x < 0,05

2,4 < x < 3,4

18n -18 = 14n -2

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