H Ni, nm 2011

Nhm bin son ti liu: - D n Nng cao nng lc nh gi v qun l ti nguyn n c Vit Nam (CAPAS) - Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc, B Ti nguyn Mi trng - Trng THCS Nguyn Du, Hon Kim, H Ni - D n Tng cng bo v nc ngm ti Vit Nam (IGPVN)

H Ni, nm 2011

Li gii thiu
Nc l ngun ti nguyn thin
nhin v cng qu gi. u c nc, c s sng, c vn ha v vn minh. Tuy nhin, hin nay, c th gii ang phi i mt vi nguy c khng hong ti nguyn nc. Thiu nc ang e da ti an ninh lng thc, sc khe cng ng v l nguyn nhn bng n cc cuc xung t v trang trong s dng ngun nc. Vit Nam khng phi l quc gia di do ti nguyn nc. Nc phn b khng ng u theo khu vc cng nh theo ma. Ma kh th thi u nc gy ra hn hn, ma ma li tha nc gy ra l lt. Tnh trng thiu nc sinh hot, thiu nc sn xut nng nghip, thiu nc sn xut in trong ma h xy nhiu tnh, thnh trong c nc lm cho cuc sng ca ngi dn b xo trn. Tng lng nc mt bnh qun nm Vit Nam c khong 830 t m3 trong hn 60% ngun nc mt c sn sinh nc ngoi, ch c bnh qun 309 t m3 mi nm c sn sinh trn lnh th Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, vo ma kh lng nc mt ch t khong 2030% lng nc mt ca c nm. Tng lng nc di t bnh qun nm Vit Nam c khong 63 t m3. Nc di t chim khong mt na ngun cung cp nc cho sinh hot v nhiu mc ch s dng kinh t khc. nhiu ni nc ngm b khai thc tp trung v qu mc khin cho mc nc di t gim i rt nhiu,v d, mt s ni thnh ph H Ch Minh mc nc ngm gim 30 m so vi mc nc t nhin. Vit Nam, thy li (phc v sn xut nng nghip) l nhm i tng s dng nc mt ln nht (chim 82%), nui trng thy sn ng th 2 chim 11%, tip theo l cng nghip 5% v cp nc th ch c khong 3%. Vi mc tiu, nng cao cht lng, hiu qu v bn vng cho cc dch v do ngun nc mang li, t nm 2003, Cc Qun l Ti nguyn n c, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ku gi cng ng dn c, cc c quan, t chc v cc ngnh chung tay bo v v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc ca t nc nh tit kim nc, chia s quyn li s dng nc, gim thiu cc hot ng gy nhim ngun nc v khai thc nc khng hp l.

Gio dc ngoi gi ln lp, gio dc ngoi kha l phng php dy v hc khuyn khch s tham gia ca hc sinh vo bi ging thng qua cc tr chi, bi t p nhm, tho lun, i thoi, d ngoi hay thc hnh. Phng php ny i hi gio vin phi u t nhiu thi gian v sng to trong thit k cc hnh thc truyn t thng tin cho hc sinh, to s hng khi cho hc sinh trong mi bui hc. Ti nguyn nc Ti liu gio dc ngoi gi ln lp dng cho hc sinh khi trung hc c s c bin son theo cc ch Nc trn Tri t; Gi tr ca nc; Cc hin tng t nhin lin quan n nc; Cht lng nc v Pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc; mi m-un trong ti liu l mt ni dung lin quan n ti nguyn nc v c s dng trong cc gi hc ngoi kha cho hc sinh cc khi 6, 7, 8 v 9 thuc cc trng trung hc c s trn a bn cc tnh 2 d n CAPAS v IGPVN. Ti liu ny l sn phm c trin khai trong khun kh cc hot ng truyn thng ca d n Nng cao nng lc nh gi v qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam (CAPAS) (Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng), vi s cng tc ca cc thy c gio trng THCS Nguyn Du (Hon Kim, H Ni) v D n Tng cng Bo v Nc ngm ti Vit Nam" (IGPVN) (Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra Ti nguyn nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng thc hin). ng thi, nhm bin son ti liu cng nhn c rt nhiu kin ng gp b sung hon thin ti liu t cc chuyn gia quc t v cn b ca Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc. Xin trn trng cm n nhm bin son ti liu, cc thy c gio, chuyn gia v cc c quan ti tr h tr Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc bin son, xut bn, pht hnh v chuyn ti thng tin, kin thc v ti nguyn nc ti hc sinh khi trung hc c s ti cc tnh, thnh trong c nc. Cc trng Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc Hong Vn By

MC LC
Li gii thiu ................................................................................................................................ 4 Chng 1: Nc trn Tri t ..................................................................................................... 8 Bi 1: Nc trn Tri t ............................................................................................................. 9 Bi 2: Vng tun hon nc ......................................................................................................... 11 Bi 3: Nc mt v Nc di t............................................................................................... 13 Bi 4: Sng, sui, h v h cha .................................................................................................. 15 Bi 5: H thng sng ngi ............................................................................................................ 18 Bi 6: Lu vc sng ..................................................................................................................... 21 Bi 7: t ngp nc .................................................................................................................... 23 Bi 8: Bin v i dng ............................................................................................................. 25 Chng 2: Gi tr Ti nguyn nc.............................................................................................. 28 Bi 9: Nc o v Du chn nc ................................................................................................ 29 Bi 10: Nc cho sinh hot .......................................................................................................... 33 Bi 11: Nc cho an ninh lng thc .......................................................................................... 35 Bi 12: Nc v Nng lng ........................................................................................................ 37 Bi 13: Nc v H sinh thi ....................................................................................................... 39 Bi 14: Nc v Vn ha ............................................................................................................. 41 Bi 15: Nc v Vn hc ngh thut............................................................................................ 43 Bi 16: Nc v tn gio, tn ngng .......................................................................................... 48 Bi 17: Nc, Kin trc v Qun s ............................................................................................ 50 Bi 19: Gi tr kinh t ca nc.................................................................................................... 52 Bi 20: Gi tr x hi ca nc ..................................................................................................... 55 Bi 21: Nc v Sc khe cng ng .......................................................................................... 56 Chng 3: Cc hin tng t nhin lin quan n nc .............................................................. 60 Bi 22: Ma .................................................................................................................................. 61 Bi 22: Sng m v Sng mui ............................................................................................... 63 Bi 23: Hn hn v L lt............................................................................................................. 65 Bi 24: Xi l b sng.................................................................................................................. 68 Bi 25: Bi t lng sng ............................................................................................................... 71 Bi 26: Sa mc ha ....................................................................................................................... 72 Bi 27: Sng thn ......................................................................................................................... 74 Bi 28: Bng tan ........................................................................................................................... 76 Bi 29: Xm nhp mn ................................................................................................................. 77 Bi 30: Bin i kh hu ............................................................................................................... 78 6

Chng 4: Cht lng nc ......................................................................................................... 79 Bi 31: Khi no nc c xem l nhim? ............................................................................... 80 Bi 32: Ngun gy nhim nc do cc hot ng sinh hot ..................................................... 81 Bi 33: Ngun gy nhim nc do nng nghip ....................................................................... 82 Bi 34: Ngun gy nhim nc do cc hot ng cng nghip ................................................ 83 Bi 35: Hu qu ca nhim ngun nc ................................................................................... 84 Bi 36: Cc bnh lin quan n ngun nc ................................................................................ 85 Bi 37: Qu trnh t lm sch ca nc ....................................................................................... 87 Bi 38: Mt s bin php x l nc n gin ............................................................................ 90 Chng 5: Pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc .......................................................................... 92 Bi 39: Tit kim nc ................................................................................................................. 93 Bi 40: Tit kim nc trong sinh hot ........................................................................................ 94 Bi 41: Tit kim nc trong nng nghip ................................................................................... 97 Bi 42: Thu gom nc ma v B cp nhn to nc di t ................................................... 98 Bi 43: Ti s dng nc thi ...................................................................................................... 100 Bi 44: Khoanh nh cc khu vc bo v nc di t.............................................................. 101 Bi 45: Lc nc bin thnh nc ngt ....................................................................................... 102 Bi 46: Bo v rng Bo v ngun sinh thy ............................................................................ 104 Bi 47: Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc ................................................................................... 105

Chng 1: Nc trn Tri t

Bi 1: Nc trn Tri t
Nc quan trng nh th no i vi cuc sng con ngi? Trong s cc thnh phn c bn ca mi trng t nhin, nc l mt loi ti nguyn thin nhin v cng qu gi, song n li c gii hn. Lch s tin ha ca loi ngi bt u t nc v nc chnh l thnh phn quan trng nht cu thnh c th con ngi. Con ngi chng ta s dng nc trong hu ht cc hot ng hng ngy, t phc v sinh hot gia nh nh n ung, v sinh, chm sc sc khe n sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip, thy sn, cng nghip v c n giao thng vn ti. Ngun ti nguyn quan trng ny to dng nn x hi loi ngi vi s a dng v x hi, vn ha v tn gio tn ngng khp mi ni. Nu xt v cu trc phn t ring bit, nc c xem l mt dung mi l tng ha tan, phn b cc hp cht v c v hu c to iu ki n thun li cho pht trin th gii thy sinh, pht trin cc loi thy sn v c cc loi ng thc vt trn cn. S vn chuyn ca nc trn b mt tri t l nguyn nhn chnh hnh thnh nn a mo ca a cu. Chng ta c th thy rng cc nn vn h a, thc phm, phong cch sng ca mt a phng gn kt cht vi iu kin kh hu ca ni y, trong khi ngun nc t nhin l bo m cho cn bng v kh hu ca mt khu vc. Nc trn Tri t Trong 1.386 triu km3 tng lng nc trn tri t th trn 97% l nc mn. V trong tng lng nc ngt trn tri t th 68% l bng v sng bng; 30% l nc ngm; ngun nc mt nh nc trong cc sng h, ch chim khong 93.100 km3, bng 1/150 ca 1% ca tng lng nc trn tri t. s Thc t v cc con s Hin c 1/3 dn s th gii ang sng trong iu kin thiu nc, ngha l, ch c th s dng 20% lng nc so vi tng nhu cu nc dng cho cc hot ng sinh hot ti thiu hng ngy. chu Phi, trung bnh mi ngi s dng 10 -20 lt nc/ngy. Trong khi , Bc M v Nht Bn, trung bnh mi ngi s dng 350 lt nc/ngy v chu u l 200 lt nc/ngi/ngy
Hnh 1.1. Nc trn Tri t

 Mi nm, trn th gii, c khong 3.575 triu ngi cht v cc bnh lin q uan n ngun nc, trong , 1,4 triu l tr em. Mi ngy c khong 2 triu tn cht thi ca con ngi c x vo cc ngun nc. iu ny gy ra nhim 44% ngun nc mt M v chu l tt c cc h thng sng chy qua cc thnh ph. Khong 60% sng trong 227 lu vc sng ln trn th gii ang b chia ct do vic pht trin p, knh, mng.. iu ny lm suy thoi cc h sinh thi thy sinh trong khu vc. K t nm 1900, khong 50% din tch t ngp nc trn th gii bin mt. Khong 24% cc loi ng vt c v v 12 loi chim nc ang ng trc nguy c tuyt chng do mt ni c tr v kim n. Trong khong hn 10 nm, t 1990 n 2001, th gii phi hng chu gn 2,200 thm ha thin nhin lin quan n nc, nh l lt, hn hn, st l t, nn i. Trong 35% s thm ha xy ra chu . Trn th gii c 263 lu vc sng xuyn bin gii, trong chu c 58 lu vc. Cc tranh chp v xung t v trang , ang v s tip tc xy ra xung quanh vic chia s v s dng ngun nc ti cc lu vc sng xuyn bin gii. V d Ixraen Libng-Giocani-Xyri v Palextin (sng Jourdain); Th Nh K, Xyri v Irc (sng Tigre v Euphrate); n v Pakixtan (nc ngm); Xngan v Mritani (sng Sngal); Mexico v M (sng Colorado).

Hnh 1.2. Nc trn Tri t

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Bi 2: Vng tun hon nc

Nc lun chuyn nh th no?
- Mt tri lm nng nc trn nhng i dng, lm bc hi nc vo trong khng kh. Nhng dng kh bc ln em theo hi nc vo trong kh quyn, gp ni c nhit thp hn hi nc b ngng t thnh nhng m my. Nhng dng khng kh di chuyn nhng m my khp ton cu, nhng phn t my va chm vo nhau, kt hp vi nhau, gia tng kch c v ri xung thnh ging thy (ma). - Ging thu di dng tuyt c tch li thnh nhng ni tuyt v bng h c th gi nc ng bng hng nghn nm. Trong n hng vng kh hu m p hn, khi ma xun n, tuyt tan v chy thnh dng trn mt t, i khi to thnh l. Phn ln lng ging thu ri trn cc i dng; hoc ri trn mt t v nh trng lc tr thnh dng chy mt. - Mt phn dng chy mt chy vo trong sng theo nhng thung lng sng trong khu vc, vi dng chy chnh trong sng chy ra i dng. Dng chy mt, v nc thm c tch lu v c tr trong nhng h nc ngt. Mc d vy, khng phi tt c dng chy mt u chy vo cc sng. - Mt lng ln nc thm xung di t. Mt lng nh nc c gi li lp t st mt v c thm ngc tr li vo nc mt (v i ng) di dng dng chy ngm. Mt phn nc ngm chy ra thnh cc dng sui nc ngt. - Nc ngm tng nng c r cy hp th ri thot hi qua l cy. Mt lng nc tip tc thm vo lp t di su hn v b sung cho tng nc ngm su ti to nc ngm, ni m mt lng nc ngt khng l c tr li trong mt thi gian di. - Tuy nhin, lng nc ny vn lun chuyn theo thi gian, c th quay tr li i dng, ni m vng tun hon nc kt thc v li bt u.

Hnh 2. Vng tun hon nc 11

Thng tin tham kho

i dng l kho cha nc Mt lng nc khng l c tr trong cc i dng trong mt thi gian di hn l c lun chuyn qua vng tun hon nc. c tnh c khong 1.338.000.000 km3 nc c tr trong i dng, chim khong 96,5%, v i dng cng cung cp khong 90% lng nc bc hi vo trong vng tun hon nc. S lun chuyn trong cc i dng C nhng dng chy trong i dng di chuyn mt khi lng ln nc khp th gi i. Nhng s di chuyn ny c nh hng ln n vng tun hon nc v kh hu. Dng Gulf Stream c bit n nhiu nh l mt dng bin nng trong vng i Ty Dng, mang theo nc m hn n Bc i Ty Dng, lm nh hng n kh hu ca mt vi vng, nh pha ty nc Anh. Trong kh quyn cha y nc Mc d kh quyn khng l kho cha khng l ca nc, nhng n l mt siu xa l lun chuyn nc khp ton cu. Trong kh quyn lun lun c nc: nhng m my l mt dng nhn thy c ca nc kh quyn, nhng thm ch trong khng kh trong cng cha ng nc - nhng phn t nc ny qu nh c th nhn thy. S ngng t hi nc S ngng t hi nc l qu trnh hi nc trong khng kh c chuyn sang th nc lng. Ngng t hi nc rt quan trng i vi chu trnh tun hon nc bi v n hnh thnh nn cc m my. Nhng m my ny c th to ra ma, n l cch chnh nc quay tr li tri t. Ging thy Ging thy l nc thot ra khi nhng m my di cc dng ma, ma tuyt, ma , tuyt. N l cch chnh nc kh quyn quay tr li tri t. Phn ln lng ging thu l ma. Cc ht ma hnh thnh nh th no? Nhng m my trn bu tri cha hi nc v nhng ht nhn my nh, cc ht nhn my ny qu nh c th ri xung thnh ma, nhng n cng ln hnh thnh nn cc m my c th nhn thy c. Nc vn tip tc bc hi v ngng t hi n c trong bu tri. Phn ln l ng nc c ngng t trong cc m my khng ri xung thnh ging thu. V ging thu xy ra, trc tin nhng git nc nh phi c ngng t. Nhng phn t nc c th kt hp vi nhau thnh nhng git nc ln hn v nng ri thnh ma. Cn ti hng triu ht my hnh thnh ch mt ht ma nh. Nhng nh ni bng trn th gi Nc c gi lu di trong bng, tuyt, v vng cc sng bng l mt thnh phn ca vng n hon nc ton cu. Vng Nam cc tu chim 90% tng lng bng ca tri t, cc nh ni bng Greenland chim 10% tng lng bng ton cu. Bng v sng bng n v i Trn phm vi ton cu, kh hu lun lun thay i mt cch chm chp m con ngi kh nhn bit. tng c nhng thi k m thuc k khng long cch y 100 triu nm, v nhng thi k lnh, nh k bng h cui cng cch y 20.000 nm. Trong k bng h cui cng ny nhiu ni ca bc bn cu b bao ph trong bng v nhng dng sng bng. Gn ht Canada, nhiu vng pha Bc Chu v Chu u, mt vi vng nc M cng b nhng dng sng bng bao ph. Mt vi s tht v cc dng sng bng v nhng nh ni bng Bng h bao ph 10-11% lc a tri t Nu tt c bng h tan chy ngy nay, mc nc bin s tng ln khong 70 m Trong k bng h cui cng, mc nc bin thp hn ngy nay khong 122 m, v nhng dng sng bng bao ph gn 1/3 lc a tri t. Trong thi k m cui cng, cch y 125.000 nm, mc nc bin cao hn ngy nay khong 5,5 m. Khong 3 triu nm trc y nc bin c th cao n hn 50,3 m. 12

Bi 3: Nc mt v Nc di t
Nc mt l g? Nc mt bao gm nc trong cc dng sng, ao, h, h nhn to, v cc m ly nc ngt. Lng nc trong cc sng v h lun lun thay i ph thuc vo lu lng vo v ra. Dng chy vo t ma, dng chy trn trn mt t, lng nc ngm di t, v lng nc gia nhp t cc sng nhnh. Dng chy ra khi cc h v sng bao gm lng bc hi v dung tch nc b sung cho nc ngm. Con ngi cng s dng nc mt cho cc nhu cu thit yu ca mnh. Lng v v tr ca nc mt thay i theo thi gian v khng gian, mt cch t nhin hay di s tc ng ca con ngi. Nc mt duy tr s sng Nc trn mt t thc s gip duy tr cuc sng. Nc di t tn ti thng qua s di chuyn ca nc mt vo trong tng nc di t. Nc ngt trn b mt tri t tng i khan him. Ch khong 3% ca tng lng nc tri t l nc ngt, cc h nc ngt v cc m (nc) ngt chim 0,29% tng lng nc ngt trn tri t. Ta c th nhn thy rng nc ngt, yu t cn thit cho s tn ti cuc sng trn tri t, ch chim mt phn cc nh mt git nc trong bin c mnh mng ca tng lng nc trn tri t. Nc mt Vit Nam Tng lng nc mt bnh qun nm Vit Nam c khong 830 t m3 trong hn 60% ngun nc mt c sn sinh nc ngoi, ch c bnh qun 309 t m3 mi nm c sn sinh trn lnh th Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, vo ma kh lng nc mt ch t khong 2030% lng nc mt ca c nm. Vit Nam, thy li (phc v sn xut nng nghip) l nhm
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i tng s dng nc mt ln nht (chim 82%), nui trng thy sn ng th 2 chim 11%, tip theo l cng nghip 5% v cp nc th ch c khong 3%. Nc di t l g? Mt phn lng ma ri trn mt t v thm vo trong t tr thnh nc di t. Phn nc chy st mt s l ra rt nhanh khi chy vo trong lng sng, nhng do trng lc, mt phn lng nc tip tc thm su vo trong t. S chuyn ng ca nc bn di mt t ph thuc vo thm (nc thm kh khn hay d dng) v khe rng ca bn di mt t (s cc khe h trong vt liu). Nu cc lp cho php nc chy qua n tng i t do th nc di t c th di chuyn c nhng khong cch ng k trong thi gian vi ngy. Nhng nc di t cng c th thm su hn vo cc tng nc ngm su n s mt hng ngn nm di chuyn tr li vo mi trng. Bn nhn thy nc xung quanh bn mi ngy nh cc h, cc sng, bng, ma v tuyt. Nhng lng nc m bn khng th nhn thy c - nc di t (nc tn ti v di chuyn trong lng t) - li chim mt lng rt ln. Nc di t ng gp ln cho dng chy sng ngi ca nhiu con sng. Con ngi s dng nc di t t hng ngn nm nay v vn ang tip tc s dng n hng ngy, phn ln cho nhu cu nc ung v nc ti. Cuc sng trn tri t ph thuc vo nc di t cng ging nh l nc b mt. Nc di t tn ti trong cc tng cha nc di mt t. Nu bn thm him di lng t, khi xung n mt su nht nh, bn thy t, xung quanh bn u thm m nc. iu c ngha l, b n ang vng bo ha nc. Nc vng ny c gi l tng cha. cao ca nc vng bo ha nc c gi l mc nc. Nc ma khi ri xung b mt Tri t, mt phn thm xung di t v thm n tng cha. Nc di t Vit Nam Tng lng nc di t bnh qun nm Vit Nam c khong 63 t m3. Nc di t chim khong mt na ngun cung cp nc cho sinh hot v nhiu mc ch s dng kinh t khc. nhiu ni nc di t b khai thc tp trung v qu mc khin cho mc nc di t gim i rt nhiu nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Ty Nguyn v ng bng sng Cu Long. V d, mt s ni thnh ph H Ch Minh mc nc di t gim 30 m so vi mc nc t nhin.
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Bi 4: Sng, sui, h v h cha

Ti sao gi l sui? Mt tng nc ngm lin tc c b sung nc n khi nc chy trn trn mt t, kt qu l hnh thnh cc con sui. Cc con sui c th rt nh, ch c nc chy khi c mt trn ma ng k, n cc dng sui ln chy vi hng trm triu gallon nc mi ngy. Cc con sui c th hnh thnh trong bt k loi no, nhng phn ln chng hnh thnh trong cc loi vi v olomit, d dng rn nt v ho tan do ma axit. Vit Nam pht hin c 350 ngun sui khong, trong c 169 ngun nc c nhit d trn 30oC. Sng c quan trng khng? Sng rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh nn cc sinh cnh trn Tri t. Sng vn chuyn v cung cp nc sinh hot v sn xut. Sng c th chy trn mt t hoc di lng t ti cc sa mc hoc bin. Trong vng tun hon nc, sng chuyn nc t mt t ra i dng. Nhng sng di nht th gii l sng Nile Chu Phi, sng Amzon Nam M, sng Hong H Trung Quc. H t nhin Cc h t nhin vng ng bng thng l du vt cn li ca cc on sng cht, hay v . Cc h ny nc t lun chuyn, cc h t nhin xut hin vng ni thng l du vt cn li ca ni la, ng t hay nhng nguyn nhn khc. Phn ln cc h t nhin nc khng chy nhng cng c h nc chy nh h Ba B. H cha H cha l vng nc do con ngi to ra bng cch p p ngn dng ch y ca sng hoc sui. H cha c xy dng vi cc mc ch nh thy in, ti nc nng nghip, cp nc sinh hot, giao thng thy, nui trng thy sn v du lch. S trao i nc trong h cha xy ra thng xyn hng nm. Lng nc c c thot ra ngoi qua cng v p trn, lng nc mi c b sung vo ma ma.
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Thng tin tham kho

H thng sng ngi Vit Nam * 392 sng ln, chy lin tnh c a vo danh mc qun l (Theo quyt nh s 1989 ngy 1-11-2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph). Trong , 191 tuyn sng, knh vi tng chiu di 6.734,6km c xem l tuyn ng sng quc gia. * Mt sng, knh trung bnh trong c nc t 0,60 km/km2. Ni c mt sng thp nht l vng Nam Trung B. Khu vc ng bng sng Hng c mt 0,45km/km2. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long c mt 0,68 km/km2 . * Tng lu lng nc trung bnh ca cc sng v knh l 26.600 m/s. Trong , phn c sinh ra trn t Vit Nam chim 38,5%; phn t nc ngoi chy vo Vit Nam chim khong 61,5%. H thng sng Mekong chim 60,4%, h thng sng Hng 15,1% v cc con sng cn li chim 24,5%. * Cc dng sng nc ta ch yu chy t Ty sang ng, t Ty Bc xung ng Nam, t t lin ra bin ng; nhng cng c nhng dng sng chy ngc. Cc sng sn Ty dy Trng Sn, in hnh nh S San (cn gi l Krng P K) v Srpk (cn gi l k Kr) hnh thnh khu vc Ty Nguyn nc ta ri chy ngc hng Ty sang Camphuchia. min Bc c sng K Cng hnh thnh tnh Lng Sn chy ngc theo hng ng Nam - Ty Bc sang Trung Quc. * Dc b bin, trung bnh c 23km li c mt ca sng. Vit Nam c 112 ca sng lch ra bin. Cc ca sng ln ca Vit Nam thng bt ngun t nc ngoi, phn trung lu v h lu chy trn t Vit Nam. * Ba dng sng rng nht l sng Hng, sng Tin, sng Hu vi chiu rng trung bnh khong 1km. * Cc dng sng c chiu di chy trong nc ln nht l: Sng Hng di 551km (k c on t thng ngun v n Vit Tr vi tn gi sng Thao); sng di 543km; sng Thi Bnh di 411km (k c dng chnh t thng ngun n Ph Li - Ch Linh,

Hi Dng vi tn gi sng Cu); s ng Srpk (cn gi l k Kr) di 371km; sng B (cn gi l sng k Glun, Da Tang inh) di 385km; sng Chy di 303km. * 3 dng sng c xp vo din hung d nht (tc dng chy ln nht) l sng Hng, sng , sng L. Trong , lu lng ca sng Hng cao nht vo thng 8 l hn 9.200m3/s. Sng Hng Sng Hng l con sng rt ring ca H Ni . Con sng y chng nhng bi p nn nn vn minh sng Hng mt trong 36 nn vn minh ca Th gii m cn l h thng sng ln nht min Bc nc ta , vi chiu ta, di 1126km, qua a phn Vit Nam l 556km chim 49,3%, din tch ton lu vc l 155.000 km2 chim 45.6% din tch. Ngoi ra, sng Hng cn c tn 614 ph lu t cp 1 n cp 6, c nhng ph lu ln nh , L, Chy Sng Hng bt ngun t dy ni Nhy Sn (cao 1776m) gn h i L thuc huyn Nh , tnh Vn Nam, Trung Quc chy theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam in hnh vo Vit Nam H Khu (Lo Cai) qua 7 tnh ra bin bng 10 ca, ca chnh l ca Ba Lt (Nam nh). on h lu sng Hng chy qua H Ni di 91 km. Trc khi ngi Php t tn cho sng Hng, n c rt nhiu tn gi. Mi a phng c mt tn sng ring ca mnh, v d nh sng Thao, sng Ci, sng Nh H, sng Nam Sang, Hong Giang v th n cng c coi l con sng c nh iu tn nht. c coi l con sng c nh Sng Hng cn c coi l mt di tch lch s ghi du chin cng chng xm lc. Nhng trn thng ln ca nhn dn ta trong lch s phn ln l nhng trn nh trn sng nc: Bch ng (938), (981) trn Ty Kt ln 1, Ty Kt ln 2, Chng D ng, Hm T (1285, Bch ng (1285), Rch Gm Xoi Mt (1785) khu vc dc Hng Than, u cu Long Bin (xa l inh B u) ni din ra trn nh oanh lit ca qun v dn ta (29/1/1285) nh bt 3 vn qun Mng C do Uri -ang Kha-ai cm u ra khi Thng Long, kt thc v vang cuc 16

khng chin chng qun Mng C xm lc ln th 2 (1285). H cha Vit Nam Hin Vit Nam xy dng c khong 3500 h cha c dung tch h> 0.2 triu m3. C 44 tnh v thnh ph trong 64 tnh thnh c nc c h cha. Tnh c nhiu h nht l Ngh An (249 h), H Tnh (166 h), Thanh Ha (123 h), Ph Th (118 h), akLak (116 h) v Bnh nh (108 h). H p nht Vit Nam H Hon Kim hay h Gm l mt h nc ngt nm gia th H Ni. Tn h cng c t cho mt qun ca H Ni, qun Hon Kim. Cch y khong 6 th k, h Gm gm hai phn chy di t ph Hng o, qua Hai B Trng, L Thng Kit ti ph Hng Chui, thng vi sng Hng. Nc h quanh nm xanh bic nn h Gm cng c gi l h Lc Thu. H Ty, cn c tn h M Sng (Dm m), m Xc Co, Ty H, l mt h ln nht ni thnh H Ni (vi din tch hn 500 ha). Con ng i vng quanh h di ti 17 km. H nm pha ty bc H Ni. C gi thuyt cho rng h l mt on sng .

