Bai Giang 9525

Bi ging nn v mng
Chng 1
M U
1.1.KHI NIM CHUNG
Mc ch v i tng nghin cu:
- Mn hc Nn v mng s dng cc kin thc ca C hc t, c th ha cho ph hp
vi iu kin thc t, ng thi s dng cc phng php nghin cu ring ca mnh
tnh ton v thit k kt cu mng khc nhau.
- y l mt m hc chuyn mn thc dng cho nn s c mt phn khng th thiu c
l cc vn thi cng nn mng.
Cng trnh xy dng gm:
- Kt cu phn trn: l phn kt cu c tnh t mt
mng tr ln.
- Kt cu phn di: l phn kt cu c tnh t mt
mng tr xung.
Mng: l mt b phn ca cng trnh c tc
dng truyn mi ti trng bn trn xung t nn di
y mng.
Nn: l b phn ngay di mng tip thu tt c
cc lc do mng truyn xung. Nn gm hai loi: nn
thin nhin v nn nhn to.
+ Nn thin nhin: l nn khi y mng t trc
tip ln t thin nhin.
+ Nn nhn to: l nn khi t c dng cc bin php x l lm cho cng hn
hoc cht hn.
Cc yu t ca mng:
-nh mng: l phn mt phng nm ngang tip gip gia kt cu phn trn v mng.
-y mng: l phn mt phng nm ngang tip gip gia mng v t nn.
-Chiu cao mng: l khong cch gia nh mng v y mng.
-Chiu su chn mng: l khong cch t mt t t nhin n y mng cng trnh hoc
t ng xi l ln nht n y mng.
1.2. PHN LOI MNG
GV:BI TH THY- T C S 1
1
3
2
4
5
h
H
m
Hnh 1. S mng tr cu
1-Kt cu phn trn; 2-Mng; 3- Mt trn;
4- y mng; 5- Nn
Bi ging nn v mng
Theo phng php thi cng mng c chia lm hai loi: mng nng v mng su.
1.2.1.Mng nng
Mng nng l cc loi mng c chn su k t y mng n mt t hoc mc nc
thi cng nh hn 56m, thng c cu to nh hnh 1.
Mng nng c phn ra cc loi sau: mng n, mng bng, mng bn (mng b).
1.2.2.Mng su
Mng su l loi mng khi thi cng khng cn o h mng hoc ch o mt phn ri
dng phng php no h, a mng xung su thit k.Thng s dng cho cc
cng trnh c ti trng ln m lp t tt nm tng su. Mng su thng gm cc loi:
mng cc( hnh 2b v hnh 2c), mng ging chm(hnh 2a), mng ging chm hi p.

1.3.NGUYN L CHUNG TNH TON V THIT K MNG THEO TRNG THI
GII HN
1.3.1.Khi nim v trng thi gii hn
Trng thi gii hn c hiu l ngng cui cng v phng din k thut m cng trnh
khng c bt k mt s c no (v vng, nt, bin dng, mt n nh) c v s ton
vn ln vic khai thc, s dng mt cch bnh thng.
Theo khi tnh ton thit k mt b phn cng trnh ni chung phi kim ton ba trng
thi gii hn (TTGH):
Trng thi gii hn 1: Tnh ton v cng n nh ca nn mng.
Trng thi gii hn 2: Tnh ton v bin dng, ln ca nn mng.
Trng thi gii hn 3: Tnh ton v s hnh thnh v pht trin khe nt (ch s dng cho
tnh ton kt cu mng).
1.3.2.Tnh ton thit k mng theo trng thi gii hn
Hnh 2
Bi ging nn v mng
a. Tnh ton theo TTGH 1:
-Tnh ton nn theo TTGH 1 i hi phi tha mn iu kin c bn sau:

S
N
F

Trong :
N: Ti trng thit k hoc ti trng ngoi tc dng ln nn trong trng hp bt li nht.
: Sc chu ti ca nn theo phng ca lc tc dng.
F
S
: H s an ton, ph thuc loi nn v tnh cht ca ti trng, cng trnh
-i vi bn thn mng:
max
R
Trong :
max
: ng sut ln nht trong mng do ti trng cng trnh v phn lc t gy ra.

R: cng cho php (cng tnh ton) ca t nn tng ng vi s ph hoi ca
ng sut.
b. Tnh ton theo TTGH 2:
Vic tnh ton nn theo TTGH 2 trong thc t l tnh ton nhm hn ch ln ca cc dng
nn tr cc loi nn t st cng, ct rt cht, t na v . Thit k phi m bo cc
iu kin sau:
S < [S]
S < [ S]
Trong : S, S: chuyn v ln, ln lch do ti trng gy ra.
[S], [ S]: chuyn v ln, ln lch gii hn.
Chng 2
MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN
2.1.KHI NIM CHUNG
2.1.1.Khi nim
Mng nng l loi mng c su t y mng ti mt t hay ti mc nc thi cng
nh hn 56m.
Bi ging nn v mng
Mng nng c thit k cho nhng cng trnh xy dng trong iu kin a cht tng
i n gin, khi cc lp t cng, cht gn mt t v c cu to n nh.
2.1.2. Phn loi
a.Theo vt liu lm mng
i vi ngnh xy dng cu ng, lm mng tr, m cu thng dng cc mng xy
hc, mng b tng v mng b tng ct thp.
*Mng hc: Xy vi va xi mng, dng vi cu cng nh v trung, ti trng khng
ln.
* Mng b tng: y l mng ph bin nht trong cc loi mng nng, R
bt
100
kg/cm
2

nu mng nm trong mi trng b ph hoi th R
bt
200 kg/cm
2
.
* Mng b tng ct thp:
- Khi lng cng trnh nh do gim nh phn no cng tc o t thi cng mng.
- C th thit k cc loi mng lp ghp bng b tng ct thp a n kh nng c gii
ha v cng nghip ha ton b qu trnh thi cng cng trnh.
- Thng dng b tng mc ln hn 200 v ct thp c ng knh 10 30.
b. Theo kch thc mng
- Mng khi: Cc kch thc chiu cao, chiu rng v chiu di khng chnh nhau nhiu.
VD: Mng ca m tr cu:
- Mng bng: Chiu di ln hn cc kch thc cn li rt nhiu. VD: Mng cng, mng
tng chn.
- Mng bn: Mng c b dy mng. VD: Mng ca cc ct.
2.2.CU TO MNG NNG
Khi thit k mng nng bc th nht phi gi nh cc kch thc ca mng. Hnh dng
ca mng ty thuc vo iu kin a cht, a cht thy vn, ti trng cng nh cu to
ca cng trnh bn trn.
2.2.1. su t mng
su t mng cn c vo mt ct a cht chn. chn su di mt t sau khi
xi l ln nht ca y mng, ti thiu l:
h= h + k
Trong : h: su chn mng.
Bi ging nn v mng
h: su t mng trong t m bo n nh ca tr, ty thuc vo iu kin cng
v n nh ca t nn ( 2,5m) .
k: sai s c th xy ra trong khi tnh ton su xi l cnh tr, c th ly t 10%
20% su xi l tnh ton cnh tr.
Ch :
-Khng nn t mng trn mt t hoc nn t mi p, t mng trn mt t s b nh
hng xu ca nhiu yu t thin nhin nh s xi mn ca nc ma trn mt t, s
ph hoi ca cc cn trng cng nh nh hng trc tip ca nn t.
-Mng m tr cu t trn tng yu cu phi ph ht lp phong ha trn mt v y
mng vo lp cng su hn 25cm.
-Nu tr cu t nhng sng khng thng thuyn th nh mng thng ly thp hn
mc nc thp nht ti thiu l 0,5m. Nu sng thng thuyn th khong cch ty
thuc vo cp sng.
2.2.2.Cc kch thc ca mng
-Kch thc bnh din ca mt trn mng thng lm ln hn kch thc mt cng trnh
mt on bng g mng (mc ch lm g mng phng s sai lch v tr khi thi cng
mng). i vi m tr cu = 0,2 1m.

Hnh 2.1

1-Mt trn
mng; 2-
y mng;
3-Thn tr; 4-M tr;

1
5
2
7
6
M? c?u
M cu
1
3
4
2
2
1
Tr? c?u
Tr cu
Bi ging nn v mng
5- Thn m; 6-M m; 7-Tng cnh.
-Kch thc ca y mng xc nh ty thuc vo cng tnh ton ca t nn R nn
phi m rng y mng ln gim p lc ca y mng ln t nn. Tuy nhin nu
m rng qu ln th mng c th b gy do phn lc ca t nn. g mng khng gy
phi m rng theo gc
: L gc m ca vt liu, ph thuc vo loi vt liu- Tra bng 2-1 trang 46 GT

VD: Mng b tng:
= 40
0
- Nu
ln qu tr s qui nh th phi lm mng bng btng ct thp v c gi l

mng mm.
2.2.3.Hnh dng y mng
Hnh dng y mng nn chn
sao cho p sut y mng phn
b u.
-Nu ti trng tc dng ng
tm, y mng thng i xng.
-Nu ti trng tc dng c thm c lc ngang v mmen un ln th y mng nn cu to
khng i xng ng sut y mng phn b u hn, hay ni cch
khc l lm sao cho trng lc i gn trng tm y mng.
Trong trng hp mng t trn tng nm nghing, gim bt kh
khn cho thi cng c th cu to mng thnh nhiu bc(hnh 2.3).
2.3.TNH TON MNG NNG THEO TRNG THI GII HN
2.3.1.t vn
1, Cc bc thit k
- Bc 1: Cn c vo kt cu cng trnh bn trn, ti trng truyn qua cc b phn cng
trnh, iu kin a cht v a cht thy vn s b xc nh cc kch thc ch yu ca
mng: su t mng, kch thc y mng. Ch : phi a ra mt s phng n, sau
so snh la chn mt kt cu hp l nht.
- Bc 2: Kim ton li cc yu cu chu lc ca mng trong cc iu kin ti trng bt
li nht m bo cho mng c an ton v bn vng khi s dng.
- Bc 3: Thit k thi cng.
2, Cc lc tc dng ln mng
- Theo phng tc dng ln cu: gm c:
V
min
max
R
N
M
a, b,
Hinh 2.4
hnh 2.3
Hnh 2.2.a)Lc tc dng ng tm, cu to mng i xng.
b)Lc tc dng lch tm, cu to h mng khng i xng.
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Lc thng ng: trng lng bn thn kt cu, trng lng cc on xe.
+ Lc nm ngang dc cu: lc hm xe, lc co rt do nhit , lc gi dc cu.
+ Lc nm ngang ngang cu: lc gi ngang cu, lc lc ngang ca on xe, lc ly tm nu
cu nm trn ng cong.
- Theo qui trnh: chia lm 3 loi
+ Lc ch: L cc la thng xuyn tc dng ln cu nh tnh ti (trng lng bn than
kt cu), hot ti thng ng (trng lng cc phng tin i trn cu), p lc t ln cc
cng trnh tng chn, lc l tm pht sinh nhng loi cu nm trong ng cong do xe
chy sinh ra.
+ Lc ph: L cc loi lc khng thng xuyn tc dng nh: lc hm xe, lc gi, lc co
rt do nhit , lc va chm ca tu thuyn.
+ Lc c bit: cc lc tng i ln v t tc dng n cng trnh nh: lc ng t, lc
tc dng trong thi gian thi cng.
* Cng thc c bn kim ton cc vn khi thit k cng trnh:
( )
1 . . . . .
tc tc
tt tt
N n N mk R F R F +
Trong : N
tt
: ni lc tnh ton
N
tc
: ni lc tiu chun
n: h s thay i ti trng (h s vt ti)
( ) 1 +
: h s xung kch, i vi cng trnh mng ly
( ) 1 1 +
m: h s iu kin chu lc
k: h s ng nht c vt liu
R
tc
: cng tiu chun ca vt liu
R
tt
: cng tnh ton ca vt liu
F: cc c trng tit din ca kt cu, v d i vi mng l din tch
* Khi tnh ton thit k mt b phn cng trnh phi kim ton 3 TTGH:
- TTGH1 gm: cc vn v cng , v mi, v n nh b phn ca cng trnh. Ni
lc dng l ni lc tnh ton N
tt
.
- TTGH2 gm: cc vn v bin dng ca b phn cng trnh. Ni lc tnh ton l ni
lc tiu chun ( i vi nn khi tnh ln th tnh vi ti trng tnh tiu chun).
- TTGH3: kim ton chng nt cho cng trnh b tng ct thp.
Bi ging nn v mng
2.3.2.Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn th nht(TTGH I)
1, Kim ton ng sut y mng (v cng t nn)
- ng sut y mng ph thuc vo ti trng tnh ton, kch thc y mng v cng
y mng.
- Khi kim ton dng ti trng tc dng bn trn l ti trng tnh ton N
tt
.
- Cng thc kim ton:
min y
x
max
x y
M
N M
F W W
t t
(2-1)
Trong :
F: din tch y mng
W
x
, W
y
: mun chng un ca tit din y mng i vi trc x v y.
- Nu trc trung tm ca mng khng trng vi trc dc, trc ngang cu th dng cng
thc (2-1).
- Nu trc trung tm ca mng trng vi tim dc v ngang cu th chia lm hai trng
hp:
+ Trng hp t hp lc ch v ph dc cu:
min
x
max
x
N M
F W
m
+ Trng hp t hp lc ch v ph ngang cu:
min y
max
y
M
N
F W
m
- Khi tnh ton thy
min
0 <
chng t lch tm ca hp lc ln hn bn knh li y
mng, nhng gia y mng v t khng th chu c ng sut ko nn ng sut s
phn b li thnh mt hnh tam gic v ng sut ln nht s c tnh theo cng thc:
2
3
2
max
N
b
e a

_

,
Trong :
b
3(b/2-e)
e
max
Bi ging nn v mng
x
M
e
N
: lch tm ca hp lc i vi trc trung tm
a, b: cnh di, cnh ngn ca y mng
- Nu mng t trn nn t di t hp lc ch th phi m bo:
max tt
R <
- Nu mng t trn nn t di t hp lc ch v ph th phi m bo:
max
1, 2
tt
R <
(cng t nn c tng thm 20%)
- Cng tnh ton ca t nn R
tt
c tnh theo qui trnh. i vi t ct ly theo ph
lc 24 (qui trnh); i vi cc loi t khc c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
{ }
1 2
1, 2 ' 1 2 3
tt
R R k b k h + + 1
]
Trong :
R: cng tiu chun (daN/cm
2
)- Tra bng 2.2,2.3,2.4 (tr 55,56)
k
1
, k
2
: h s tra bng 2.5 (tr 56)
: dung trng ca t t y mng tr ln (kN/m

3
)
b: b rng mng (m)
h: chiu su chn mng (m)
- Cng tnh ton nn dc trc nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
R= mkR
cz
Trong :
R
cz
: cng gii hn (bnh qun) chu nn mt trc ca mu th nghim trng thi
bo ha nc theo qui nh hin hnh.
k: h s ng nht ca t theo cng gii hn chu nn mt trc, khi khng c s liu
th nghim, ly k = 0,17
m: h s iu kin lm vic, ly m = 3
- Nu di y mng mt su z no c mt lp t yu th khi kim ton theo
TTGH1 phi kim tra c ng sut trn mt tng t yu theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
z z
h z p h R + + <
Bi ging nn v mng
Trong :
z
: ng sut trn mt tng t yu
: trng lng ring ca cc lp t trn mt tng t

yu
h: chn su y mng
z: khong cch t y mng n mt tng t yu
: h s tnh ng sut di tm ca y mng, tra

bng (chng 3-CH)
p: p sut y mng , p =
N
F
R
z
: Sc chu tnh ton trn mt tng t yu. R
z
c th tnh theo cng thc R
tt
i vi tng
t yu, khi coi b rng v chn su ca mng gn ng nh hnh 2.7.
- i vi mng tr cu khi kim ton p sut y mng, qui trnh c qui nh: nu y
sng c su H (chiu su ca mc nc thp nht n ng xi l ln nht) th cng
tnh ton c tng thm mt gi tr na l 0,1H, c ngha l:
m
0,1
ax tt
R H < +
2, Kim ton n nh v tr
a, n nh chng lt
- Khi kim ton thng gi nh im tm quay khi
lt l mp ngoi cng ca y mng.
- kim ton n nh chng lt di mt t hp ti
lc no ta chuyn tt c cc lc v trng tm y
mng (hnh 2.8)
- H lc tc dng trng tm y mng gm: H, N,
v M
Trong :
N: tng cc thnh phn lc thng ng tc dng ln
cng trnh
N = P
1
+ P
2
+..+P
n
=
i
P
H: Tng cc thnh phn lc nm ngang tc dng pha trn cng trnh

