EXP.

NO DATE

:1 : LINEAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aim: To design, construct and test the following linear operational amplifier circuits (1) Inverting amplifier (3) Voltage follower (5) Integrator (7) Subtractor Components Required: S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Theory: Inverting Amplifier: The inverting amplifier is the most widely used in all the op-amp circuits. The output voltage VO is fed back to inverting input terminal through the R f - R1 network where Rf is the feedback resistor. The input signal V i is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1 and non-inverting input terminal of op-amp is grounded. Component Name Op-amp Power Supply Resistor Capacitor Voltmeter Breadboard Signal generator Range Type Quantity (2) Non-inverting amplifier (4) Summing Amplifier (6) Differentiator

VO = (Rf / R1) Vi ACL = Vo / Vi = - Rf / R1 The Negative sign indicates a phase shift of 180 between input (Vi) and Output (Vo). Non-Inverting Amplifier: The non inverting amplifier circuit amplifies without inverting the input signal. In this circuit, the input is applied to the non inverting input terminal and inverting input terminal is grounded such a circuit is called non inverting amplifier. It is also having a negative feedback system as output is fed back to the inverting input terminal. VO = (1+ (Rf / R1) Vi ACL = Vo / Vi = 1+ (Rf / R1)

Circuit Diagram of Inverting Amplifier:

Design Procedure:

ACL = 2;

R1 = 1K

ACL = Vo / Vi = 1+ (Rf / R1) = 2 Rf = (ACL-1) R1 = 1K

Tabulation:

Input Voltage (Vin) S. No in Volts 1 2 3 4 5 6

Output Voltage VO in Volts Theoretical Value Practical Value

Voltage Follower: In this circuit, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage both in magnitude and phase i.e. output follows the input. So, the circuit is called voltage follower.

Input is applied to non inverting input and the output is directly connected to inverting input. V O = Vi

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Vary the input voltage using regulated DC power supply then measure and tabulate the corresponding output voltage. 3. Compare theoretical Output with the actual output obtained from the circuit.

Circuit Diagram for Voltage Follower:

Design Procedure:

V O = Vi

Tabulation:

Input Voltage (Vin) S. No in Volts 1 2 3 4 5 6

Output Voltage VO in Volts Theoretical Value Practical Value

Summing Amplifier (summer): The operational amplifier is used to design a circuit whose output is equal to sum of the several input signals. Such a circuit is known as summer. It has two configurations as (1) Inverting Summer amplifier (2) Non inverting summing amplifier. (1) Inverting summing amplifier, the input is given to the inverting input terminal of op-amp. The circuit output is the inverted sum.

VO = [(Rf / R1) V1 + (Rf / R2) V2 (2) Non inverting summing amplifier, the input is given to the non inverting input terminal of operational amplifier. The output of the circuit is non inverted sum.

Circuit Diagram for Summing Amplifier:

Design Procedure:

VO

= [-(Rf / R1) V1 + (Rf / R2) V2]

R1= R2 = Rf R1= R2 = Rf = 1K

VO = - [V1 + V2]

Tabulation:

Input Voltage (Vin) Output Voltage VO in Volts S. No in Volts V1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Difference Amplifier (Subtractor): A circuit that amplifies the difference between the two signals is called difference amplifier. This type of amplifiers is mostly used in instrumentation circuit. VO = (Rf / R1) (V1-V2) The main purpose of the difference amplifier stage is to provide high gain to the difference mode signal and cancel the common mode signal i.e., it should have high CMRR. V2 Theoretical Value Practical Value

Differentiator: One of the simplest of the op-amp circuits that contain capacitor is the differentiating amplifier or differentiator. As the name Differentiator suggests, the circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is, the output waveform is the derivative of input waveform. But by using the differentiator at high frequencies, it may becomes unstable and break into oscillation. The impedance at input also decreases with increase in frequency; thereby making the circuit sensitive to high frequency noise.

Analysis of Practical Differentiator: As the input current of op-amp is zero, there is no current input at node B. Hence it is at the ground potential. From the concept of virtual ground, node A is also at the ground potential and hence VB = VA = 0V.