Hng c cn st l i sau khi sng i dng. H Ba B l mt h nc ngt tnh Bc Cn. Ba B l mt trong mt trm h nc ngt ln nht th gii v nm trong vn quc gia Ba B, ni y c cng nhn l khu du lch quc gia Vit Nam. H c hnh thnh t cch y hn 200 triu nm. Ba nhnh ca h thng nhau c gi tn l P Lm, P L v P Lng. Nm 1995, h Ba B c cng nhn l mt trong 20 h nc ngt c bit ca th gii cn c bo v. Nm 2004, Vn quc gia Ba B c cng nhn l Vn di sn ASEAN. Nm 2011, Ba B c cng nhn l khu Ramsar th 3 ca Vit Nam. H Xun Hng l mt h p nm gia trung tm thnh ph Lt. Xung quanh h c rng thng v cc bi c, vn hoa. y l a im du khch a thch i do b hoc xe nga khi n tham quan thnh ph Lt. H Xun Hng l h nhn to, rng chng 5km. H c hnh trng li lim ko di gn 7 km i qua nhiu a danh du lch ca thnh ph Lt nh: Vn hoa thnh ph, Cng vin Yersin, i C,

17

Bi 5: H thng sng ngi

H thng sng ngi
Hi nc t mt thong a cu bc ln kh quyn, tp hp li thnh my. Trong iu kin thch hp, hi nc trong my ngng t li thnh ma ri xung nc. Nc ma ri xung lu vc, mt phn b tn tht do bc hi tr li ln khng trung, mt phn ng li cc khu trng v ngm xung t to thnh dng chy ngm chy vo sng, mt phn chy trn trn mt t di tc dng ca trng lc to thnh dng chy mt. Phn chy trn ny s i theo cc khe rnh, dn dn hp thnh sui, sng... v tip tc ra h hoc bin. Tt c cc khe, sui, h, m, sng rch ln nh khc nhau gi l h thng sng ngi. H thng sng ngi gm c sng chnh cng vi sng nhnh v cc khe sui tp trung nc v dng sng . Ty theo hnh dng ca cc h thng sng m ta c th phn chia chng nh (a) dng nan qut; (b) dng lng chim; (c) dng cng cy; (d) dng song song. Tn ca mt h thng sng thng ly t tn con sng chnh trong h thng , thng thng con sng chnh l con sng di nht, c lu lng dng chy l n nht ra bin hoc cc h ln ni a. Cc con sng vo sng chnh gi l sng nhnh cp I, sng chy vo sng nhnh cp I gi l sng nhnh cp II, tng t nh vy sng nhnh cp III s vo sng nhnh cp II... S phn b ca cc sng nhnh dc theo sng chnh quyt nh tnh cht dng chy trn h thng sng. Cng v xui lng nc v kch thc cng tng, tc trung bnh v dc gim xung. V vy, i vi sng ln ngi ta thng chia ra thng lu, trung lu v h lu thun tin hn trong vic khai thc tim nng kinh t. phn cui ca h lu, dng chy ra bin qua vng chuyn tip chu nh hng ca bin, c bit l ch triu. Tc dng chy gim xung, s xm nhp ca triu gy ra s xo trn nc ngt v mn, rng ca sng tng mnh to nn kiu tam gic hay ca sng hnh phu.

S hnh thnh dng chy sng ngi

Cc dng chy trong sng ngi u do ma ri xung lu vc to thnh, nn ma l khu u tin trong qu trnh hnh thnh dng chy sng ngi. Qu trnh ma Khi c ma, lc u m ca t nh nn lng ma b ngm ht vo t v khng sinh ra dng chy. Sau mt khong thi gian k t lc bt u ma, cng thm gim i v trn mt t bt u to ra dng chy mt. Mt phn ca
18

dng chy ny s chy vo cc khe nh, sau tp trung dn vo cc khe ln ri chy vo h thng sng sui. Qu trnh tn tht Trong thi k u ca mt trn ma, mt phn nc ma ri xung ngay mt sng trc tip tham gia vo dng chy trong sng, cn li i b phn ri trn mt t. Khi cng ma ln hn cng ngm th khng phi tt c nc ma u b ngm vo trong t m trn mt t s sinh ra mt lng ma vt qu kh nng thm. Trong qu trnh chy trn, nc khng ngng b tn tht v ngm v bc hi, nhng ng thi ma vn ri b sung cho lp nc chy trn. Qu trnh chy trn trn sn dc Nc ma chy thnh tng lp trn mt dc ca lu vc gi l chy trn trn sn dc. Hin tng chy trn trn sn dc ch bt u khi xut hin lng ma qu thm. Thi gian bt u hin tng chy trn trn sn dc mi ni mi khc. Nhng ch mt t t ngm nc v nhng ni mt t dc nhiu chy trn xut hin sm hn, sau cng ma mi lc mt tng, phm vi chy trn khng ngng pht trin v m rng n ton b din tch c ma trn lu vc. Qu trnh tp trung dng chy Nc ma chy trn trn sn dc ri tp trung vo sng, sau chy trong sng qua ca ra ca lu vc. Giai on chy trong sng gi l qu trnh tp trung dng chy trong sng. Qu trnh ny bt u t lc nc trn sn dc hoc khe lch chy vo sng cho ti lc lng nc cui cng nhp vo sng chy ht qua ca ra lu vc.

Nhng yu t nh hng n dng chy sng ngi

Qu trnh hnh thnh dng chy chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t phc tp, chng khng nhng ch nh hng n tng lng dng chy m cn nh hng n c qu trnh phn phi dng chy. Cc yu t ny bao gm yu t kh hu, yu t mt m v cc hot ng ci to thin nhin ca con ngi. Trong cc yu t kh h u, ma v bc hi l quan trng nht, chng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh nhit , gi, bc x mt tri... Mt m khu vc vi cc tnh cht thin nhin nh a hnh, a cht, lp ph thc vt... s biu hin tnh cht dng chy. Con ngi cng l mt yu t c th lm thay i tnh cht dng chy qua cc hot ng nh lm thay i mt m, khai thc ngun nc, gy ma nhn to... Chng ta s ln lt phn tch cc yu t trn.
19

Yu t kh hu: Ch bc x, Ch nhit (Nhit mt t, Nhit ca mt nc, Nhit khng kh), p sut khng kh, Gi, Bo, m khng kh, Bc hi (Bc hi mt nc, Bc hi mt t, Thot hi qua l cy), Ma (Ma do i lu, Ma do a hnh, Ma do hi t (ma front)). Yu t mt m: Cc c tnh v v tr, th nhng, a cht, lp ph thc vt, h ao m ly trong lu vc u nh hng trc tip n s hnh thnh dng chy, ta gi chung l yu t mt m. Yu t mt m bao gm V tr a l v a hnh ca khu vc, c tnh th nhng v a cht ca lu vc, Lp ph thc vt (Phn b li lng nc ma, iu ha dng chy, Thay i c tnh l, ha ca nc), H ao v m ly, v Hot ng ca con ngi (xy dng cc h cha nc dc theo cc trin dc ca nhiu h thng sng lm thay i ch iu tit nc t nhin; Nn cht ph rng ba bi, nht l rng u ngun, nn t rng ly t canh tc; Chuyn i c cu cy trng; Lm dng qu mc cc loi phn bn v cc ha cht bo v ma mng ..).

20

Bi 6: Lu vc sng
Lu vc sng Lu vc sng l phn mt t m lng nc pha trn (k c nc mt v nc ngm) s chy ra con sng . Ni cch khc lu vc sng l phn din tch khu vc tp trung nc ca sng. Lu vc sng c gii hn bi ng phn nc ca lu vc. C hai loi ng phn nc l ng phn nc mt v ng phn nc ngm. - ng phn nc mt l ng ni lin tc cc im cao nht xung quanh lu vc v gii hn lu vc ny vi cc lu vc khc. Nc ma ri xung hai pha ca ng phn nc s chy v hai bn v i v hai lu vc khc k cn nhau theo sn dc ca chng. - ng phn nc ngm phn chia s tp trung nc ngm gia cc lu vc. y l ng ni cc im cao nht ca tng khng thm trn cng xung quanh lu vc. Khi nc ngm thm xung hai bn ca ng phn nc ngm s chy vo hai lu vc sng khc nhau. Vic xc nh ng phn nc ngm rt kh khn v tn km. Thng thng ng phn nc mt v ng phn nc ngm khng trng nhau. Trong thc t thng ngi ta ly ng phn nc mt xc nh din tch lu vc v cn gi l ng phn lu. Mun xc nh c ng phn lu phi cn c vo bn a hnh c v cc ng ng cao . Cc c trng ca lu vc gm c: din tch lu vc, chiu di sng chnh, chiu di lu vc, chiu rng bnh qun ca lu vc, cao bnh qun ca lu vc, v dc bnh qun ca lu vc. Qun l lu vc sng Nc l ti nguyn c bit quan trng, l thnh phn thit yu ca s sng v mi trng, quyt nh s tn ti, pht trin bn vng ca t n c. X hi cng pht trin th nhu cu v nc cng tng, trong khi ngun nc ngy cng b nhim, suy thoi, c ni cn kit. iu t ra yu cu ph i bo v ti nguyn nc, s dng phi tit
21

kim, hiu qu, a mc tiu. t c cc yu cu ny cn phi qun l ti nguyn nc theo hng tng hp bn vng trn tng lu vc sng. Nc vn ng theo lu vc sng, khng theo a gii hnh chnh. Mi hot ng khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc cng nh cc tc ng ca n u din ra trn quy m lu vc. V vy, v mt khoa hc cng nh thc tin, cn phi qun l ti nguyn nc theo lu vc sng. Cch tip cn qun l ti nguyn nc trn c s qu y hoch lu vc sng c khng nh l phng php qun l ti nguyn nc c hiu qu hin nay trn th gii. Cc nc tin tin cng nh cc nc trong khu vc nh Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Phi lp-pin, Malaysia, Indonesia, u thnh lp cc t chc lu vc sng qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. Mng li t chc lu vc sng quc t (IRBNO) c thnh lp v c tr s ng ti Paris, Cng ho Php. Cc m hnh qun l lu vc sng cc nc tuy c khc nhau v hnh thc v tn gi nhng u c xy dng trn c s bo m vai tr ca cc a phng trong lu vc sng vi s tr gip cn thit ca Chnh ph trung ng trong vic gii quyt li ch v chia s trch nhim c lin quan n ti nguyn nc gia thng lu v h lu, gia cc t chc, c nhn trong lu vc sng.

Qun l nc theo a gii hnh chnh l phng thc truyn thng vn ph bin trn th gii nhiu th k gn y v vn tn ti cho n ngy nay. Qun l l u vc sng khng ch qun l v mt s lng m cn qun l v mt cht lng nc. Tnh trng nhim ngun nc ang gia tng nc ta i h i phi c s phi hp gia cc a phng vng thng lu (thng c cc c s gy nhim ngun c) vi cc a phng vng h lu (thng phi hng chu hu qu ca nhim ngun nc). Thc t, vic xy dng cc n qun l mi trng lu vc sng Cu, sng Nhu - y v sng ng Nai cho thy, khng th tch ri qun l ti nguyn nc vi bo v mi trng c lin quan n ti nguyn nc. khc phc nhng nhc im v th ch trong vic qun l lu vc sng, ngy 01/12/2008 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 120/2008/N-CP v Qun l lu vc sng nhm hon thin c s php l cho vic qun l tng hp lu vc sng.
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Bi 7: t ngp nc
t ngp nc

Theo Cng c RAMSAR th "t ngp nc bao gm: nhng vng m ly, m ly than bn, nhng vc nc bt k l t nhin hay nhn to, nhng vng ngp nc tm thi hay thng xuyn, nhng vc nc ng hay chy, l nc ngt, nc l hay nc mn, k c nhng vc nc bin c su khng qu 6m khi triu thp". D rng hay hp, vai tr ca cc vng t ngp nc hu nh u ging nhau, l cung cp cho con ngi nhin liu, thc n, l ni gii tr, l ni lu tr cc ngun gen qu him. t ngp nc l nhng h sinh thi c nng sut cao, cung cp cho con ngi gn 2/3 sn lng nh bt c, l ni cung cp la go nui sng gn 3 t ngi. t ngp nc cng ng m t vai tr quan trng trong s sng cn ca cc loi chim. bo tn cc vng t ngp nc, nm 1971, Cng c RAMSAR ra i (Iran). y l cng c quc t v bo tn sm nht th gii, nhiu thnh qu quan trng v vic bo tn cc vng t ngp nc c ghi nhn. RAMSAR bt buc 92 nc thnh vin ca mnh phn khu v bo v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t v thc y vic "s dng hp l" cc vng ny. Mi y, gn 800 khu c a vo danh sch bo tn.

Cc vng t ngp nc Vit Nam ng vai tr quan trng nh th no?

Tng din tch t ngp nc (NN) ca Vit Nam c tnh khong 7 triu n 10 triu hcta. Phn ln thc, go, c, tm v cc loi lng thc, thc phm khc u c sn xut t nhng vng NN, c bit v t chu th sng Hng pha Bc v chu th sng Cu Long pha Nam. Ngoi vai tr sn xut nng nghip v thu sn, NN cn ng vai tr quan trng trong thin nhin v mi trng nh lc nc
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thi, iu ho dng chy (gim l lt v hn h n), iu ho kh hu a phng, chng xi l b bin, n nh mc nc ngm cho nhng vng sn xut nng nghip, tch lu nc ngm, l ni tr chn ca nhiu loi chim di c qu him, l ni gii tr, du lch rt gi tr cho ngi dn Vit Nam cng nh khch nc ngoi. V lu di, cc vng NN ca Vit Nam v ang ng vai tr quan trng trong cng cuc pht trin kinh t v x hi.

H sinh thi t ngp nc Vit Nam

NN Vit Nam rt a dng v loi hnh v h sinh thi, thuc 2 nhm NN: NN ni a, NN ven bin. Trong c mt s kiu c tnh a dng sinh hc cao nh: Rng ngp mn ven bin c cc chc nng v gi tr nh cung cp cc sn phm g, ci, thy sn v nhiu sn phm khc; l bi , bi n v ng cc loi c, tm, cua v cc loi thy sn c gi tr kinh t khc; xm chim v c nh cc bi bn ngp triu mi bi, bo v b bin chng li tc ng ca sng bin v bo t ven bin; l ni c tr cho rt nhiu loi ng vt hoang d bn a v di c (chim, th, lng c, b st). m ly than bn l c trng cho vng ng Nam . U Minh thng v U Minh h thuc cc tnh Kin Giang, C Mau l hai vng m ly than bn tiu biu cn st li ng bng sng Cu Long ca Vit Nam m ph thng thy vng ven bin Trung b Vit Nam. Do c tnh pha trn gia khi nc ngt v nc mn nn khu h thy sinh vt m ph rt phong ph bao gm cc loi nc ngt, nc l v nc mn. Cu trc qun x sinh vt m ph thay i theo ma mt cch r rt. Rn san h c trng cho vng bin nhi t i. Trong vng bin Vit Nam c khong trn 1 ngn km2 rn san h vi khong trn 300 loi san h , phn b rng khp t Bc vo Nam nhng hin nay ch cn khong 20% loi thuc mc tt v rt tt. C bin l ni c tr ca nhiu loi ra bin v c bit loi th bin Dugon. Cc thm c bin su t 0 n 20m, tp trung nhiu ven bin o Ph Quc, Trng Sa, Cn o v mt s ca sng min Trung. ycng l h sinh thi c nng sut sinh hc cao, l ngun cung cp thc n cho cc loi hi sn, c bit l ra bin, th bin v c bin. S loi c tr trong vng thm c bin thng cao hn vng bin bn ngoi t 2 n 8 ln.

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Bi 8: Bin v i dng
Bin v i dng
Bin v i dng chim hn 70% din tch b mt Tri t. Thi Bnh Dng l i dng ln nht chim 1/3 din tch b mt Tri t. Nc bin v i dng lun lun chuyn ng. Nc chuyn ng xunh quanh cc dng chy i dng cao trn 4 00m so vi y i dng. Nc t di y i dng chuyn ng ngc ln pha trn b mt i dng v ngc li. Ti nguyn bin v i dng rt a dng c chia ra thnh cc loi: Ngun li ho cht v khong cht cha trong khi nc v y bin; ngun li nhin liu ho thch, ch yu l du v kh t nhin, ngun nng lng "sch" khai thc t gi, nhit nc bin, cc dng hi lu v thu triu. Mt bin v vng thm lc a l ng giao thng thu, bin l ni cha ng tim nng cho pht trin du lch, tham quan, ngh ngi, gii tr, ngun li sinh vt bin. Bin v i dng l kho cha ho cht v tn. Tng lng mui tan cha trong nc bin l 48 triu km3, trong c mui n, it v 60 nguyn t ho hc khc. Cc loi khong sn kha i thc ch yu t bin nh du kh, qung Fe, Mn, qung sa khong v cc loi mui. Nng lng sch t bin v i dng hin ang c khai thc phc v vn ti bin, chy my pht in v nhiu li ch khc ca con ngi. Bin ng ca Vit Nam c din t ch 3.447.000 km2, vi su trung bnh 1.140m, ni su nht 5.416m. Vng c su trn 2.000m chim 1/4 din tch thuc phn pha ng ca bin. Thm lc a c su < 200m chim trn 50% din tch. Ti nguyn ca Bin ng rt a dng, gm du kh, t i nguyn sinh vt (thu sn, rong bin). Ring tr lng hi sn phn Bin ng thuc Vit Nam cho php khai thc vi mc trn 1 triu tn/nm. Sn lng du kh khai thc vng bin Vit Nam t 10 triu tn hin nay v 20 triu tn vo nm 2000.

Nhng vng bin t thn trn th gii

Nhng cu chuyn ma qui v y t cht gy t m v s mt tch ca hng t chic tu hng hi v nhng li n v s xut hin bt thnh lnh ca chng trn i dng
25

 khng ng ng gia tng, cha ht nhng con "tu ma" khng thy th on cng lm tng thm tnh liu trai cho nhng truyn thuyt v i dng. Tam gic qu Bermuda (Bermuda - Florida - Puerto Rico) t rt lu ri, mt vng bin bao la rng ln c gii hn bi cc a danh Bermuda, Florida v Puerto Rico tng l ni khip m vi cc tu hng cng nh hnh khch nu c nhu cu i li trn bin, vng bin c bit n di tn gi hi c phn kch tnh: Tam gic qy Bermuda. Mi quan tm lin quan n Tam gic qy Bermuda cht tri ln sau khi mt nhm my bay qun s ch theo 11 thnh vin thnh lnh bin mt mt cch ng ng ngoi khi vng duyn hi Nam Florida vo thng 12/1945. Nhi u v mt tch b n xy ra sau , bao gm mt chic tu ch du c ln, mt du thuyn v mt chic my bay ch khch nh, tt c c quy cho l "nn nhn" ca cc th lc hc m ti Bermuda gy ra. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm sau , nhng ngi hoi n ghi cho rng s lng cc my bay, tu hng c bo co l mt tch ti Tam gic qu Bermuda khng c nhiu ngha hn so vi nhng bo co mt tch ti cc vng bin khc trn th gii. Trn thc t, vng bin Tam gic qy Bermuda ngy nay l mt trong nhng tuyn ng bin trng yu nht th gii, v nhng v mt tch ch ging nh cy kim lt xung ao m thi. Bin Sargasso (Bc i Ty Dng) Bin Sargasso c th c xem l i dng trong i dng, n khng b chn bi t lin m l mt ct lc x oy vi rng xy ra bi cc dng nc trn i dng - mt ni m c cc thm rong bin tri dt trn b mt i dng v hnh trung hnh thnh nn "ngi nh" cho cc loi sinh vt bin tr ng. B n v vng bin Sargasso vn cn l mt iu huyn b kh gii m. c bao bc bi cc dng hi lu trn b mt mnh nht th gii, i dng trong lng i dng Sargasso, b c lp vi phn cn li ca i Ty Dng. S c lp ny khin cho nhit trong lng Sargasso khng h thay i nhiu cng nh s yn tnh n mc ng s ca n khin cho tu b chy bng sc gi tr nn "b ui sc" khi i vo a phn Sargasso, v v hnh trung to nn tnh thn b, ma qui v vng bin ny. Bin Qu Nht Bn Bin Qy cn c cc tn gi khc l Tam gic Rng, Tam g ic Formosa (i Loan) v "Tam gic Bermuda Thi Bnh Dng", l mt vng bin thuc Thi Bnh Dng, bao quanh hn o Miyake, cch th Tokyo khong 100 km v pha Nam. Vo nhng nm thi bnh khong gia 1952 -1954, 5 chic tu qun s ca Nht Bn v i trn 700 thuyn vin b mt tch t ngt, sau Chnh ph Nht gi mt tu
26

nghin cu vi s tham gia ca hn 100 nh khoa hc n nghin cu v vng Bin Qy, v con tu ny cng bin mt khng li cht du vt no. Chic tu nghin cu ca Nht c tn l Kaiyo Maru No 5, c tng cng 31 thuyn vin trn boong. Trong khi ang iu tra v hot ng ca v phun tro ni la Myjin-sh, nm cch vng Bin Qy khong 300 km v pha Nam, th con tu b hy hoi bi v phun tro vo ngy 24/9/1952. Mt s mnh xc tu c thu hi. t nht c 1 con tu gi i tn hiu SOS. Ngoi ra cn c 7 chic thuyn l nhng thuyn nh c nh b mt tch trong khong thi gian gia thng 4/1949 v thng 10/1953, a im nm gia o Miyake v Iwo Jima, cch Bin Qy khong 750 dm. Ngoi ra nhng "ct lc xoy d di" xy ra cng V ng Xch o, c cho l nhng im nng vi cc hin Nam v v Bc ca tng thi tit c bit d thng thng c cho l do tc ng ca t trng Tri t gy ra. C gi thuyt cho rng cc dng hi lu nng v lnh chy ra nhng ct lc xoy to ra hin tng nhiu in t, nh hng n nhng vt th nh tu b i ngang qua n, trc tip gy nn s mt tch b n ca tu b. Tam gic qy Michigan (M) H Michigan M, l mt trong nhng ni thng xuyn xy ra cc hin tng d thng bi xut hin ca cc vt th l cng nh cc my bay n v i mt cch ma qui. Truyn thuyt v h Michigan chnh thc hnh thnh vo nm 1937, khi vin Thuyn trng George Donner c bo co l mt tch mt cch b n t trong cabin chic tu ch hng ca ng trong chuyn hng ch than . Mc d ngi ta vn nhn thy con tu ny cp cng, nhng George Donner dng nh bin mt vo ci h v mc d ca cabin vn b kho cht t bn trong. 13 nm sau , mt v mt tch xy ra vo ngy 23/6/1950 c lin quan n chic my bay DC-4 ca hng hng khng Ty Bc M, ch theo 55 hnh khch v 3 thnh vin phi hnh on. Chic my bay mang s hiu 2501 ri kh i thnh ph New York v s bay n phi trng Minneapolis. Tn hiu cui cng t i pht thanh ghi nhn rng chic my bay ang bay cao 1.100 mt bn trn Battle Creek (Michigan) v ri th thay i ng bay theo hng Ty Bc trn h Michigan, d o thi tit xu gn Chicago. Sau , chic my bay ch khch t nhin mt tch. i tm kim cu nn tm thy cc mnh v nh t my bay, gh nm v xc ngi tri ni trn mt h Michigan, nhng cc th ln khng sao tm ra c xc ca chic my bay b nn. Ngi ta nghi ng chic my bay i vo vng tam gic h Michigan khi n mt tch .
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Chng 2: Gi tr Ti nguyn nc

28

Bi 9: Nc o v Du chn nc
Nc o
Nm 1993, Gs. Allan, Gs. John Anthony Allan ca trng Kings College London v trng nghin cu phng ng v chu Phi a ra khi nim nc o, cho bit nc c s dng trong sn xut v bun bn thc phm v cc sn phm ngi tiu dng. Trong khi nghin cu tnh trng khan him nc Trung ng, Gio s Allan pht trin l thuyt nhp khu nc o, thng qua thc phm lm "ngun" nc thay th gim p lc ln cc ngun nc vn khan hi m vng ny, cng nh cc khu vc thiu nc khc. Ngy 19 thng 3 nm 2008 ti Stockholm, Thy inGio s Allan c trao gii thng v Nc Stockholm 2008. Gio s Allan l ngi i tin phong trong vic xy dng cc khi nim ch cht v kin thc cng nh t ruyn ti cc vn v nc, mi lin h vi nng nghip, bin i kh hu, kinh t v chnh tr.