H = T
1
+ T
2
b'
b
h
z
h
'
30
0 0
30
Hinh 2.7 - h' = h + z, b' = b + ztg30
M
H
N
O
1
T
T
2
P5
1 P
P2
P3
P4
e
e
1
e
e
e
h
h
2
4
3
1
2
5
y
Hinh 2.8
Bi ging nn v mng
M: mmen ca tt c cc lc ng v ngang i vi trng tm y mng
M =
1
. .
i i i
P e T h +

- Ta c:
M
e
N
: lch tm ca tng hp lc
+ Nu e > y : mng b lt v lc tc dng ra ngoi mng
+ Nu e < y : mng n nh
+ Nu e = y : mng cn bng gii hn
* iu kin cn bng n nh khng lt:
e
m
y

Vi : m l h s iu kin lm vic
m = 0,8 khi mng t trn nn , m = 0,7 khi mng t trn nn t.
b, n nh chng trt
- iu kin:
.
H
m
f N

Theo qui trnh qui nh, kim ton n nh chng trt m = 0,8
f : h s ma st trt gia y mng v t nn ly nh sau:
1. t st v b mt trn phng:
- trng thi t 0,25
- trng thi kh 0,30
2. t st pha v ct pha st 0,30
3. t ct 0,4
4. t cui si 0,5
5. Tng lp mt khng trn phng 0,6
c, n nh chng trt su
- i vi cc cng trnh chu lc ngang ln nh tng chn t, m cu cao trn 10m
thng c th xy ra hin tng mt n nh ca cng trnh do hin tng trt ca ton
b khi t p v nn. kim ton thng gi nh mt trt l mt tr trn xoay (tnh
ton nh c hc t).
y
O
N
H
M
e
Bi ging nn v mng
- iu kin n nh chng trt su:
1, 25
o
tr
M
K
M

Trong : M
: mmen n nh
M
tr
: mmen trt
- Tm trt nguy him nht tm theo phng php ng dn (c hc t).
2.3.3.Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn th hai(TTGH II)
- Theo TTGH2 phi kim ton bin dng hay ln ca nn nh hn mt gi tr gii hn
qui nh no .
- Qui trnh thit k cu cng theo TTGH c hng dn:
+ Ch cn tnh ln cho nhng cng trnh c s tnh nh ngoi khi chiu di nhp ln
hn 50m i vi cu ng st, ln hn 100m i vi cu ng t v thnh ph.
+ ln c tnh theo phng php phn tng cng ln (c hc t).
+ ln S ca nn tr cu phi nh hn 1,5 L (cm). chnh lch v ln ca hai tr
cnh nhau phi nh hn 0, 75 L . Trong L l chiu di ca nhp ngn gc ln tr cu
v khng nh hn 25m.
- ngn nga s sai lch khng cho php ca mng, phi kim ton im t ca hp
lc ch ng tiu chun theo cng thc:
e
Trong :
e = M/N : lch tm ca hp lc tc dng ln y mng
: bn knh li ca y mng,
/ W F
W: Mmen chng un ca tit din y mng, W = J
x
/y
J
x
: mmen qun tnh ca y mng i vi trc x
y: khong cch t trc trung tm n cnh chu p sut nh hn
F: din tch y mng

m
: c qui nh nh sau:
Bi ging nn v mng
1. Mng trn nn t
- Khi tnh tr gia vi ti trng tnh 1,0
- Khi tnh tr gia vi t hp lc ch + ph 1,0
- Khi tnh m vi t hp lc ch + ph cho cu ln v trung 1,0
- Khi tnh m vi t hp lc ch + ph cho cu nh 1,2
2. Mng trn nn
- Khi tnh cho tr v m vi t hp lc ch + ph 1,2
V d: C mt mng m cu nh hnh v. Mt
y mng l hnh ch nht c kch thc a=9m,
b=4,6m, y mng t trn mt nn ct to cht va
c: R=3,8 kG/cm
2
; k
1
=0,1m
-1
; k
2
=0,4;
=2,05T/m
3
. Cc tr s t hp lc nh sau:
T hp lc c bn: N=10120kN, H=2460kN,
M=7200kNm.
T hp lc b xung: N=11550kN;
H=3100kN; M=8560kNm.
a. Kim tra cng t nn ti y mng.
b. Kim tra n nh v tr:
V lt: m=0.7.
V trt: m=0,8; f=0,35.
Kim tra lch tm khi chu tnh ti: N=5800kN; M=2732kNm, khng k h s vt ti.
2.4.THI CNG MNG NNG
2.4.1.nh v h mng
1, nh v h mng ni kh (khng c nc)
- Cn c vo ng tim dc cu v cc mc qui nh v tr ca tng mng, trc tin xc
nh trc dc v ngang ca mi mng; nh du c nh bng cc chc chn, nm xa ni
thi cng trnh va chm lm sai lch v tr.
- Hnh dng ca h mng cn c vo cu to ca mng xc nh, nn lm n gin,
khng nn c cc gc lm (s kh thi cng). Kch thc h mng lm rng hn kch
thc thc, thng l 0,5 - 1,5m, lm ch t vn khun v ch ng cho cng nhn.
- Khi o t, xy mng theo di kch thc ca mng ngi ta lm mt khung nh v
xung quanh h mng. Khung nh v ny, gm nhng tm vn ta trn nhng cc nh
ng knh khong 14 -15mm. Cc cnh ca khung nh v s b tr song song vi cc
cnh ca h mng v cch mp h mng khong 1 - 1,5m. Trn khung nh v nh du
M
2
,
9
5
m
4,6 m
N
Bi ging nn v mng
cc v tr mp h mng , trn nhng du ny cng dy xc nh phm vi o v xy h
mng (hnh 2.9).
- Khi thi cng cn theo di cao cc b phn ca kt cu (y mng, mt trn mng.)
Hnh 2.9
- 1.
Mng
2.
Mp h
mng
3. Cc nh v 4. Khung nh v
5. Dy gai 6. Vt nng
7. H mng
2, nh v h mng nhng ch c nc mt
- Ty theo mc nc nng su m dng bin php nh v
cho thch hp
- nhng sng khng thng thuyn v mc nc nng,
c th xc nh tim mng m, tr bng cch o c trc
tip v nh du v tr trc dc, trc ngang ca mng,
hoc tin hnh o c trn cu tm. Cc nh v phi cch
xa mng, khi o bng my b tr cc sn tm trn cc cc
g xung quanh cc nh v.
- nhng mng cc t ch nc su, cng tc o c nh v thng phi lm gin
tip. Tim ca cc tr nm gia sng thng c xc nh bng phng php tam gic
c (hnh 2.10). Kch thc v chu vi mng sau ny s da vo cc cng trnh vng vy
nh du.
2.4.2. Thi cng h mng ch cn
1, H mng o trn
- Mng nng xy nhng ni khng c nc
ngm th ch cn o lp t trn mt n su
thit k xy mng, h o ny c gi l h mng o trn. Ty thuc vo tnh cht
ca tng loi t m quyt nh hnh dng vch h mng cho ph hp.
1
2
3
4
4
3
7
5
6
Mo 2
Tru 2
Tru 1
Mo 1
Co tuyen
Co tuyen
2
1
1
2
Ranh thoat nuoc
Hnh 2.11
Hnh 2.10
Bi ging nn v mng
- Khi thi cng h mng o trn phi thi
cng nhanh trnh nc ma lm t nn
b gim cng . Nu khi lng t o
v kch thc mng ln yu cu thi gian
thi cng ko di cn phi ch lm rnh
thot nc ma khng nn h mng b
ng ngp nc lu di (hnh 2.11).
- bo v h mng khng c vt liu, t o,
my mc thi cng gn mp h mng. Xung quanh h
mng cn mt ng bo v rng t 1 - 1,5m. Nu h
mng tng i su khi o nn vch h thnh tng
bc, mi bc su khong 1 - 1,5m (hnh 2.12).
- i vi nhng ni cht hp, h mng phi o thng
ng v lc phi c bin php chng vch h mng
thch hp.
2, Chng h mng bng vn lt
- Khi thi cng mng da im cht hp khng cho php
m rng h mng, t vch h ri rc, d sp (nhng
cng trnh mi xy dng nm gn nhng cng trnh c)
th phi chng vch h
mng. Nu mc nc ngm thp hn y
h mng th dng bin php chng h mng bng vn lt l
rt thch hp.
- Tc dng ca vn lt: gi cho vch h mng c n nh, hn ch bt vic gy ln.
- Cu to chng h mng bng vn lt: Vn lt thng dng khi chiu su h mng < 4m.
Vn lt dng loi g dy 4- 8cm. Thanh chng ng dng g vung hoc trn c d = 12-
16cm. Thanh chng ngang c d = 14- 22cm (hnh 2.13).
Thi cng n u t vn lt n , thanh chng ng c thay dn bng nhng loi di
hn, sau t thanh chng ngang v nm cht.
3, Chng vch h mng bng cc vn
1-1,5m
1-1,5m
Hnh 2.12
3
2
1
1
2
3
Hnh 2.13
1. Vn lt ngang
2. Thanh chng
ng
3. Thanhchng
Bi ging nn v mng
- Khi xy dng cng trnh ti v tr c
nc ngm, chng nc ngm chy
vo h mng, dng tng cc vn.
- Cu to tng cc vn gm:(hnh 2.14)
+ Cc vn: lm bng vn g hoc thp
hoc BTCT. Trn mp c cu to kiu
mng hay cht lin kt vi nhau chng
nc chy vo h mng. Dng ba
ng vo trong t. Cc vn phi c
ng vo trong t n su nht nh
m bo n nh v hn ch nc
lun qua chn cc vo y h mng.
+ Ct nh v v cc khung nh hng gi
cho cc cc vn nm ng v tr thit k trong
qu trnh ng.
+ Tng chng ngang v dc gi cho cc vn
n nh di tc dng ca p lc t. Thanh
chng c t dn trong qu trnh ht nc v
o t bn trong h mng.
- Khi tng t khng thm nc nm gn gia y mng th chn cc ng ngp vo tng
ny (hnh 2.15). Nu tng t khng thm nc qu su, th chn cc vn phi m bo
ng n su lm sao cho p lc thy ng dng nc lun di chn cc
vn vo h mng khng lm tri nhng ht t di y h (hnh 2.16).
Thng thng su t ca chn cc c ng
vo trong tng st hot ct si to khng c nh
qu 1m, tng t ct nh ri rc khng nh qu
2m.
- V tr u trn ca cc vn ty thuc vo mc
nc ngm; nu mc nc ngm thp th o
trn vi cc lp t pha trn, cc vn dung
chng vch h mng nhng tng t di mc
nc ngm.
- Khi h mng o tng i su m vt liu lm
cc li ngn th c th dung bin php cc vn nhiu tng.
- i vi nhng h mng khng su lm, nu dung cc vn cng (thp) c th khng cn
dng thanh chng ngang. Vi nhng h mng su phi dng thanh chng ngang, v c th
phi dng 3- 4 tng chng ngang.
Coc van
Khung dinh huong
Coc dinh vi
Coc van
t
tang dat khong tham nuoc
Hnh 2.14
Hnh 2.15
Hnh 2.16
tang dat khong tham nuoc
t
Bi ging nn v mng
- Ty thuc vo iu kin chu lc m chn
loi cc vn lm bng cc loi vt liu khc
nhau cho ph hp nh: cc vn g, cc vn
thp, cc vn BTCT, hay cc vn bng cht
do (hnh 2.17).
Cc vn g

Cc vn thp

Hnh2.17
2.4.3.Tnh ton
chng vch h mng
1, p lc t tc dng ln vn lt v cc vn
- Kim tra cng chu lc trong cc b phn chng vch h mng v n nh v tr ca
t nn.
- p lc tc dng ln kt cu chng vch h mng gm p lc ch ng v p lc b ng.
Ph thuc vo cht khi chm cc thanh chng.
- Cng p lc ch ng:
a a
p Z (kN/m
2
)
Trong :
: trng lng th tch ca t (T/m

3
)

a
: h s p lc ngang ch ng , ( )
2 0
45 / 2
a
tg
Z: su ca im tnh p lc k t mt t (m)
Nu trn mt t c ti trng phn b u th p lc ln tng chn l:
a a a
p Z q + (kN/m
2
)
Vi : q: cng ti trng phn b u trn mt h mng
b
/3
/
3
/3
/3>5cm
hoac
Cc vn BTCT
Hoc
Bi ging nn v mng
- Cng p lc b ng:
p p
p Z
(kN/m
2
)
Vi :
a
: h s p lc ngang b ng, ( )
2 0
45 / 2
p
tg +
2, Tnh ton vn lt
- Vn lt l kt cu tm thi, tnh ton nhanh thng dng cc gi thit n gin ha
kt cu phc tp thnh nhng s chu lc gin n.
* i vi vn lt: Thng kim ton tm vn di cng (chu ti trng ln nht). Tm
vn chu lc nh mt dm lin tc gi la l cc thanh ng khu ca dm l l
1
, gi
thit lc phn b u theo chiu rng b (hnh 2.18).

iu kin bn:
2
1 1
2
3 .
5
max
u
M q l
R
W b
<
Trong :

1
q : ti trng ri u tc dng ln vn lt,
1
. .
a a
q b p b h

max
M : mmen ln nht trong dm,
2
1 1
.
10
max
q l
M
R
u
: cng tnh ton chu un ca g
: b dy vn lt
* i vi thanh chng ng
R
1
2
R
R
3
b
b
l l
1 1
l
l
h
2
3
q
2
3
q
P= h
a
Hnh 2.18
Bi ging nn v mng
- Thanh chng ng l gi la ca vn lt, ti trng tc dng do vn lt truyn sang. Tnh
l dm gin n chu ti trng ri u q
2
hoc q
3
.
Kim ton ng sut:
u
M
R
W
<
Trong :
W: mmen chng un ca tit din thanh chng ng

2
2 1
.
2
a
l
q l
;
2 3
3 1
.
2
a a
l l
q l
+
M = max (M
2
; M
3
)
Vi:
2
2 2
2
.
8
q l
M ,
2
3 3
3
.
8
q l
M
* i vi thanh chng ngang:
Kim ton thanh chng ngang:
.
i
i i e
R
F R
<
Trong :
R
e
: cng chu p mt ca vt liu thanh chng ngang
: h s un dc
F
i
: din tch tit din ngang thanh chng ngang th i
R
i
: lc tc dng ln thanh chng ngang th i.
+ Lc tc dng ln thanh chng ngang s 1:
2 2
1
.
2
q l
R
2 2 3 3
2
. .
2
q l q l
R
+

3 3
3
.
2
q l
R
3, Tnh ton cc vn
Bi ging nn v mng
* Tnh cc vn khng chng
iu kin:
a
p
M
m
M

Trong :M
a
: mmen ca p lc ch ng
M
p
: mmen ca p lc b ng
m: h s iu kin chu lc ( ly m = 0,7)
* Tnh cc chng n
iu kin:
0,8
a
p
M
m
M