Circuit Diagram for Difference Amplifier:

Design Procedure:

R1= R2 = 1K

R3 = Rf = 4.7 K

VO = (Rf / R1) [V1 - V2]

Tabulation:

Input Voltage (Vin) S. No in Volts V1 1 2 3 4 5 6 V2

Output Voltage VO in Volts Theoretical Value Practical Value

For the current I, we can write,

V -V A = in Z 1 =

----------------- V = 0 A

V in Where Z = R in series with C 1 1 1 Z 1 1+ sR C 1 1 1 =R + = 1 sC sC 1 1 = sC Vin (s) 1 1+ sR C 1 1 V -V V O =- O = A R R f f V (s) =- O R f =C d (V - V ) dV A O =-C O f f dt dt

So in Laplace domain we can write, Z 1 I

Now the current I is, 1 I 1 In Laplace, I 1 I 2

and

Taling Laplace Transform we get, I = - sC Vo (s) 2 f Applying KCL at node A, I = I +I 1 2

V (s) sC Vin (s) 1 =- O - sC Vo (s) f 1+ sR C R 1 1 f

-sR C V (s) f 1 in V (s) = O [1+ s Cf R f ] [1+ s C1 R1 ]

If C R = C R then 1 1 f f V (s) = O

-sR f C1Vin(s) 2 1+ s C1 R1

The time constant R C is much greater than R C or R C and hence 1 1 f 1 f f the equation becomes V (s) = - sR C V (s) O f 1 in VO (t) = - R f C1 dVin (t) dt -----------d as s= dt

The output voltage is the R C times the differentiation of the input. f 1

Circuit Diagram for Differentiator:

Design:
dVi V =-R C O f 1 dt

R =1.6K f

R =1K 1

f =1KHz =

1 2R C f 1

1 C = = 0.16f ; 1 2f R f
Model Graph:

R R f = 615 R eq = 1 R +R 1 f

Integrator: One of the simple op-amp circuits that also contain the capacitor is known as integrator. As the name integrator suggests, the circuit performs the mathematical operation of integration. That is, the output waveform is the integration of input waveform.

Analysis of Practical Integrator: As the input of op-amp is zero, the node B still at ground potential. Hence the node A is also at the ground potential from the concept of virtual ground. So, V A = 0.

(V

-V ) in A R 1 I = V

----------------- V = 0 A in R 1 d (V - V ) A O f dt dV A f dt

Similarly

I 1

=-C

=- C And I 2

V -V O = A R f V =- O R f

Tabular Column: Differentiator

S.NO

Input Voltage (Vi) in volts

Output Voltage (Vo) in volts

Time period in ms

Tabular Column: Integrator

S.NO

Input Voltage (Vi) in volts

Output Voltage (Vo) in volts

Time period in ms

Procedure for Differentiator and Integrator: 1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set the 1 KHz square wave input using function generator and obtain the output waveform on the CRO. 3. Determine and tabulate the amplitude, time period of the output waveform. 4. Draw the graph for output.

At node A, applying KCL I =I +I 1 2

dV V V O - O in = - C f dt R R 1 f Taking Laplace transform of above Equation, V (s) / R in 1 V (s) = - s C V (s) - O f O R f

1 = - V (s) [s C + ] O f R f = - V (s) O [1+ s C R ] f f R f

R f V (s) = V (s) O R [1+ s R C ] in 1 f f V (s) = O 1 R sR C + 1 1 f R f V (s) in

When R is very large than R / R can be neglected and hence circuit behaves like 1 f f an ideal integrator as 1 V (s) = V (s) O sR C in 1 f 1 VO (t) = Vin (t) dt --------- as 1/s = dt sR1 Cf

Circuit Diagram for Integrator:

Design:

R1 = 1K, C=1F and f = 1KHZ T = 1/f f=1/2 R1Cf VO = Vin T / (R1C1) = 1.6K R
eq

= R1*Rf / (R1 +Rf) = 1.610 6/2.6103 = 615

Model Graph:

Max. Description Marks Preparation Performance Viva Voce Record Total 30 40 10 20 100

Marks Secured

Staff Signature

Result: Thus the linear operational amplifier circuits were designed, constructed and its performance was tested using op-amp IC 741.