Du chn nc
Arjen Hoekstra (1967) l Gio s Qun l a ngnh v TNN ti trng H Twente (H Lan) v Gim c khoa hc ca Mng li du chn nc. Hoekstra l tc gi ca khi nim du chn nc nm 2002. ng thit lp lnh vc lin ngnh phn tch du chn nc v thng mi nc o, lnh vc nghin cu gii quyt cc mi quan h gia vic qun l, tiu th, v thng mi v nc. ng cng ng sng lp Mng li du chn nc trong nm 2008. Du chn nc l mt ch s v s dng nc c trc tip v gin tip ca mt ngi tiu dng hoc nh sn xut. Du chn nc ca mt c nhn, cng ng, hoc doanh nghip c nh ngha l tng lng nc ngt c s dng sn xut cc hng ho v dch v do cc c nhn hoc cng ng tiu th hoc tng lng nc ngt c s dng doanh nghip sn xut cc hng ho v dch v .

S khc nhau gia nc o v du chn nc?

Du chn nc l mt thut ng dng ch lng nc c s dng to ra mt sn phm. Theo ngha ny, cng c th s dng khi nim "hm lng nc o" ca mt sn phm thay v du chn nc" ca sn phm . Tuy nhin, khi nim du chn nc c p dng rng ri hn. V d c th xem xt du chn nc ca mt ngi tiu dng bng cch nhn vo cc du chn nc ca cc hng ho v dch v do ngi tiu th; hay du chn nc ca mt nh sn xut (doanh nghip, nh sn xut, nh cung cp dch v) bng cch nhn vo du chn nc ca cc hng ho v dch v nh sn xut sn xut ra.
29

Hn na, khi nim du chn nc khng ch n gin cp n lng nc nh trong khi nim hm lng nc o ca mt sn phm. Du chn nc l mt ch s a chiu, khng ch cp n lng nc c s dng, m cn ch r du chn nc u, ngun nc no c s dng, v khi no c s dng. Thng tin b sung rt quan trng nh gi cc tc ng ca du chn nc ca mt sn phm. thy r hn, c th xem xt cc v d di y: sn xut 1 kg la m cn khong 1000 lt nc, do lng nc o ca 1 kg la m ny l 1000 lt. sn xut 1 kg bia cn 15.000 lt nc (93% du chn nc mu xanh l cy, 4% xanh da tri, 3% xm). C s dao ng ln quanh gi tr trung bnh ton cu ny. Du chn nc chnh xc ca mt ming tht b ty thuc vo cc nhn t nh loi hnh h thng sn xut cng nh thnh ph n v ngun gc thc n cho con b .

Nc xanh da tri, xanh l cy v nc xm

Lng nc ngt c trn tri t c do lng ma hng nm trn mt t quyt nh. Mt phn ca lng ma bay hi v mt phn khc chy ra i dng theo cc tng cha nc v cc con sng. C dng bay hi v dng chy u c th s dng phc v cho cc mc ch ca con ngi. C th c s dng dng bc hi cho s sinh trng cy trng hoc duy tr cc h sinh thi t nhin. Du chn nc mu xanh l cy cho bit lng bc hi thc t thch hp cho cc mc ch ca con ngi. Dng chy trong cc tng cha v cc con sng c th s dng cho tt c cc mc ch, bao gm ti tiu, git ra, ch bin v lm lnh. Du chn nc mu xanh da tri cho bit lng nc di t v nc mt c s dng, ngha l c ly v sau bc hi. i vi du chn nc mu xanh da tri c th phn bit s dng nc mt v nc di t. Du chn nc mu xm cho bit lng dng chy trong cc tng cha v cc dng sng b nhim do con ngi. i vi du chn nc mu xm, c th phn bit cc loi nhim khc nhau. Di y l cc s liu lin quan n nc xanh l cy, xanh da tri v xm:

sn xut 1 kg bia cn 15.000 lt nc (93% du chn nc mu xanh l cy, 4% xanh da tri, 3% xm). C s dao ng ln quanh gi tr trung bnh ton cu ny. Du chn nc chnh xc ca mt ming tht b ty thuc vo cc nhn t nh loi hnh h thng sn xut cng nh thnh phn v ngun gc thc n cho con b . Du chn nc ca 1 chic burger u nnh 150 gram H Lan l khong 160 lt trong khi 1 chic burger b nc ny khong 1000 lt. 30

Du chn nc ca ngnh tiu dng Trung Quc l khong 1.070 mt khi bnh qun u ngi mi nm. Khong 10% du chn nc Trung Quc nm ngoi lnh th Trung Quc. Du chn nc ca Nht Bn l 1.380 mt khi bnh qun u ngi mi nm, trong khong77% du chn nc nm bn ngoi ngoi lnh th quc gia ny. Du chn nc M l 2.840 mt khi bnh qun u ngi mi nm. Khong 20% du chn nc ny nm ngoi lnh th M. Du chn nc ln nht ca ngnh tiu dng M bn ngoi lnh th nc ny nm trn lu vc sng Dng T, Trung Quc. Du chn nc ton cu giai on 1996-2005 l 9087 Gm3/nm (74% xanh l cy, 11% xanh da tri, 15% xm). Sn xut nng nghip chim 92% tng du chn nc ny.

Nc o v Du chn nc c th ng gp vo cng tc qun l hiu qu TNN nh th no?

C nh ngha ng cnh ca khi nim bn vng u khng ngng pht trin. Nhiu dn tc, quc gia, cng ty ang thch ng vi hiu qu nng lng t cp hot ng n cp nhn thc chin lc hn thng qua du chn carbon. Qu trnh ny cng ph i din ra i vi ti nguyn nc v cc l do tng t. Cc khi nim v nc o v du chn nc c th c pht trin xem xt chu k sng ca sn phm. Theo An ninh nc (2011), tip cn theo du chn nc hoc nc o nhm: nh lng cc khu cn nhiu nc nht trong chui vn hnh ca doanh nghip nh lng cc khu cn nhiu nc nht trong chui cung ng ca doanh nghip Xc nh cc im khc bit gia cc quc gia theo kh hu v cc nhn t khc: Cc quyn v lut nh v nc Cc hot ng no trong cc khu vc c p lc v nc hoc sinh thi C s h tng v nc cng nh s lng v cht lng Tc ng ln cc cng ng a phng Mi quan h gia nc / nng lng X nc thi Cc ri ro i vi chui cung cp Cc ri ro (v c hi) i vi sn phm a ra cc mc tiu tng lai Xy dng cc k hoch d phng thch ng vi cc ri ro v nc nh h thng cung cp h hng, cc quy nh nghim hn, chi ph gia tng

C nhiu cch mt quc gia qun l TNN hiu qu, nh ci cch th ch, chnh sch v php ch, nng cao nng lc v nhn thc, p dng cng ngh v k thut hin i, pht trin cc cng c kinh t.

31

Nc o, du chn nc v chin lc pht trin kinh t quc gia

Trong nghin cu trnh ln T chc Thng mi Th gii, Arjen Y. Hoekstra (2010) vit: Gn y cc chuyn gia trong c lnh v c thng mi v ti nguyn nc ngy cng quan tm n mi quan h gia thng mi quc t v s khan him nc ngt. Trc y, cc chuyn gia ngnh nc thng khng xem xt mi quan h gia s dng nc trong mt khu vc vi xut nhp khu ca khu vc ny. Theo quan im ca cc nh kinh t, nhu cu nc trong mt khu vc ch n gin l lng nc v cc i tng s dng nc trong khu vc . H cng khng bn tm nhiu n nhng tc ng ca thng mi quc t ln ngnh nc, do u vo nc thng hu nh khng ng gp vo tng gi ca cc mt hng giao dch. Mt s quc gia Trung ng c nhng chnh sch v chin lc gim p lc v ti nguyn nc ni a bng cch nhp khu cc sn phm sn xut cn nhiu nc gi r v ch xut khu cc hng ho sn xut khng tn nhiu nc c gi tr cao. V d: nhp khu ng cc Trung ng gip gii quyt tnh trng thiu nc trong khu vc ny. Thng mi quc t c th nng cao hiu qu s dng nc ton cu khi cc quy trnh sn xut cn nhiu nc tp trung nhng khu vc c ngun nc di do v nng sut nc cao. Tuy nhin hin nay, gi tr ca nc vn cha c phn nh trong gi, do s khc bit v mc khan him nc theo khu vc hu nh khng nh hng n m hnh dng thng mi quc t.

Nc o v du chn nc nhn thc ca cng ng

Nh cp trn, trong qu kh, con ngi lun ngh rng "Nc l ca tri cho", "Nc l v hn", "Nc sng, nc ma" do khng cn phi suy ngh n vic tit kim nc, ti s dng hay ti ch nc. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, con ngi ang phi i mt vi khng hong v nc trn ton th gii cng nh phi gnh chu nhng hu qu xu t cc hnh ng ca chnh con ngi trong nhng th k gn y. V d, hn 500 trm ngi cht trong l l t khng khip Thi Lan hay khong 750.000 ngi c th cht nu tnh trng hn hn Somalia xu i trong nhng thng ti. Lin Hp Quc cnh bo, tuyn b xy ra nn i trong mt khu vc mi. Trong thc t, nhiu ni trn th gii, con ngi ang c gng thay i nhn thc, thi v hnh vi ca mnh s dng nc mt cch khn ngoan. Nc c coi l mt hng ho kinh t. Cc gi tr kinh t, x hi, mi trng v vn ha ca nc cng c xem xt v nghin cu. Cho n nay, khi nim v nc o v du chn nc tr nn ph bin nhiu quc gia, c bit l cc quc gia khan him nc. Hiu bit v nc n trong cc hng ho, dch v s lm cho ngi dn thay i thi quen mua sm jeans hoc cc sn phm bng, tht trong ba n hng ngy, c ph... C th ni, nc v cng qu v him. Nu khng tnh n tng git nc, con ngi s khng th qun l TNN mt cch hiu qu v s khng c nc phc v cho nhu ca chnh mnh cng nh cho th h con chu trong tng lai.
32

Bi 10: Nc cho sinh hot

Vit Nam c 708 th bao gm 5 thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, 86 thnh ph v th x thuc t nh, 617 th trn vi 21,59 triu ngi (chim 26,3% dn s ton quc). Hin c trn 240 nh my cp nc th vi tng cng sut thit k l 3,42 triu m3/ngy. Trong 92 nh my s dng ngun nc mt vi tng cng sut khong 1,95 triu m3/ngy v 1 48 nh my s dng ngun nc di t vi tng cng sut khong 1,47 triu m3/ ngy. Mt s a phng khai thc ch yu nc di t cung cp cho sinh hot sn xut nh H Ni, H Ty, Hng Yn, Vnh Phc, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Sc Trng, Ph Yn, Bch Liu...; cc tnh thnh Hi Phng, H Nam, Nam nh, Thi Bnh, H Bnh, KonTum, Gia Lai... Tnh, Qung Bnh, KonTum, Gia Lai... khai thc ch yu t ngun nc mt; nhiu a phng s dng c 2 ngun nc mt v nc di t. Tng cng sut hin c ca cc nh my cp n c m bo cho mi ngi dn th khong 150 lt nc sch mi ngy. Tuy nhin do c s h tng h thng cp nc ti nhiu khu th lc hu, thiu ng b nn h thng cp nc khu th cha pht huy ht cng sut, t l tht thot nc sch kh cao (c ni t l tht thot ti 40%). Chnh v vy trn thc t nhiu th cung cp nc ch t khong 40 -50 lt/ngi/ngy. i vi khu vc nng thn Vit Nam c khong 36,7 triu ngi dn c cp nc sch (trn tng s ngi dn 60,44 triu). C 7.257 cng trnh cp nc tp trung cp nc sinh hot cho 6,13 triu ngi v trn 2,6 triu cng trnh cp nc nh l khc. T l dn s nng thn c cp nc sinh hot ln nht vng Nam B chim 66,7%; ng bng sng Hng 65,1%; ng bng sng Cu Long 62,1%.

Cng ngh x l nc mt
Nc mt bao gm cc ngun nc trong cc ao, m, h cha, song sui. t trng ca nc mt l: cha kh ha tan, c bit l oxy; cha nhiu cht rn l lng, ring trng hp nc cha trong cc ao, m, h, do xy ra qu trnh lng cn nn cht rn l lng cn li tng i thp v ch yu dng keo; c hm lng cht hu c cao; c s hin din ca nhiu loi to; cha nhiu vi sinh vt. V vy cng ngh x l nc cn ch trng giai on tin x l: phn ng + lng ngay t u qui trnh, nhm ph hy cc lin kt ha hc, to cn hu ch. Sau , giai on kh trng l bt buc trc khi cung cp nc cho sinh hot.
33

Cng ngh x l nc ngm

Nc ngm c khai thc t tng cha nc di t, cht lng nc ngm p h thuc vo thnh phn khong ha v cu trc a tng m nc thm qua. Do vy, nc chy qua cc a tng cha ct v granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht khong. Khi nc ngm chy qua a tng cha vi th nc thng c cng v kim hy drocacbonat kh cao. c trng chung ca nc ngm l: c thp; nhit v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh; khng c oxy nhng c th cha nhiu kh nh: CO 2, H2S; cha nhiu khong cht ha tan ch yu l st, mangan, canxi, magie, flo; khng c hin din ca vi sinh vt. Cng ngh x l nc ngm ch yu l kh hm lng st, mangan, canxi, magi.

Cng ngh x l nc ung cho trng hc

m bo sc khe cho hc sinh, vn nh trng quan tm trc ht l chun mc an ton v sinh, n g sau cn l vn ca chi ph. Nu trang b nc ung ng chai, r rng l chi ph qu ln, kinh ph nh trng khng p ng ni. Bin php tt nht l trang b mt thit b tinh ch nc ngay ti trng. Trn y l s cng ngh c th x l trc tip hay gin tip, t cc ngun nc my, nc ging khoan v cc ngun nc cp sinh hot khc. Cht lng nc thnh phm t tiu chun QCVN 01:2009/BYT, p ng nhu cu nc ung trc tip, khng cn un si.

Cng ngh x l nc bin

Nc bin thng c mn rt cao, hm lng mui trong nc bin thay i ty theo v tr a l nh: ca sng, gn hay xa b, ngoi ra trong nc bin thng c nhiu cht l lng, cng gn b th nng cng tng, ch yu l cc phiu sinh ng thc vt. X l nc bin bng cng ngh lc thm thu ngc (R.O system) tr nn ph bin vi mng lc c bit c mc l ~ 0.001m, c kh nng kh > 99% cc ion v ton b tp cht, vi khun c trong nc. Nc sau x l qua mng R.O l nc kh khong vi tinh khit cao. Tuy nhin, m bo cht lng nc thnh phm cng nh tui th ca mng RO, cn thit phi trang b y cc h tin lc u ngun gim ti trng cho chi tit quan trng trong h thng mng RO.

34

Bi 11: Nc cho an ninh lng thc

Vai tr ca nc i vi sn xut lng thc
An ninh lng thc cn c hiu v phi bao gm: lng thc cho x hi khng ai b i; ngi lm ra lng thc khng b ngho i, d l ngho i mt cch tng i so vi mt bng x hi. An ninh lng thc ch c m bo khi li ch ca ngi tr ng la c tnh n. Lng thc l ngun ch yu nui sng con ngi, hin nay ch yu c bn loi cy lng thc chnh l la, ng, sn v khoai lang. Sn xut ra nhiu lng thc c cht lng cao nhm m bo an ninh lng thc ang c nhiu quc g ia trn th gii t ra v quan tm gii quyt. Nn khan him nc ang lan rng trn ton cu v e da nghim trng sn xut lng thc trn th gii. Cho n nay, ngun nc ngm gim mnh v cn kit 20 nc vi dn s chim ti 50% dn s th gii. Nn khan him nc cho nng nghip 3 nc sn xut ng cc hng u th gii l M, Trung Quc v n c bit ng lo ngi. Lin Hp Quc khng nh chu c th i mt vi tnh trng thiu lng thc trin min nu khng tin hnh mt cuc cch mng trit trong thi quen s dng nc. Chu s hu ti 70% din tch t c ti tiu ca th gii. Hng trm triu nng dn phi t chu trch nhim v vic a nc vo ng rung ca h. Phn ln nng dn ch s dng nhng thit b bm n c lc hu v khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin, h li c th ly mt lng nc khng hn ch vo rung khin cc ngun nc nhanh chng cn kit. Nu thi quen ny vn tip din, khng hong lng thc s bng pht trn khp chu . Nu c s dng nc ba bi nh hin nay, khu vc Nam s cn thm 57% nc ti tiu ng rung, trong khi cc nc ng cn thm 70%. Trong bi cnh c t v nc ngy cng tr nn qu gi nh hin nay, mt kch bn nh th chng bn vng cht no. V khi ngi dn di, x hi s tr nn bt n. H ly t mt an ninh lng thc Theo s liu do Lin hp quc cng b ngy 16 -10-2010 trn th gii c khong 1 t ngi thiu n. Cn theo FAO s ngi i l 925 triu, 2/3 s ngi i tp trung 7 quc gia l Bng-la-t, Trung Quc, Cng-g, -thi--pi-a, n , In--n-xi-a v Pa-ki-xtan. Khu vc c s ngi i nhiu nht l chu - Thi Bnh dng vi 578 triu ngi. T l ngi i cao nht khu vc tiu vng Sa -ha-ra chu Phi, chim 30% trong nm 2010 (239 triu).

35

Cn g theo nh gi ca FAO, gi lng thc leo thang l th phm gy nn nhiu cuc khng hong chnh tr trn th gii. FAO cnh bo rng, s tng t bin gi c c th l mt mi e da chnh tr i vi an ninh lng thc cho ngi ngho khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng. Theo cnh bo u thng 1-2011, bt u xut hin cc du hiu ca mt cuc khng hong lng thc trn quy m ton cu ging nh nm 2008. Hin nay c khong 80 quc gia trn th gii ang phi i mt vi tnh trng thiu lng thc . Nhng khu vc b e da nhiu nht l Bc v Trung Phi, tip l chu nh: Ap-ga-ni-xtan, Mng C, Triu Tin. Nn i l mt s khan him thc phm trn din rng c th p dng cho bt k loi ng vt no. Hin tng ny thng i km vi s suy dinh dng, cht i, dch bnh, v t vong gia tng khu vc. Nn i nm 1945 Vit Nam : Ngoi bi cnh chin tranh, chnh tr v kinh t, tnh hnh thi tit ngoi Bc cng gp phn trong nhng ng lc to ra nn i. Ma mng min Bc b hn hn v cn trng ph hoi, khin sn lng v ng-xun t nm 1944 gim st khong 20% so vi thu hoch nm trc. Sau l l l t xy ra lm h hi v ma nn nn i bt u lan dn. Ma ng nm 1944-45 c nghit thay cng l i l mt ma ng gi rt khin cc hoa mu ph cng m t, to ra nhng yu t tai c chng cht gia bi cnh chin tranh th gii. Nn i Ethiopia nm 1984-1985: Trn hn hn lch s nm 1984 xa s ton b cy trng quc gia ny v c tnh git cht khong 1 triu ngi v y hng triu ngi khc bn b vc cht i. Nn i Somali, nm 2011. Cc t chc nhn o quc t hot ng ti Somalia cho bit t nht 29.000 tr em Somalia b cht trong nn i ti khu vc Sng chu Phi va qua v nhn nh y l cuc khng hong nhn o ti t nht hin nay. Lin Hp Quc c tnh hin c 3,2 triu ngi dn Somalia cn c cu tr khn cp. Ngoi ra, hn 400.000 ngi Somalia, sng ti cc khu vc do cc nhm phin qun Hi gio Al Shabab kim sot, cng ang trong hon c nh thiu lng thc trm trng v cn c cu tr lng thc. t hn hn v nn i cha tng thy ang honh hnh ti khu vc Sng chu Phi, trong Somalia l quc gia b nh hng nng nht. Ngoi Somalia, mt s khu vc thuc cc nc Gibuti, Etiopia, Kenya v Uganda cng b nh hng nghim trng v lng thc v nc ung hng ny.
36

Bi 12: Nc v Nng lng

Vai tr ca nc i vi pht trin thy in
Thu in l ngun in c c t nng lng nc. a s nng lng thu in c c t th nng ca nc c tch ti cc p nc lm quay mt tuc bin nc v my pht in. Thu in, s dng ng lc hay nng lng dng chy ca cc con sng hin nay chim 20% lng in ca th gii. Ngoi mc tiu pht in, cc nh my thu in cn c nhim v ct v chng l cho h du trong ma ma bo; ng thi cung cp nc cho h du phc v nhu cu dn sinh trong ma kit. Li ch ln nht ca thu in l hn ch c gi thnh nhin liu. Cc nh my thu in cng c tui th ln t 50 n 100 nm. Chi ph nhn cng cng th p bi v cc nh my ny c t ng ho cao v c t ngi lm vic ti ch khi vn hnh thng thng. Cc nh my thu in h cha bng bm hin l cng c ng ch nht tch tr nng lng v tnh hu dng, cho php pht in mc thp vo gi thp im tch nc sau cho chy ra pht in vo gi cao im hng ngy. Tuy nhin, vic s dng nc tch tr thnh thong kh phc tp bi v yu cu ti tiu c th xy ra khng trng vi thi im yu cu in ln mc cao nht. Nhng thi im hn hn c th gy ra cc vn rc ri, bi v mc b sung nc khng th tng kp vi mc yu cu s dng. Bn cnh , s pht in ca nh my in cng c th nh hng n mi trng ca dng sng bn di. Nc sau khi ra khi turbine thng cha rt t cn l lng, c th gy ra tnh trng xi sch lng sng v lm st l b sng. Cc turbine thng m khng lin tc nn c th quan st thy s thay i nhanh chng v bt thng ca dng chy. Nc chy ra t turbine lnh hn nc trc khi chy vo p, iu ny c th lm thay i s lng cn bng ca h ng vt, gm c vic gy hi ti mt s loi. Ti nh c dn chng sng trong vng h cha cng l m t vn nan gii ca thy in. Trong nhiu trng hp khng mt khon bi thng no c th b p c s gn b ca h v t tin v vn ho gn lin vi a im v chng c gi tr tinh thn i vi h. Hn na, v mt lch s v vn ho cc a im quan trng c th b bin mt. Mt s d n thu in cng s dng cc knh, thng i hng dng sng ti dc nh hn nhm tng p sut c c. Trong mt s trng hp, ton b dng sng c th b i hng tr li lng sng cn.