* Tnh cc vn c nhiu tn chng ngang
i vi tng cc vn c nhiu tng chng ngang khng cn kim ton s mt n
nh m ch cn kim ton v cng .
V d:
Kim tra cng ca vn lt, np ng, thanh chng ca
mt h mng cho bi hnh v.
Bit:
Vn lt lm bng g c b rng 20cm, dy 8cm, c cng
tnh ton chu un R
u
= 100daN/cm
2
.
Np ng lm bng g c tit din 15*15 cm
2
, khong cch
gia cc np l
1
= 1,8m.
Thanh chng c ng knh 15cm, khong cch gia cc thanh l
2
=2,1m; l
3
=1,2m; h s
un dc ca thanh = 0,4; []
n
= 130 daN/cm
2
.
t o mng l t ct trng thi ri rc c trng lng th tch t nhin =1,9 T/m
3
;
gc ma st trong ca t l 33
0
.
2.4.4.Thi cng mng ni c nc mt
Ty thuc vo su chn bin php thi cng cho ph hp.
1, Vng vy t
3
,
9

m
0
,
3
m
1
,
2

m
2
,
1
m
Bi ging nn v mng
- Vi nhng cng trnh nm nhng ch nc khng su lm (h < 2m) ngn nc mt
ngi ta p mt p t vy xung quanh h mng, gi l vng vy t.
- p t p cao hn mc nc thi cng khong 0,7- 1m, mt trn ca p rng t 1 -2m,
mi dc pha trong t 1:2 -3:2, pha ngoi 1:2 -1:3 (hnh 2.19). Vng vy t p lm bng
t ct pha st l tt nht, cng c th p p bng t ct v chng thm nc lm
thm mt li t st (hnh 2.20).
- pha trong, chn mi dc lm cch mp h mng mt khong b > h.tg(45
0
-
/ 2
). Khi
nc chy mnh (V > 1m/giy) phi gia c mt p pha ngoi bng hc hoc r .
Nu tc nc chy < 2m/s th c th dng bao gai ng t st p vng vy ( chiu
cao vng vy < 4m, p thnh dc mt bn cn 1 bn dng ng). i vi sng min
ni vn tc nc < 3m/s th xy ri p t thnh vng vy.
* Tnh
ton vng
vy
- Tnh n
nh chng
trt
+ iu
kin n
nh chng trt:
t d
Gf
K
W W

+
Trong :
b
1-2m
0
,
7
-
1
m
h
n
Ho mong
L b
h
h
n
1-2m
1
:2
-
1
:3
1
:
1
-
3
:
2
1
:
1
-
3
:
2
1
:
2
-
1
:
3
0.5m
Loi dat set
Tang khong tham
b
B
1
m

Hnh 2.19

Hnh 2.20
Bi ging nn v mng
K : h s an ton , thng K = 1,3 1,5
G : trng lng mt mt di vng vy (T)
( )
. . .1
2
dn
b B
G h
+
(T)
f : h s ma st trt gia t p vng vy vi y sng, thng f = 0,3 0,5
W
t
: p lc thy tnh tc dng ln p
2
.
2
n n
t
h
W

(T)
W
: p lc thy ng tc dng ln p
2
.
2
n
d
V h
W
g
(T)
Vi: V : vn tc dng nc (m/s)
h
n
: chiu su ca nc mt (m)

n
: trng lng ring ca nc

g : gia tc trng trng, ly g =
9,81m/s
2
- Tnh lng nc thm qua 1m chu vi ca vng vy
p dng cng thc:
2
2
n
k h
q
L
Trong :
k
: h s thm nc ca t p p
h
n
: su nc mt
L: chiu di thm
2, Vng vy cc vn g
- nhng ni nc su t 2 -4m dng vng vy hn
hp gia t p v vng vy cc vn ngn nc
mt v nc ngm. t p c tc dng lm tng kh
nng chng thm cho cc vn.
1
2
3
< 0,5m
1
:
2
-
1
:
5
h
b
h
>2m
<2m
n
k
Hnh 2.21
1. Cc vn g 2. Thanh chng
3. t p
Bi ging nn v mng
a, Vng vy cc vn g n
- Thng dng khi nc mt su t 2 -3m.
- Gm mt tng cc vn ngn nc mt, nc ngm cng nh vch h mng v t
p pha ngoi vng vy tng thm kh nng chng thm ca cc vn (hnh 2.21).
- Tnh ton nh tnh cc vn nhiu tng
b, Vng vy cc vn g kp
- Dng khi nc su t 2 -4m
- Gm hai tng cc vn , gia hai ln tng p bng t ct hoc t st pha (hnh2.22).
- Tng ngoi c tc dng gi t pha trong v tng thm c cng ca vng vy. Tng
ng su xung t t nht l 2m. Tng trong c tc dng ngn nc v gi n nh cho
vch h mng. Chn cc phi ng su > 2m.
- u 2 tng cc vn c lin kt vi nhau bng thanh ging. Khong cch gia tng
ty thuc vo loi t:
Nu p bng t ct trung bnh hay ct th:
b = (1,6 1,8)h
n

Nu p bng t ct pha st hay st pha ct:
1 2
n k
h h
b m
m
+
+ >
trong :h
n
: su ca nc mt
h
k
: su t nc mt n y h mng
m : ly t 4 6
3, Vng vy cc vn thp
- Dng trong trng hp nc su hoc t cng hoc t c ln cui si.
- Vng vy cc vn thp c kh nng chu lc cao, ng thi tng i kn nc. Ngoi ra
ngi ta cn dng vng vy cc vn thp gia hai tng c t p hoc btong .
- Khi mc nc t 4 -6m th lm vng vy c hnh dng nh mt bng ca y mng. Khi
mc nc > 8m th dng vng vy cc vn thp hnh trn (hnh 2.23).
Hnh 2.22
Bi ging nn v mng
2.4.5.Lm kh h mng
- xy dng hoc btng mng m bo cht lng v yu cu kinh t, cn phi gii
quyt vn lm kh h mng tc ht nc khi h mng.
- Khi ht nc cn ch n tc dng nc ngm chy vo h mng, nu tc qu
ln s lm hng nn v gy st ln, lm nh hng n cc cng trnh xung quanh.
- Khi lng nc thm vo khng ln lm qua y h mng th thng b tr my bm
trn b ht nc trc tip, u ng ht ca my bm c th vo h t nc (h t
nc c o su hn h t nc mt cht). Khi h mng su > 7m th phi t my
bm vo trong vng vy.
- Gi thit lng nc thm vo h mng ch chy qua y h cn vng vy th tng i
kn th lng nc c th tnh gn ng nh sau:
. . .
th
Q q k HU K
Trong :Q: lng nc thm vo trong h mng (m
3
/s)
q: lng nc thm n v.
k
th
: h s thm ca t , tra bng
H: chiu cao ct nc p lc, bng khong cch t mc nc ti
y mng.
U: chu vi h mng
K: h s an ton, ly K = 1,5 2
2.4.6.o t h mng
- Ty theo kch thc ca mng l ln hay nh, khi lng o l t hay nhiu, iu kin
nc ngm c iu kin trang thit b m c th o bng my mc hoc th cng.
Coc van thep
Vong chong
Thanh chong
Hnh 2.23
Bi ging nn v mng
- Nu h mng hp hoc c nc, khng th cho xe lm vic trong h mng, th my xc
phi ng trn b, thng dng loi my xc gu nghch.
- Nu h mng su v hp li khng th ht nc bn trong hoc o t tong long cc
ng th phi o t kt hp vi xi nc, sau ht ln bng my ht bn thy lc hoc
kh p.
- o t bng cc dng c c gii th ch khi cch su thit k y h mng khong
0,3 -0,5m th dng li v o bng th cng trnh nh hng ca my khi lm vic n
tnh cht t nhin ca t.
- Khi o t xong phi quan st v ly mu t th nghim xc nh li tnh cht t
nhin ca t xem c ph hp vi cc yu cu khi thit k khng.
- Trc khi xy hoc btng mng i vi nn t cn san phng v m cht nn t.
Ri mt lp ct th hoc dm dy 10 -20cm mt nn c kh ro.
- Trng hp nn l loi t ct th phi thi cng bng phng php o ngm di nc,
o su hn su thit k ca y h mng, ri dng phng php btng di nc
to ra mt tng bt y h mng. Sau khi tng btng ny ng cng, ht nc trong
vng vy tip tc xy h mng.
- Trng hp y mng t trn tng , sau khi o ht lp t mt phi tin hnh ph
ht lp phong ha. Nu trong nn c nhiu khe nt th cng phi bt y h mng
bng lp btng di nc.
2.4.7.Xy dng mng
- Khi thi cng mng thng dng mt s phng php btng di nc.
Cc phng php ny ph thuc vo khi lp btong v su ca nc trong h mng.
- Nu khi lng btng t, nc trong h mng khng su c th btng
bng ti bao ti. Btng cho vo ti bao ti buc li bng dy thng vi mt nt tho.
H nh nhng bao ti n gn st y h, ng trn b ko dy ci nt ming ti cho
btng tt xung. Tip tc bng nhiu bao ti mt lc, ch nh nhng.
- Khi khi lng btng nhiu, nc trong h tng i su thng dng phng php
btng di nc bng ng dch chuyn thng ng (hnh 2.24)
+ ng lm bng thp ng knh khong 200 -300mm, b dy ca thnh ng khong 4
-5mm, ng c ghp li t nhng on di 1 -2m.
+ Pha trn ng ni vi mt thng hnh phu cha btong. ng c eo vo mt cn
trc hoc x ngang v c th d dng nng ln, h xung.
Bi ging nn v mng
Hnh 2.24
+ Trnh t :
u tin dng mt nt hnh cu hoc dng van trt (bng g hoc bao ti cun cht)
nt kn ng thp. Nt ny c gi bng mt si dy vng ln trn. Khi b tng nt b
y dn xung chn ng lc ny ang t st y h mng, tip nhc ng ln cho chn
cch mt t khong 20 -30cm vo chng dy cho nt tt khi ng, b tng s trn ra
ngoi, lc ny phi lien tc b tng vo phu. Lp btong di chn cc ngy cng dy
ln v ch c lp btng trn mt l tip xc vi nc.Chn ng thp phi lun ngp vo
trong lp btng khong 0,8 - 1m.
Ty vo din tch ca h mng v
bn knh phm v btong c th trn
ra ca mi ng m quyt nh s
ng btng. Bn knh hot ng
ca mt ng khong 3 -4,5m. Phi
m bo btng lin tc, yu cu
nng sut ti thiu l 0,3m
3
/h cho
mi mt din tch h mng.
Nu y h mng qu rng
th c th phn thnh tng khi
btng dn. Sau khi btng
di nc xong i cho btng ng cng, t khong 50% cng thit k th ht
nc trong h mng ra, c b lp b tng trn mt dy khong 10 -15cm v lp ny tip
xc vi nc s khng m bo cht lng.
- Ngoi ra, cn s dng phng php btng di nc theo kiu va dng: dng cc
ng thp nh trn, sau khi t ng vo h mng xung quanh c chn bng cc vt liu
ng knh ln
( hc, dm, cui), cho va xi mng ct vo trong ng v lin tc, va s phun
ra v lp vo cc khe hng gia cc vin to thnh mt khi lin kt cht (hnh 2.25).
Phu chua vua xi mang
ng thep
ng boc bao v b ang luoi thep
a hc xp
0,8-1,5m
phu
0,3m
nut
dy buc
Hnh 2.25
Bi ging nn v mng
- Sau khi ht ht nc ra, tin hnh lp vn khun b tng mng.
Chng 3
MNG CC
3.1.KHI NIM CHUNG
- Mng cc l loi mng dng cc truyn ti trng ca cng trnh xung cc tng t
nn nm su di t.
- Mng cc l mt trong nhng loi mng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Ngi ta
ng h nhng cy cc xung tng t su, nh lm tng kh nng chu ti trng cho
mng.
- Mng cc c s dng hp l i vi cc cng trnh chu ti trng ln m lp t tt
nm di su, gim c bin dng ln v ln khng u.
- Dng mng cc lm tng tnh n nh cho cng trnh c chiu cao ln, ti trng ngang
ln nh: nh cao tng, nh thp, cu ln
- Mng cc c nhiu phng php thi cng a dng nh: cc ng, cc p, cc khoan
nhic th s dng lm mng cho cc cng trnh c iu kin a cht, a hnh phc
tp m cc loi mng nng khng p ng c nh vng c t yu hoc cng trnh trn
sng
3.2.PH
N LOI CC V MNG CC
- Phn loi teo vt liu ch to cc:
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Cc g
+ Cc tre
+ Cc btng
+ Cc BTCT
+ Cc thp
+ Ngoi ra : cc thp btng, cc lin hp (t s dng)
- Phn loi theo c im lm vic ca cc:
+ Cc chng
+ Cc ma st
- Phn loi theo phng php thi cng
+ Cc h bng ba
+ Cc h bng xi nc
+ Cc xon
+ Cc h bng chn ng
+ Cc khoan nhi
+ Cc Baret
+ Cc ng thp nhi btong
+ Cc Shinso
+ Cc m chn
3.3.CU TO CC B TNG CT THP NG KNH NH
- Gm hai b phn chnh: b v cc
+ Cc l b phn chnh c tc dng truyn ti trng ca cng trnh bn trn xung tng t
di chn cc.
+ B cc l b phn lin kt cc u cc li thnh mt khi cng chu ti trng cng
trnh.
- Mng cc c nhiu u im hn cc loi mng khc v c th xy dng c nhng
cng trnh chu ti ln do c th ng cc xung nhng tng t su thng t 10 -30m,
c nhng loi cc ng su n 50m (c th ln ti 100m).
Bi ging nn v mng
Ngoi ra mng cc cn cho php thi cng nhanh, khng ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin
thi tit v cn rt kinh t v vic s dng vt liu trong mng.
1, Cc g
- Dng cho mng cc cc cu nh, cu trung v cc kt cu tm thi.
-u im: r, chu lc tng i tt v tn t cng ch to, ba v thit b h cc
n gin. Nu ton b cc nm di mc nc ngm th s dng c rt lu.
- Nhc im: sc chu ti nh, b hn ch v chiu di v tit din, d b ph hoi bi
nm, cc loi su mt, h .
- Yu cu v cht lng g lm cc: (hnh 3.2)
Dng cc loi g chc (g thng, g lim..), cng v thng, ng knh cy g thng
t 22 -34cm v di t 4 -16m. Cc c th lm bng than cy nguyn hnh hoc g x.
cong cho php ca cc theo chiu dc l 1% di, khng c dng loi g cong hai
chiu. thon vt ca cc khng nn qu 1cm trn 1m.
Khi gia cng
cc cn lm
chnh xc, ng
kch thc.
Chn cc phi
vt nh mi
m bo ng
tim, nn bt
chn cc bng
st.
u cc g
phi ca phng
v thng gc vi
tc dc, dng
ai st b cht
u cc trnh
b nt v khi ng cc. ai st dy 8mm, cao t nht 5cm.
Nu cn cc di c th ni cc cy g li , nhng mi cc ch ni mt ln, mi ni phi
di mt t 1m. Mi ni gia cc cc ln cn phi chnh nhau t nht 1,5m.
tng ng knh cc hoc li dng g nh, c th ghp 3 hay 4 cy g li bng
bulng gi l cc t hp.
2, Cc btng ct thp
Hnh 3.2- Cu to cc g
Bi ging nn v mng
- Cc btong ct thp c sn l loi cc c s dng rng ri nht trong xy dng
mng su v chu lc y ngang ln.
* u im: iu kin s dng khng ph thuc vo nc ngm, iu kin a hnh; chu
c ti trng ln; chiu di, tit din cc cu to ty theo mun; cng vt liu lm
cc ln, gi thnh vt liu h v tn dng c vt liu a phng (ct, si,) ; c th c
gii ha trong thi cng; cht lng cc m bo tt v cc c c d kim tra cht
lng.
* Nhc im: Trng lng cc ln, gy kh khn cho vic vn chuyn v h cc, cc d
b nt trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Mt khc, do trng lng bn thn ln, m ct thp b
tr trong cc ch yu l chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn cc, nn tn nhiu thp.
* Cu to:
- Cc BTCT thng dng btong M 250 -300; cc BTCT ng sut trc dng btong M
400 cho mng cc i cao,btong M400 cho mng cc i thp.
- Chiu di cc t 5 -25m, c khi ln ti 40 -45m. Nu ccdaif th ch to thnh tng t
di khong 6 -8m ri ni li vi nhau khi ng.
- Cc BTCT thng lm theo hnh tr, c tit din ngang hnh vung, hnh ch nht, hnh
trn, hay hnh tam gic, a gic, hnh ch I, gim trng lng cc thng lm cc rng
(hnh 3.3).

