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HVDC Control
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Id
U1
U2
AC System A
Simplified HVDC System diagram
AC System B
HVDC Control
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Id
U1
U2
AC System A
AC System B
HVDC Control
What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?
Id
=
U1 U2
U2
Magnitude of Id or power is controlled depending on the difference in the terminal voltages (U1, U2) Direction of power is controlled depending on the polarity of the terminal voltages (U1, U2)
Power Direction
U1
U2
Sending End
Receiving End
U2 I
U1
d
Converter Control Inverter Ud-Control
ACF
capacitors
ACF
ACF
capacitors
ACF
AC System A
Converter Control Reactive Power Control
AC System B
Tap Changer Control
ACF: AC Filter
Inverter Operation
AC System Power Flow DC System
Id
V5
Phase B
Ud
Phase B
Ud
Phase C V4 V6 V2
Phase C V4 V6 V2
180
Inverter Operation
150
-Ud
180
= 0
= 30
= 60
Inv
Limit
Ud
= 90
Ud
= 120
= 150
t
-Ud
Fixed o
Fixed o
Trigger set
Trigger set
Id AC SYSTEM A Ud
Rect
Ud
Inv
AC SYSTEM B
Rectifier
Inverter
Converter Control Functions, Fixed Firing Angles Firing angle is controlled by use of controllers and the trigger set. Task of the trigger set - convert the firing angle in appropriate firing pulses for each individual valve and the synchronisation of these pulses to the AC system
1.0
Operating Point
1.0
-1.0
Rectifier Fixed o (~15) Rectifier Fixed o (~15) Inverter Fixed o (~140) Ud (p.u.) AC Bus Voltage reduction at rectifier 1.0
1.0
Id (p.u.)
I DC Ref I DC Act
PI Controller
I DC Control
Fixed o
Rectifier Id Control
Operating Point in No Change Operating Point but (e.g. alpha 15) increased alpha No Change in (e.g. 30) Operating Point new Operating Point with reduced inverter AC Voltage and fixed Inverter (~140)
1.0
Id (p.u.)
Angle of the rectifier is not fixed to 15 anymore but controlled to lets say 15 In case of AC voltage reductions at recitifer station, the current controller reduced the Angle in order to keep the required DC Voltage Angle can be decreased down to 5 i.e. no change in rectifier DC voltage as long as the DC voltage referring to 5 Reaction of AC voltage Decrease at inverter station To avoid DC Voltage changes due to inverter AC bus voltage changes, a DC voltage control is applied at the inverter station
I DC Ref I DC Act
U DC Ref
PI Controller PI Controller
I DC Control
U DC Control
U DC Act
Ud (p.u.)
1.0
Operating Range for AC Bus Voltage reduction at Range for Operating inverter AC Bus Voltage increase at inverter AC Bus Voltage reduction at rectifier
Operating Point (e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140) Constant Operating Point for a wide range of inverter and rectifier side AC new Operating Point with reduced rectifier Voltage variations AC Voltage and constant DC Voltage control
Rectifier Id Control
1.0
Id (p.u.)
I DC Ref
I marg I DC Ref I DC Control
+ + +
I DC Act U DC Ref U DC Act
I DC Ref I DC Act
PI Controller
PI Controller
I DC Control
M A X
U DC Control
Ud (p.u.)
1.0 AC Bus Voltage reduction at rectifier Inv Fixed max (~160) Operating Point without inverter Id Margin Control new Operating Point with inverter Id Margin Control Operating Point (e.g. Rect =15, Inv =140)
1.0
Id (p.u.)
Ud (p.u.)
1.0
Id (p.u.)
I DC Ref
I marg I DC Ref
I DC Control
I DC Ref I DC Act
PI Controller
PI Controller
I DC Control
M A X
U DC Control
Gamma Control
Extinction Angle Control (Gamma Control) The extinction angle control at inverter is provided in order to maintain stability margins. The extinction angle reference value is the minimum allowed value (e.g.17) The extinction angle control becomes active when the minimum limit is reached.
1.0
Id (p.u.)
I DC Ref
I marg I DC Ref
+ + + + I DC Act U DC Ref
I DC Ref I DC Act
U DC Ref U DC Act
I DC Control
PI Controller PI Controller
I DC Control
+ - +
U marg U DC Control
M I N
Trigger set
M A X
U DC Control
Trigger set
Gamma Control
0.9
CEC
Rectifier Id Cont.
0.4
0.3
Rectifier VDCOL
Abbreviations: VDCOL Voltage Dependent Current Limit CEC Current Error Characteristic Ud DC Voltage Id DC Current Extinction Angle
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
ld (pu)
U DC Act
+ +
I marg
I DC Ref I DC Act
I DC Control
PI Controller PI Controller
DC Ref U DC Act U
I DC Control
- I DC Act
U DC Ref
Min
MAX
U DC Control
+U DC Act
17
-+
U DC Control
Trigger set Trigger set
Control
Act
U marg
Id AC SYSTEM A Rectifier Ud
Rect
Ud
Inv
AC SYSTEM B Inverter