Mt s thy in ln trn th gii

p Tam Hip tr gi 22,5 t USD c khi cng nm 1993 trn sng Dng T, Trung Quc l p thy in ln nht th gii v bt u sn xut in t nm 2008. Tuy nhin, Hi ng nh nc Tru ng Quc tha nhn p Tam Hip mang li nhiu
37

li ch to ln, nhng cng gy ra mt s vn cn gii quyt ngay i vi khu vc ti nh c ca ngi dn, bo v h sinh thi v ngn nga thm ha a cht . Con p ny nh hng n giao thng ng thy khu vc di p, ti tiu v cung cp nc. Vic xy p khin 1,4 triu dn phi di dn v nhiu di tch vn ha v chn vi di dng nc. Cc chuyn gia cnh bo v nguy c xy ra nhiu xo trn a chn, trong c l t v trn b khi b cha nc ca p t trn xung nn a cht ca khu vc. y ban iu phi Mi trng Brazil (Ibama) va thng qua d n xy dng cng trnh thy in Belo Monte, vi tng vn u t ln ti 17 t USD, trn dng sng Xingu thuc khu vc rng rm nhit i Amazon, vi tng cng sut c tnh 11.200MW, tng ng 11% sn lng in ca Brazil. Khi i vo hot ng vo nm 2015, Belo Monte s tr thnh cng trnh thy in ln th 3 trn th gii, sau p thy in Tam Hip ca Trung Quc v Itaipu ca Paragoay v Brazil. Tuy nhin d n ny b phn i mnh m bi nhng ngi dn a phng v nhng t chc bo v mi trng Brazil v trn khp th gii. Cc chuyn gia lo ngi p cha rng 668 km2 ca thy in Belo Monte s lm ngp 400 km rng, ch im 0,01% din tch rng Amazon. Thy in s lm thay i h thc vt, thay i cht lng v hng nc chy khin cc loi c phi thay i thi quen di c. c tnh khong 600 loi c, trong , nhiu loi c ch c dng sng ny, s b o ln v m i trng sng, khi p thy in Belo Monte nn dng tch nc. iu ny s e da khin mt s loi c ng trc nguy c tuyt chng. D n p thy in Xayaburi l mt trong 12 d n p thy in trn dng chnh sng M Kng. Cng trnh ny nm hon ton trn lnh th ca Lo, cch ng bng sng Cu Long khong 1900 km, p c chiu di 810m v cng sut d kin l 1.260MW. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng, vic xy dng p ny s l "pht i bc khai ha" cho vic xy dng ton b 11 p khc trn d ng chnh Mekong phn h lu vc. Nu 12 con p trn dng chnh Mekong c xy dng, on sng di 2.400 km h lu (50% chiu di Mekong) s bin thnh vng h, lu tr li ph sa. Do ph sa khng th xung h lu l chu th sng Mekong ng bng sng Cu Long v bin H ca Campuchia. Lng ph sa hng nm Mekong ti v h lu l 160 165 triu tn. Con s ny s gim cn 1/4, tng ng 42 triu tn khi 12 p c xy dng. Do vy, i sng ca 20 triu dn ng bng sng Cu Long v cc t h h tng lai s b e da, nh hng n an ninh lng thc ca c khu vc v th gii. ng thi, mt ph sa cng l tc nhn khin b bin pha ng ca ng bng sng Cu Long v mi C Mau b st l nghim trng v ng bng sng Cu Long s b st ln v chm rt nhanh di mc nc bin, cng tc ng ca nc bin dng do bin i kh hu. Bi hc ny tng xy ra vi ng bng Mississippi ca M, khi sng Mississippi b ngn p lm thy in, ng bng Mississippi chm xung bin ch trong 20 - 30 nm. v tr cui ngun lu vc sng M Kng, Vit Nam s chu tn tht ton din nu 12 p thy in ni trn c trin khai.
38

Bi 13: Nc v H sinh thi

Nc v h sinh thi
Nc cho h sinh thi l ch tng i mi v ang c nghin cu thc tin trong khong 10 nm tr li y. Nc cn cho h sinh thi nh con ngi cn khng kh. Nc l mi trng sng cho cc loi sinh vt thy sinh. S sng trn tri t ch yu da vo nc. Cht lng cuc sng trc tip p h thuc vo cht lng nc. Cht lng nc bao gm cc yu t vt l, ha hc v sinh hc cn thit p ng nhu cu s dng l mt ch tiu quan trng lin quan ti mi kha cnh ca h sinh thi v i sng con ngi nh sc khe cng ng, sn xut lng thc, hot ng kinh t v a dng sinh hc. Ngun nc c cht lng tt s duy tr h sinh thi lnh mnh. H sinh thi thy sinh rt a dng v loi hnh (sng, h, rng ngp mn, m ly), v thnh phn s sng phn b trong v v cu t rc chc nng sinh thi cng nh gi tr ca chng i vi thin nhin v con ngi. H sinh thi thy sinh c nhng chc nng quan trng trong vic iu tit n c ngm, khng ch l lt v n nh ng b, thanh lc cn vn nhng duy tr cht dinh dng, xut khu sinh khi, duy tr mc a dng sinh hc cao, ng thi cn l nhng cnh quan vn ha c o. Hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh pht trin gy ra nhng tn tht ln lao i vi cc h sinh thi t ngp nc, t vic loi b chng hay bin i chng thnh cc h sinh thi ngho kit n vic lm cho chng b nhim bi cht thi, b hy hoi di cc trn ma acid Theo FAO, trn th gii hin c khong 40 triu ha, tc 20% t ngp nc c ti tiu nhng do ng, phn ha v mn ha phn ln b b hoang hng nm. nc ta, nhiu h sinh thi t ngp nc cng bin i rt mnh do hng lot h cha ra i, nhiu dng sng b ngn chn bi p, hng trm ngn ha bi triu c bao bc bi ly t cho nn g nghip v m rng cc ao tm, gn 40% din tch rng ngp mn ven bin b cht ph

Cc kiu h sinh thi ch yu trn Tri t

H sinh thi bao gm qun x sinh vt v sinh cnh ca qun x. Trong h sinh thi, cc sinh vt lun tc ng ln nhau v tc ng qua li vi cc nhn t v sinh ca mi trng to nn mt h thng hon chnh v tng i n nh. Trong h sinh thi, trao i cht v nng lng lun din ra gia cc c th trong qun x v gia qun x vi sinh cnh ca chng. Bt k mt s gn kt no gia sinh vt vi cc nhn t sinh thi ca mi trng to thnh mt chu trnh sinh hc hon chnh, d mc n gin nht, u c coi l mt h sinh thi. H sinh thi trn cn c c trng bi cc qun h thc vt, v y thm thc vt chim sinh khi ln nht, vi cc h sinh thi nh sau:
39

H sinh thi rng gm cc kiu rng: i nguyn phn b chung quanh Bc Cc; Rng l nhn (rng l kim hay rng taiga) phn b Bc M, Bc u v Bc , hay cn gi l rng n i thng xanh; Rng rng l n i ng Bc M, khp Chu u, cui Nam M, Trung Quc, Nht Bn v c; Rng ma nhit i phn b lu vc sng Amazon, sng Congo, khu vc n , M Lai, Ty Phi; H sinh thi Savan (tho nguyn) c kh hu m p, c ma kh ko d i, in hnh l savan Chu Phi, tho nguyn Xiberi. H sinh thi Saparan (rng v cy bi l cng cn nhit) quanh b a Trung Hi, California, Mehico, b Nam Chu c, Chil. H sinh thi Hoang mc v bn hoang mc c cc loi thc vt chu hn nh cy Metka (r m su 30m), cy xng rng, ngi i kch. ng vt c chut nhy, chut gecbin, ch Dingo c, ch hoang Chu Phi, rt nhiu cn trng. Cc h sinh thi di nc (h sinh thi thy sinh) thng chu nh hng trc tip ca cc yu t nh nhit ca nc, chiu su nh sng xm nhp, s lng Oxy ha tan... Ty theo mn, h sinh thi thy sinh c chia lm 2 loi chnh, l h sinh thi nc ngt v h sinh thi nc mn. H sinh thi nc ngt gm nhng c th trong nc c a nc ng (h, b cha, ao, t t) v nc chy (dng sui, sng) vi mn thp, thng NaCl t 1 - 4 - p cha v h nc ngt: ni y cha khi lng t nhin ca nc ng, nc ngt c hnh thnh do lng nc ma, dng chy trong t, dng nc ngm lm y nhng ch ln tri t b ng bng, do s ng t, hot ng ca ni la v bng sao khng l m xung to thnh h. Bnh thng h c 4 vng (i) ring r l i ven b, i nc thong (tng nc mt m), i su v i y. - Sui nc ngt v sng: lng ma thm qua t hoc lm bc hi trn mt nc ca tri t. Nc tr thnh dng chy trong nhng sui ra sng, thm ch cn chy ra n bin c s dng li trong chu trnh nc. Ton b b mt t m nc thot ra, cht trm tch, vt cht ha tan qua cc con sng n sng chnh, cui cng n bin c gi l lu vc sng hoc lng cho tiu nc. - t ngp nc ni a: t cha y nc ngt trong sut c nm hoc mt phn ca nm th c gi l t m. Chng ta c th tm thy nhng vng ly, m ly, v nhng sng trn nc... H sinh thi nc mn gm i dng, ca sng (ni nc ngt t nhng sng v sui ha ln vi nc bin), t t min ven bin v ngm san h vi mn cao n rt cao, trn 4. - i d ng: i dng l h sinh thi c chun b y khong 250.000 loi thc vt bin v thc n cho nhiu t chc, bao gm nhng sinh vt sng, v bin l ni phc v ngun st, ct, si, phosphat, du la, kh t thin nhin v nhiu ngun ti nguyn c gi tr khc. - Vnh ai ven bin: cc i dng trn th gii c th phn chia lm 2 vnh ai chnh: ven b hoc ven b bin (nc cn, m, giu dinh dng) v bin khi (nc su, lnh, xa b, t cht dinh dng) - t ngp nc ven bin: t vng ven b bin pha trn vi nc bin.
40

Bi 14: Nc v Vn ha
Vai tr ca nc i vi vn ha
S c mt ca nc l iu kin u tin xc nh s tn ti ca s sng. u c nc, c s sng. C s sng l c con ngi, c vn ha v vn minh. Vng sa mc Sahara tng l mt va la vo thi c La M; vo th k 8 trc cng nguyn, trung tm ca n tng chng kin s hng thnh ca triu i Pienkhi. Khi ngun nc cn, m gim xung th s sng v ton b nn vn ha, vn minh y cng tn l i theo. Phn ln cc nn vn ha c ni ting u hnh thnh lu vc cc con sng ln: vn ha Ai-cp lu vc sng Nile, vn ha Lng H lu vc hai con sng Tigris v Euphrates, vn ha n lu vc sng Indus hay vn ha Trung Hoa lu vc sng Hong H. Vn ha s dng nc, ng x vi nc c th gi tt l vn ha nc. Trong phng ng th vn ha n c in hnh c l l vn ha Vit Nam v ng Nam , bi l y l vng chu nh hng ln ca sng nc v i dng. Do vy, y mi th u phi thch nghi vi nc t thc vt, ng vt n con ngi. V con ngi to nn mt nn vn ha nc a dng: tn dng nc; i ph vi nc; sng bi nc v lu luyn nc. Vit Nam c xem l ci ni ca nn vn minh la nc. T 5-6 ngn nm trc cng nguyn, c ci n, ngi Vit bi t trng cy la nc; dng nh gn nhng ni c sng sui; i li ch yu trn sng nc bng thuyn, , ghe, xu ng, b, mng, ph, tu . v ni hp ch bun bn, trao i hng ha thng ti cc bn sng. Trong ngn ng, t nc c ngi Vit dng ch rt nhiu ngha khc: Nc l quc gia (vic nc), l mi trng sng (ng nc), l cch sng ca ngi (nc i) C rt nhiu a danh cha nhng yu t mang ngha sng nc: Bn (Bn Tre, Bn Ngh); Ca (Ca ng, Ca L); H (H Ni, H Tin); Hi (Hi Hu, Tin Hi).

Nhng dng sng lm nn vn minh Vi t c

ng bng c xc lp, cng l lc cc dng sng hnh thnh, c l dng sng Hng l con sng ln nht chuyn ti ph sa lp y cc vng t cn ly li. Cng vi sng Hng l c mt h thng sng ngi dy c chuyn ch ph sa mu m. Nhng nhm ngi t vng cao trn xung trung du khai ph, trng la, dng xm dng lng. Khi vo khong cch y gn 4.000 nm.
41

Trung tm qun t u tin ca ngi Vit chnh l vng ng ba sng Hng L. Khi , ngi Vit c thnh th o c ng, dt vi, nh c, sn bn. Ven cc dng sng ln, tm c nhiu chng tch ca ru ng, c ng, li cu ng, cc loi trang sc bng ngc. T cng cuc khai ph vng trung du, ngi Vit tin dn xung vng ng bng thp hn, nhng cng dn d mu m hn, thch hp vi vic trng la. V th, trung tm qun t th hai ca ngi Vit cng dch chuyn dc sng Hng m v vng ng ba sng Hng sng ung. Chnh v tr C Loa ca An Dng Vng c chn v l . Ci a li ca chu th Bc B vo thi vn ha ng Sn, cch y hn 2000 nm l t ai ph nhiu, li nm vo gia ca sng Hng, ni thun tin giao lu vn ha vi vng Vn Nam Trung Quc, li c h thng sng ngi chy ra bin tip ni cho ngi Vit t y giao lu vi vng ven bin Trung Quc v c cc nc ng Nam . Nhiu trng ng t vng chu th Bc B c mt nhiu ni va k, ng vai tr i s vn ha ca ngi Vit c i mun ni, m cng ch yu theo ng sng v ven bin. Cng cn ghi nhn mt iu l mt s ng p nht tiu biu cho ngh thut k thut ca ngi Vit c li c pht hin ngay b sng Hng nh trng ng Ngc L, th p ng o Thnh, hay mi nht l 2 trng ng tm c b t sng Hng thuc huyn Hng H, tnh Thi Bnh. Vo thi Bc thuc, vai tr ca cc chi lu sng Hng li tr nn quan trng. Dng sng ung v cc con sng Du, sng Tiu Tng chc hi xa phi rng hn by gi nhiu mi c th l con ng huyt mch thng ra bin ln giao lu vi th gii vn minh n . Cc con sng x Bc gp phn khng nh to nn b dy ca x Kinh Bc vi cc lng quan h i b. Cng y, l qu hng c a Vng triu L vng chu C Php. Xui xung pha h lu, chnh bn b t ngn sng Hng, ni hin l huyn Hng H, tnh Thi Bnh cng l ni ph t tch triu Trn. Bn hu ngn sng Hng, vng t ng Lm cng hnh thnh m t phong cch vn ha xa oi ca vn minh Vit. Vng t ny cng l ni s n sinh ra hai vua cui thi Bc thuc l Ng Quyn v Phng Hng. Chi lu ca sng Hng l sng y, cng l mt dng sng quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin vn minh ca ngi VitNhng hn ht, bn b hu ngn sng Hng c mt vng t H Ni, t ca mun i Ni n ci ni vn minh ngi Vit, tt yu phi ni n sng Hng. Nhng trong qu trnh khai ph v pht trin ca ngi Vit thi c, khng th khng nhc n sng M v sng Lam trong thi vn ha ng Sn. C ba lu vc sng Hng v hai con sng va k mi lm nn mt sc thi ng Sn y nht, thng nht trong a dng. Cng c n phi nhc li l nn vn minh ng Sn ly tn mt lng nm ngay b sng M gn ngay cu Hm Rng, nay thuc a gii thnh ph Thanh Ha. i b sng M, sng Chu ca x Thanh cng tm c nhiu lng mc ca ngi ng Sn v kh nhiu trng ng. Ngay bn b sng Hiu, mt chi lu ca sng Lam, cng c mt lng c ca c dn ng Sn kh sm ut, c tn l lng Vc vi mt khu m c nhiu trng ng v cc tng ng qu gi. Trong tin trnh lch s, hai con sng M v sng Lam cng sinh ra nhiu bc anh hng ho kit, ng gp cho nn vn minh Vit Nam v cng cuc dng nc v gi nc.
42

Bi 15: Nc v Vn hc ngh thut

Mi quan h gia nc v ngh thut rt kh nh ngha nhng c th gii thch c. Tht vy, nhiu th k qua, cc nh vn, nh th, nhc s, ha s ly hnh nh nc l ngun cm hng sng tc cho cc tc phm ca mnh. Nh m nhc m dng sng a nup chy qua nhiu nc chu u tr thnh dng sng ca nhn loi qua bn Sng a-nup xanh p ca nh son nhc J. Strauss. Vi ring quc gia ca mnh, ngi nc no cng s u t ho bi nhng bi ht vit v nhng dng sng trong t quc yu qu. V vi t nc Vit Nam, iu cng khng l ngo i l, l Trng ca sng L (Vn Cao), Du kch sng Thao ( Nhun), Con knh xanh xanh (Ng Hunh), Sng qu (Nguyn Hay), Chy i sng i (Ph c Phng). Trn th gii, t c dn tc no m, trong ngn ng ca mnh, ci t NC gn lin vi i sng nh dn tc Vit. T thu bnh minh ca dn tc, dng nh ch no c T l c NC. Do a hnh ca nc ta c nhiu i ni nn NC thng t v nhng ni no c T, C t c nc th s c con ngi n . H lp nn LNG. V c l ci t LNG NC cng c ci ngun t rt xa xa. V thu y, con ngi b e da bi bao s bt an nn khi gp nguy nan, ting ku u tin ca ngi ta hng n cng ng: i lng nc i!. Ting ku ny hm ngha cu cu con ngi, cu cu t nc. V t nc ng ngha vi con ngi. Quan nim ny c nhiu dn tc khc chia s. Chng hn trong tiu thuyt Hng Lu Mng ca Trung Quc, nhn vt Bo Ngc ni vi bn gi ca mnh: n ng nh t, n b nh nc, qun quyn vo nhau. Tr li ci ngun, i vi mi dn tc th s thi l th loi xut hin u tin, chng t cho th gii bit rng, dn tc mnh c gc r ng hong. Nu ngi Vit c c tch Chuyn trm trng gii thch ngun gc dn tc mnh th ngi Mng, mt trong nhng dn tc c tr u tin trn t nc ta c s thi t nc cng gii thch ngun gc dn tc mnh mt cch tng t. Theo s thi ny, nc c sinh ra t s hn mang ca v tr, l yu t u tin. T trong nc xut hin t . T t mc ln ci cy. T ci cy sinh ra i chim. T i chim ra trng, v trng sinh ra mun loi. Trong s trng y c 100 trng sinh ra con ngi.

43

Trong s thi ca dn tc Ty Nguyn c cu chuyn v dng s am B-ri ca ngi Ba-na. Dng s tm nc dng sng M nn c sc ch mun ngi, nhiu ln nh tan qun gic. Nhng cui cng dng s am B -ri vn hy sinh. Bi dng s qun khng ung nc dng sng ny. Truyn thuyt l gii sc mnh ca con ngi l do yu t nc quyt nh. C mt in tch xut pht t phng Ty nhng c c th gii s dng, l thnh ng gt chn Asin. Theo thn thoi Hy Lp Asin l mt dng t ng v ch, c sc khe v cng nhng cui cng anh ta vn b k th bn gc. V tr m mi tn k th bn vo Asin khng phi ngc, u m ch gn gt chn. Ci ch b him nh b y l do ngy trc, m Asin, khi sinh con ra, tm cho con trn dng sng k v, nm ly c chn con nhng con xung nc. Ch nm y nc khng thm vo, khng chm vo c nn l ni him yu duy nht trn c th Asin. Sau ny ch y d kn o th no, vn tr thnh mc tiu ca k th. D ngha n d ca hnh nh ni v s khng hon ho ca con ngi song, mt ln na, chng ta li gp quan im coi nc lm nn sc mnh v ch ca con ngi. T thn thoi, nc i vo i sng. Quan st s vn ng ca nc, cc nh trit hc pht hin nhiu iu, phn tch tng hp v nng thnh trit l. Nh trit hc ca Trung Hoa c i Khng T c l l ngi u tin ca ngi nhng c tn cao p ca nc v khi qut bn cht ca nc nh mt v nhn. Kh ng t ni: Dng n c c th khng ngng chy v pha trc, mang n hu i khp bn phng, nhng khng nhn mnh c cng lao. i u ny ging nh C. Khi n chy, d ni thp hay cao, u tun theo mt nguyn l. i u ny ging nh O. N lun theo xu hng qun bnh - iu ny ging nh PHP. Khi y, khng phi dng ci gt ngang, t nhin chy xung iu ny ging nh CHNH. N chu o n bit ni no n th chy n iu ny ging nh s MINH ST (hiu r tng chi tit nh nht). N c th xut ra, c th tin ti v, khng k ni no, c th lm trong sch vn vt ni , nh mt v Thnh xut pht t lng thin m i gio ha. Kt lun, Khng T ni: Phm cht tt v c hnh ca nc c nhiu nh vy, v th khi ngi c c hnh nhn thy n ri, h nht nh s cao hng m quan st n k cng. (Trch t: Khng T gia ng) Nguyn Tri l mt nh vn ha, mt trit gia v i ca dn tc ta cng c nhng nh gi bin chng v nc. Cuc i ca ng y thng trm, vinh quang v au n. Khi cn tr, v qun s tng lai c mt tm nhn su sc v sc mnh ca nhn dn. Nm Nguyn Tri khong ngoi 20 tui, gic Minh bt cha ng l Nguyn Phi Khanh a v phng Bc. Nguyn Tri a cha mnh n tn i Nam quan. Ngy , ng x cn kh i. T nhn ph i i b bng sng vt ni gian kh th no. Ti i Nam quan, nghe li cha dn, Nguyn Tri tr v mu toan phc quc. Trn ng v, qua ca bin Bch ng, ni ngy trc qun ta hai ln i ph qun Nam Hn v Nguyn Mng, ngm du vt cn li ca chin trn, ng ngh v nc, v dn qua bi th Quan Hi:
Trang mc trng trng hi lng tin; Trm giang thit to dic nhin. Phc chu thu tn giang do thu; Th him nan bng mnh ti thin.

44

Dch ngha nh sau Ca bin Cc ng ging hng hng lp lp trc sng bin Xch st ging buc tu thuyn ch ung cng m thi Lm lt thuyn mi bit sc dn nh sc nc (nc ch thuyn nhng cng chnh nc lm lt thuyn) Cy th him yu, chng qua do s tri nh. Chn l lm lt thuyn mi bit dn nh nc l c s sau ny Nguyn Tri tng kt thnh phng php v o l ca ngi cm quyn Vic nhn ngha ct yn dn, Trng cy c yn dn, em i ngha thng hung tn/ Ly ch nhn thay cng bo

Nc cng i vo i sng ca nhn dn. Quan st tnh cht ca nc, dn tc ta c kt thnh thi quen, quan im v thi sng qua nhng cu tc ng, thnh ng v nc: Nc chy mn , Nc chy ch tr ng,Nc ni bo cng ni, Mt gu nc tt bng mt bt nc ma, Nc mt chy xui, c nc bo c, Tha nc c th cu. iu cho thy t duy ngi Vit c tnh khi qut cao. T nhng hin tng bnh thng, c th, ngi dn c k t thnh nhng kinh nghim minh trit. Trong kho tng chuyn c tch v ca dao v cng phong ph, ca ngi Vit, dng nc chan ha lun di do sc tun chy. Th hi Sc tch Bnh chng Bnh dy m Lang Liu dng tm lng thm tho ln vua Hng c thnh khng nu thiu yu t nc ha quyn trong quan nim Tri trn t vung? Ri chuyn v S tch Da hu Lm cch no m v chng con ci An Tim gi qu v dng vua cha, nu khng nh vo dng nc? V l no n nay ngnh giao thng vn ti ng thy khng dng tng An Tim l ng t ca ngnh mnh? Chng ta ai cng thuc cu ca
Anh i anh nh qu nh Nh canh rau mung nh c dm tng Nh ai di nng dm sng Nh ai tt nc bn ng hm nao

Nh qu nh, canh rau mung, c dm tng .. C v tng, y u cha ng yu t nc. V ngi con trai nh n ngi con gi trong dng v lao ng gi cm nht l khi ngi con gi tt nc. Ci dng ngi thn n tt nc tht gi cm, uyn chuyn, nhp nhng,rt quyn r. Cn mun ngn cu ca dao, mun ngn v p ca con ngi Vit nam thy chung cng nc. Khng nhng trong vn hc dn gian m trong vn hc cn i v ng i, nc l ngun cm hng cho cc nh th by t t tng tnh cm ca mnh. Trong m trng h 1000 nm ca phong kin Trung Quc, ni au mt nc mt nh lun m nt trong th vn ca nhng tr thc yu nc. B Huyn Thanh quan khi i qua o Ngang ngm ngi:
Nh nc au lng con Cuc Cuc Thng nh mi ming ci gia gia (Qua o Ngang)

Chng ta hy th hnh dung, mt ngi ph n trong khi rong rui trn ng, mt chiu dng chn ni hoang vng, bng nghe ting chim cuc ku, chnh lng thng t nc. Phi chng ting con chim Cuc y l tm linh, l hn thing ca giang sn,
45

gm vc vng v? t nc ny, giang sn ny cn c cc thn linh che ch, khng th no mt mi vo tay qun th c. Nhng v th t nc Vit Nam thn yu nh c gi p ng ni xung yu trn bn c quc t nn nhiu k th lun dm ng. Trong thi k Php xm lc, thi s Tn m n hnh nh n d ca i trai gi yu nhau l nc v ni non nhc nh tui tr khng qun ni au dn tc
Nc non nng mt li th, Nc i i mi, khng v cng non. Nh li nguyn nc th non, Nc i cha li, non cn ng khng. Non cao nhng ngng cng trng, Sui kh dng l ch mong thng ngy. (Tn Th non nc 1925)

Bo ch b thc dn kim duyt. Tri tim nh th au trc bao cnh thc dn n p cc cuc khi ngha v ru ng tui tr bng cc hot ng b ni, nh th ct ln ting ni lay ng tm can dn tc. Ri khi thin ti xut hin, ngi thanh nin Nguyn i Quc ra i tm ng cu nc. Thi s Ch Lan Vin hnh dung cuc ra i bng hnh nh n tng
Ngi i tm hnh ca nc: t nc p v cng. Nhng Bc phi ra i Cho ti lm sng di con tu a tin Bc Khi b bi dn lui, lng xm khut, Bn pha nhn khng bng mt hng tre. m xa nc u tin, ai n ng? Sng v di thn tu u phi sng qu hng! (Ch Lan Vin)

Hy th hnh dung, ngi thanh nin mi 20 tui, ln tu ca k th, sang t nc ca k th, tm ng cu nc ca mnh, gia bin ln, nghe sng v m m v con sng qu hng mnh thc s l hnh nh ca mt v nhn. Ri nhng nm thng nh gic trn rng Trng Sn, ngh v t nc vn lin mt di, nay b qun th chia ct, nh th Nguyn Khoa im ngh v t nc vi bao hnh nh p.
t l ni a anh n trng Nc l ni em tm t l ni Chim v Nc l ni Rng t Nc l ni i ta h hn Nc l ni em nh ri chic khn trong ni nh thm. i nhng dng sng bt nc t lu M khi v t Nc mnh th vt ln cu ht Ngi n ht khi cho thuyn vt thc Gi trm dng hnh trn trm dng sng su. (Mt ng kht vng)

46

Nh vn Nga A.Trkhop ni: Nhn vo vng nc, ngi bnh th ng ch thy bn, cn nh vn c th thy v sao. Tri tim tinh t v nhy cm ca n thi s c m nhn v t nc nh bn tay ca m thin nhin. t nc mnh nhn hu/C nc tri xoa du vt thng au. Nh th cn nhn thy nc qua hnh nh tht da trinh tit ha thnh my trng v tm hn nhng lit s trinh tit y ha nhng sao tri. V ci h ban u y khng phi l h bom, khng bi ly m l ni n giu mt tri, ngun nng lng cho chng ta chin u n ngy ton thng. Mt nn thi ca c nhng ngi ph n cm nhn v t, v nc, v con ngi v s hy sinh nh vy khng t ho sao c? T vn hc, chng ta c th nhn sang cc ngnh ngh thut khc thy nc hin hu trong i sng ca cc ngh s th no. Chc khng ai c th qun c Bc tranh ni ting c nhan Bt nc ca ha s S Ngc v trong khng chin chng Php. Anh b i hnh qun qua lng c b m mi ung mt bt nc. Ha s v anh b i ung nc vi v mt y khao kht. Cn ngi m nhn anh b i vi v mt y thng cm v vui mng. Ni gia h l bt nc. Bc tranh mang bao ngha, va biu tng, va n d. N c treo v tr trang trng nht trong Bo tng m thut Vit Nam, c mt trong hu ht cc cun sch gio khoa v Hi ha. Ri nhng bn nhc ni ting nh Trng ca sng L ca Vn Cao, Du kch sng Thao ca Nhun u bt ngun t cm hng ca nhc s tr c v p oai hng v bi trng ca nhng dng sng s thi nc Vit.
Hng H mnh mng tri ct ti chn lng qu Di sng ngoi bn ai v c thy ng ma nng ch vi mi tnh thm bn lng qu