Hnh 3.3- Cc dng tit din ngang cc cc BTCT c sn
Kch thc tit din thng 20x20cm,25x25cm,30x30cm,35x 35cm,40x40cm.
- Ct thp trong cc BTCT gm c: ct thp dc v ct thp ai (ct thp ai xon c hay
ai ri). Loi thp thng dng l CT3 v CT5.
+ Ct thp dc: mi cc dng t nht 8 thanh phn b u theo tit din, ng knh nn
Bi ging nn v mng
dng t 13 - 25mm.
+ Ct thp ai dng loi ng knh t 6 n 8mm, gia thn cc khong cch bc
xon ca ct thp ai l 20cm, u v chn cc khon cch ct ai dy hn (t 1 -5cm).
Ngoi ra, do u v chn cc l b phn chu ng sut tp trung ln nht trong khi ng
cc, nn ngoi ct ai dy hn ngi ta cn b tr thm li thp mt vung c cnh t
5 -7cm.
Cc ct thp c b chm li chn cc, dng mt vng ai st bc xung quanh v
hn cht li.
- m bo cho cc khng chu ng sut qu ln sinh ra trong khi vn chuyn cc
btong, cc c b tr sn cc mc treo ng v tr d nh trc trong khi thit k.
Hnh 3.4 Cu to chi tit cc BTCT (kch thc: cm
1. Ct chu lc 2. Ct thp ai
3. Ct thp gia cng mi cc 4. Ct thp gia cng u cc
5. Ct thp vn chuyn, cu lp
Bi ging nn v mng
Hnh 3.5 Mt ct ngang thn cc

Hnh 3.6 - Cu to ct thp ai cho cc
Hnh 3.7
Chi tit ct thp
mi cc
Ct thp
s 3 c ng
knh
20cm
,
di t 750 -
1000mm, dng
tng cng cng cho mi cc v nh v tim cc.
Hnh 3.8
Li thp u cc
v ct thp mc cu

Hnh 3.9 Cu to thp ch v ai thp u cc khi cc c mi ni.
Bi ging nn v mng
Hnh 3.10 Chi
tit mi ni cc
3,Cc nhi (Cc B Tng ti ch).
- y l loi mng su thnh hnh nht trong xy dng nc ta trong 10 nm tr li y.
- Cc khoan nhi l nhng loi cc c ch to bng cch khoan l trong lng t sau
btong.
- Qu trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi:
+ Chun b thi cng (chun b mt bng)
+ Dng ng thp c c nt nhn ng xung t, sau btong vo trong ng, qu
trnh b tong nhc dn ng thp ln cho n khi trong l c y btong mi thi
(hnh 3.11).
1. ng thp
2. Mi cc
3. Btong thn cc
4. Ct thp
Hnh 3.11- Cc btong ti ch
- C th li ng thp trong t khi btong lm thnh loi cc btong ti ch c
ng vch, song nh vy kinh ph tng ln rt nhiu.
3
4
1
3
1
2
Bi ging nn v mng
- o l cc hin nay c mt s dng c thng dng:
+ Li khoan xon dng cho cc loi t mm dnh.
+ Gu ngom hai cnh hoc bn cnh cho cc loi t ri rc ln cui si .
+ Khoan bnh rng khi gp cc tng .
+ Khoan p khi gp cc tng rt cng.
Hnh v sau th hin trnh t cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi
4, Cc xoay (cc xon c)
Bi ging nn v mng
- Cc xon gm hai phn: thn v . Thn lm bng ng thp hay ng BTCT, u c li
thp lm thnh hnh xon c. Thn cc c ng knh t 30 -120cm. ng knh li
khoan xon c c th to n 3m, nhng khng ln qu 4 ln
ng knh thn cc.
- Cc c h xung t bng thit b quay c bit bng
ng c in v nh h thng bnh rng truyn ng lm
cho cc b xoay v xuyn vo trong .
- u im: h cc m thun, khng c rung ng, sc chu
ti ln, gim bt c su h cc so vi cc loi cc
khc,
c kh nng chng nh ln.
- Nhc im: thit b thi cng phc tp nn chi ph thi cng
cao, tn vt liu, ch s dng c cho cc loi t mm
yu, khng th dng vi cc loi t ln nhiu si hoc
st qu cng.
3.4.CU TO B CC
- B cc l kt cu dng lin kt cc cc li vi nhau
v phn b ti trng ca cng trnh ln cc cc.
- Theo v tr ca b cc so vi mt t phn ra lm hai loi: b cc thp v b cc cao.
+ B cc thp: thng dng ni cn, mt t khng b xi l bi cc dng nc. B thp
c u im l n nh, bin dng nh v chu c lc y ngang.
+ B cc cao (tr cu): thng dng nhng ni nc su, nhng khe cn. u im: tit
kim vt liu, thi cng b cc n gin. i vi dng sng khng c thng thuyn hoc
vt tri ln trn sng y b cc cao c th lm cao hn mc nc thi cng. i vi
nhng sng c thng thuyn y b cc cao phi t di mc nc thp nht t 0,5 -1m.
Mng cc b cao c th phi tng thm cc xin chng li lc y ngang.
- B cc ca m tr cu thng c chiu dy t 1 -3m. Mt trn ca b c xc nh ty
vo mt bng ca kt cu bn trn. y b ly kch thc ty theo s lng cc khi thit
k.
- B cc tr m cu ch to bng BT hoc BTCT, thi cng ti ch hoc lp ghp. Mc
BT i vi b lp ghp khng nh hn 200, b ti ch khng nh hn 150.
- m bo cho b truyn ti trng cho cc c tt, cc phi c neo cht vo trong
b. Thng thng yu cu, u cc phi cm su trong b t nht 2 ln ng knh (b
rng) cc i vi cc nh v khng nh hn 1,2m i vi cc ln c ng knh ln hn
60cm. u cc c ct thp th ct thp th ra n vo trong BT b t 20 -40
ca ct thp
Hnh 3.12 Cc xon
1. Cc 2. Vng xon
Bi ging nn v mng
cn phn BT ca cc ngp vo b t nht 10cm. i vi nhng loi cc rng th thng
cho vo u cc mt khung ct thp, u nhng ct thp nm trong b t 1 -2,5m.
- Vi b cc cao, cc chu lc un ln, tng cng cho b cc thng b tr thm mt
li ct thp y b.
- S lng ct thp dng ty thuc vo tnh ton
thng b tr khong 15 -20cm
2
tit din ct thp trn
mt mt di cnh b. Ct thp thng dng loi c
d = 20 - 25mm. Khong cch gia cc thanh t
10 -20cm.Tng btong bo h phi dy hn 5cm.
- Nu p lc do u cc truyn ln b tong b
vt qu cng tnh ton chu p ca b tng
th pha trn u cc ngi ta t nhng li ct thp
buc li bi cc thanh ng knh
khng nh hn 12mm, mt li t 10x10cm n
15x15cm. u ca nhng cc ng mp cnh b
nn tng cng bng nhng vng ai neo (hnh 3.13).
- Ty theo hnh dng ca kt cu bn trn c m rng
ra mt g t 0,2 -0,5m.
- Cc thng c b tr theo hnh ch nht hay vung
hoc hnh hoa mai.
- Khong cch gia tim cc cc y b phi b tr sao
cho khng nh hn 1,5 ng knh ca cc, khong cch
t mp b n mp cc ngoi cng phi ln hn 25cm.

Kiu ch
nht
Kiu hoa mai
Hnh 3.14 S b tr cc theo bnh din
3.5.TNH TON SC CHU TI CA CC
Hnh 3.13- Cu to CT b cc
1. Ct thp y b
2. Li thp trn u cc
3. Ct thp chong
4. Btong di nc bt y
2,5d
2
2
1
4
1
3
0,25m
d
2,5d
>
2
d
Bi ging nn v mng
1, Theo t nn
- Hin nay thng dng 3 phng php: phng php th nghim ti trng tnh,
phng php th nghim ti trng ng v phng php thc nghim.
a, Phng php th nghim ti trng tnh
- Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc th nghim p mt s cc ca mng ngay ti v tr
xy mng xc nh lc ph hoi ca cc t suy ra sc chu ti an ton ca cc.
- Tin hnh th nghim:
+ Cho h cc vo trong t ti chiu su d tnh ri cho cc ngh theo quy nh
+ D tnh trc sc chu ti ca cc.
+ B tr cc thit b:
Thit b gia ti: h thng cc cc neo, dm, kch thy lc v i trng.
Thit b theo di ln ca cc ( thin phn k).
+ to lc p tc dng ln u cc dng kch thy lc. Lc p s truyn ln h thng
dm lin kt cht vi cc (hnh 3.15).
- Kinh nghim thc t cho thy rng i vi cc loi t tt hoc trung bnh th c th
dng 4 cc neo, nu t xu phi dng 6 cc neo hoc nhiu hn. Khong cch tnh ti
thiu gia cc neo v cc th nghim l 1m (khi c 4 cc neo) hoc 0,6m (khi c 6 cc
neo).
Hnh 3.15 Th d v s b tr th nghim ti trng tnh cho cc
( Dng cc neo lm i trng)
1. Cc th nghim 2. Cc neo
Bi ging nn v mng
3. Kch thy lc 4. Thin phn k
5. Dm gn thin phn k 6. H dm lin kt
- Theo nhng qui nh sau , cc c coi l b ph hoi:
1. Cc c bin dng t ngt ln, gi tr bin dng (ln) ln gp 5 ln giai on trc vi
iu kin l tng ln vt qu 40mm.
2. Ti trng ng vi cp ti trng m khi tng ln vt qu 40mm,v sau 1 ngy
m m ln vn tip tc tng.
Hnh 3.16 Cc biu quan h trong nn tnh cc
- Sau khi th nghim tin hnh v biu quan h gi ti trng v ln, gia ln v
thi gian tc dng ca ti trng (hnh 3.16).
- Ti trng gii hn ca cc c xc nh bng nhiu cch:
+ Xc nh ti trng gii hn ng vi im t bin trn biu ti trng- ln
Theo qui trnh th ti trng gii hn l ti trng m khi ln bt u tng rt t ngt
trong khi ti trng tng rt t.
+ Xc nh ti trng gii hn da vo tr s ln v tc ln:
0 2
. .
tt gh
P K m P
Vi: P
tt
: ti trng tnh ton
K
0
: h s ng nht ca t, ly = 0,7
m
2
: h s iu kin lm vic, tra bng, ph thuc vo s cc trong
mng v loi b cc.
P
gh
: ti trng ph hoi, xc nh ng vi cp ti trng trc cp ti
trng ph hoi mt cp.
H
Q
q
Bi ging nn v mng
- Sau khi xc nh P
gh
nn cc ri th phi gaimr ti trng theo tng cp , mi cp gim ti
bng hai ln cp tng ti.
b, Phng php th nghim ti trng ng (hnh 3.17)
- Khi cc h n mt su no , nu dng 1 loi ba c trng lng nht nh ng
mt nht vo cc, th cc s b ln xung. Nu sc chu ti ca cc ln th ln ca cc
s nh v ngc li. Nu bit quan h gia sc chu ti ca cc v ln th o ln s
bit c sc chu ti ca cc.
- C rt nhiu cch xc nh mi quan h gia P
gh
v ln ca n (e). y ta s xc
nh theo M.Gersivanov (da vo iu kin cn bng v cng khi ng cc):
. . . .
gh
QH P e Q H Qh + +
Vi: Q: trng ca phn ba ri (T)
H: chiu cao ri ca ba
P
gh
: sc chu ti gii hn ca cc
e: ln ca cc do mt nht ba gy ra
: h s xt n s mt mt ng nng do cc nguyn nhn khc.

T cng thc trn ta c:
2
2
. . .
.
2 2
gh
nF nF nFQH Q K q
P
e Q q
+
_
+ +

+
,
2
2
0 2
. . .
. . .
2 2
tt
nF nF nFQH Q K q
P K m
e Q q
1
+
_
1 + +

+
, 1
]
Trong :
n: h s kinh nghim, ph thuc vo vt liu lm cc v cch ng cc (tra bng).
F: din tch tit din ngang ca cc
K: h s phc hi tc khi va chm
Nh: khi gang, thp va chm vi g th K = 0,45
q: trng lng cc (gm c mi cc, m cc hoc cc dn )
- Cng thc tnh ln ca cc:
( )
2
. . .
.
. .
gh gh
FQH Q K q
e
Q q P P nF
+
+ +
Hnh 3.17
Bi ging nn v mng
Cng thc ny dng theo di ng cc v cng tc thi cng ngoi hin trng.
c, Phng php tnh theo thc nghim
- Cng thc tnh sc chu ti ca cc theo thc nghim:
( )
0 2
. . . . . .
tc tc
tt i i i
N k m U f l R F +
Trong :
N
tt
: sc chu ti tnh ton ca 1 cc theo t
m
2
: h s iu kin lm vic (tra bng)
k
0
: h s ng nht ca t, ly = 0,7
u: chu vi tit din ngang ca cc
n: s lp t m cc ng qua
l
i
: b dy tng t th i

i
: h s k n nh hng ca phng php
ng, ng knh cc, loi t n lc ma st n
v tiu chun.
tc
i
f : lc ma st n v tiu chun (tra tiu
chun)
F: din tch tit din ngang ca chn cc
R
tc
: sc khng tiu chun ca t nn di
chn cc ( tra bng)
* Hin tng st gi khi ng cc ( hnh 3.18):
t ct : e
1
< e
2
, t st : e
1
> e
2
- Khi ng cc, sau mt thi gian no , ln ca cc khc vi ln ban u, hin
tng ny l ln gi ca cc.
- Nu ng cc qua cc tng ct, v d n ln e
1
, sau mt thi gian em ng li,
th thy ln e
2
> e
1
; nu ta ng cc trong t dnh th s thy e
1
> e
2
. Vi: e
1
: ln
ca cc qua mt nht ba ng cui ln 1, e
2
: ln ca cc qua mt nht ba ng li 2
ln.
- Hin tng ny l do s chn ng trong qu trnh ng cc. ng cc trong t ct th
s chn ng ca cc lm cho t cht li nn ln e
1
nh, sau 3 - 4 ngy ct tr li tnh
Hnh 3.18- M hnh ng cc trong
t ri v t dnh
Bi ging nn v mng
trng c nn e
2
ln. Trong t st ng cc ln u s chn ng lm ph v tnh kt t,
10 - 15 ngy sau tnh kt t c khi phc li nn e
1
< e
2
.
- khc phc hin tng ny khi thi cng ng cc ta phi ng th mt s cc xc
nh e
1TB
, e
2TB
v t s
1
2
TB
TB
e
e
.
- Khi yu cu ng cc vi ln thit k l e th ta ch cn ng mt ln n chi :
1
2
' .
TB
TB
e
e e
e
- chi tnh ton 1 nht ng ca ba trong mt t ng khng c < 2cm, nu <

2cm phi chn loi ba c trng lng ln hn, nhng cng khng nn dng loi ba
nng qu ( e khng c > 3 -5cm).
* Cch chn ba ng cc: theo nng lng xung kch hoc h s thch dng
- Nng lng xung kch ca ba E (kN):
25
tt
E P
Vi: P
tt
: sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc
- H s thch dng ca ba K
c
:
c
Q q
K
E
+
Vi: Q: trng lng ton b ca ba

q: trng lng cc k c mi v m cc
H s thch dng ca ba khng c vt qu cc tr s sau:
+ Ba hi song ng v ba mazut: K 5
+ Ba hi n ng: K 3
+ Ba treo: K 2
2, Sc chu ti ca cc theo vt liu
- i vi cc BTCT chu nn ng tm khi xc nh sc chu tnh ton c xt n n nh
thng dng cng thc sau:
( )
2
. . . .
tt b b t t
N m R F R F +
Vi:

: h s un dc
Bi ging nn v mng
m
2
: h s iu kin lm vic
R
b
, R
t
: cng chu nn tnh ca BT v thp
F
b
, F
t
: din tch ca BT v ca ct thp dc ch.
3.6.THIT K MNG CC B THP
- Mng cc b thp thng dng khi xy dng cng trnh ch kh hay nc mt rt
nng.
- Mng cc b thp l loi c y b nm thp
hn mt t. Trong tnh ton thit k, m
bo an ton thng gi nh ton b lc ngang
tc dng ln mng cc s c truyn cho t
pha sau b chu.
- chn su ca y b phi m bo:
min
h h
trong :
0
min
2
45 .
2
x
H
h tg
a
_