Giai iu m vang da dit, ct ln khng trung, lan ta, nhp iu nh nc cun, nh sng x, dng tro v lan xa, xa mi nh dng sng ang tri v h lu. Dng sng gi ln t th, nhp iu dng sng sinh ra giai iu nhc, tit tu dng chy lm nn tit tu ca li ca.
47

Bi 16: Nc v tn gio, tn ngng

Nc l biu tng linh thing ca nhiu tn gio trn th gii. Nc c xem l Cha tri, l th lc siu nhin c th gt b ti li ca con ngi. Nc va l thc th sng, va thn thnh ng gia th gii thc v th gii tm linh. - L hi t nc truyn thng ca Myanmar, Lo, Thi Lan, Campuchia v mt s vng dn tc thiu s ti Vn Nam (Trung Quc) vi nim tin t nc s em li may mn, cun tri mi au kh, s hi v chc cho nhau lun thun bum xui gi, may mn, bnh an. - Thin Cha gio: Bp-tm l thnh l dnh cho nhng ngi by t lng n nn h i ci v quyt nh t lng tin ni Cha. Khi m t ngi dm mnh di nc trong thnh l bp-tm, iu tng trng cho vic cht v chn i sng ti li c. Ra khi nc tng trng cho vic bc vo mt i sng mi. - Cn i vi nhng tn Hi gio th s sch s thn th chnh l iu c c linh hn tinh khit. Chnh v th trc khi tin hnh cu nguyn (5 ln 1 ngy), h thng tin hnh l ra tay Wudu. - i vi ngi dn Haiti th thc nc Saut d'Eau l ni c cc linh hn tr ng. Nhng ngi dn ni y sn sng dm mnh trong ln nc lnh but vi mong mun c ban phc lnh. - i vi ngi dn n th sng Hng l con sng gn lin vi h c tinh thn ln vt cht. V vic tm ra dng sng ny chnh l nghi l quan trng, ai cng phi c mt ln tm con sng linh thing, huyn b ny. - Ngi Nht rt tin vo dng nc thing. Vic tm di nhng thc nc chy xit m theo h n mang n sc sng cho c v tr. Ngi Vit lun tn th nc qua cch gi M Nc, B Thy, hay Mu Thoi (bin m t ch Thy), ri B Cha Sng, B Cha Lch. Trn bn th ca ngi Vit, ru c th c hoc khng, nhng li nc l th nht thit khng bao gi thiu v ngha trit l n c l th qu nht i vi c dn trng la nc. L thc cu nc c truyn ca ngi Vit Vi ngun sng chnh da vo nn nng nghip la nc, l thc cu nc t lu tr thnh mt sinh hot tn ngng khng th thiu trong i sng tinh thn
48

ca ngi dn Vit. L t hc ny thng gn vi c dn ba khu vc: c dn trong ng, c dn lng bi ven sng v c dn ven bin. i vi c dn trong ng: T thu xa xa, vic s dng nc sng cho cy cy t c ngi Vit ch ti, vic xy dng h thng mng phai mt cch ch ng khng my m nt trong thc ca tc Vit, c th v h quen s dng ngun nc ti ch, tc l nc ma, nc d tr cc ao, h. Bi th, tm l truyn t i ny qua i khc, lun l: Ly tri ma xung. Ly nc ti ung. Ly rung ti cy. Ly y bt cm. Ly rm un bp. Thc t ny c phn nh trong l cp thy vo gi quy nh ti mt ging nht nh trong lng. Nc thng c ly vo lc rng sng, khi cha mt ai ra mc. lng Bnh (x Bnh Minh, Thanh Oai, H Ty), ngi ta lm l ti ging C, sau th l vt xung nc, m bnh tri l mt trong nhng l vt quan trng khng th thiu. C l hi va c tnh cht cu nc cho nng nghip, va c tnh cht tr thy. Nh l hi lng L Mt, ngi ta va lm l cp thy li va din mt nghi l chng lt, thng qua tr ma rn nhm k li s tch ng Hong chm rn. Nhng cng c l hi ch mang tnh cht cu nc m khng gn vi chuyn tr thy, nh l hi Bnh hay hi lng Bi Kh vi tc t pho. Cc lng ny nm gia hai dng sng y v Nhu ni m nn lt khng khng khip nh cc lng ven sng Hng nn chng lt khng phi l mi bn tm thng trc ca ngi dn ni y. i vi c dn ven bin: Tn ngng th nc ca c dn ven bin khng c th hin mt cch trc tip trong l hi bng cc nghi thc mc nc, ly nc... m thng c biu hin mt cch gin tip thng qua cc tr nh chi tru, tc ua thuyn... i vi cc c dn lng bi ven sng: Nhng c dn ny thng lm l cp thy trn sng, nh l hi ca mt s nh, n c lin quan ti tn ngng th nc nm ven sng Hng thuc chu th Bc B. V d nh: Hi n Dy (an Phng, H Ty); Hi n Chm (H Ni); Hi n Ph Thng, n Nht Tn (H Ni); Hi nh H (x T Nhin, Thng Tn, H Ty); hi n Lnh Giang (Duy Tin, H Nam). L mt dn tc m ngun sng chnh da vo nn nng nghip la nc, c vng v ngun nc lun thng trc trong mi ngi dn Vit. Trong "bng dng" khi nguyn v l hi th l cp thy l mt trong nhng nghi l chnh ca ngi Vit. Theo thi gian, nghi thc ny b nht nha dn cc l hi, song n khng mt hn v c th coi y l mt nghi thc gc gn vi vic cu ngun nc cho sn xut nng nghip, m nh c ma mng tt ti. V n by gi, m rng ra, cu n c c ng nht vi cu mi ngun hnh phc.
49

Bi 17: Nc, Kin trc v Qun s

Nc v ngh thut kin trc Mt thnh ph mun pht trin nht nh phi gn ngun nc. Nc l mu ca mch t, huyt mch phi ngy m tun chy th mi em li ngun nng lng nui dng s pht trin ca thnh ph. Khng c nc, mt thnh ph kh c th tn ti c. Nu nh thnh ph c mt con sng chy xuyn qua trung tm ca n th thnh ph y cng l ni hi t linh kh. c bi t l khi con sng ny li bt ngun t mt ngn ni thing, ni bt ngun ca dng nc thnh th thnh ph cng may mn hn. Washington, D.C. (Washington, District of Columbia) l mt qun hnh chnh lin bang v l th ca Hoa K. Washington, D.C. c cc cng trnh kin trc ni ting nh in Capitol, Nh Trng, Lu Nm Gc, cc i tng nim ca cc c tng thng v nhiu cng vin rng ln. Sng Potomac chy qua Washington gn nh l nm ton b bn trong bin gii qun Columbia. Paris - kinh nh sng ca th gii - hnh thnh v pht trin t hai bn b dng sng Seine ni ting. Sng Seine l con ng giao thng huyt mch c th thng vi sng Rhine, sng Rhone,... bin Paris tr thnh trung tm ca giao thng ng thy chu u. Cch bin a Trung Hi khong 200km, sng Nile tr mnh chia thnh 2 nhnh, t m ra gia vng sa mc nng bng mt chu th hnh tam gic rng ln v mu m l k. Trn nh ci tam gic xanh mt y, ni sng Nile chia hai l Cairo, th Ai Cp. Kinh Thng Long- H Ni ni c ni Nng- sng Nh, trong chiu di , Nh vua L Thi T c nhn nh v th sngni nh sau gia khu vc tri t, c th rng chu h phc, chnh gia Nam Bc ng Ty, tin nghi ni sng sau trc. Vng ny mt t rng m bng phng, th t cao m sng sa, dn c khng kh thp trng t i tm, mun vt ht sc ti tt phn thnh. Nc v ngh thut qun s Trn chin trng khng phi c c qun mnh hn l thng. Ch vi 3 vn qun m Mng C nh tan tnh lin qun Ba Lan -Hungary. Nhng cng 3 vn qun qua Vit Nam, nm 1258, ch trong 10 ngy b Trn Th nh tan. C th thy, ngh thut qun s l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh thng li ca mt trn chin.
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Trong kin trc qun s ca ngi Vit c, yu t a hnh, kh hu, sng ngi th ng c tnh cht quyt nh cho vic chn a im xy thnh ly qun s cng nh xut cc binh php. Thnh C Loa l kin trc qun s s v to ln, th hin s sng to c o ca ngi Vit c trong cng cuc gi nc v chng ngoi xm. Thnh c 3 vng bo v, ngoi mi vng thnh, u c h thng ho su, ngi nc, ao h... chy vng quanh, li c ni lin vi Hong Giang (xa kia l mt nhnh ca sng Nh, chy qua 5 huyn ri vo sng Cu) lm nhim v phng th rt hu hiu. Cu trc ny rt thun li cho vic kt hp hai th qun: qun thy v qun b hip ng chin u trn mt a bn. Ngh thut qun s Vit Nam th hin rt r trong Chin thng Bch ng lch s ca Ng Quyn nm 938. Ng Quyn l i dng c c thi tit, a hnh v c bit l sc mnh ca nc thy triu, v ginh thng li quyt nh ch bng mt trn mai phc thy chin trn sng. Trong chin tranh chng M, b i Vit Nam tn dng li th sng nc ca khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long xy dng cn c, ct gi v vn chuyn v kh. i xuyn qua rng Sc, sng Lng Tu tr thnh t a ca hng trm tu gic, vi nhiu tu vn ti qun s ln, trng ti hng chc ngn tn nh cc tu Victoria, LCM, Aridonna, Patnik... Nhn loi th gii s cn nhc mi nhng trn thy chin ni ting nh Trn Chu Cng nm 1941 gy tn tht ln cho nc M gm 2.402 ngi t trn, 1.282 ngi b thng, ba tu tun dng, ba tu khu trc v mt tu th mn, 188 my bay b ph hy.

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Bi 19: Gi tr kinh t ca nc
Platon l nh trit hc, nh m hc duy tm ni ting ca Hy lp c i (427 - 347 TCN). Platon cho rng nc gi tr hn kim cng rt nhiu, qua cu ni ca ng Ch ci g khan him mi c gi tr, nhng nc l ti nguyn qu him hn tt c li c gi r nht. Hc tr ca Platon, Aristoteles (384 322 TCN) cng l mt nh trit hc Hy Lp c i v c xem l ngi to ra mn lun l hc cng cho rng Khng g c th qu v hu ch hn nc v nc c gi tr hn kim cng. Tht vy, nc ch c gi tr kinh t khi n tr nn khan him v khng cung cp cho nhu cu, bi v n lc , nhiu ngi s dng nc phi cnh tra nh c c hi s dng nc. Gi tr kinh t ca nc khng phi lc no cng c th quy i thnh tin, bi v tin khng phi l thc o gi tr kinh t, c nhng dch v ca nc khng th lng gi c nhng li c gi tr kinh t rt ln. C th thy phn ln cc ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca cc quc gia u ph thuc rt nhiu vo ti nguyn nc. Ngay t nhng nm 80 ca th k 20, th gii ghi nhn

Tng gi tr kinh t ca nc

Gi tr s dng

Gi tr khng s dng

Gi tr s dng trc tip (c th lng gi)

Gi tr s dng trc tip (khng th lng gi)

Gi tr s dng gin tip

Gi tr tn ti

Gi tr di sn

Gi tr la chn

- Nc ung - Lng thc - Thc phm - Sn xut cng nghip, nng lng ...

- Cnh quan - Du lch - Gii tr (cu c, ua thuyn...) - Giao thng thy - M hc , biu tng... ...

- Kim sot l - Tr carbon - Tr nc - Mi trng sng cho cc loi thy sinh - X l cht thi - a dng h sinh thi

Con ngi nhn thc c s tn ti ca ti nguyn nc vi kh nng t ti to ca n nhng ngun ti nguyn ny khng phi l v tn v cn c s dng hp l

Th h hin ti nhn thc c rng cn phi li cho cc th h mai sau ngun ti nguyn nc di do v trong lnh.

Con ngi nh gi v la chn sn phm/dch v lin quan n nc m m bo c tim nng s dng trong tng lai. V d: Gii tr, Nng lng, Nc ung...

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nc l ngun ti nguyn hng u ca nhn loi v l mt trong nhng ti nguyn thin nhin cn phi qun l trong mt mi trng bn vng. Khng ch coi nc l mt ti nguyn c gi tr kinh t nh cc ti nguyn khong sn khc, m trong s dng, cn phi coi nc l mt hng ha, phi lm sao pht huy ti a gi tr kinh t ca ti nguyn nc. Di quan im kinh t, nc l mt loi ti sn v n cung cp cho con ngi nhiu loi hng ho v dch v khc nhau. Nc c th cung cp nhng hng ho, dch v trc tip nh nc ung, l ngun nguyn vt liu u vo ca qu trnh sn xut, c c dch v sinh thi nh sn xut lng thc, thc phm, du lch, giao thng, cnh quan, gii tr, m hc, biu tng, tr nc, tr cc bon, x l cht thi, a dng sinh hc Ni cc khc, nc cung cp cho con ngi v h thng kinh t cc loi gi tr v khi s dng chng, bng cch ny hay cch khc th con ngi s thu v nhng li ch nht nh. Tng gi tr kinh t ca nc Gi tr, xt v gc kinh t, l mt khi nim nhn tm, ngha l gi tr c xc nh bi con ngi trong x hi ch khng phi do chnh quyn hay quy lut ca t nhin quy nh. Cc nh kinh t pht trin mt nguyn tc phn loi cc gi tr kinh t khi lin h vi mi trng t nhin. C 3 phng php khc nhau nh gi gi tr: gi tr s dng, gi tr la chn v gi tr tn ti. (i) Gi tr s dng: Cc nh kinh t phi tnh gi tr s dng, l loi gi tr c rt ra t hiu qu s dng thc ca nc (trc tip hay gin tip). Ngi cu c, i s dng lng thc thc phm, ngi ung nc, ng i tiu th ngi i du lch, ng in tt c u s dng nc v thu c li ch m c th phi tr tin trc tip hoc khng phi tr tin trc tip. C th phn loi gi tr s dng thnh cc loi sau: Gi tr s dng trc tip (c th lng gi): Nc ung, Lng thc, Th c phm, Sn xut cng nghip, nng lng Gi tr s dng trc tip (khng th lng gi): Cnh quan, Du lch, Gii tr (cu c, ua thuyn...), Giao thng thy, M hc, biu tng... Gi tr s dng gin tip: l nhng gi tr, li ch t nhng dch v do nc cung cp nh Kim sot l, Tr carbon, Tr nc, Mi trng sng cho cc loi thy sinh, X l cht thi, a dng h sinh thi. (ii) Gi tr la chn: Mi c nhn c th t nh gi cch la chn s dng ti nguyn nc trong tng lai. Gi tr l a chn l li ch tim tng trong tng lai khi n tr thnh gi tr thc s dng trong hin ti. Mi c nhn c th biu l s sn sng chi tr cho vic bo v ti nguyn nc chng li nhng kh nng s dng ca mt ngi no trong tng lai. Gi tr la chn = gi tr s dng c nhn + gi tr s dng bi nhng ngi khc + gi tr s dng bi cc th h tng lai Tng gi tr ngi s dng thu c = gi tr thc s dng + gi tr la chn

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(iii) Gi tr tn ti: Ti nguyn nc u c gi tr thc ni ti ca chnh bn thn n. Gi tr ny khng lin quan n vic s dng nn c gi l gi tr phi s dng. Gi tr tn ti l s tha mn nm trong tri thc, cm nhn ca c nhn khi n gin l bit c ti nguyn ny ang tn ti mt trng thi no . V d: gi tr bo tn a dng sinh hc, gi tr cnh quan, v p ca mt dng sng (iv) Gi tr lu truyn: l s tha mn nm trong cm nhn ca c nhn khi bit c thng tin v ti nguyn c hng th bi cc th h tng lai. V d: gi tr bo tn cc loi thy sinh qu him, bo tn cc gi tr vn ha nc, tn ngng v nc cho cc th h tng lai. Gi tr lu truyn c th hiu l bn cm thy hi lng khi thy nhng ngi khc cng thu c nhng li ch nn bn sn sng chi tr cho vic bo v ti nguyn nc em li li ch cho ngi khc) v gi tr s dng bi cc th h tng lai (gi tr lu truyn l s sn lng chi tr bo v ti nguyn nc em li li ch cho con chu ca chng ta). Trc ht kinh t ti nguyn nc hay ni c th hn l kinh t v nc cn phi coi nc l mt hng ha v nh vy hng ha ny s c gi tr kinh t ca n. Theo cc nh nghin cu, nc l mt hng ha kh phc tp v nc c th coi l: + Hng ha cho tng c nhn (private good) + Hng ha cng do nh nc qun l (public good) + Hng ha chung ca cng ng - ai cng c quyn li trong (common good) Khi nc l hng ha c nhn hay hng ha cng, c th nhn thy r y l gi tr s dng ca nc. i vi hng ha chung ca cng ng, y c th l gi tr phi s dng ca nc. Cc cc nhn trong cng ng c th khng s dng nc nhng khi c thay i g v mt l tnh, ha tnh ca nc hoc a mo ca mt thy vc (water body) c th s dn n nh hng n quyn li ca h m iu ny khng phi do h gy ra v h khng trc tip s dng nc. The Briscoe (1996): tng v gi tr kinh t ca nc c rt n gin. Nh tt c cc hng ha khc, nc c mt gi tr vi nhng ngi s dng v h sn sng tr gi cho n. Nh tt c cc hng ha khc, ngi tiu dng s s dng nc n chng no m cc li ch t vic dng thm mt khi nc cao hn chi ph pht sinh. Theo Perry v cc cng s (1997): Cu hi y khng phi liu nc c gi tr hay khng R rng rng nc thc s c gi tr kinh t trong hu ht cc trng hp.
Trong bi cnh ln hn trn th gii, nc c cng nhn c gi tr kinh t ti Hi ngh quc t v Nc v Mi trng t chc nm 1992 Dublin (Ai-len). Theo cng b ca Hi ngh: Nc c gi tri kinh t i vi tt c nhng ai c nhu cu cnh tranh s dng v phi c xem nh hng ha c gi tr kinh t.

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Bi 20: Gi tr x hi ca nc
Gi tr x hi cn c xem xt trong mi quan h gia tiu chun- chun mc v gi tr. Trong , gi tr l ao c, l biu hin ca nhu cu ca c nhn hay nhm x hi, tr thnh mc ch hnh ng ca c nhn v nhm x hi . Chun mc l mt bc c th ho ci gi tr, l quy tc c x, quy nh cch thc hnh ng ca c nhn v nhm. Chun mc biu hin di dng cc th ch, thnh vn (nh lut ca nh nc) hay khng thnh vn (nh phong tc, tp qun). Tiu chun chnh l nhng khun mu ng x trong cc tnh hung c th cho cc c nhn v nhm x hi. Vic xc nh v xy dng gi tr x hi ca ti nguyn nc s gip cc nh qun l trong vic thc hin iu hnh, nh hng, iu chnh, iu ha hnh vi, hnh ng v tng tc ca c nhn, nhm x hi, t chc; duy tr s n nh, bn vng v cng bng trong s dng ti nguyn nc. Con ngi cho rng nc cn thit cho tt c mi ngi, khng phi ai cng c kh nng mua nc, nc sn xut lng thc, nc kh vn chuyn, nc d b nhimVi nhng c tnh ring bit ca nc, con ngi dnh cho nc nhn g gi tr c bit hn rt nhiu so vi cc ti nguyn khc. Tp hp cc gi tr trong gi tr x hi ca ti nguyn nc gm c: - Hnh nh ca cng ng/Cm gic thuc v (nu mun c cm gic thuc v ni y, thuc v dng sng y, hy quan tm, chm sc v bo v dng sng, ngun nc) - Rng buc gia nh/x hi: Gia nh l x hi thu nh, cc thnh vin trong gia nh gn kt vi nhau bng nhng quy nh, rng buc nht nh. Tit kim trong s dng nc cn c bt u t tng c nhn, n gia nh v c x hi. - Cht lng cuc sng - Sc khe cng ng - Mi trng lnh mnh - Nhn thc cng ng - Tri thc bn a 55

Bi 21: Nc v Sc khe cng ng

Nc v sc khe Nc c nh ngha l cht lng khng mu, khng mi v trong sut khi l nguyn cht, tn ti trong t nhin sng h, bin. Nc l mt ngun ti nguyn c th ti to c, nhng li l mt ngun ti nguyn hu hn. Nc cn cho s sinh tn v pht trin ca mi s sng trn Tri t. i vi mt ngi trng thnh, nc chim ti 60-70% khi lng c th, l thnh phn cu to ca cc b phn quan trng nh no b, h c xng, tim, phi, thn, mu v dch. Nc duy tr nhit trung bnh ca c th, chuyn ch cht dinh dng v oxy nui cc t bo, gp phn chuyn ha thc phm, gip c th hp th dinh dng, loi b cht thi, bo v cc b phn bn trong c th v cc khp xng, lm m khng kh s h hp d dng, phng chng s ng cc ca mu cc ng mch, gim nguy c tai bin tim v no. Mc nc trung bnh c th m bo cho nhu cu sinh hot ca mi ngi, mi ngy khong 60 - 80 lt, trong ch c 2,5-3 lt nc sch dng cho n ung. C th con ngi khng c cung cp nc y c th dn ti cc triu chng mt mi, nhim trng, cc bnh v tiu ha, tim mch... thm ch t vong nu tnh trng thiu nc, mt nc ko di v trm trng 1. Con ngi c th chu ng i n trong vi thng, nhng thiu nc trong dm ba ngy l c nhiu nguy c t vong. Vai tr ca nc trong c th l thnh phn cu to ca cc b phn quan trng nh no cha 75% nc, xng 22%, c bp 75%, mu 92%, dch bao t 95%, rng 10%, tim 75%, phi 86% v thn 83%. Ngoi ra, nc duy tr nhit trung bnh ca c th; chuyn ch c ht dinh dng v xy nui tt c t bo;gip chuyn ha thc phm ra nng lng, gip c th hp th cc cht dinh dng; loi b cc cht thi ca c th qua h tit niu, da, rut, hi th; bao che cc c quan sinh t trong c th, trnh tn thng do s c xt, va chm; bo v cc khp xng, trnh vim sng, au nhc v nc l cht nhn lm cho khp c ng trn tru; lm m khng kh s h hp d dng, trnh d ng, ho khan; phng chng s ng cc mu cc ng mch ca tim, no, gim nguy c tai bin tim v no. Nu thiu nc va phi s gy ra mt mi, bun ng, khng c nc mt khi khc; to bn v khng nc lm mm cht thi tiu ha thc phm; t tiu tin; kh v nga da v cc t bo da khng c nc, trc rng; ni mn trng c; c hy mu mi v nim mc kh, mch mu d h hao; ti pht nhim trng tit niu v khng c nc
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Nc khi ngun ca s sng, CAPAS 2011

56

 loi cht ha hc c hi v vi khun ra ngoi c th qua s tiu tin. Sn thn cng d ti sinh; chy nc mi v mi d b d ng; nhc u, chng mt, c bp yu mm. Nu thiu nc trm trng s lm gim huyt p, tim p nhanh; ming, da, nim mc kh, khng m hi; mt sng, rt kht nc, tiu tin t, mt nh hng... B Y t cho bit, ti Vit Nam, c 10 bnh th 8 c lin quan n ngun nc, nht l cc bnh truyn nhim. Theo thng k ca B Y t, nm 2010, gn mt na trong s 26 bnh truyn nhim c nguyn nhn lin quan ti ngun nc b nhim, v sinh mi trng v thc v sinh c nhn km ca ngi dn. in hnh nht l bnh tiu chy cp ang xut hin ti nhiu a phng. Ngoi ra, c nhiu bnh truyn nhim khc cng lin quan ti ngun nc nh t, thng hn, cc bnh v ng tiu ho, vim gan A, v im no. Hin nay t l ngi nhim giun sn, giun a, giun mc... Vit Nam c xem l cao nht th gii. Nhng kho st gn y cho thy gn 100% tr em t 4 - 14 tui nng thn nhim giun a, t 50 - 80% nhim giun mc. Nc cn thit cho s s ng, vi iu kin ngun nc v cht lng nc m bo an ton. Khi ngun nc b nhim bn, nhim c, cht lng nc khng c kim sot, tnh trng sc khe bn vng ca c cng ng s b nh hng. Vic s dng nc c th a vo c th con ngi nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh v cc cht c hi nh ch, thu ngn, thch tn, thuc tr su v cc ho cht gy ung th khc, nh hng nghim trng v thm ch li hu qu lu di ti sc khe ca mi c nhn v ca c cng ng s dng ngun nc . Nc c th l mi trng truyn dn tc nhn gy bnh (cc vi khun gy bnh truyn nhim nh t, l, thng hn, tiu chy), l mi trng sng cho vt ch gy bnh v vt ch trung gian ca tc nhn gy bnh (nh bnh st rt, st xut huyt, vim no , nhim giun sn...). Thiu nc hoc nc nhim bn l nguyn nhn ca cc loi bnh lin quan ti v sinh c bn nh da liu, au mt, ph khoa. Ngoi ra, vn nc sch i vi an ninh lng thc cng cn phi c tnh n v y l mt trong nhng yu t c tnh quyt nh tnh trng dinh dng ca cng ng, c bit l tr nh. T chc y t th gii (WHO) tin hnh nghin cu c cu bnh tt khu vc Chu v i n nhn xt nh sau: Ti mt s nc Chu c ti 60% bnh nhim trng v 40% dn ti t vong l do dng nc sinh hot khng hp v sinh. Qu nhi ng Lin Hip quc (UNICEF) li cnh bo rng: hng nm ti cc nc ang pht trin c khong 14 triu tr em di 5 tui b cht v 5 triu tr em b tn tt do dng nc b nhim 2.
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GS.TS L Vn Khoa, Vin T vn pht trin CODE 2011