,
H
x
: lc ngoi tc dng theo chiu ca trc x

: trng lng ring ca lp t t y b tr ln

h: chn su ca y b
a: cnh ca y b thng gc vi mt phng tc dng ca lc
: gc ma st trong ca lp t t y b tr ln
E
b
: p lc b ng ca t ln thnh bn ca b (hnh 3.18-1)
+ Nu xt n cc lc ma st trn mt bn v y ca b vi t, ta cho thm h s
m = 0,75 tc:

0
2
0,75 45 .
2
x
H
h tg
a
_

,

- Sau khi xc nh xong chiu su chn mng s i tnh cc kch thc ca mng cc b
thp.
1, Xc nh kch thc ca mng cc b thp
a, Xc nh kch thc b cc
h
z
x
H
z
O
b
E
Hnh 3.18-1
Bi ging nn v mng
Kch thc ca b ty thuc vo cu to cng trnh bn trn, iu kin a cht, a cht
thy vn v kt cu cc.
- Cao mt trn ca y b thng nm ngang vi mt t thin nhin hoc thp hn
mc nc thp nht 0,5m. Cao y b ty thuc vo su xi l ca lng sng. Khi
y b bng g phi t thp hn mc nc ngm.
- Kch thc mt bng pha trn ca
b ty thuc vo cu to ca cng trnh
bn trn m lm rng ra mt g t 0,2 -1m.
- Nu b cc dng btong thng (khng ct thp),
y b ch c m rng ra mt gc
0
30 <
,
nu
0
30 >
th phi dng b BTCT (hnh 3.18-2).
b, Loi cc v s lng cc
Ty vo iu kin t nn v kh nng thi cng
* Loi cc:
- Khi tng cng khng qu su, cc lp t trn mt tng i yu, phi ng cc
xung n tn tng . Cc s phi chu ti rt cao. V vy nn dng cc c tit din
ngang ln gim bt s cc.
- i vi cc chu lc (nh cc ma st) nn gim s lng cc v tng sc chu ti bng
cch tng chiu di cc hoc dng cc m rng chn (nh cc n mn, cc xon, cc
khoan).
* S lng cc v b tr cc
- Nu y b khng c cc, th ton b ti trng s truyn cho t. Gi thit y b l hnh
ch nht, ng sut hai mp mng:
min
2
6
y max
M
P
ab ab
t
trong : a: cnh y ca mng thng gc vi trc Ox
b: cnh y ca mng song song vi trc Ox
i vi mng cc biu ng sut ny c tip thu hon ton bi cc cc.
- Sc chu ti ca mt cc:
( )
0 2
. . . . . .
tc tc
tt i i i
N k m U f l R F +
3 1
2
Hnh 3.18-2
1. Mt trn b cc
2. y b cc
3. G b cc
Bi ging nn v mng
- S lng cc:
min
1
. . . . .
2
max
tt tt
P
n ab
N N

+

trong :
: h s xt n s phn b khng u ca ng sut

+ Nu biu l hnh ch nht (tc l lc tc dng ng tm) th:
1
+ Nu biu l hnh thang th :
1,1 1,3
- S lng cc trong mi dy b tr theo hng thng gc vi trc Ox (hng ca cnh a):
1
a
a
n
c
+
vi: c: khong cch gia cc cc theo hng thng gc vi trc Ox.
Ch : Khong cch tim cc c 3d, khong cch t mp cc ngoi cng n mp b
> 2,5cm. Nu kch thc y b khng c th sa li cho thch hp.
- S lng cc trong mt hng theo hng song song vi trc Ox (hng ca cnh b):
b
a
n
n
n
Ch : S n
b
nhn c cn
b tr sao cho cc cc chu ti
trng tng i ng u. m
bo iu ny ta c th dng
phng php v nh sau: (hnh
3.18-3)
+ Trn biu ng sut ta ko di
cnh nghing ca hnh thang cho
n khi gp cnh nm ngang
im C.
+ Ly BC lm ng knh v na
vng trn. Ly C lm tm v CA
l bn knh quay mt cung trn
gp na ng trn ln A. V
AA
1
thng gc vi CB.
x
y'
x
x
0
1
2
3
x01
x
02
x
03
M
P
y
max
min
a
C
A
B
A'
1' 2'
3'
3
2
1
A
1
I
II III
I'
II'
III'
c
y
x
x
O
x
z
h
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Chia A
1
B ra n
b
phn bng nhau (v d l 4 phn) ta c cc im 1,2,3. T 1,2,3 k cc
ng thng gc vi CB ta c 1, 2, 3.
+ Ly C l tm quay cc cung trn bn knh C1, C2, C3 gp cnh BC ti I, II, III. T I,
II, III k ng thng gc vi BC, ta c I, II, III.
+ Cc ng I-I, II-II,III-III chia biu ng sut ra lm 4 phn bng nhau. Cc cc
theo hng cnh b s b tr qua trng tm ca cc hnh thang nh ny.
c, Hng cc
Nu trn mng, ngoi lc thng ng v mmen cn tc dng ca lc ngang rt ln vi
gc nghing hp lc
0
5 >
th phi b tr cc xin. Hng
ca cc xin b tr chng li chiu ca ngoi lc ngang tc
dng (hnh 3.18-4).
2, Tnh ton ni lc cc
Sau khi xc nh c s lng cc v b tr cc trong
mng phi kim tra li ni lc trong cc cc xem n c m
bo khi chu cc t hp lc thc t khng.
- Cng thc kim ton:
max tt
N N
trong : N
max
: lc tc dng vo mt cc hng cc chu nn nhiu nht, c xc nh:
' max
min max
2
.
y
n
i
M
P
N x
n x
t

hoc:
max
'
min max
2
.
x
n
i
M P
N y
n y
t

Vi: P
: tng ti trng thng ng ti cao y b

n: s cc trong mng
M
x
, M
y
: mmen ca cc ti tng ngoi i vi trc i qua trng tm ca cc tit
din cc
x
i
, y
i
: khong cch t trng tm ca cc th i by k ti trc x, y.
x
nmax
, y
nmax
: khong cch t trng tm ca cc chu nn nht n trc x,y.
Cu10
Tnh lc tc dng dc trc vo mt cc n hng th 3 ca mng cc b thp. Bit:
R
Hnh 3.18-3
Bi ging nn v mng
m T M T P
x
. 260 ; 420
;n=9 cc ;
Din tch tit din ca cc trong hng cc th
nht F
1
=25*25 cm
2
.
Din tch tit din ca cc trong hng cc th
hai F
2
=30*30 cm
2
.
Din tch tit din ca cc trong hng cc th ba
F
3
=40*40 cm
2
.
3, Kim ton mng cc b thp theo cc trng thi gii hn
a, Theo TTGH 1
- i vi lc dc trc
max tt
N q N +
trong : N
max
: ni lc chu p ln nht ca cc ngoi cng

q
: trng lng bn thn cc
N
tt
: sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc
- i vi ni lc ngang trc:
2
.
x
tc
x
H
m
k P T

+
trong : H
x
: ngoi lc ngang tc dng trn b
k: s cc
P
tc
: lc ngang tiu chun ca mt cc

x
T
: tng s hnh chiu trn trc ngang Ox ca ni lc dc trc trong cc
cc.
m
2
: h s iu kin lm vic (ly theo bng 3.11-146)
b, Theo TTGH 2
- Tnh ln ca b cc di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi, ch xt n cc ti trng tnh
tiu chun (do tnh ti sinh ra).
- ln ca cc phi m bo:
M

x

x

y

1

2

3

3

2

1

1

2

3

2m 2m
Bi ging nn v mng
1,5 S L
(cm)
- chnh lch v ln hai tr cnh nhau:
0, 75 S L
trong : L: chiu di nhp ngn nht gc ln tr, m. Nu L<25m th ly =25m
c, Theo TTGH 3
Kim ton nt cho b v cc di tc dng ca ni lc trong cc v b.
3.7.THI CNG MNG CC
1, Thit b ng cc
- C nhiu phng php h cc: Li dng cng sinh ra do s ri ca cc vt nng, c cc
loi: ba ko tay, ba hi nc, ba diesel; li dng s chn ng ph hoi sc khng
ca t xung quanh cc cc t ln xung do trng lng bn thn v cc thit b t
trn cc, c loi ba chn ng; li dng tc cao ca cc tia nc phun ra t nhng vi
nh ph hoi sc khng ca t, cc s t ln xung do trng lng bn than, gi l h
cc bng xi nc; dng lc nn ln nht ca cc thit b p cc vo trong t; dng
my to ra m men xon cc vo t.
a, Ba ng cc
* Ba ko tay
- L loi ba n gin nht.
- L khi nng hnh tr hay hnh nn lm bng st c trn nh c tai l mt vn st
mc cu hay lun dy cp nng ba ln.
- Trng lng ca ba t 1 -2T. Cc ln cn ng su th dng ba nng.
- iu kin ba tay bng hai phng php: c th dng dy thng hoc cp buc vo tay
ba ko ln v bung tay ra, ba s ri. Hoc c th dng mc cu t ng mc vo ba
nng ln h xung do tay iu khin g mc.
- Loi ba tay hiu sut thp (3 -4 nht, nhiu nht cng ch 10 -12 nht/pht) v ng tc
rt chm nhng cu to n gin nn vn c dng vi cc nh v va.
* Ba hi n ng
- V ba nng ln cao do hi nc v ri xung nh sc nng cu bn thn nn s nht
ng t, so vi ba hi song ng th hiu sut nh hn nhiu nhng c u im l cu to
n gin, tc dng m bo. Khong 30 nht/pht.
* Ba hi song ng
Bi ging nn v mng
- V ngoi ca ba hi song ng (xilanh) c nh trn u cc cn ba s ln xung t
do trong xilanh.
- Ba ri xung do trng lng bn thn v p lc hi nc tc dng trn mt pitong lm
tng nng lc xung kch v tng tc ca ba c th t 100 300 nht/pht.
* Ba diezel
- Ba diezel va l ba va l my pht sinh ng lc.
- V cn bn c hai loi: loi ct dn v loi ng.
- Qu trnh hot ng: trc khi m my, ko xilanh ln mt cao no , sau th
mc cu cho n ri xung t do; khi xi lanh ri n mc cui cng, ci nm bn ngoi
xi lanh n vo tay quay bm du, du s c phun ra nh ht bi vo trong bung trng
ca xi lanh. Khi khng kh trong xi lanh do b p cht li rt nhanh nn nnh ln lm
cho hn hp du mazut b chy n, nng lng n li tung xilanh ln cao sau do trng
lng bn than xi lanh li ri xung v p vo u cc.
- Loi ba ny gn, nh, d vn chuyn nhng nng lng nh ch ng c cc trung
bnh.
* Ba chn ng
- To ra cho cc mt chuyn ng dao ng dc trc lm cho b phn ca t rung
chuyn khi lc ma st ca t xung quanh than cc b ph hoi v cc ln xung do
trng lng bn than v trng lng ca ba.
* Ba thy lc
- Loi ba ny da vo s chuyn ng thy lc ca cc loi du nht to ra p lc
nng ba v p ba xung.
b, Gi ng cc
- Gi ng cc dng treo cc, treo ba v khng ch phng hng chuyn ng
ca ba.
- Cc b phn ca gi gm:
+ Ct dn dng khng ch phng hng chuyn ng ca ba.
+ Qu ba v thit b treo nh pu-li, ti.
+ Gi : lm bng cc thanh ghp li ct dn v cc thit b treo ba v cc.
+ gi : Dng cc b phn trn, di c bnh xe tin di chuyn.
- Khi ng cc ty thuc vo loi ba m chn gi cho thch hp. Ba nh th thit k gi
theo a hnh, theo cu to ca cc. Nu ba ln th c gi i km theo sn.
Bi ging nn v mng
* Gi g
- Thng dng cho loi ba ko tay. Thit k da vo trng lng cc v ba.Thng lm
theo kiu tho lp c nhiu ln.
- Cc dn lm bng g vung, c th bc thm thp gim ma st vi qu ba. Trn u
ct dn c treo hai pu-li: 1 treo ba, 1 treo cc.
- Chiu cao gi pha ng cc thng t 6 -20m ty theo chiu di ca cc v chiu su
h mng.
* Gi g kiu long mn
- L loi gi bng g c hnh dng chung nh mt khung ca, c bn i bnh xe st, c
goong nh chy c trn x ngang ca gi, ct dn cho ba v cc ta c treo vo
xe goong ny, xe goong di chuyn bng ti ko.
- B rng ca gi long mn ni chung ty vo b rng ca mng cc. CHiu cao ca gi
cng ty thuc vo chiu di cc v ba, thng khng qu 20m.
- c im ca gi long mn l c th di chuyn theo chiu dc ca cu bao ly cc mng
cc, cn xe goong th c th chy i chy li trn x ngang.
- Gi ng cc kiu long mn c bit tin li cho vic thi cng cc mng cc ca m tr
cu bi cn hoc ch nc nng.
* Gi thp
- Dng cho ba mazut. c ch to theo kiu tho lp i km vi ba.
- u im: nh nhng, d vn chuyn
- Ct dn ca ba do hai thanh thp ch u gia c bn thp ging vi nhau. Ct dn do
nhiu t ghp li, v vy c th iu chnh theo chiu cao yu cu. Cc thanh ca gi ni
vi nhau bng bu lng, c ba pu-li treo cc v ba.
* Gi ng cc vn nng
- Cu to: , bn quay, gi .
- c im ca gi ng cc l c th t chy trn ray, c th quay 60
0
trn bnh din; ct
dn c th rt ngn li, ko di ra, c th t nghing..
- Gi ng cc vn nng lm cho nhng ng tc ch yu ca cng tc ng cc nh: di
chuyn gi, treo cc... n gin i nhiu v n c c gii ha. Cng tc ng cc t
hiu qu cao, nhng loi gi ny yu cu ngi s dng phi c k thut gi thnh cao nn
khi thi cng vi qui m ln mi hiu qu v kinh t.
* Gi ng cc kiu cn trc
Bi ging nn v mng
- tay vi ca cn trc thm mt ct dn bin n thnh gi ng cc th c th tng tc
ng cc. Cn trc thng iu kin n gin, ng tc nhanh gn, ct dn li c th
nghing ty theo mun, nn gi ng cc kiu cn trc rt hay dng ng cc ch
khng c nc.
* My p cc
- My p cc l dng lc nn ln hn sc chu cc hn ca cc n cc vo trong t
n su cn thit.
- u im: khng gy ra s rung ng nh hng n cc cng trnh xung quanh.
- Tuy nhin khi p cc vng t xung quanh cng trnh c b nh hng v t b n tri
ln.
2, Sn xut cc
- Cc c hai loi:
+ Cc ch to sn: Sn xut ti cc xng chuyn nghip, cc bi dnh ring theo ng
yu cu thit k (hnh dng, kch thc... ).
+ Cc ti ch: sn xut ngay ti v tr thi cng.
3, Vn chuyn cc
- Tr cc b tng ti ch, cn li cc loi cc u c ch to ti hin trng hoc
trong xng.
- Bi c cc phi lm bng phng, m ln k trnh nt cc.
- Khi vn chuyn cc phi k, treo ng v tr, vn chuyn nh nhng, trnh va chm
mnh.
4, ng cc
- Khi thi cng mng cc th cng tc ng cc l mt khu
rt quan trng v n quyt nh kh nng chu lc ca
cng trnh sau ny.
- Yu cu ch yu ca cng tc ng cc l h c c
ng su thit k, ng v tr.
a, ng cc ni khng c nc mt
* ng cc trn mt t (ng cc trc khi o h mng)
hnh 3.19
Bi ging nn v mng
- u im: Gi ba di chuyn c d dng, khng cn ht nc trong thi gian
ng cc, d nh v v ng cc ng v tr.
- u cc ngp su vo trong t phi c mt on cc dn v trong trng hp ny
ba phi c nng lng ln hn trong trng hp khng c cc dn.
* ng cc sau khi o h mng (hnh 3.20)
- nhng ni khng c nc ngm v h mng rng c th o h mng xong mi ng
cc, nh vy s khng phi dng cc dn v o h mng d hn. i vi cc h mng
hp bin php ny khng c li v kh thi cng do gi ba kh di chuyn.
* ng cc trn sn tm trong h mng (hnh 3.21)
- Tn vt liu lm sn tm. Nhng c th dng khi khng c ba ln v khng mun dng
cc dn v h mng su.
* ng cc trn sn di ng (hnh 3.22)
- Sn di ng c th dch chuyn theo h mng.
- Sn lm bng thp ch I c th tho lp c gi ba li c th di chuyn theo phng
ngang, nn c th ng bt k cc no u tin li.
- Phng php ny dng cho mng c chiu ngang nh, chiu di ln.
b, ng cc ni c
nc mt
* ng cc trn o
t (hnh 3.22)
- nhng ni mc
nc mt khng su,
tc nc nh,
Hinh 3.20
Hinh 3.21
Hinh 3.23
0,5-0,7m
Hnh 3.22
hnh 3.19
Bi ging nn v mng
ng cc, ngi ta p mt o t cao hn mc nc khong 0,5 -0,7m; trn lt t vt
v ray
cho gi ba di chuyn.
- Phng php ny thi cng n gin, r tin, m bo an ton nhng khng p dng ni
mc nc cao. Nu tc nc ln th phi gia c b ca o t trnh xi l.
* ng cc trn sn tm (hnh 3.24)
- Khi mc nc < 5 -6m, xung quanh mng lm mt sn tm t trn cc g, trn sn tm
t cu di ng, trn cu t gi ba c th di chuyn ngang.
- Nu c nhiu mng cc cnh nhau th ngi ta dng cu tm ni lin cc sn
tm vi nhau vn chuyn cc v gi ba t
mng ny sang mng khc.
* ng cc trn phao ni
- Phng php ny dng nhng ni mc
nc ln v sng c thng thuyn.
- ng cc nhng ni nc su thng dng
x lan hoc ph hoc nhng phao lp ghp.
- khc phc hin tng phao chm khng
u phi b tr i trng bng cch cht vt
nng trn xe goong.
- Phng php nay lm cho gi ba c th b trng trnh kh ng cc ng v tr chnh
xc.
- Nu h mng khng rng qu th t gi ba tn hai x lan lin kt cht vi nhau.
Phng php ny nng sut cao hn, phao n nh v d nh v cc.
c, Trnh t ng cc
- Cn c vo s lng cc, khong cch tng i gia cc cc v kch thc h mng
b tr cho thch hp.
- ng cc theo trnh t tng dy, i theo ng ch chi ph hp vi nhng h mng ch
nht kch thc hai cnh khng chnh nhau nhiu. Nu trong h mng c cc cc ng v
c nghing nn ng cc ng trc, cc nghing sau.
- ng hng tm t trong ra ngoi trnh hin tng nn cht t gia v v nhng
cc cui cng kh ng t c su thit k.
- i vi nhng mng cc c chiu di ln hn chiu rng nhiu ln th nn chia ra tng
phn on ng.
Hinh 3.24
Bi ging nn v mng

a,
Kiu
xoy
c t
trong
ra
b,
Kiu
theo
th t
tng
dy
c, Kiu phn on
- Khi s cc t v khong cch gia cc >(4 -5)d, trnh t ng cc t nh hng
n c trng bin dng ca t gia cc cc v trong trng hp nn quyt nh
trnh t ng cc ty theo s thun tin cho thi cng.
d, H cc bng xi nc
- Li dng dng nc c p lc cao phun ra t vi xi nc, xi l t xung quanh mi
cc, gim bt sc cn ca t, nc li theo chn cc trn ln mt t lm cho ma st
gim, cc ch cn thm t ngoi lc tc dng l c th ln xung c. Phng php xi
nc phi kt hp vi ba ng.
- Nu t mm th xi n khi cc ngp t 1 -1,5m th ng ba, nu t cng th kt hp
va xi va ng.
- Phng php ny thch hp cho vic ng cc BTCT nng xung tng t ct, v ma st
trong t ct ln, ch dng ba khng th ng c.
- Thit b cho phng php ny lm my bm nc cao p v vi xi nc. My bm c
th dng loi pittong hoc my bm ly tm cao p nhiu cp. ng lc c th dng hi
nc, in, mazut. Vi xi c th t t do theo hai cnh i xng ca cc hay lin kt
cht vi u cc. C th t ngay khi sn xut cc hoc ch cn u vi vo mi cc,
on cn li lp sau c th rt ln sau khi h cc.
e, Cc hin tng bt thng c th xy ra khi ng c v cch x l.
* Cc nghing sang mt bn
1
1
1
Hinh 3.25
a,
b,
c,
Bi ging nn v mng
- Nguyn nhn: chn cc lp hoc o khng i xng, hoc chn cc gp phi m ci.
- Cch x l: Nu cc g ng cha su th by li cho thng, nu su qu th nh ln
ng li; cc BT th bt buc phi nh ln ng li.
* Cc ang ng th t nhin ln xung nhiu
- Nguyn nhn: Cc ng ti tng t mm yu, hoc cc gp m coi m b gy.
- X l: i chiu vi bn a cht v cc cc ng trc tm nguyn nhn, nu cc
gy nn nh ln ng li.
* Cc cha ng n su thit k nhng ng khng xung na hoc ba ny ln
- Nguyn nhn: C th gp m ci hoc tng cng, lc c th xem cc cc xung
quanh ng su bao nhiu hoc i chiu vi bn a cht tm ra nguyn nhn v
c bin php khc phc ph hp.
Chng 4
MNG GING CHM V MNG CC NG
4.1.KHI NIM CHUNG V MNG GING CHM
- Vi nhng cng trnh chu lc rt ln, cc tng
t tt rt su, nu dng mng nng th cng tc
o t kh khn, nu dng mng cc th khng
su mng chc nn phi dng ging chm.
- Mng ging chm c thi cng theo cch o
ht t di chn ging n t ln xung do
trng lng bn thn. Trong qu trnh o mng,
ging chm c tc dng nhue mt vng vy
ngng t. Nh vy, ging chm va l mt kt cu
thi cng va l mt b phn ca mng (hnh 4.1).
- Ging chm thch hp cho nhng loi mng su
t 5 -20m, c ging su ti 70m.
- u im: Cu to n gin, thi cng khng i
hi nhiu my mc, dng c, c tit din ln li h
c su nn c th chu c ti trng ln.
- Nhc im: tc thi cng chm, kh c gii ha khi thi cng, khi o t h ging
m gp chng ngi vt ( tng ln...) s gy kh khn v ko di tin thi cng
4.2.GING CHM HI P
mong ging chim
Hnh 4.1
Bi ging nn v mng
Khi gp iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp ngi ta thay mng ging chm bng mng
ging chm hi p. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n l dng kh nn vo bung kn ca ging
nh sc p ca kh m nc b y ra ngoi to iu kin kh ro cng nhn o
t. S thi cng Ging chm hi p nh trn hnh (4.1-1).
Sau khi hon thnh cng tc to mt bng thi cng, li ct bng thp c lp trc tip
trn nn v ng v tr. Phn trong ca li ct c y ct v cng tc b tng
khoang lm vic c thc hin. Vic lp t cc thit b v b tng tng cho Ging
cng vi cng tc o t c thc hin ng thi. Sau khi hon thnh cng vic thi
cng tng ging, np Ging (sn trn) c xy dng v pha trong khoang lm vic
c bm y b tng. Kh nng chu ti ca t trc tip di y ca Ging c
khng nh bng th nghim kim tra kh nng chu ti bng tm nn, thc hin trong lng
khoang.
* u im:
- Vng chc, chu ti ln
- t nh hng n mi trng.
- Hiu qu kinh t cao.
- Thi gian thi cng ngn.
- tin cy cao.
* Nhc im:
- Vic thi cng mng nh hng nhiu n sc kho ca cng nhn khi o ging trong
iu kin p sut cao. Cn nghin cu pht huy nhng u nhc im v hn ch thp
nht nh hng n sc khe ngi lao ng, c th ch to robot o trong ging l hp
l nht, va hiu qu va khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi.
Nhn xt: Vi nhng u khuyt im nh trn, mng ging chm hi p ph hp khi lm
mng cho cc cng trnh cu ln, cc tr thp cu dy vng, cu treo dy vng nhp ln,
ng cc m neo cu treo chu lc nh ln Tuy nhin cn khc phc nh hng n
sc khe ngi lao ng nh nu.
Bi ging nn v mng

Bi ging nn v mng
Hnh 4.1-1- Trnh t thi cng mng ging chm hi p
4.3.CU TO MNG GING CHM
- Ging chm c th lm bng nhiu loi vt liu nh g, thp, btong ct thp...
Hin nay thng dng mng ging chm BTCT v c th chu c ti trng ln v d ch
to.
- Ty theo cu to ca cng trnh bn trn m ging c hnh dng mt bng cho thch hp.
Cu to mt bng nn lm i xng cho ging chm xung c
u
v
cn
bng
(hnh 4.2).
Hnh 4.2- Cu to mt bng ca ging chm
a, Ging chm tit din trn b, Ging chm tit din hnh ch nht
c, Ging chm tit din hnh ch nht vt gc
- Ging chm tit din trn c nhiu u im v mt thi cng: ging d xung u, t lch
lc, lc ma st ca t ln mt ngoi ca ging gim i nhiu. Ging chm tit din trn c
ng knh c th ln ti 20 -30m. Ging chm tit din trn thng dng di cc tr,
a,
b, c,
Bi ging nn v mng
m chu ti trng ln, cu to mt bng ca kt cu bn trn c dng ging nh hnh trn
hoc vung. i vi nhng tr, m cu bnh thng kch thc b rng tit din tng i
nh so vi chiu di th dng ging trn khng hp l, nhng c th thay bng nhng
ging ng kinhd nh (hnh 4.3a).
- i vi tr m cu thng dng ging chm c tit din hnh ch nht, hoc ch nht c
gc trn (hnh 4.2b,c), hay tit din hnh bu dc. T s hai cnh ca ging chm khng
nn ln qu 3:1 v nu ln qu khi h ging d b nghing v xung lch v tr (thng nn
lm t 2,5:1 n 1,5:1).
- Ging hnh ch nht ch to n gin nhng khi h li b ma st ln, nn loi ny thng
dng cho mng su t 8 -10m. Khi ging h su trn 15m nn dng loi hnh dng ch
nht vt gc trn (tt nht l dng bu dc).
- Vi ging c kch thc ln, thnh ging s chu tc dng tc dng p lc ngang ca t
cng rt ln, gim bt ni lc cho thnh ging, ngi ta lm thm nhng tng trong,
nn tit ding ngang ca ging c chia thnh tng , nhng c gi l h ly t
v t s c ly qua cc . Thng cnh ca ly t t 2 -2,5m v khng ln qu 4
-5m ph hp vi cc dng c o t.
- m bo cho cng trnh bn trn nm ng v tr (c xt n sai lch khi thi cng) th
g ging quy nh khng nh hn 40cm v khng nh hn 1/50 chiu cao ca ging.
- B dy ca ging ca tng ging ty thuc vo iu kin trng lng ca ging phi
ln hn lc ma st ca t ln mt bn ca n. Tng ngoi lm dy t 0,6 -1,5m, tng
trong t 0,4 -0,8m.
- Hnh dng mt ngoi ca ging theo chiu cao cng ty thuc vo lc ma st m quyt
nh. Khi su h ging t 5 -10m, lc ma st khng ln, thnh ging c th lm thng
ng. Khi ging phi t qu su, gim bt lc ma st, thnh ging c th lm nghing
hoc c bc, nghing khng nn qu 1/100 (nghing qu s km n nh).
- i vi loi c bc tt nht t di cng phi c chiu cao ti thiu t 3 -4m, tng s
cc bc so vi chiu cao ca ging cng khng nn ln hn 1/100.
- Nhng loi ging m c thnh nghing hoc c bc lm cho tc dng gi cht
ca t i vi ging gim, v vy sc chu lc ng v ngang u gim, ng thi chuyn
v ngang ca nh tr c th ln.
- Phn di cng ca ging l chn ging. nghing ca mt trong chn ging so vi
mt phng thng ng t 30 -45
0
(hnh 4.3a)
- Mt ta ca chn ging ln t gi l bn chn ging, ty thuc vo cht ca cc lp
t o m lm rng t 0,1 - 0,3m (hnh 4.3a) . tng cng cho bn chn ging khng
b v trong qu trnh thi cng nn dng cc bin php khoan c hoc n mn ph , chn
ging c tng cng bng thp gc hoc thp ch U (hnh 4.3a,b). Khi h ging su,
chn ging li c th lm nhn v tng cng bng mt vnh thp (hnh 4.3c). Chn tng
Bi ging nn v mng
trong ca ging chm lm cao hn chn tng ngoi t nht l 50cm ( trnh cho chn
tng pha trong khi h ging khng bao gi ta ln t lm cho ging chu lc theo mt
s bt li).
- qua li c gia cc h ly t ngi ta lm cc ca trn thn tng trong.