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Trong thc t cc ngun nc t nhin lun cha mt lng cht ho tan v c mc nhim nht nh, nn cc ngun nc c xem l sch khi nng cc cht c trong nc v s lng vi khun thp hn gii hn cho php, p ng c cc tiu chun nc sch. Quy chun do B Y t (QCVN 02:2009/BYT) a ra nhiu ch s k thut quy nh nc t tiu chun sch, tu chung nc sch l nc m bo cc yu cu: Nc trong, khng mu, khng mi v l, khng c tp cht, khng cha cht tan c hi cho sc khe v khng c mm gy bnh. Hin trng cp nc v s dng nc sch ti Vit Nam Theo iu tra cc mc tiu tr em v ph n - MICS 2006, dn s Vit Nam ang c s dng ngun nc n c ci thin (c th coi l sch) gm: nc my, nc t vi cng cng, nc ging khoan, ging c bo v, nc sui c bo v, nc ma v nc ng chai. Tuy cc ngun nc c ci thin c th an ton hn cc ngun cha c ci thin, nhng khng c ngha l nc t cc ngun ny u an ton theo tiu chun ca B Y t. T l tip cn vi cc ngun nc c ci thin thnh th cao hn nng thn (97% so vi 86%) v khc nhau gia cc vng. Ty Bc l khu vc c t l dn s c s dng ngun nc n ung ci thin thp nht (73%), tip theo l ng bng Sng Cu Long (79%). Nhm dn s c thu nhp v trnh vn ha cao hn c t l s dng nhiu ngun nc n ung c ci thin hn, v c s chnh lch r rt gia t l ny ngi Kinh (92%) v ng bo thiu s (74%) 3. Xt trn bnh din ton quc, c ti 90% cc h gia nh c ngun nc n dn v tn nh, v ch c mt s t (2%) s h phi dnh thi gian trung bnh 30 pht mi ngy cho vic ly nc phc v n ung sinh hot. T l h gia nh c ngun nc ti nh khu vc ng bc b v Ty bc thp hn cc khu vc khc (85% v 70%). khu vc thnh th, mc d Chnh ph u t xy dng cc nh my nc cung cp nc sch cho dn c thnh th, t l c dng nc sch mi ch t 54%. S h gia nh thnh th s dng ging khoan cn cao, mc d, theo B Y t, nc t cc ngun nh ging khoan, ging o, nc m a u cha c x l trong khi tnh trng nhim t, ngun nc mt v khng kh ang ngy cng tng, v do , cc ngun nc ny cng cha th xem l

iu tra cc mc tiu tr em v ph n - MICS, Tng cc thng k v UNICEF Vit Nam 2006

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an ton cho s dng. Thm ch nc my cng c th b nhim v khng t tiu chun sch thc s c nhng thnh ph v th ln nh H Ni, TP H Ch Minh 4. Tnh n cui 2005, tng s dn nng thn s dng nc sch t chun quc gia vo khong 40 triu ngi, c tnh 60%. Ngun nc ging khoan, ging khi chim t l cao nht trong c cu ngun nc n ung v sinh hot ca nng thn Vit Nam (33,1% v 31,2%), nc my ch chim 11,7%, sui u ngun 7,5%, nc ma 2% v sng, h, ao chim 11% 5. Mt iu tra khc do B Y t v UNICEF tin hnh nm 2007 6 cho bit 20% s trng hc khng c n gun nc, trong cc trng mu gio mm non chim t l cao nht (34%), t nht l cc trng ph thng (4%), vi s phn b nhiu ngun nc hn khu vc ng nam b, ng bng sng Hng, ven bin Bc trung b, v t ngun nc hn khu vc Ty Nguy n, ven bin Nam trung b, ng bc b v Ty bc. Hin nay, cc bin php x l nc c cc h gia nh s dng nhiu nht l lc nc, lng, nh phn, sau un si. Rt t cc bin php s dng ha cht c p dng. Loi ngun nc c ngi dn quan tm x l nhiu nht trc khi a vo s dng l nc sng, ao h, nc ma v nc ging khoan. Hu ht ging khi khng c x l trc khi a vo s dng, tuy ngun nc ny c coi l sch nhng vn c nguy c nhim vi sinh, c bit i vi nhng ging c xy dng gn ngun gy nhim nh nh tiu, chung gia sc, hoc khng c thnh chn hoc c vng nc ng quanh ging.

4 5

Bo co y t Vit N31.3am, B Y t 2006 Bo co iu tra v sin61.0h mi trng ton quc 2006, Cc Y t d phng, B Y t 6 Bo co tnh hnh v sinh mi trng trong trng hc v mt s a im cng cng Vit Nam, B Y t v UNICEF Vit Nam 2007

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Chng 3: Cc hin tng t nhin lin quan n nc

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Bi 22: Ma
Ma ln l h qu ca mt s loi hnh thi tit c bit nh bo, p thp nhit i hay di hi t nhit i, front lnh, ng t... c bit khi c s kt hp ca chng s cng nguy him hn gy nn ma, ma va n ma to, trong mt thi gian di trn mt phm vi rng. Ma ln c chia lm 3 cp: - Ma va: Lng ma o c t 16 - 50 mm/24h. - Ma to: Lng ma o c t 51 - 100 mm/24h. - Ma rt to: Lng ma o c > 100 mm/24h. Ngy c ma ln l ngy xy ra ma trong 24 gi (t 19 gi ngy hm trc n 19 gi ngy hm sau) t cp ma va tr ln. Trong cc nghin cu v nh hng ca ma th cp ma to 51 - 100 mm/24h bt u c nhng nh hng tiu cc n i sng con ngi. Ma l hin tng ma di dng ht hoc cc bng c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau do i lu cc mnh t cc m my dng gy ra. Kch thc c th t 5 mm n hng chc cm, thng c khong mt vi cm, c dng hnh cu khng cn i. Nhng ht ma thng ri xung cng vi ma ro. Ma thng kt thc rt nhanh trong vng 5 -10 pht, lu nht cho c mt vt ma cng ch 20 - 30 pht. Trong cn dng ma thng km theo gi rt mnh, c khi l gi lc km theo ma , sc tn ph ht sc khng khip do gi mnh v xoy gy ra. Ma thng xy ra vng ni hay khu vc gip bin, gip ni (bn sn a), cn vng ng bng t xy ra hn. nc ta ma c th xy ra khp cc vng min. v c trong ma h. Ring vng ni pha bc nc ta, t thng 1 n thng 5 hng nm thng c ma , nhiu nht l t thng 3 n thng 5, m nguyn nhn ch yu l cc t front lnh cc mnh trn v nhanh.
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Ma axit Ma axit c pht hin ra u tin nm 1948 ti Thu in. Nguyn nhn l v con ngi t nhiu than , du m. Trong than v du m thng cha mt lng lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li rt nhiu kh nit. Trong qu trnh t c th sinh ra cc kh Sunfua ioxit (SO2), Nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ho tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh cc ht axit sunfuaric (H2SO4), axit nitric (HNO3). Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit. Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn i vi cy ci, vt nui v con ngi. Ma axit nh hng xu ti cc thu vc (ao, h). Cc dng chy do ma axit vo h, ao s lm pH ca h, ao gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu hoc cht hon ton. H, ao tr thnh cc thu vc cht. Ma axit nh hng xu ti t do nc ma ngm xu ng t lm tng chua ca t, ho tan cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh canxi (Ca), Magi (Mg),... lm suy thoi t, cy ci km pht trin. L cy gp ma axit s b "chy" lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm cho kh nng quang hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp. Ma axit cn ph hu cc vt liu lm bng kim loi nh st, ng, km,... lm gim tui th cc cng trnh xy dng.

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Bi 22: Sng m v Sng mui

Sng m Sng m l hin tng hi nc ngng t thnh cc ht nh li ti trong lp khng kh st mt t, lm gim tm nhn ngang xung di 1 km. N ging nh my thp nhng khc ch sng m tip xc trc tip vi b mt t, cn my thp khng tip sc vi b mt t m cch mt t mt khong cch c gi l cao chn my. Chnh v th ngi ta xp sng m vo h my thp. Cn c vo nguyn nhn hnh thnh, sng m c chia ra cc loi khc nhau nh: + Sng m bc x hnh thnh khi mt t lnh i do bc x vo ban m tri quang my, lng gi; + Khi khng kh m di chuyn ngang qua ni c b mt lnh s b lnh i nn hnh thnh sng m bnh lu; + Kh khng kh lnh di chuyn qua min c mt nc m hn nhiu th hi nc bc ln gp lnh nhanh chng ngng t thnh sng m bc hi. Ngoi ra cn sng m do ma, sng m thung lng, v.v... M l hin tng tp hp cc ht bi, khi l lng trong khng kh, lm gim tm nhn ngang. M mnh c th lm gim tm nhn ngang xung vi trm mt, thm ch hng chc mt nh sng m mnh. M thng do nguyn nhn a phng nh chy rng, mi trng nhim,...Sng m v m u l hin tng kh tng nguy him. c bit i vi giao thng vn ti ng b, ng sng, ng bin v hng khng, hng nm sng m gy ra nhng tr ngi v tn tht khng nh. Sng m nc ta thng xy ra thng xuyn vo cc thng t cui ma thu n cui ma xun, nhiu v mnh nht vo cc thng ma ng. Ngy nay mi trng khng kh cng ngy cng nhim nn sng m v m xy ra nhiu hn v cng mnh hn.
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Sng mui Sng mui l hin tng hi nc ng bng thnh cc ht nh v trng nh mui ngay trn mt t hay b mt cy c hoc cc vt th khc khi khng kh trn m v lnh. N thng hnh thnh vo nhng m ng, tri lng gi, quang my, khi m bc x l nguyn nhn ch yu ca qu trnh lnh i ca khng kh v cc vt th. Nn nh rng n khng mn m ch trng nh mui, gn ging vi lp tuyt trong khoang lnh ca t lnh. Sng mui l hin tng nguy him i vi nhiu loi cy trng v vt nui. nc ta sau khi khng kh lnh v, vng ni Bc b nm su trong khng kh lnh, m tri quang my, lng gi, khng kh m lnh li b bc x mt nhit nn tip tc lnh, nhit khng kh gim nhanh dn n hnh thnh sng mui. Sng mui thng hnh thnh khi nhit khng kh <= 4oC (trong lu kh tng cao 2m), khi y nhit b mt cc vt th hay cy c mt t c th xp x 0 oC, nhng phi m mi hnh thnh c sng mui. Cc vng ng bng nc ta ch c sng gi (khng phi sng mui), song n cng nguy him i vi mt s cy trng nu thi gian sng gi ko di. Vo ma thu, v m tri thng quang ng, gi lng, nhng bui sng ta li thy nhng git nc lo ng lanh ng trn ngn c, l cy. l nhng ht sng mc. Sng mc hnh thnh do s ngng hi nc trn cc vt gn st mt t khi nhit cc vt ny gim xung di im sng ca khng kh. Tri quang, gi lng chnh l iu kin thun li cho s hnh thnh sng mc. Nu nhit mt t gim xung 0oC hay thp hn, hi nc s ngng kt thnh th rn, xp, c mu trng nh mui nn gi l sng mui. Sng mui cng l mt loi thi tit nguy him v nhit qu lnh ca n lm cht cy trng. nc ta, hin tng sng mui thng xy ra trong cc thng ma ng, nht l vo cc thng 12, thng 1 v thng 2. Ni hng nm xut hin sng mui nhiu nht l cc tnh vng ni Bc B, mt s ni trung du tnh Vnh Phc, H Bc, Ha Bnh cng c hin tng ny. Thm ch vng ni Thanh Ha v Ty Ngh An (Ngh Tnh) cng c nm xut hin sng mui (nh thng 12 nm 1975). Cc tnh Trung Trung B tr vo n Nam B hu nh khng c hin tng sng mui.
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Bi 23: Hn hn v L lt
Hn hn
Hn hn l hin tng lng ma thiu ht nghim trng ko di, lm gim hm lng m trong khng kh v hm lng nc trong t, lm suy kit dng chy sng sui, h thp mc nc ao h, mc nc trong cc tng cha nc di t gy nh hng xu n s sinh t rng ca cy trng, lm mi trng suy thoi gy i ngho dch bnh... Nguyn nhn gy ra hn hn c nhiu song tp trung ch yu l 2 nguyn nhn chnh: Nguyn nhn khch quan: Do kh hu thi tit bt thng gy nn lng ma thng xuyn t i hoc nht thi thiu ht. - Ma rt t, lng ma khng ng k trong thi gian di hu nh quanh nm, y l tnh trng ph bin trn cc vng kh hn v bn kh hn. Lng ma trong khong thi gian di ng k thp hn r rt mc trung bnh nhiu nm cng k. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra trn hu khp cc vng, k c vng ma nhiu. - Ma khng t lm, nhng trong mt thi gian nht nh trc khng ma hoc ma ch p ng nhu cu ti thiu ca sn xut v mi trng xung quanh. y l tnh trng ph bin trn cc vng kh hu gi ma, c s khc bit r rt v ma gia ma ma v ma kh. Bn cht v tc ng ca hn hn gn lin vi nh loi v hn hn. Nguyn nhn ch quan: Do con ngi gy ra, trc ht l do tnh trng ph rng ba bi lm mt ngun nc ngm dn n cn kit ngun nc; vic trng cy khng ph hp, vng t nc cng trng cy cn nhiu nc (nh la) lm cho vic s dng nc qu nhiu, dn n vic cn kit ngun nc; thm vo cng tc quy hoch s dng nc, b tr cng trnh khng ph hp, lm cho nhiu cng trnh khng pht huy c tc dng... Vng cn nhiu nc li b tr cng trnh nh, cn vng thiu nc (ngun nc t nhin) li b tr xy dng cng trnh ln. Cnh , cht lng thit k, thi cng cng trnh cha c hin i ha v khng ph hp. Thm na, hn hn thiu nc trong ma kh (ma kit) l do khng ngun nc v thiu nhng bin php cn thit p ng nhu cu s dng ngy cng gia tng do s pht trin kinh t -x hi cc khu vc, cc vng cha c quy hoch hp l hoc quy hoch pht trin khng ph hp vi mc pht trin ngun nc, khng hi ho vi t nhin, mi trng vn vn tn ti lu nay. Mc nghim trng ca hn hn thiu nc cng tng cao do ngun nc d b tn thng, suy thoi li chu tc ng mnh ca con ngi.
65

L l n
L l hin tng nc sng dng cao trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, sau gim dn. Trong ma ma l, nhng trn ma tng t lin tip trn lu vc sng, lm cho nc sng tng t ni tip nhau dng cao, to ra nhng trn l trong sng, sui. Vo cc thng ma ma c cc trn ma ln, cng mnh, nc ma tch lu nhanh, nu t ti ch no nc th nc ma c vo dng chy, d gy ra l. Khi l ln, nc l trn qua b sng (), chy vo nhn g ch trng v gy ra ngp lt trn mt din rng. L ln v c bit ln nhiu khi gy ra nhng thit hi to ln v ngi v ca ci. Cha ng ta xp l, lt l mt trong nhng loi thin tai nguy him nht. Nc l do ma (hay bng, tuyt nhng nc vng v cao) sinh ra nn ma l thng i i vi ma ma. Ma l Bc b t thng 5 -6 n thng 9-10, Bc Trung b t thng 6 -7 n thng 10-11, Trung v Nam Trung b: thng 10-12, Ty nguyn: thng 6-12, Nam b: thng 7-12. Tuy vy u ma ma cng c th c l sm, nh l "tiu mn", thng xy ra vo "tit tiu mn" (thng 5) hng nm vng ni pha bc nc ta. Song ma l hng nm cng bin ng cng vi ma ma, thm ch sm mun 1 -2 thng so vi trung bnh nhiu nm. Mt s bin php phng chng l lt ln: trong phng chng l, lt nhm gim nh thit hi ngi ta quy thnh hai bin php, gm: bin php cng trnh v bin php khng cng trnh. Bin php cng trnh l nhm thay i c tnh ca thin tai nh xy dng cc h cha iu tit l, xy dng cc h thng ngn l trn vo ng bng, tu b bo v iu, gii php phn, l. chm php Bin khng cng trnh l nhm thay i tc ng ca thin tai nh trng v bo v rng u ngun thp gim cng l lt, xy nh c kh nng chu c nc lt (chung sng vi l) 66

L qut
L ln trn sng din bin chm v thng xy ra trn din rng v ko di, cn l qut l mt hin tng thin tai c tnh cht v c im khc bit l l din bin nhanh, mang tnh bt thn v khc lit, mi trn xy ra trn mt din hp v phm vi tc ng cng hp hn l sng. Nu ma ln, nc ma li b tch lu bi cc chng ngi vt nh t , cy ci cho n khi lng nc vt qu sc chu ng ca vt chn, ph v vt chn, o xung cp tp (rt nhanh), cun theo t , cy ci v qut i mi vt c th qut theo dng chy th c gi l l qut (hay l ng), thng din ra rt nhanh, khong 3-6 gi. L qut xy ra bt ng, nhanh, c sc tn ph ln cc lu vc nh. L lt l hin tng thu vn c bit nguy him, nht l l qut. L th ng xy ra vng ni, ni c a hnh i ni cao xen k vi thung lng v sng sui thp. L qut tm thi c th phn chia lm 3 loi: 1) L gy ra do ma a phng, tp trung ln cc lu vc t nhin (hu nh cha c tc ng ca con ngi); 2) L gy ra do ma ln trn cc lu vc chu tc ng mnh ca cc hot ng kinh t ca con ngi lm mt n nh hay ph v cn bng sinh thi lu vc (thay i lp ph, ch dng chy, lng tr hay cc c tnh lu vc); 3) L gy ra do tho, v thnh lnh mt lng nc tch do v p chn hay cc p gi nc, cc p bng... L qut thng gy ha cho cc sng nh v va nhng t i vi sng ln. cc lu vc sng sui nh min ni, ni c iu kin thun li hnh thnh l qut nh: a hnh ch ia ct, dc lu vc v dc long sng/sui ln, n nh ca lp t trn b mt lu vc yu do qu trnh phong ha mnh, lp ph thc vt b tn ph nhng ni ny, khi xy ra ma ln, tp trung trong mt thi gian ngn th d xy ra l qut. Trong vng 10 nm, t 2000 n 2009 Vit Nam xy ra 96 trn l qut, nh hng ti cc vng dn c, lm cht v mt tch 883 ngi thng gn b 1.500 ngi; hn 6.000 cn nh b tri; hn 120.000 cn nh b ngp, h nng; hn hi 132.000 ha la v hoa mu b ngp; hng trm ha t canh tc b vi lp; nhiu cng trnh giao thng, thu li, dn sinh kinh t b h hng nng n, tng thit hi c tnh trn 6.000 t ng. 67

Bi 24: Xi l b sng
Xi l b sng Xi l t l mt qu trnh t nhin nhng hin ang b cc hot ng ca con ngi lm cho trm trng hn. Mi nm xi l t b mt trn cc lu vc sng c tnh vo khong 60 t tn, to thnh 24 t tn trm tch ra cc i dng trn th gii v lm mt i khong 25 triu tn t nng nghip. Ty vo c im a hnh, hnh thi lng dn dng sng, ch thy vn v cu trc a cht b sng m qu trnh xi l b sng xy ra t t hay mnh m, gy nh hng nghim trng n i sng dn sinh, kin h t v cc hot ng khc ca ngi dn sng dc theo cc tuyn sng. Vic nghin cu cc kiu xi l ring ca mi con sng cng nh tng on sng c ngha rt ln trong vic chn la mt gii php hu hiu, pht huy ti a tc dng ca cng trnh chnh tr sng. Hot ng a cht ca lng sng l mt qu trnh tng hp v xy ra ng thi ca 3 qu trnh: xm thc (su, ngang), vn chuyn ph sa v lng ng trm tch dc theo lng dn. S tng tc gia dng chy v lng sng mi con sng v tng on sng khng ging nhau, do cng , tc xi l ca chng cng khc nhau, gy nn cc kiu xi l mi lu vc sng v tng on sng cng rt khc nhau. Ngoi yu t l, bi t nhin ca dng sng, mt nguyn nhn rt quan trng khc l hot ng khai thc lng, b sng qu mc ca con ngi. Cc cng trnh xy dng vi quy m ln ngay bn b sng ngy cng nhiu, hot ng giao thng vn ti thy nhn nhp... lm nghim trng thm tnh hnh xi l. Rng
68

u ngun b khai thc qu mc cng l mt nguyn nhn dn n vic thay i ch dng chy v ch bn ct ca h thng sng, gy tc ng xu n din bin lng sng. Vic ln chim bi sng lm ni canh tc, xy dng nh ca... ca ngi dn ang din ra kh ph bin vi mc v quy m ngy cng ln. C nhng cng trnh trn sng nh cu, bn cng... lm thu hp dng chy thot l, khin tc chy ca l mnh hn, dn ti xi l b sng. Cc kiu xi l b sng Kiu xi l do nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc y l kiu xi l c th ch xy ra i vi nhng on sng thng ng bng c dng chy theo hng ng Ty v c nhnh phn lu. Nhng vng xy ra dng xi l ny thng c b mt a hnh thong rng, t b chi phi bi cc vt cn nh nh ca, cy ci to iu kin c ho gi ma ng Bc tin su vo t lin. Khi c dng chy l vo ng bng, nu gp gi ma ng Bc cp 3 4 s to ra s giao tranh mnh lit. Thc t , dng xi l ny ch xy ra khi mc l trn bo ng III. Do c s tc ng tch cc ca gi nn dng chy xoy, dng chy dn vo sng nhnh thng c tc v ng nng ln nn s tn ph ca chng rt d di. Kiu xi l b lm Xi l b l m xy ra pha b lm ca cc sng c nhiu on cong, ung khc, cu to a cht b sng dng trm tch mm ri, c tnh cht khng xm thc thp nh ct, ct pha, st pha, bn hu c Nhng khu vc ny rt d xut hin xi ngm v gy trt khi tc dng chy ln hn 1,5m/s. Qu trnh xi l xy ra mnh v lin tc pha b lm s to nn mt dng y sng c dc thoi dn pha b li v dc dn pha b lm. Khi tc dng chy ma l ln hn 1,5m/s, kh nng xi l c khi ln n hng chc mt trn nm. Kiu xi l ny rt nguy him xut hin khi l nc bo ng III v ln hn . Kiu xi l do hai dng chy hp lu tranh chp nhau Vo ma ma l khi cc c trng dng chy tng vt v trc khi vo dng chnh, dng chy ca 2 nhnh sng trc khi hp lu c s tranh chp, chn p rt mnh lit. Dng chy no yu hn s b lch dng v
69

hng sang b i din gy xi l mnh. Kiu xi l ny rt nguy him, n pht sinh khi xut hin l ln v nhanh. Kiu xi l do dng l trn b ct dng to lng sng mi Hot ng ct dng to lng sng mi xy ra kh ph bin v rt c trng cho cc sng ng bng. Kiu xi l ny ch xy ra nhng khc un hon thin, ni c a hnh b sng thp hn nhng vng ln cn, khi nc l trn b s to nn dng chy c lp khc hn vi hng chy ca dng chnh v c tc mnh hn gy xi l khng theo mt qui lut no c. Kiu xi l ny ch xy ra khi mc l tng ng bo ng III, dng chy thng c vn tc > 2,5 m/s v gy xi l nghim trng. Trc khi to lng sng mi, dng chy thng to ra cc kiu xi l rt kh nh dng nh: mng, h ko di, mt s h xi v mng xi nm v tr c bit khc hn cc kiu xi l bnh thng to nn. Kiu xi l vng ca sng Xi l v bi lng vng ca sng ven bin c nhng im khc bit trong mi quan h gia ch hi vn v ng lc dng chy, n xy ra khu vc a hnh c dc nh, cu to a cht b c tnh khng xm thc nh. Ni cch khc, khu vc ny c din bin bi xi rt phc tp, l ni giao thoa ca nn hin tng bi lp, nng cao ca sng din ra thng xuyn, nht l sng v bin vo ma l hng nm. Do hnh lang thot l km nn lng sng phi m rng mt ct t, lm cho b sng b xm thc. Vic phn chia, xc nh nguyn nhn, c ch ca cc kiu xi l b sng cho thy, qu trnh xi l din ra mnh m v mt khng gian ln thi gian. Hin tng xi l khng ch xy ra trong thi gian l ln m cn xut hin hin tng trt l sau l do nhiu on b b xi mt chn, hoc cc hin tng xi l kh nh dng v khng tun theo mt quy lut no c. Cn c vo hin trng, ch kh tng, thy - hi vn, a hnh v hnh thi lng dn sng cng nh tnh cht khng xm thc ca cc loi t cu to b sng, c th phn loi thnh 5 kiu xi l chnh nu trn. Trong , kiu xi l do nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc, kiu xi l do dng l trn b ct dng to lng sng mi l nhng kiu xi l rt nguy him, c sc tn ph rt ln. Do , v ic nghin cu - d bo cc thi im, v tr c kh nng gy ra xi mang ngha ln v mt khoa hc v thc tin trong vic chn la cc gii php phng chng a nng c hiu qu cao.
70

Bi 25: Bi t lng sng

Cng nh xi l, qu trnh bi t xy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, ti cc v tr khc nhau, to ra nhiu dng vt liu v a hnh c nhng tnh cht ring bit v vai tr ca chng i vi cc hot ng kinh t ca con ngi cng rt khc nhau. Bi t theo quy lut ca dng chy l qu trnh bi t din ra kh mnh m to nn cc bi bi, bc thm c kch thc khc nhau. Bi t dng g cao ven lng: Vo ma l, khi dng n c chy trn trn b mt bi bi, chng b gim nng lng t ngt lm tch t cc vt liu th ngay trn v tr nc trn b. Qu trnh ny c lp i, lp li c tnh chu k v thnh to y c cao dn ln to thnh cc g cao ngay st sng, m ta gi l g cao ven lng. Nu qu trnh ny xy ra lu di th g cao ven lng cng ln v rng. y l mt dng a hnh m nhn dn c th canh tc hoc sinh sng trn . Bi t trn b mt bi bi v cc dng a hnh thp b ngp nc: Hin tng ny i km vi qu trnh bi t to g cao ven lng. Khi dng nc chy trn b, mt phn vt liu th c tch t phn ngoi st mp nc, phn cn li theo dng chy vo bn trong. Ti y, do ng nng ca dng nc gim i, mi trng nc lng, vt liu l lng c lng ng ch yu l st v bt.