Hnh 4.3
- Pha trn chn ging c nhng rnh lm su vo tng trong v tng ngoi khong 25
-30cm, b rng rnh t 80 -100mm, cc rnh lm c tc dng cho lp b tng bt y
ging sau ny bm chc vo tng ging.
- Sau khi h ging n su thit k ngi ta lp cc h ly t bng b tng mc 100
-150, ng thi tit kim thm b tng c th n thm hc theo qui trnh. Trc khi
lp h ly t m khng th ht ht nc c th phi b tng bt y sau lp bng
b tng thng; i vi nhng ging thp (h nng) thng lp ton b h ly t; i vi
ging cao ch mt lp b tng bt y bng b tng mc 200 -250, phn cn li rng
hoc lp ct.
- chng s thm ca nc di t qua thnh ging vo trong h ly t, th ct lp
lng ging c trn vi du mazut hoc bitum.
- Trn cng ca ging l np ging, c tc dng chu ton b ti trng ca cng trnh bn
trn truyn xung.
25-30
8
0
-
1
0
0
8
0
-
1
0
0
2
2
0
15-20
5
0
30-45
0 0
25-30
tuong trong
25-30
1 0
1 0
1 2 1 8
a, b, c,
Bi ging nn v mng
- C th lm ging chm ti ch. Ging chm ny dng b tng mc 150 -200. Ging
c c dn tng on trong qu trnh h ging. on u tin cao khong (0,8 -1)b( b:
chiu rng ca tit din ging). Cc on ging tip theo cao t 3 -5m. Ging chm ti
ch thi cng chm v khi c mi on ging li phi ch cho n t cng mi tip
tc h.
4.4.THI CNG MNG GING CHM
Cc bc thi cng mng ging chm: c ging, o t h ging v lp h ly t.
* c ging:
- Ni chung trng lng ca ging chm rt nng, trnh kh khn khi vn chuyn ging
thng c c ti ch.
+ nhng ch cn, trc khi ng ging phi chun b mt nn bng phng v vng
chc, n nh. Nu lp t trn mt l lp t xu cn phi o b i, thay vo bng mt
m ct m cht.
+ nhng ni mc nc ngm thp, gim bt su h ging v tng nng sut thi
cng c th o trc mt h mng n su trn mc nc ngm
khong 1m, on ging u tin s c trn y h mng ny. Nn c ging cn phi
vng chc, chu c p lc 1,5 - 2kG/cm
2
, ch cc nguyn nhn gy ln lm cho ging
nt.
+ nhng ni c nc mt thp (khong 2m), to mt nn bng phng, kh ro c
th b tng c ging, ngi ta p mt o t ct hoc ct pha st. Mi dc p theo
gc ngh t nhin ca ct. Khi p o, mt ct thot nc ca sng b thu hp, do tc
ca nc tng ln, nu tc ca nc nh th khng cn gia c mi dc.
o p bng ct nh: 0,3m/s
o p bng ct to: 0,8m/s
o p bng ct sn: 1,2m/s
o p bng ct sn to: 1,5m/s
Nu vt qu cc gi tr trn th cn phi gia c mi dc bng cch lt hc, b cnh
cy... trnh xi mn c th lm pha trc o mt tng hng dng nc. Mt trn
ca o phi lm cao hn mc nc thi cng t nht 0,5m. Mt bng pha trn ca o nn
lm rng hn bnh din ca ging mt g t nht lm 2m thun tin cho thi cng.
+ nhng ni c mc nc mt su hn 2m (khong 5 -6m) nn p o t trong vng
vy cc vn g. Cc vn g c ng thnh vng vy kn, bn ngoi c cc g nh v.
Cc vn phi ng su hn t 0,6 -0,9 chiu cao ca o v khng nh hn 2m. cc
vn khng phi chu thm p lc do trng lng ging truyn ln, nn cho ging ng
ngoi phm vi lng th trt ca khi t p ln cc vn.
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Khi mc nc su t 6 -12m, nn lm vng vy trn cc vn thp, bn trong p t.
Cu to ca vng vy cc vn thp trn khng i hi phi lm khung chng v ct
chng. Cc vn thp ng su hn su xi l ca lng sng, ng thi cn kim tra
theo s n nh ca t t di o y ra.
- Sau khi c nn bng phng v vng chc th ri ln mt lp t vt lm mng
cho vn khun c on ging u tin.
+ T vt t cch nhau 0,5 -1m vi yu cu lm cho p lc tc dng ln nn
1kG/cm
2
, cc thanh t vt di tng ngoi cn chn xung mt na chiu cao ca n
v chn k xung quanh bng ct.
+ Vn khun c ging thng bng g, bng phng, nhn; hoc nu c nhiu ging
ging nhau c th dng vn khun thp kiu trt .
+ b tng ch trnh bin dng khng u ca nn, tc l nn b tng ton din
tch ca ging tng lp mt, khng nn tng b phn ca tng.
+ B tng c ging cn bo dng v cng yu cu mi tho vn khun.
+ Khi tho t vt cng cn phi theo trnh t
trnh ging b nt. Trnh t tho t vt:
u tin g cc t vt di chn tng trong,
tho i xng t gia khu ra hai u, sau
n cc t vt trn hai cnh ngn (cng t
gia khu ra ngoi); sau cng l cc t vt
trn hai cnh di, i vi cnh ny bt u
cch mt tho mt, sau tho i xng vi
t vt gi, tho t vt no li m bng ct
cho cht; cui cng tho 4 t vt gi. Cc t
vt gi thng b tr vi khong cch (0,6 -
0,7)A, (A: cnh di ca y ging(hnh 4.4). Hnh 4.4- Trnh t tho t vt
- Dng cn trc c nng lc cu khong 6 -12T c btong v o t.
* o t h ging:
- o t trong ging nn dng cc dng c o ngm: dng gu ngom i vi cc
loi t ct ht to, si sn; dng my xi kt hp vi my ht bn kh p hoc thy lc i
vi loi t ri rc, ct ht nh. Ch ht nc o t khi l loi t n nh, khng b xi
theo dng nc.
- o t trong ging cn o xung su u trn tt c din tch y ging, khng c
mt t trong cc h ly t chnh nhau qu 0,5m. i vi nhng tng t yu khng
nn o su hn chn ging, nhng khi t l loi t dnh kt th c th c nhng cng
khng nn qu 0,5m.
3
3
2 2
1
0.7A
A
B
Bi ging nn v mng
- Vi nhng loi t ct nh ri rc hay t bn do p lc ca ct nc ngoi ging cao
hn trong, trnh ra hin tng t n vo trong h ly t th bm thm nc vo
trong ging thng xuyn cho cao hn mc nc bn ngoi t 1,5 -2m.
- Khi h ging nu gp nhng chng ngi vt lm ging khng xung c nh: tng,
thn cy, vt cng lng chm t lu th ty vo iu kin c th m c bin php x l
thch hp. V d: khi gp nhng tng khng to lm, c th dng bin php xi ri ko
vo trong h ly t mang ln; khi gp to th phi ph bng choong, c hoc i
khi phi dng thuc n ph dn...
- Khi h ging cn thng xuyn theo di cc ng trc ca ging trnh b nghing
lch hoc chch khi v tr. Nu gp hin tng ging b treo (b lc ma st gi cht,
khng xung c) th c th cht cc vt nng ln mt ging hoc c cc on sau
tng trng lng ging. gim lc ma st thn ging thng dng phng php xi
nc xung quanh thn ging v chn ging.
- Sau khi h ging n su thit k th b tng bt y ging.
* Lp h ly t
- Nu khi o t m khng ht nc th khi lp ging phi bng b tng di nc.
Chiu dy lp b tng di nc phi > 1,5 ln cnh nh nht ca h ly t. Sau khi lp
b tng di nc cng, tin hnh ht nc trong
ging v tip tc b tng.
- Mt trn ca mng ging chm thng b tr thp hn mt nc trung bnh khong 0,5m,
cho nn mun b tng bn np ging cng nh b phn di ca thn tr phi lm mt
khung vy g tm ngn nc.
* Nu su nc qu ln ( > 15m) m dng phng php p o kh khn v chn
din tch thot nc ln, khi ngi ta dng phng php ging chm ch ni. Tc l:
ging c c trn b, sau th xung nc v ko ra v tr thi cng, ri neo ging li
lm cho ging chm xung t t. Tip tc o t v h ging nh bnh thng.
* gi cho ging ni ngi ta dng cc cch sau:
- Bt ging bng mt y tm kn nc, chiu di ca tng ngoi c quyt nh sao
cho ging n nh v khi b nghing nc khng trn vo. Trng hp cn thit c th ni
cao thm thnh ging bng mt vng vy g hoc thp, khi ko ti ti v tr xy dng
ngi ta h ging xung y sng bng cch cht cc vt nng hoc bm nc vo trong
ging v ni cao tng ging. Khi ging ta ln t th tho y ging. Phng php
ny khng nn dng khi y sng l loi t yu.
- Lm tng ging rng bng BTCT hoc thp. Sau khi ko ging n v tr thi cng th h
ging xung y sng bng cch cho nc vo phn rng trong tng, sau b tng
thay nc.
Bi ging nn v mng
- Bm hi p vo cc h ly t c bt kn bng nhng m thp.
4.5.KHI NIM CHUNG V MNG CC NG
- Mng cc ng khi thi cng dng nhiu loi my mc c gii cho php tng nhanh tc
thi cng, h gi thnh v m bo yu cu k thut cao.
- Cc ng l mt loi cc tit din ln c ch to sn thnh tng on lp ghp vi
nhau. Cc ng thng c bng BTCT c thnh mng so vi kch thc chung ca cc.
ng knh cc c nhiu loi, thng t 1 -2m. Do kt hp gia ng (chn ng) v xi
nc, ht bn nn cc c h su ti 50m, c bit c nhng cng trnh su n hng
trm mt.
- su mng cc tng ln lm cho kh nng chu lc ca cc rt ln.
- u im: Chu c ti trng ln, tc thi cng nhanh, m bo cht lng k thut, t
ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit, gi thnh r hn so vi cc kt cu mng khc, khi
lng b tng gim t 20 -30% so vi kt cu ging chm.
- Nhc im: phng php thi cng i hi my mc, dung c v nng lng in nhiu,
nn nu thi cng t th khng kinh t. Ch nn dng khi s lng cc trn 10 ng, chiu di
cc trn 10m.
4.6.CU TO CA CC NG V MNG CC NG
1, Cu to cc ng BTCT
- C th dng v thp, b dy thnh ng t 10 -20mm, nhng gi thnh ca cc cao, cc
thp li d b g, kh sa cha, bo qun. Nn hin nay thng dng cc BTCT.
- Cc ng c nhiu loi ng knh: cc nh ( D < 0,6m), cc va ( 0, 6 0, 9 m D m < ),
cc ng knh ln ( 0,9 1, 2 m D m < ).
- Cc ng c chia thnh tng on ngn t 6 -12m d c v vn chuyn, khi thi
cng ghp dn cho chiu di cc. B dy ca thnh ng rt mng ch t 10 -16cm.
- B tng c cc thng dng M300, cc ng d ng lc dng b tng M400.
- Ch ni ghp ca cc ng l ch yu nht v b ng sut tp trung ln. gim s lng
mi ni cn ko di on cc lp ghp. Nn i vi cc cng trnh ln thng dng cc
ng d ng lc tng kh nng chng nt.
- Thi gian ni cc chim t l ln so vi thi gian ng v vy khng nn chia cc on
cc qu ngn. tuy nhin chiu di cc li b khng ch bi phng tin vn chuyn v
dng c cu trc.
- Ct thp trong cc ng thng l CT5 c g hoc loi 35C hoc loi thp tng
ng. C hai loi ct thp chnh l ct thp dc v ct thp ai.
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Ct thp dc dng cc loi thanh
10 25 mm
, b tr gia b dy ca thnh ng.
+ Ct thp ai dng cc loi thanh
6 10 mm
CT3 cun xung quanh ct thp dc
thnh hnh l so. Ct thp ai hai u on cc trong vng 1m b tr dy hn vi bc
xon
5cm
, gia t tha hn
10cm
.
- ni cc on ng vi nhau, ngi ta dng cc kiu nh sau:
+ Ni ghp bng bu lng. Dng ni di cc trong qu tnh ng. Kiu ny ni nhanh v
tin nhng yu cu ch to mt bch chnh xc.
+ Ni bng hn in. C u im nhanh nhng kt cu khng chc, khi hn b tng ca
thnh ng b nh hng khng tt.
+ Ni bng cch hn trc tip ct thp vi nhau. Phng php ny n gin, sau khi hn
ct thp phi p ch mi ni bng b tng ng cng nhanh. Thi gian thi cng lu, kh
m bo cc ni c thng tim.
- Chn cc ng ty thuc ng knh ca cc v cht m chn cu to cho thch hp.
C cc kiu cu to chn cc nh sau:
+ i vi cc rng 0, 6 D m , chn cc thng lm kn, lm bng BTCT, b phn chn
cc c lm ring, ni vi on di cng bng cu to mt bch bt bu lng hoc hn
in. Khi ng cc bng xi nc, chn cc phi c mt l h t ng xi ng knh
t 70 -100mm.
+ i vi cc ng knh ln, chn cc thng lm bng thp ngn. Trng hp chn cc
ta ln tng , bo v chn cc trong qu trnh khoan chn cc lm bng thp di.
- Trong qu trnh ng cc ng, c xung su 3 -5m th dng li moi t ra. Khi ti
su thit k, moi ht t ra v lp bng btong c mc t 170 -200. Nu theo yu cu cu
thit k khng cn lp bng b tng th c th thay bng ct si, nhng on c mi ni
nn b tng mt on di t nht l 2m.
2, Cu to mng cc ng
Gm hai b phn chnh: b cc v cc
* B cc
- C tc dng lin kt cc cc thnh mt khi v truyn ti trng bn trn xung
cho cc chu.
- Hnh dng mt bng ca b ty thuc vo kt cu bn trn v s lng cc. B cc c
th lm kiu ch nht, kiu bu dc, kiu hnh trn hoc c mt u nhn r nc.
Bi ging nn v mng
- B tr cc trong mng ty thuc vo s lng cc v hnh thc b. Thng b tr thnh
hng theo ch nht hoc hnh hoa mai hoc ng trong ng tm (hnh 4.5).
Hnh 4.5- S b tr cc trong mng
- Chiu dy ca y b phi m bo cng truyn ti trng, thng t 2 -3,5m. B
thng c bng b tng mc 200 -400.
- Khong cch cc cc b tr sao cho mp hai cc gn nhau khng nh qu 1m, khong
cch t mp cc ng n mp b vi nhng cc D < 2m khng c nh hn 2,5cm.
* Lin kt u cc vi b v chn cc vi tng
- Qui trnh qui nh, u cc phi cm su vo trong b t 1,2m tr ln. Nu u cc nm
trong btong khng theo qui trnh th ti thiu phi m bo ln hn 15cm, ngoi ra
cc ct thp ca cc phi th ra bng 20 ln ng knh ca ct thp c g hoc 40 ln
Bi ging nn v mng
ng knh ct thp trn. tng thm kh nng chng un ca u cc ngi ta cong b
tr thm mt khung ct thp trong lng rng ca ng (hnh 4.6).

Hnh 4.6
1. Khung ct thp tng cng 2. Ct thp ca cc ng
3. Li thp y b 4. Cc ng
>

1
,
2
m
25cm 1m
1
2
3
4
Bi ging nn v mng
- Khi di chn cc l tng
, tng sc chu ti ca
cc v gi n nh cho
mng th khoan thnh
mt l v lin kt cc vi
tng . tng cng kh
nng chu un cho tit din
chn cc y cng b tr
mt khung ct thp nh
u cc (hnh 4.7).
4.7.THI CNG MNG
CC NG
1, c cc
- Ty theo cu to ca cc, a im ca cng trng m quyt nh phng php ch to.
+ Cc ng c sn trong nh my bng phng php ly tm. Phng php ny c cc c
ng knh t 0,4 -2m, chiu di mt on 4 -10m; m bo cht lng cao v gi thnh
r hn.
+ c cc ng ti cng trng: nu s lng t thng lm vn khun bng g, trng
hp tht nhiu cc th dng vn khun thp s dng nhiu ln. Khi c nhng cc
ng knh nh thng t nm ngang, ng knh cc > 2m nn thng ng. m
bo cc n nh khi c cc thng ng nn lm chiu cao ng khng qu 5 ln ng
knh cc.
- rt ngn thi gian thi cng ca b tng, sau khi c 4h c th dng hi nc nng
sy, m ca khng kh khi sy khng c nh hn 90% v
nhit khng qu 80
0
C.
- Ch cho php d vn khun v vn chuyn cc ng khi cc ng t cng khng
nh hn 200kG/cm
2
. i vi cc ng d ng lc th c th vn chuyn cc khi b tng
t 70% s hiu thit k.
- Khi vn chuyn v treo cc ng, i vi cc c d = 0,4 -3m, coc th mc treo hoc k
hai im (hnh 4.8); i vi cc c d = 3 -5m th khi vn chuyn v treo nn ng.
4
3
1
2
Hnh 4.7
1. Cc ng 2. Khung ct thp
3. Chn cc bng thp
4. Nn cng
Bi ging nn v mng
2, H cc ng
- Thng dng ba cht ng. Ba chn ng to ra cho cc mt chuyn ng dao ng
dc trc, do s chuyn ng dao ng ny m lm cho b phn ca t cng chn ng
theo do lc ma st ca t xung quanh thn cc b ph hoi v cc s ln dn xung do
trng lng bn thn v trng lng qu ba.
- Ba chn ng c hai loi:
+ Loi ba tn s cao: c tn s dao ng 2500 dao ng trong mt pht, dng ng cc
thp.
+ Loi ba tn s dao ng thp: c tn s dao ng 400 - 650 dao ng trong 1 pht,
dng ng cc ng v cc BTCT c.
- Ba chn ng gm: c mt ng c in xoay chiu, cc trc quay c gn vt nng lch
tm. Cc vt lch tm c b tr quay ngc hng vi nhau th khi dao ng cc lc
ngang b trit tiu, ch cn li dao ng thng ng.
- Khi ng cc, ba chn ng c lin kt cng vi u cc.
- Trc khi ng cc ngi ta ni cho cc c mt chiu di cn thit, chiu di ny ty
thuc vo nng lc, chiu cao nng ca cn trc v kh nng chu un ca on cc ng.
nh du chiu di ca cc nh gi qu trnh ln ca n.
- Khi ni cc, gy khc ca cc on ng ni phi m bo khng vt qu 1,5L
(mm), vi L (m) l chiu di tng cng cc on ni.
- Khi vn chuyn v nng cc ng t v tr nm ngang chuyn thnh v tr thng ng, cn
ch n chiu di cho php ca cc ng ng sut ko trong b tng khng ln qu
cng chng nt cho php.
- H cc ng thng ty theo ng knh ca cc v cht t m chn loi ba.
- Khi o t di chn cc ng cn phi ch m bo s n nh ca vch h o.
L
0,207L 0,207L
Hnh 4.8- K cc ng khi vn
chuyn
Bi ging nn v mng
- h cc ng ng v tr cn phi c khung nh hng cho cc ng ta, ng thi
c gi cho ba chn ng ta khi h cc ng nghing. S cc b sai lch v v tr so vi
thit k khng c vt qu 25% tng s cc trong mng. Khi ng cc qua khung nh
hng, sai s v nh v cc trc ca khung mt trn khng c qu 0,025H, vi H l
su ca nc ch t khung. Khung nh v t trn phao, phi m bo sai s khng
qu -25mm.
3, Khoan
- Khi chn cc ta ln tng tng sc chu ca cc ngi ta thng thit k
chn cc cm su vo trong tng . thc hin iu ny, trc tin phi to l trong
tng di chn cc ng (thng dng phng php khoan bng ba xung kch).
- Thng khi khoan ngi ta b vo l khoan mt s lng t st nht nh. Lc my
khoan hot ng, nhng t st ny b nt ra ln vi nc thnh bn, bn t st c tc
dng gi cho cc mnh b v l lng trong dung dch khng b dp nt tip ra thnh
bt, do nng cao hiu sut my khoan hn. Sau mi t khoan li ly bn ln mt
trong cc ra bng thng u.
- Trc khi khoan cn ly ht t trn mt , sau thm d xem chn cc ng c tip
xc cht vi tng khng. Nu tip xc vi mt lp khng kht cn phi c bin php
nt li cho t bn ngoi khng theo nc xung tri vo trong cc lc khoan.
- Nu mt tng li lm t hn 20cm, thng b mt lp t st nho dnh dy t 0,3
-0,5m, pha trn lp t st b mt lp cc ng knh 10 -20cm dy t 0,2 -0,3m. Nu
mt tng li lm > 20 cm, th mt lp b tng di nc vi chiu dy ln hn 1m,
cng b tng phi ln hn 100kG/cm
2
.
- Trc khi khoan , b xung chn cc mt lp t st dnh khong 0,2 -0,3m. Trong
qu trnh bt u khoan li b thm t st theo tnh ton, c 0,5 -1m
3
cho 1m
2
din tch
y ng. C su khong 0,3 -0,5m li ly bn trong l khoan ra.
- Khi khoan t n su cn thit, trc khi b tng phi ra sch l khoan bng vi
xi nc, sau t khung ct thp lin kt chn cc vi tng . Trong l khoan
thng c nc ngoi chy theo chn cc, v vy btong vo l khoan phi dng
phng php b tng di nc. B tng lp lng cc ng cc on sau c th bnh
thng.
4.8.KHI NIM CHUNG V MNG CC KHOAN NHI
- Vi cc ng knh ln, su khng th dng bin php ng, v ng b lc khng rt ln
s sinh ra rung ng v y tri t xung quanh. Bin php tt nht l dng cc khoan
nhi.
- Cc khoan nhi l loi cc c tit din trn c thi cng bng cch khoan to l trong
t sau lp y bng BTCT.
Bi ging nn v mng
- Cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi:
Hnh 4.9 - S cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi
4.9.CC BC THI CNG C BN MNG CC KHOAN NHI
1, Chun b
- Trc khi thi cng cc khoan nhi nht thit phi chun b thu thp u cc ti liu
k thut v kt qu kho st t nn, thit k, qui trnh cng ngh, kt qu v quan trc
mc nc ngm khu vc thi cng.
- Chun b mt bng t chc thi cng, xc nh v tr tim cc, h trc ca cng trnh,
ng vo v v tr t cc thit b c s v khu vc gia cng ct thp, kho v cng trnh
ph tr.
- Chun b y cc loi my mc, thit b,vt liu thi cng theo ng yu cu.
2, H ng vch
- ng vch c dng bo v thnh h l
khoan phn u cc, trnh mi hin tng sp
l t b mt , ng thi to iu kin thun li
cho qu trnh thi cng.
- ng chng phi c t thng ng, ng v
tr. ng chng c th h bng ba rung hoc
bng my khoan.
3, Khoan l cc
- Ty vo a cht ni thi cng m quyt nh
bin php v dng c o l cc.
Bi ging nn v mng
- Cc khoan c th lm ng knh t
40 200cm
v c khi n
500cm
. Cc
khoan c th su 20m n 50m i khi ln n 80 hoc 120m.
- Trong cc loi t st pha, ct pha do mm, do va hoc cc loi t ct cht va tr
ln thnh l khoan c th t n nh, thng dng cc loi khoan xon.
- i vi cc loi t ri rc kh
m bo n nh ca thnh l
khoan, dng phng php khoan
trong va st. y l khoan
bng dung dch va st bentonit,
va ny c tc dng to nn mt
p lc nht nh chng li s
chuyn v ca thnh l khoan, hn
ch s lng ng ca mn
khoan lm cho mi khoan lun
tip xc vi y h. Ngoi ra va
st cn ngm vo thnh h khoan
vi chiu su khong 20cm, va
st s lin kt cc ht t li lm cho n n nh hn khng b tt xung.
- Bentonit c phun vo l cc khi khoan t su 4 -5m. Mc dung dch khoan trong
l phi lun cao hn 1,25m so vi cao mc nc ngm bn ngoi h khoan. Dung dch
bentonit tro ra ngoi c th thu hi, lc s dng li.
- Mn khoan v dung dich bentonit ln t phi c vn chuyn ngay ra khi v tr h
khoan trnh m nh hng n cht lng h khoan.
- Dung dch khoan c t trng 1,1 -1,2 c hm lng ct 2 -4%.
- Khi o l qua lp t ct c ln tng phi dng gu ngom, khi tng to phi dng
u ba nng ph nh i vi cc ng. Khi o qua lp ct ri rc hoc bn lng thnh
l khoan khng t n nh th phi c ng vch, ng ng vch ri o t. Khi khoan qua
t st dnh cng hoc do cng hoc khi vt bn t chn cc c th dng loi khoan
thng. khi khoan qua cc lp , ty cng ca m chn cc loi ba khoan.
4, t lng thp
- Lng ct thp thng c gia
cng thnh tng on gi l lng
thp, dng cu t vo trong l
khoan.
- Cn ch b tr nhng ming
m btong nh v ct thp nm
ng v tr trnh ct thep st vo
Hnh 4.10 - H ng vch di nc
Hnh 4.11 - Mi khoan
Bi ging nn v mng
thnh l khoan hoc lp bo h btong qu mng lm ct thp nhanh b g, gim tui th
ca cc.
- Khi ct thp qu di c th th tng on ri tip tc ni di trn
ming l khoan bng phng php hn.
Hnh 4.12 - Lng thp
5, btong cc
- Trc khi b tng cc cn phi ra chn cc cho sch mn khoan v cc mnh
vn. Vic thi ra thc hin bng ng b tng kt hp vi ng dn kh nn
- b tng cc khoan khi trong lng cc kh ro cn ch btong khng b phn lp,
cn dng ng hay vi bm th gn st mt btong, khng nn btong ri xung cao qu
1m.
- Thng trong lng cc c nc ngm chy vo , khi b tong lng cc phi dng
phng php b tng di nc.
- B tng lp lng cc phi nhuyn, ct liu b tng khng nn dng to qu 2cm, st
khng qu 20cm. Nu dng to v st ln btong d b phn lp, xp rng; cn th
nghim v theo di k khi btong.
Chng 5
TNG CNG NN
5.1.KHI NIM CHUNG
- t yu l cc loi t c sc chu ti km, tnh nn ln ln.
V d : t ct ri rc (h s rng e > 0,7); t dnh trng thi chy do hoc chy ( st
I
L
> 0,75); cc loi t bn ln nhiu tp cht hu c ( st I
L
> 1).
- Nu t cng trnh trc tip ln nn t yu th d b mt n nh hoc ln ln lm cho
cng trnh b nt v.
- Khi xy dng mng trn nn t yu, c cc bin php x l cho ph hp. C cc bin
php x l sau:
Bi ging nn v mng
+ Cc bin php x l c hc: nhm tng cht ca t bng cch m nn, ng cc
loi cc r tin, thay t, cc ct, ging ct, bc thm, b phn p, gia ti trc, c kt
ng( m cht lp mt)
+ Cc bin php x l ha hc: nhm tng cng lin kt v kt cu ca ht t, tng
cng lc dnh kt, lm gim lng nc trong t bng cc loi ha cht.
5.2.CC BIN PHP TNG CNG NN
1, Phng php dng m ct (thay t)
- Trng hp y mng l mt tng t yu ti trng cho php qu nh, c th chu
c lc cn t y mng su hn, nh vy thi cng kh khn v gi thnh cng trnh
tng cao. Vi nhng cng trnh chu ti trng khng ln lm hoc khng yu cu cht ch
bin dng ln c th dng bin php thay t.
- Phng php thay t ngha l o b lp t xu trn mt vi su ty theo yu cu
tnh ton v thay vo bng mt lp ct ln cui si m cht. Lp ct m s lm cho ng
sut y mng phn b rng ra do gi tr nh i khi truyn xung tng t xu bn
di.
-
ng sut ln tng t yu khng vt qu ti trng cho php, b dy ca tng m ct phi
tha mn yu cu sau :
( )
0 0 H m H
q k p h R +
trong :
q
H
: ng sut do trng lng bn thn t su H
( ) 0,1. .
H m t
q h h + (kG/cm
2
)
k
0
: h s tnh ng sut php thng ng ca cc im nm di trng tm din tch ti
trng.
p
0
: p lc y mng
Bi ging nn v mng
: trng lng th tch ca t xu

h
m
: su t mng
R
H
: cng tnh ton ca t xu su H
- Cch tnh: D kin h
m
, gi nh h
t

tnh c q
H
, R
H
, thay vo cng thc xem c tha
mn khng.
- Cc mt tnh ton khc: tnh lt, trt, ln (tnh nh mng nng).
- m ct thng p bng cc loi ct to, sch thnh tng lp 15 -20cm, khi m cn
ti nc vi m hp l.
- m ct thng khng nn dng ch nc ngm ln xung v ct c th b cun tri
hoc gim cht.
2, Phng php cc ct
- Khc vi cc loi cc cng khc (b
tng, b tng ct thp, cc g, cc
tre) mng li cc ct lm nhim v
gia c nn t yu nn cn gi l nn
cc ct.
a, Nguyn l v phng php thi cng
+ Phng php cc ct ngha l ngi
ta dng cc g hoc mt loi cng c
khc ng vo trong t yu, sau
nh cc ln v lp y bng ct to hoc
va vo l cc lm thnh cc ct.
- Khi ng xung t, t l khe h ca
t s gim i v t b dn p li, ng thi cc ct lm cho nc trong tng nc chy
vo l cc s lm t rn chc li.
- Hin nay thng dng phng php ng cc thp (thay cho cc g) xung t. Dng
ng thp c d = 20 -70cm u c m g hoc np y dng ba ng xung, sau dng
cn trc hoc kch nh ng thp ln, m g li trong t hoc np y m ra, l cc
hnh thnh. Trong qu trnh nh ng thp ln s lp ct thng qua lng ng.
- Ngoi dng ct, ngi ta cn dng vi hoc xi mng trn ct vo trong l cc, li
dng tnh ht nc ca vi v xi mng , ht mt s nc trong t, ng thi bn thn
cc ct v ht nc s trng to ln, lm cho t c rn chc hn.
b, Tnh cc ct
Bi ging nn v mng
- Mc ch lm cc ct l gim bt tr s ca h s rng, nn phi quyt nh gim h
s rng n mt gi tr no .
- Gi e l h s rng t nhin
e
tk
l h s rng thit k sau khi lm cc ct
H s rng gim: ( )
tk tk
e e e e e
- Ty theo tng loi t m nh ra e
tk
+ t c tnh cht ct th: e
tk
= e
max
- I
d
(e
max
- e
min
)
+ t st pha th: e
tk
= .
s tk

vi : ( )
tk p L L p
I +
+ t ct pha st th: e
tk
= 0, 6 0,8
- Sau khi xc nh c e
tk
th cn c vo din tch ca nn xc nh tng din tch mt
ct ca cc cc ct. Din tch nn thng ly ln hn din tch y mng l 10% 20%
. .
1 1
tk
e e e
F A A
e e

+ +
vi : A : din tch nn
F: tng din tch cc cc ct.
- Sau khi tnh din tch cn thit ca cc cc ct, cn c vo iu kin thi cng chn
ng knh cc ct (thng ly d = 20 - 40cm), t tnh c s cc ct phi lm.
- Khong cch cc cc nn ly t 1,5 4 d d . su ca cc ct phi bng su ca
tng chu p.
- Sau khi lm cc ct xong trc khi xy mng nn ri mt lp ct cng loi vi cc ct
dy 20cm d thot nc.
- Khong cch gia cc cc ct c tnh nh sau:
.
( )
2 3
tk
tk
c d

trong :
: trng lng n v t nhin ca t

Bi ging nn v mng
tk
: trng lng n v cn t c sau khi ng cc (trng lng n v thit k)
3, Dng cc tre
- Dng cc cc bng tre ti hoc cc trm, thng, cng chc, ng ngp vo trong tng
t yu. Sau xy mng cng trnh trn nn cc.
- Cn s dng cc di ng qua tng t yu xung tng t pha di c sc chu ti
cao hn, thng dng cc tre v cc trm c chiu di t 3-6m, c ng kinh t 5-10m.
Mt ng cc cng dy cng tt, theo kinh nghim thng ng 20-25 cc cho 1m
2
.
4, Cc phng php ha
hc
a, Bm va xi mng
* iu kin s dng ca
phng php ny:
- Cn c vo ln ca
cc vt nt v khe h trong
tng t, khng c nh
hn 0,15mm n 0,25mm,
nu l t ct th ng
knh ht b nht khng c nh hn 0,4mm.
- Lu tc ca nc mch phi di 100m/1 ngy m.
- Thnh phn ha hc ca nc phi khng c tc dng n hng xi mng.
* Phng php thi cng
- Khoan l trong nn, t cc ng bm vo trong l v bm va xi mng. va xi mng
khng trn ln mt t th phi bt cht khe h gia ng bm v thnh l khoan.
- Nu su bm va ln th phi phn on bm t di ln trn. Chiu cao mi on
khng qu 4 -5m.
- p lc bm va thng dng t 0,25 n 0,5atm.
- c ca va xi mng ty theo ln ca vt nt hoc ln khe h ca t m nh.
- Cng ca nn sau khi xi mng ng cng c th t ti 10 -15kG/cm
2
.
b, Phng php silicat ha
Bi ging nn v mng
- Nu khe h ca t nh khng th dng phng php bm va xi mng c, lc c
th dng phng php bm cht ha hc tng cng nn t.
- Cht ha hc thng dng l keo thy tinh (Na2O.nSiO
2
)

v clorua canxi (CaCl
2
). u
tin bm keo thy tinh vo trong nn t, sau bm dng dch CaCl
2
, hai cht ha hc
ny tip xc vi nhau pht sinh phn ng ha hc to ra mng keo silicat c tnh cht keo
dnh cc hy t li vi nhau.
- Ngoi phng php trn cn dng phng php mt dung dch, ngha l trc khi bm
keo thy tinh th ha ln ci dung dch axit photphoric, sau mang hn hp ny bm
vo trong t, sau vi gi s sinh ra keo silicat.
- Tng t sau khi c tng cng bng phng php silicat ha, tnh cht cng trnh ca
n s tt ln rt nhiu.

Bi ging nn v mng

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Bi ging nn v mng

: ng sut ln nht trong mng do ti trng cng trnh v phn lc t gy ra.

: L gc m ca vt liu, ph thuc vo loi vt liu- Tra bng 2-1 trang 46 GT

ln qu tr s qui nh th phi lm mng bng btng ct thp v c gi l

: dung trng ca t t y mng tr ln (kN/m

: ng sut trn mt tng t yu

: trng lng ring ca cc lp t trn mt tng t

: h s tnh ng sut di tm ca y mng, tra

H: Tng cc thnh phn lc nm ngang tc dng pha trn cng trnh

: trng lng th tch ca t (T/m

+ Lc tc dng ln thanh chng ngang s 3:

: trng lng ring ca nc

: h s xt n s mt mt ng nng do cc nguyn nhn khc.

- chi tnh ton 1 nht ng ca ba trong mt t ng khng c < 2cm, nu <

Vi: Q: trng lng ton b ca ba

: trng lng ring ca lp t t y b tr ln

: h s xt n s phn b khng u ca ng sut

: tng ti trng thng ng ti cao y b

: trng lng th tch ca t xu

: trng lng n v t nhin ca t

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