71

Bi 26: Sa mc ha
Sa mc ha (hay cn gi l hoang mc ha) l qu trnh t nhin v x hi ph v cn bng sinh thi ca t, thm thc vt, khng kh v nc cc vng kh hn v bn m t Qu trnh ny xy ra lin tc, qua nhiu giai on, dn n gim st hoc hy hoi hon ton kh nng dinh dng ca t trng, gim thiu cc iu kin sinh sng v lm gia tng sinh cnh hoang tn. Ch tiu quan trng xc nh hoang mc ha l t l lng ma hng nm so vi lng bc thot hi nc tim nng. Hin nay, hoang mc ha th hin r nht trn t trng, i ni trc, ni khng cn lp ph thc vt, a hnh dc, chia ct, ni c lng ma thp (700 800mm; 1.500mm/nm, lng bc hi tim nng t 1.000mmm-1.800mm/nm) (Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Cheo Reo, Sng M, Yn Chu). Vit Nam do hu qu ca vic cht ph rng, t rng ba bi, s dng t khng bn vng, qua nhiu th h (du canh, du c, c canh, qung canh) nn t b thoi ha nghim trng, nhiu ni mt kh nng sn xut v xu hng hoang mc h a ngy cng pht trin, nht l cc vng t trng i ni trc. Tc ng tng hp ca cc iu kin t nhin v hot ng kinh t x hi ca con ngi l 2 qu trnh ng hnh v lm xut hin cc qu trnh dn n hoang mc ha Vit Nam vi cc hin tng nh: t b thoi ha nghim trng do xi mn, ra tri; Nn ct bay vng ven bin; t b mn ha, ch yu l mn ha th sinh do ti tiu khng ng quy trnh k thut; t b phn ha do cht ph rng trm, rng ngp mn lm nng nghip, lm cc vng nui trng thy sn; t thoi ha do canh tc nng nghip hoc chn th qu mc vng t dc lm xut hin kt von ong; t thoi ha do khai thc m, i vng ba bi, c bit l nhng ni khai thc t pht ca t nhn khng c k hoch lm tri tng t mt, l gc. Trn th gii, vng b sa mc ha nhiu nht l Trung v Nam sa mc Xa-ha-ra, ni i b phn dn chng u sng trong cnh ngho kh v phi i mt vi tnh trng xm thc khng th cng li ca ct bi. Tc ng ca hin tng ny tht khn lng, n nh hng n kinh t, mi trng. Cc cn bo c th cun bi t sa mc Xa -ha-ra v gy bnh h hp, au mt cho nhng ngi dn tn Bc M. Cc nh khoa hc trng H Oxfort c tnh, mi nm trn 3 t tn bi t cc sa mc trn th gii c tung vo kh quyn v hin lng bi t sa mc Xa -ha-ra tung vo kh quyn cao hn gp 10 ln so vi cui nhng nm 1940. Hng nm, sa mc ha lm cho nn kinh t th gii thit hi khong 48 t USD, trong chu Phi thit hi 9 t USD. Sa mc ha cn ko theo s gia tng ca bnh tt, i ngho v s y 65 triu ngi dn chu lc ny phi di c t nay n nm 2025.
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Rt mt 'sa mc' min Trung http://www.tienphong.vn/thoi-su/506414/rat-mat-sa-mac-mien-trung.html

Vo min Trung by gi, tht kh tm c mt c o trn ci nng nng khng khip nht trong lch s. Ao h cn kit, rung ng nt n, hng nghn hcta la cht ng, hng vn nng dn c nguy c trng tay. Cuc chin vi thin tai dng nh ch mi bt u Trong khi ng rung Ngh An ang b sa mc ha, la cht kh trn ng, th nng dn c Th (H Tnh) phi gt la cho b n.Dc quc l15, quc l 46 qua ba huyn (Nam n, Hng Nguyn, Nghi Lc (Ngh An) hng nghn ha la mi cy ang b chy, t rung nt dc n ngang, chng c ly mt git nc. ng kh, ngi kht Nng dn Hng Nguyn phi hp vi cc trm bm thuc Cty Thy li Nam Ngh An no vt sng ngi, khi thng knh rch, nhng my bm khng th vn hnh c v u ngun kh cn. Hn hn gy mt ma, v h thu coi nh mt trng! Nguy c i gip ht ang cn k!, b Nguyn Th Hng tr ti Hng Nguyn than. H p kh kit, la cht la lit, nhiu cnh ng b sa mc ha. Theo thng k ca S NN-PTNT Ngh An, ton tnh c 625 h p cha nc th hn 600 h p kh tr y. Hn 25.000 ha la thiu nc trm trng. C thng nay, nc sinh hot cn khng dng hung h nc ti cho la!, m t ngi dn x Nghi Cng Nam (huyn Nghi Lc) cho bit. Dc tuyn ng 34, nhiu ngi phi i b hn 1km cng tng thng nc v nu n, tm git. Cnh ng la h thu t mu xanh m non chuyn thnh mu trng v chy vng nh sa mc, cc tuyn sng o dn ly nc t sng Lam ti tiu cho ng rung cng nt n, cn kit. Ti huyn Nam n, mc nc p Bara xung di mc 0,2 n 0,45m. Ton huyn trng hn 6.200 ha la, 2.800ha b hn nng, trong 2.000 ha mt trng. Huyn Hng Nguyn, v h thu gieo trng 5.500 ha, 3.900 ha thiu nc (2.800 ha b la kh chy). H thng trm bm trn a bn hai huyn ny t lit. Huyn Nghi Lc mi gieo tra 3.700/7.400 ha, trong 2.700 b hn, vi hn 1.000 ha khng cn kh nng thu hoch. 39 h p trn a bn huyn mc nc cht. Ti H Tnh, Hng Sn l huyn b nh hng hn hn nng n nht. Sng 11 -7, PV Tin Phong c mt ti x Sn Ph, Sn Phc, Sn Thy v chng kin nhiu cnh ng la cht kh. Cha bao gi hn hn khc lit v ko di nh nm 2010. Nhit ngoi tri lun vt ngng 39 -40 , km theo gi Lo khin lng x bin thnh cho la, cy ci khng tr c, cht ro!, ng Lan tr ti x Sn Ph, Hng Sn k.

Ng trn xm di, ngi gi, tr nh vc can, y xe th i ly nc khe sui. UBND huyn Hng Sn gi bo co khn cp cho tnh: Ton huyn hn 1.000 ha la b hn, trong 600 ha cht ho, gn 900 ha din tch la ma khng th xung m v khng c nc!. H Tnh c gn 1 vn ha la kht nc trm trng. Trong vng mt tun ti, nu tri khng ma, lc, u, ng s mt trng, b V Kim Yn, cn b Phng Nng nghip huyn Hng Sn ni. Ti huyn Nghi Xun, mc nc sng Lam xung thp khin nc mn xm nhp su vo t lin, nng nc bin o c khu vc gn cu Bn Thy t 2,5 n 3 phn nghn, vt ngng cho php. Hu ht trm bm trn b sng Lam b v hiu ha, nc khng ln c ng rung. B no, ngi i Trng Phng Nng nghip huyn Nghi Xun inh Vn ng cho bit, ton huyn b thit hi 300 ha la h thu, hn 2.000 ha v ma ang n binh bt ng v thy li kh kit, 500 ha hoa mu cht ho. Hn hn bao vy x Xun Hng, ng rung nt n, dn o su xung 1m tnh khng thy mt git nc. Nhng ngy ny v x c Tng (huyn c Th) mi rm r thm khp lng trn ng di, hai bn ng phi y la non. Ti thn Tn Tng, PV chng kin khun mt ru r ca nng dn ang ch la ngoi ng v. Thiu nc, la cht, tui phi nhm mt gt la non v cho b n. Qu au!, ch Minh, nng dn x c Tng r. Pha ngoi La Giang, l thng v sm, i ph vi l, dn cc x nm ngoi ca huyn c Th khng gieo cy v h thu, m chm sc din tch la ti sinh sau khi thu hoch v ng xun. Tuy l ma ph nhng em li thu hoch ln. Nhng thi tit bt thng, hn hn gay gt khin la cht ro, nh nng phi ct la v nui b. Nm ngoi gia nh ti c 7 so thu hoch 1,5 tn thc, nm nay vt mi c my chc cn. Phn cn li, b n no n!, ch Trn Th Vn (c Tng) bun b. Ngy 11-7, tri quang my tnh, khng c biu hin ca mt trn ma. Nng nng khc lit km gi Lo kh hanh tip tc uy hip mt di min Trung bin ni y thnh sa mc mnh mng. Trn i hn lch s lm o ln cuc sng, nh tr sn xut ca h ng vn nh nng, gy thit hi hng ngn t ng.

73

Bi 27: Sng thn

Sng thn l mt chui cc con sng ln, c th cao n hng chc mt, vo nhngvng hi o, ven bin. Nguyn nhn gy ra sng thn l do vic nng cao hay h thp y bin trn mt khu vc ln bi nhng trn ng t mnh xy ra ngoi bin hay do phun tro ni la, st l t ven bin (mt nguyn nhn him khi xy ra l do thin thch ln ri xung bin). Tn gi quc t ca sng thn l Tsunami. T Tsunami c xut x t ting Nht, trong "Tsu" ngha l cng v "Nami" ngh l sng. Sng thn khng phi l sng triu (sng triu l sng mang tnh chu k, lin quan n s ln xung ca thy triu). Sng thn khc vi sng thng thng. Sng thng thng l sng m ta thy cc b bin c hnh thnh do gi thi trn mt bin c mnh ty thuc vo mnh v ca gi thi. Sng thn xut hin thnh nhiu t, mi t cch nhau n hng gi, thng sau t sng u tin phi i t nht 01 gi mi thy c t sng th 2. Mt c trng ni bt l trc khi sng p vo b, mc nc bin h xung nhanh, n c bin rt ra xa b trong thi gian chng 20 pht hay lu hn. Khng phi ng t no ngoi bin u gy sng thn m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh su tm pht sinh ng t, dng t gy sinh ng t, su y bin, ln ca ng t (th eo nghin cu th ng t trn 6.5 Richter mi gy sng thn nguy him...) Theo bn phn b cc vng pht sinh ng t trn lnh th Vit Nam th vng bin nc ta ng t c th xy ra ch ln n 6 Richter (c th n 6.2 Richter), nn kh nng xy ra sng thn mnh trong vng bin nc ta l rt nh). Nu sng thn do ng t mnh n 6.2 Richter th theo mt s tnh ton theo cc cng thc nghim th bin sng thn vng ven bin nc ta cng nh (khong 0,65 mt), nh sng cha cao hn mt t. Nh vy nguy him sng thn a phng xy ra trong vng bin nc ta c th coi rt nh nhng hon ton khng c ch quan. Nhng trn sng thn khng th ngn nga hay tin on chnh xc c, nhng c mt vi hin tng sp xy n c a sng thn, v nhiu h thng c thit lp v trong vic dng lm gim tr nhng thit hi gy nn bi sng thn. Mt im c bit l trc khi sng thn xy ra nhng th vt gn cm nhn c du hiu nguy him v chy ln vng t cao trc khi sng thn trn vo. Nhng nh khoa hc gia nghin cu hin tng v nhng th vt c th c nng lc cm gic di tc m thanh t trn ng t trc nhiu pht hay nhiu gi m cn sng trn c th p vo b .
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Nhng trn sng thn ng ghi nhn trong lch s Nm 1755 ti th trn Lisbon, nc B o Nha, hng chc ngn ngi sng st sau trn ng t b cht trong cn sng thn xy ra sau na gi. Rt nhiu ngi t trong th trn chy ra bi bin, m h tin tng ni an ton khng b la chy v nhng vt ri xung t sau cn ng t. Trc khi ngn sng khng l p vo hi cng, nc rt ra tht xa, l ra nhng kin hng b ri xung bin trc kia v nhng chic tu b m di y bin. Dn s B o Nha ti th trn Li sbon trc khi ng t v sng thn v nhng cn ho hon l 275,000 ngn ngi, sau cn thin tai lm thit mng mt phn ba dn s ca th trn Lisbon. 1883 ngn ni la ti Indonesia bng n trong lng t, to nn nhng ngn sng thn khng l . Vi trn ng t cng 7.9 vo ngy 12 thng 12 nm 1979 vo lc 7:59 dc theo b bin Thi Bi`nh Dng l nguyn nhn ca trn ng t ph hy 6 lng ca ng dn v lm thit mng hng trm ngi ti tnh Colombian. Nm 1896 mt cn sng thn x y ra ti Nht Bn, lm thit mng 26,000 ngi Thng 5 nm 1960, mt con sng thn vi tc 750km/gi p vo Nht Bn khin hng trm ngi cht. Mt lot cc trn ng t vi cng 9,5 y l trn ng t mnh nht t trc n nay ti Chile, ph a bn kia ca Thi Bnh Dng, l nguyn nhn gy ra cn sng thn ny. Thng 9 nm 1992, mt con sng thn ph hu nh ca ca 13.000 ngi trn b bin Nicaragua. Hai thng sau, ngi dn Bali (Indonesia) b mt lot sng thn cun tri, hng nghn ngi thit mng. Thng 7 nm 1998, hai trn ng t mnh vi cng 7.0 gy ra cc con sng thn cao 10m, tn php dc b bin di 30km Papua New Guinea. 7 ngi lng b ph hu v hn 2.100 ngi thit mng. Cc con sng thn ln vi sc ph hu nh ngy 26 thng 12, 2004 ti vng n Dng ch xut hin vi ln trong mt th k. Trn ng t vi cng 9.1 v 9.3 l nguyn nhn to nn nhng cn sng thn khng l, v lm thit mng trn 310,000 ngi (ch ring ti Indonesia s ngi thit mng trn 220,000) ng t xy ra lc 14h46 chiu th su (gi Tokyo), ngy 11/3/2011, su 10 km, cch Tokyo 382 km v pha ng bc, c quan kho st a cht M cho bit v thm rng ng t mnh ti 8,9 Richter. ng t cc mnh gy sng thn cao ti 7 mt ng bc Nht Bn, sau tip tc c n 50 cn d chn ko di hng gi ng h. Hng chc thnh ph v lng mc dc theo ng b bin di hn 2.000 km pha ng Nht Bn rung ln d di. Chn ng c th c cm thy r c th Tokyo, cch tm chn hng trm km. S ngi thit mng l khong 1,000 ngi, lm tri nhiu on tu, gy 10 v ha hon, mt th trn b qut sch v lm nh hng ti nh my in nguyn t tnh Fukushima .
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Bi 28: Bng tan

Bng tan Bng trn b mt tri t ang tan nhanh l du hiu d nhn thy nht ca s nng ln ton cu do con ngi gy ra, nguyn nhn ca s gii phng qu nhiu cc kh c hiu ng nh knh. Bng phn chiu li phn ln nng lng mt tri tr li v tr , gi cho tri t mt m. Khi bng tan, mt t v nc b phi trn s gi li lng nhit ln lm bng tan nhiu hn, c nh vy n lm cho qu trnh nng ln ton cu din ra ngy cng nhanh hn. Bng tan, lng nc cung cp cho cc sng cng s b nh hng. Chu u, 8/9 khu vc ph bng b thu hp trng thy. Trong thi k 1850-1980, cc di bng trn cc dy ni Chu u mt gn 1/3 din tch v 1/2 s lng. Trung Quc, Vin Hn lm khoa hc Trung Quc cho rng c n 7% cc sng bng trn ton nc ny b bin mt hng nm, n nm 2050, s c n 64% sng bng ca Trung Quc bin mt. c tnh hin c khong 300 triu dn sng min ty kh cn v ph thuc vo ngun nc t cc sng bng duy tr cuc sng ca h. Trong vng 100 nm qua, mc nc bin trn phm vi ton cu tng t 1-2mm mi nm. K t nm 1992, t l ny khong 3mm/nm. Mc nc bin tng, c dn sng cc o thp v cc thnh ph ven bin i mt vi tnh trng ngp lt. Vo nm 2005, mt cng ng nh sng dy o Thi Bnh dng ca Vanuate c l l nhng ngi u tin phi chuyn ch v h qu ca s bin i kh hu. Bc cc, khi cc bi than bn tan chy cng gii phng kh metan, mt loi kh nh knh c nguy c cao hn CO2. Cc nh khoa hc ang quan tm nhiu hn ti kh nng bin i kh hu bt ng, k c s bin i dng chy i dng, nh dng nc m t vnh Mexico n Chu u lm m chu u, v kiu mu ma thay i nh ma gi ma nh hng n an ninh lng thc ca hng t ngi.
76

Bi 29: Xm nhp mn
Nc bin c th "n" su vo t lin theo sng, thm thu hoc tim sinh. S xm nhp mn ca nc bin vo sng c gii thch l do ma kh, nc sng cn kit khin nc bin theo cc sng, knh dn trn vo gy mn. Hin tng t nhin ny xy ra hng nm v do c th d bo trc. Nhng bn cnh , nhng vng t ven bin cng c nguy c nhim mn do thm thu hoc do tim sinh. Vi vng ven bin cu to a cht l nhng cn ct ln, bn ph sa lp y dng mm nh ng bng chu th sng H ng, sng Cu Long, cha ng nhiu thu knh ct c kh nng mao dn, to iu kin cho nc bin xm nhp vo t lin. Cn ti nhng ni c ngun gc l vng snh ly ven bin, trong qu trnh khai hoang ln bin bin thnh vng ngt ha trng la, t v keo st ca vng ny gi hm lng mui nht nh. Khi p , vng snh ly s b t ha, chuyn t mi trng c mn tim sinh thnh mi trng b xy ha. Nh vy, lng mui vn tn ti chuyn sang bc hi ln b mt. Bi hc lch s cho trn g hp ny c th thy l vng chim trng H Nam. Trong tng vng c th, xm nhp mn c th do mt nhm hoc c ba nhm nguyn nhn nu trn. chu th sng Hng v sng Cu Long, qu trnh ngt ha ven bin din ra rt nhanh, lng nc ngt t sng H ng v sng Cu Long ra bin ln nn tng tc xy ra theo xu hng nghing v pha sng. Nc bin xm nhp vo sng Hng su 15 -16 km, c ni ch su 6 km. Ngc li, nhng vng b bin c cu trc ca sng rng, hnh phu th s tng tc nghing v pha bin v kh nng xm nhp mn cao. Ti ca sng Bch ng, nc bin xm nhp vo su ti gn Ph Li, cch b bin 56 km. Trong khi , mc d l vng rt su nhng t gic Long Xuyn b nhim mn theo hai c ch thm thu v tim sinh.

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Bi 30: Bin i kh hu
Tri t ang nng ln l mt him ha v cng to ln. Theo T chc Lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu (IPCC) th s nng ln ca kh hu tri t khng cn n thun l vn mi trng m tr thnh vn ca s pht trin. S bin i d in ra trn ton cu, trong cc khu vc, bao gm c cc thay i trong thnh phn ha hc ca kh quyn, bin i nhit b mt, nc bin dng, cc hin tng kh hu cc oan v thin tai tng ln ng k v s lng v cng . Nhng nghin cu c s inh kh hu khng nh rng hng ngn nm trc thi k tin cng nghip, kh hu khng b nng ln. Nhng xu th thay i, c bit trong nhng thp nin gn y. Theo tnh ton ca IPCC, trong nhng thp nin gn y, nhit tng trung bnh 0,30 mi thp nin. n nm 2100, nhit b mt c th tng t 1,50C n 4,50C. Ma tr nn tht thng hn. Nhng vng ma nhiu, lng ma tr nn nhiu hn, cng ma ln hn. Cc vng hn tr nn hn hn. Ton b mt m, c mt t v i dng u nng ln, c bit l v cao dn n hin tng tan bng hai vng cc, gy nn hin tng nc bin dng. Tn sut v cng hin tng El Nino tng ng k, gy l lt v hn hn cc vng nhit i v nhit i. Cng vi s nng ln ton cu, nc bin dng, s thay i v ma v s bc hi l s suy thoi ca tng zn bnh lu lm tng bc x cc tm mt tri trn tri t, gy ra nhng nh hng ln cho loi ngi. Ngc li, bn thn s tn ti v pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t - x hi cng lm bin i mi trng xung quanh, tc ng n h thng kh hu. Nguyn nhn chnh ca s nng ln ca tri t l do s gia tng ng k nng kh nh knh nhn to trong kh quyn, lm thay i kh nng hp th v phn x bc x ca kh quy n. Nhng bin i kh hu lm tng cc hin tng nguy him. Tn sut v cng cc hin tng bo, ma ln, nhit cao, hn hn Vit Nam tng hn nhiu trong thp nin va qua. Cng vi nng nng l hn hn. Trong nhng nm qua, Nam B v Ty Nguyn hu nh nm no cng c hn hn. Theo thng k, cc thp k gn y hn hn c xu hng gia tng hn so vi cc thp k trc. Xu th bin i ca lng ma khng nht qun gia cc khu vc v cc thi k. S thay i v tng lng ma tng v ma nm khng th hin xu th tng hay gim nhng cng ma ang c xu hng tng ln r rt.
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Chng 4: Cht lng nc

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Bi 31: Khi no nc c xem l nhim?

Nc c xem l nhim khi c cha nhng thnh phn sau: - Cc cht thi hu c ngun gc ng vt hay thc vt lm cho nng oxy ha tan trong nc b gim hay mt i do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc chng. Nhng cht ny c trong nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot. - Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh c trong nc thi sinh hc v trong nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi.

C cht do ngun nc b nhim ti H Ty, H Ni

- Cc cht dinh dng thc vt (hp cht ha tan ca N, P, K...) lm cho to, c nc... pht trin qu mc dn n nh hng tiu cc cho pht trin thy sn, cp nc sinh hot, du lch v cnh quan. - Cc ha cht hu c tng hp bao gm nhng cht dng dit su bnh, tr c, cc cht t y ra c tnh c hi i vi nhng loi thy sn v c th gy hi i vi sc khe con ngi. - Cc cht lng ng gy bi lng h cha, knh mng, hi cng... gy mi mn cc thit b thy in v my bm, gy tc hi n c v qun th gip xc d o chng ph lp bi v ngun thc n. - Cc ha cht v c to ra t qu trnh sn xut, khai thc m, phn bn ha hc trong nng nghip... gy tr ngi cho qu trnh t lm sch t nhin ca nc, gy hi cho c v cc loi thy sn khc, lm cho nc c cng ln, gy n mn cc kt cu thp, nh. b tng, lm tng chi ph x l cc cng tr - Cc cht phng x t cc qu trnh khai thc, ch bin qung, s dng cc cht phng x tinh luyn v do bi phng x t cc v th ht nhn. - Nc thi c nhit cao t cc qu trnh lm l nh trong cng nghip lm cho nhit ca nc tip nhn tng ln. Mt khc s ngn dng to h cha cng lm tng nhit ca nc. S tng nhit ca nc gy hi n c v cc loi thy sn khc, lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc.
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Bi 32: Ngun gy nhim nc do cc hot ng sinh hot

Nc thi t khu dn c Nc thi t cc h gia nh, bnh vin, khch sn, trng hc, c quan cha cc cht thi trong qu trnh sinh hot, v sinh ca con ngi c gi chung l nc thi sinh hot. c im c bn ca nc thi sinh hot l trong c hm lng cao ca cc cht hu c khng bn vng, d b phn hy sinh hc (carbonhydrat, protein, m...), cht dinh dng (phospho, nit...), cht rn v vi trng. Ngoi ra cn c nhng cht kh phn h y cng c to ra trong qu trnh x l. S r r ca h thng cng dn Thng thng h thng cng dn thi nc phi kn nhng i khi do hot ng ca con ngi hoc cc iu kin t nhin lm cho cc h thng ny b rn nt hoc v ra v nc thi thm vo cc tng t. S r r ca h thng dn n c thi mang theo cc hp cht hu c, v c, cc vi khun c hi vi nng cao vo trong ngun nc. Cht thi rn Cc cht rn trong ngun nc t nhin n t qu trnh xi mn, phong ha a cht, do nc chy trn t ng rung. Ti nhng vng c a sng cht rn c to thnh do qu trnh keo t cc ion v c khi gp nc mn. Hoc cht rn c a vo ngun nc t nhin t nc thi sinh hot. Cht thi dng rn l ngun nhim bn nc. Trng hp nc thi ny b x thi trc tip ra mi tr ng, cht thi rn s theo dng chy thm vo t, c kh nng i vo tng nc ngm lm gim cht lng nc. Nc ma, nc mt t cc vng ln cn thm vo lp cht thi rn c th mang theo cc cht nhim ha tan i su xung t ti mc nc ngm. Cc cht c nc mang theo bao gm cc cht hu c, cc clorua, nitrat, cc mui ha tan ca cc kim loi st, mangan, cc thnh phn gy cng v cc nguyn t vi lng.
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H Linh Quang (H Ni) l ni x rc thi v nc thi sinh hot ca cc h dn sng xung quanh h Ngun: http://vietbao.vn (nh chp ngy 5/4/2008)

Bi 33: Ngun gy nhim nc do nng nghip

Chy trn do ma y l ngun gy nhim ngun nc sng h. Khi lng v c im ca nc ma chy trn ph thuc vo din tch vng ma v thnh phn, khi lng cht nhim trn b mt vng nc chy qua. Nc ti tiu v cht thi ng vt Dng chy mt khi c ma chy qua cc chung tri chn nui thng mang theo nhng lng ln cc cht Nc thi t chn nui gy nhim ngun nc gy nhim i vi nc ngm v Ngun: http://www.khoahoc.com.vn (Ngy 02/12/2006 ) nc mt. Nhng cht gy nhim trong trng hp ny bao gm cc loi mui, cc cht hu c khc nhau, cc loi vi khu n c nc vn chuyn su xung t, trong c nitrat, nitrit l thnh phn gy nhim quan trng nht. Phn bn v cc loi thuc tr su Khi bn phn cho cy trng thng c mt phn thm qua t n mc nc ngm. Trong thnh phn cc loi phn bn c cha cc hp cht ca nit, phospho v kali. Phosphat v nhng loi phn bn kali d dng b cc ht t hp ph nn t gy cc hin tng nhim. Ngc li hp cht nit trong dng ha tan ch c thc vt s dng hay t hp thu mt phn, phn cn li di chuyn theo nc gy nn tnh trng nhim. Cc cht dng ci to t bao gm vi, thch cao, lu hunh nhm thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca t. Tuy nhin s thm lu ca nhng cht ny xung t li lm tng mn ca nc ngm. Do hin tng khuch tn m cc loi thuc tr su cc vng sn xut nng nghip c th gy nhim nc ngm. S c mt ca nhng cht ny ngay c khi nng nh cng gy nhng hu qu trm trng, c bit khi nc ngm c khai thc cho sinh hot. Tc ng ca thuc tr su ln cht lng nc ngm ph thuc vo tnh cht ca thuc tr su nh cu trc phn t v thi gian bn hy ca chng, vo lng nc ma hay nc ti v cc tnh cht ca t.
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Bi 34: Ngun gy nhim nc do cc hot ng cng nghip

Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi t cc c s sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, giao thng vn ti. Khi nc thi cng nghip c x vo cc ao h nh l mt bin php x l th cc cht nhim c th thm su qua t vo ngun nc. Mc gy nhim ph thuc vo su ca mc nc ngm ni x, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc cht nhim c trong nc thi, thnh phn v cu trc ca cc lp t pha trn mc nc ngm.

Mt hp sn c th lm nhim hng triu lt nc

Ngun: http://my.opera.com/ (truy cp ngy 3/11/2011)

Thm lu qua b cha v ng dn Vic tn tr v bm truyn ngm mt lng ln cc nhin liu v ha cht lng thng gp nhiu khu cng nghip. Nhng b cha v ng dn ny c th c cc khuyt tt v cu trc hoc h hng trong qu trnh s dng nn s thm thu v r r nhin liu v ha cht t di chuyn xung ph a di v d dng ti c nc ngm. Trong nc ngm chng lan rng ra to thnh lp mng mng trn mt ri tip tc di chuyn lan rng ra hai bn theo dng nc ngm lm nhim c mt tng nc ngm bn di. Hot ng khai khong Hot ng khai khong cc vng m c th gy nn hin tng nhim nhng ngun nc khc nhau. Cc vng m (than, phosphat, st, ng, ch, uranium, km...) d khai thc ngm hay l thin thng tri rng di mc nc ngm nn thng xuyn phi bm tiu nc. Nhng loi nc tiu thot ny c pH thp, nng cc ion kim loi v sulfat cao. Do nu khng c h thng tiu v x l thch hp th nc tiu thot ra t cc vng m s thm xung lm nhim nc ngm. Khai khong du m Nc va, mn khoan v dung dch khoan c to ra trong qu trnh khai khong du m c xem l mt trong cc cht thi c kh nng gy nhim nng ti ngun nc.

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Bi 35: Hu qu ca nhim ngun nc

- Cht hu c chu phn hy sinh hc s b phn hy lm cho nng oxy ha tan ca nc gim xung. Cc loi thy sn c th b ngt v nu ton b oxy b s dng ht th s xut hin cc mi hi thi do H2S, mercaptan, cc amin hu c... c to ra. - Cc cht l lng lng ng trong sng h to hin tng bi lp c th gy ra lt li. Nu cht rn l lng thuc thnh phn hu c s din ra hin tng phn hy, kh hnh thnh s y ni cht rn ln mt nc to nn nhng khi bn tri ni gy mt m quan v hi thi. Cc loi cht l lng ph ln y sng h s ngn tr s sinh ca c v lm gim s lng cc ng vt l thc n ca c. - Cc cht gy n mn (cc acid, kim...) hoc cc cht c (nh xyanua, fenol, km, ng...) c th lm cht c, vi khun v cc sinh vt sng trong nc. S hy dit cc vi khun c ch trong nc c th to nn mt th nc b tit trng lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc. Nhng loi nc nh vy c th gy nguy him khi s dng cho sinh hot hay cho gia sc ung. - Nc thi sinh hot v cht thi cng nghip gy nn nhng nh hng vt l bt li nh tng c gy bin i mu sc, to bt. Nc thi nng gy hi cho cht lng nc v nhit tng ln dn n s phn hy bt li trong th nc ho n ton b nhim bi cc cht hu c v c th tiu dit c trong nhng loi nc tng i t nhim. - Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh c th c thi theo nc thi sinh hot trong thi gian c dch bnh. Thng thng nc thi cng nghip khng cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh loi tr nc thi ca ngnh thuc da. - Mt s nc thi cng nghip c cha nhng cht to v v mu (fenol, cht thi t cng nghip luyn du m...) khi x vo sng h lm cho nc khng cn s dng c vo sinh hot hoc gy t n km cho vic lm sch bng cc qu trnh lm sch thng thng. - Nc thi cc loi c th gy s pht trin qu mc ca nm hay nhng s pht trin bt li khc trong cc dng chy. Nhng s pht trin c th gy tc dng chy v gy mi khi chng b phn hy. - Mt s thnh phn v c (canxi, magi) c th gy cng ln trong nc sng h lm gim gi tr s dng ca nc vo mt s qu trnh sn xut. Nhng lng ln mui c x vo mt dng chy hay mt h no l iu bt li nu nng clorua ca nc tng n gi tr gy hi cho c v thc vt.

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Bi 36: Cc bnh lin quan n ngun nc

Nhn g bnh thng mc phi do ngun nc trong 3 trng hp sau y: + Tip xc trc tip vi nc: Khi tm ra, do cc ho cht v vi sinh vt trong nc. + Trong nc ung v thc n: Do vi sinh vt (s nhiu) & ho cht trong nc. + n nhng thc n b nc lm nhim: Nhim bn khi ra thc n hoc thc phm b nhim qua h sinh thi do cc ho cht hay cc cht phn hu ca chng. a) Virus Virus nhim qua ng tiu ho: Khi nc ung b nhim bn virus ng rut th 2 bnh c th xy ra thnh dch l vim d dy rut v vim gan A + Vim d dy rut ngun gc virus thng ko di 24-72 gi km theo bun nn, nn ma, a chy xy ra mi la tui. Trm trng nht l tr nh v ngi gi khi m s mt nc v ri lon cn bng in gii c th xy ra nhanh chng v e do tnh mng nu khng c x l kp thi. + Bnh vim gan A: Virus nhim qua ng tiu ho ri thi ra phn v nhim vo nc. Vim gan A xy ra theo kiu dch a phng v thng bc pht thnh v dch quan trng.Virus vim gan A c tnh khng cao mi trng bn ngoi, n chu c nhit 60oC trong 1 gi, cn phi c lng clo 1mg/lt trong 30pht mi lm bt ng c virus. Ngoi ra cn c virus vim gan E, virus ng rut, virus Rota.... + Bnh st bi lit: c sc khng cao mi trng bn ngoi, mun git virus cn cho vo nc mt liu lng clo hot tnh l 0,5mg/l, thi gian tip xc l 1 gi Virus nhim qua ng nim mc: l Adenovirus, ng vai tr trong bnh vim kt mc. Cc virus ny c xem l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh vim kt mc cc b bi cng cng. Cc vi khun nh im qua ng tiu ho: Bnh t (Cholerae): l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh do phy khun t (Vibrrio Cholerae) gy ra, ly truyn bng ng tiu ho. Bnh c biu hin lm sng l a lng nhiu v nn nhiu ln, nhanh chng mt nc-in gii, tru tim mch, suy kit v t vong nu khng c iu tr kp thi. Bnh c xp vo loi ti nguy him. y l bnh dch in hnh ca cc bnh truyn nhim ly ng tiu ho, dch thng lan rng nhanh trong vng theo cng bp n, ngun nc... Bnh thng xy ra vo ma h, sau nhng t thin tai ln (bo, lt..) v nhng ni c trnh kinh t, v sinh, x hi thp km, khng nc sch cung cp, x l phn, rc cha tt... Bnh thng hn (Typhoid fever): l bnh nhim trng ton thn do Salmonella typhi hoc Salmonella patatyphiA, B, C gy ra. Bnh ly qua ng tiu ho, c c im
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lm sng l st ko di v gy nhiu bin chng, quan trng hn c l bin chng xut huyt tiu ho v thng rut. Vi khun thng hn ly qua ng tiu ho. a s cc trng hp mc phi l do n, un g phi thc phm, ung nhim phn ngi bnh v ngi mang vi trng, nc sinh hot b nhim phn c vi khun thng hn khng c nu chn, hoc do n phi thc n ti sng c ra bng ngun nc b nhim khun thng hn. Bnh l trc khun: L mt vim i trng cp tnh gy bi vi khun Shigella. Bnh ly theo ng tiu ho, theo c ch t ngi sang ngi hoc t bn tay bn nhim khun ly gin tip ch yu qua nc ung, thc n. nc ta, nc ung l trung gian truyn l hng u, nht l vng nhn dn t dng nc si, vng nng thn thng ung nc l b nhim khng m bo v sinh, khng ng qui cch... Bnh do nguyn sinh ng vt (Rhizopoda): Trong s nhiu loi nguyn sinh ng vt gy bnh cho ngi gm c: + Bnh kit l Amib: Gy ra do Etamoeba histolytica. Tn thng bnh l xy ra ch yu i trng (bnh l am ib) v c th ngoi i trng ( bnh amib gan, phi, no, da...). Kn amib nhim vo ngi qua ng tiu ho, bng nhiu cch: qua rau sng, nc l, thc n c k n amib... + Bnh do Giardia intestinalis v Balantidium coli: gy ri lon nghim trng ng rut. Chng c o thi theo phn dng kn bn vng. Kn ny c th tn ti trong nc t 2 n 3 tun, bn vng vi cc tc nhn kh khun thng thng, ng c li chng b cn tr bi qu trnh lc nc bng ct. Mun tiu dit kn phi dng lng clo 5mg/l trong 1h hoc un nng trn 60 C. b) Bnh giun sn - Bnh do giun a, giun tc, giun kim ly truyn qua nc. Do phn nhim vo nc gp iu kin thu n li th nhim qua ngi. - Ngoi cc bnh trn th bnh a chy cp l hi chng lm sng ca nhiu cn nguyn khc nhau lin quan ti a chy nhiu ln ra phn nho hoc nc km theo nn v st. - l triu chng ca nhiu loi vi khun, virus v k sinh trng ng rut. - C nhng bnh a chy c bit nh t, l trc khun, nhim trng salmonella, do Escherichia coli, nhim trng do yersinia, Giardia, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidum v cc virus gy bnh ng rut m t trn. - Bnh a chy c th phi hp vi cc bnh nhim trng khc nh st rt si. - Bnh a chy do E.Coli thng gy ra do n phi thc n nhim khun hoc c th truyn qua nc do ung nc khng c kh trng bng clo...
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Bi 37: Qu trnh t lm sch c a n c

Qu trnh t lm sch ca nc mt Khi cc cht nhim l nhng mui v c ha tan c x vo nc (nh NaCl, KCl...) s khng din ra mt s thay i no r rt ngoi tr s pha long t nhin tng ln lin tc khi con sng tng dn th tch trong qu trnh chy ra bin do s vo ca cc sng nhnh v s tng ln ca tng din tch vng tp trung nc. Khi mt dng sng b nhim bi cc cht hu c (nc thi cng rnh v nhiu cht thi cng nghip khc), n s t khi phc li trng thi trong sch ban u bi cc qu trnh t nhin. Tin trnh t lm sch ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ha hc, l hc, thy hc v c bit l yu t sinh hc ca ngun nc. Kh nng kh c cc cht nhim ca ngun nc c gi l kh nng "t lm sch" (self purification) ca ngun nc. Kh nng c th hin qua 2 qu trnh: Qu trnh xo trn (pha long ) thun tu l hc gia nc thi vi ngun nc. Qu trnh khong ho cc cht hu c nhim bn trong ngun nc.

Do hai qu trnh trn nng cc cht nhim a vo ngun nc sau mt thi gian s gim xung n mt mc no . i vi ngun nc c dng chy (sng) nc thi c pha long vi ngun nc v theo dng chy ra bin hay mt ni no . Qung ng c c th chia thnh nhng vng nh sau: Vng ngay ming cng x nc thi Vng phc hi li trng thi bnh thng. Qu trnh t lm sch kt thc.

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Hoc: Vng nhim bn nng nht. Hm lng oxy ho tan trong ngun t gi tr nh nht. Vng phc hi li trng thi bnh thng. Qu trnh t lm sch k t thc.

Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng t lm sch ca dng chy: Nng oxy ha tan y mnh qu trnh phn hy cht hu c nhm vi sinh vt ho kh. Loi cht hu c tc t lm sch ca nc ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht hu c gy nhim (d b phn hy trong nc nh protein, ng, cht bo... hoc kh phn hy nh lignin, cenlulo... ) Lc sinh hc: Vi khun phn r cc cht hu c. To thc y qu trnh phn hy ho kh. ng vt nguyn sinh tiu th cc cht hu c cht. Gip xc s dng to v ng vt nguyn sinh lm thc n. Giun s dng bn cn lng ng y sng lm thc n nn giun gi vai tr ln trong qu trnh phn hy cht lng ng. Cc cht c s c mt ca bt k cc cht c no (kim loi nng, cyanua, fenol...) cng s lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca dng chy do chng tiu dit hoc ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt. Cc c tnh vt l ca dng chy tc , lu lng, su, mt ct ngang, c tnh y (si, cui, ct...), nhm lng knh dn ca dng chy nh hng n tc khuch tn oxy t khng kh vo nc. S pha long lm gim mc nhim to iu kin cho qu trnh hot ng phn hy ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Nc pha long c th n t nc ngm, nc t cc sng nhnh, nc tiu trong khu vc, c bit trong thi gian c ma. Cc iu kin thi tit kh hu nh nng mt tri thc y qu trnh quang hp to oxy. Hot ng ca gi c tc dng lm tng qu trnh khuch tn oxy t kh quyn vo nc to iu kin tt cho s phn hy ho kh. S lng ng Cht lng ng bn cn do nhu cu oxy cao c th tc ng xu n s t lm sch do thiu oxy ha tan. Nhit nh hng ln n tc cc phn ng sinh ha. Qu trnh t lm sch ca nc di t Qu trnh lc Mt trong nhng c ch suy gim nng cht nhim trong nc di t c gii thch l do tc dng lc ca cc lp t trong qu trnh nhim thm xung. Tc dng lc ny c th loi tr c cc cht l lng, cc cht dng ht, cc kt ta to ra bi cc phn ng ha hc. C ch hp th Hp th c xem l mt c ch ch yu trong qu trnh lm gim cht nhim nc di t. Cc ht st, cc oxyt v hydroxyt kim loi ng vai tr cht hp th. Hu ht cc cht gy nhim u b hp th vi cc iu kin thch hp, ngoi tr clorua ni chung v nitrat, sulfat (vi mc t hn). Cc qu trnh ha hc Hin tng kt ta ha hc trong nc di t c th xy ra ni cc ion thnh phn c mt vi nng ln, lc ny tch s ion ca chng ln
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hn tch s ha tan ca cc hp cht to thnh. C ch kt ta c th loi tr c cc ion kim loi nh Ca, Mg, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ra, Zn... v cc anion SO42-, HCO3-, CN-, F-... Trong vng kh hn, ni m ca cc lp t gn trn b mt nh th kt ta ha hc l mt c ch ch yu lm gim nng nhim. C ch loi tr vi khun, virus Cc loi vi khun, virus trong nc c khuynh hng di chuyn qua mng xp (nh t) chm hn so vi nc, ngoi ra chng cn phi cnh tranh vi cc vi sinh vt t, v vy chng s b loi mt phn ln khi i qua ch 1m t vi iu kin t cha nhng lng st v bn ln. C ch pha long Cc cht gy nhim nc di t khi chy qua mi trng xp s b pha long nng do s phn tn thy ng din ra vi mc vi m ln v m. C ch pha trn ny gy nn hin tng lan dc v lan rng sang bn cnh cht nhim c trong nc di t, v th th tch b tc ng tng ln, nng gim theo khong cch lan truyn v s lm gim mc nhim mi trng.

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Bi 38: Mt s bin php x l nc n gin

a) X l nc cp nhim phn (st) i vi nc nhim phn, ta x l nhim bng vi sng. Ly 100g vi sng cho vo 1000l nc, sau nc lng xung, gn ly nc trong. Nc nhiu st thng c mu vng, mi tanh. Cch n gin lm sch nc nhim st l nc vo thng, khong ln nhiu ln ri lng, ch t ly nc trong. C th dng phn chua x l nc nhim phn st. Phn chua gi nh (na tha cho 25 lt nc) vo thng quy nhiu ln st v phn kt ta lng dn xung y. Ngoi ra c th x l bng phng php sc kh, qua gin ma v bn l ng, lc kh st. Lm gin ma bng ng nha, khoan 150 - 200 l c ng knh t 1,5mm n 2 mm ty theo cng sut my bm ang s dng. Di cng ca b lc l lp si dy khong 1 gang, trn lp si l lp ct dy khong 2,5 - 3 gang. Phng php ny c th kt hp x l c mt s cht khc vi hm lng thp nh: Hydrogen sulfite H2S, Amoniac, Asen. b) X l nc cp cha Hydrogen sulfite (H2S) Nc cha H2S thng khng gy tc hi cho sc kho, nhng n lm cho nc c mi v v ca trng thi. N c cp c cha hm lng H2S thp khong 1,0 ppm c c tnh n mn, lm xn mu cc dng bng bc hay ng, lm cho qun o v gm c vt en. Mua my bm sc khi h c v sc kh vo h nc kt hp dng than ci, than hot tnh lc nc. H2S c hp ph trn b mt ca cc ht than. Chng ta phi nh k thay cc ht than trong b lc (ty thuc vo kh nng hp ph ca than v hm lng H2S trong nc). c) X l nc cp l nc cng Nc cng l thut ng dng ch nc c cha hm lng l n cc ion nh Ca2+, Mg2+; loi nc ny thng nh hng n tui th cc thit b s dng nc hng ngy. Cc cch x l n gin: Cch 1: un si nc s lm cc ion ny kt ta. Cch 2: Dng thit b c ngn cha cc ht lc cation. Theo qu trnh trao i ion cc ht cation mang in dng s i cho cc hp cht mang in tch dng. Do nc s mm hoc loI b c cc kim loI nng nh : Fe, Cu, Zn hon nguyn ht nha cation hy dng nc muI nng 10% ra ngc vt liu d) X l nc thi bng ao h t nhin Cho nc cn x l chy xung mt ci h hoc mt rnh o. T h hay rnh nc s thm vo t tri qua qu trnh lm sch. Phng php ny dng khi lu lng nc x l nh v lp t pha di c rng ln. y l phng php x l n gin, t tn km trong u t nhng cn thn trng trnh gy nhim ngun nc ngm. su t h xung mc nc ngm phi m bo cho mi thnh phn c hi c gi li trong t, ch c nc lm sch i ti tng nc ngm.
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e) X l nc thi b ng bi ti Trong iu kin din tch t ai cho php c th x l nc nhim hay nc thi bng cch cho chy trn trn mt vng t c dc xc nh. Trn vng t ny (bi ti) c mt thm thc vt thch hp. Lp nc thi chy trn c chiu dy, vn tc v chiu di ti rnh thu c tnh ton sao cho lun gi c iu kin ho kh v c thi gian lu trn bi cho qu trnh x l thc hin thun li v t ti mc cn thit. Cc c ch loi cht nhim trong trng hp x l ny bao gm tc dng lc phn nc thm xung t, tc dng phn hy sinh hc xy ra trn mt bi v trong lp t st mt, v do qu trnh bc hi. Sn phm phn hy s c r thc vt hp th. Nc sau khi chy qua bi s c tp trung vo rnh o cu i bi dn n knh tiu ra sng hoc h. f) X l nc thi b ng phng php pha long Khi lu lng dng chy trong sng ln, kh nng t lm sch ca sng l ng k v lu lng dng nc thi khng ln th c th x trc tip nc thi ra sng v tr xa vng dn c, vi iu kin nng cht nhim trong sng sau khi x khng vt phm vi cho php. Trong trng hp ny nng cht nhim c pha long, qu trnh t lm sch ca nc din ra thun li t gy tn hi cho h sinh thi nc. g) X l nc thi b ng h thng ao x l Theo phng php ny cc cht hu c c trong nc thi bao gm mi kch thc chuyn ha thnh cc cht v c trong cc ao rng v tng i nng. H thng o x l gm ao ym kh v ao iu ha.
M hnh x l nc thi t nhin bng bo lc bnh ca Cng ty TNHH Tn Ha (Ty Ninh)

(1) khu vc x l n c thi u tin, nc thi c mu en v mi c trng

(2) B lng c nui trng bo lc bnh

(3) B lng c nui trng bo lc bnh

(4) Nc thi c x l ra b

cha cui cng

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Chng 5: Pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc

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Bi 39: Tit kim nc

Ti sao phi tit kim nc? Nc l mt vt cht rt quan trng cho s sng, c con ngi s dng vo cc mc ch sinh hot, nng nghip, cng nghip, gii tr v mi trng. C th con ngi cn rt nhiu nc c th tn ti (nc chim ti 2/3 trng lng c th). Trong ngnh nng nghip, nc chim ti 80% nhu cu, cn cng nghip cng cn rt nhiu nc. S gia tng dn s v s pht trin ca x hi nhu cu v nc li khng ngng gia tng. Trn tri t c n 97% l nc mui, ch c 3% l nc ngt nhng gn hn 2/3 lng nc ny tn ti dng sng bng v cc m bng cc cc. Phn cn li l dng nc ngm v ch mt t l nh tn ti trn mt t v trong khng kh. Thiu nc ang l mt vn ln cho th gii hin nay. Vn ngy cng tr nn cp bch hn khi con ngi li lm nhim cc ngun nc sn c. Nhiu quc gia thi t lp nhng khu x l n c cung cp cho nhu cu ngy cng ln v nc sch ca ngi dn. nc ta hin nay, tnh trng thiu nc ma kh v l lt ma ma ang xy ra nhiu a phng vi mc ngy cng nghim trng nh tr lng nc cc h thu in ln (Thc B, Tr An, Ho Bnh) hoc l qut cc tnh Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Ngh An Nguyn nhn ch yu l do nn cht ph rng. Bnh cnh , tnh trng cn kit, nhim ngun nc ngm, nc mt (sng, h, t ngp nc), mn ho cc thu knh nc ngm ang xy ra cc th ln v cc tnh ng bng do cc ngun thi cng nghip v ho cht nng nghip. Nc l ngun ti nguyn v gi nhng li khng v tn, chnh v th tit kim nc lun lun rt cn thit ngay c nhng ni c ngun nc di do. Ngoi vic tit kim chi tiu trong gia nh, tit kim nc cn gip ngn nga cn kit ngun nc ngm, ngn nga nhim nc cc lu vc v gin tip tit kim in nng sn xut ra nc sch.
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Bi 40: Tit kim nc trong sinh hot

S dng cc thit b v sinh tit kim nc: ngn nga s lng ph nc, mt phng php kh hiu qu l hy thay th cc thit b v sinh c, gy lng ph nc bng cc thit b mi tit kim nc. Nu ta xy nh mi, vic chn mua cc thit b tit kim nc cho ngi nh xinh xn ca mnh l mt quyt nh sng sut. Kim tra v khc phc r r: y l cch trnh tht thot nc m chng ta cn phi lm gp v ng ng dn nc c th b r r v gy ra hao ph nc nghim trng. kim tra, ta c s nc trn cng t trc v sau khong thi gian hai gi khng s dng nc. Nu cng t khng cho cng mt s nc, th h thng cp nc b r r. K n, ta kim tra s r r ca toilet bng cch cho mt t bt mu vo ngn cha nc x ca bn cu. Nu cha x nc, m mu xut hin trong bn cu trong vng 30 pht, ngha l toilet b r r. Khi pht hin c s r r, ta cn nh th hoc t sa cha ngay lp tc. Tn dng nc ti a khi c th: Khi ra bt, ra rau hay c ra vt. nn hng sn mt chu nc sch. Nc ra ln cui c th dng li vo vic khc nh c ra hoc lau nh. Cn nc bn (khng c x phng) c th c dng ti cy, ti t cho t biCh ra trc tip di vi nc khi tht cn thit v iu chnh vi va dng.

Khng nn s dng bn cu nh gt tn hay thng rc: Mi ln x nc di mt mu thuc l tha, giy n hay mu rc nh th ta lng ph khong 20 lt nc. V th hy s dng tht hiu qu mi ln nhn cn gt nc. t chai nha hoc phao ni vo ngn cha nc x ca bn cu: gim lng nc lng ph, hy mt chai nha vo ngn cha nc x ca bn cu, cch xa h thng vn hnh. gi yn chai, nn mt lp ct hoc cui dy khong 5cm vo trong mi chai nha, nc y chai, v vn
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cht nt. Ta cng c th mua loi phao ni r tin v t vo ngn cha nc x. Cch ny gip tit kim khong 40 lt nc mi ngy. S dng vi nc hiu qu: Ta nn kha k cc vi nc khi khng dng. Nu c s nh git cc vi nc khi kha cht, ta phi nhanh chng sa cha hoc thay th ngay v lng nc nh git s tch tiu thnh i gy lng ph mt lng nc ln trong mt thi gian di. Khng ra xe, sn h bng vi phun nc: S dng x x phng r a xe v ch dng vi phun nc khi trng xe. Tt nht l s dng h thng ra xe khng dng nc. Nn s dng chi, trnh dng vi phun nc dn sch sn h. Hng dn tr em tit kim nc: Ta khng cho tr nghch nc trong phng tm mt mnh. Chng s m vi nc xi x m c khi ch tm qua loa. Hy dy tr thc tit kim nc ngay t b. Tit kim nc trong phng tm: Ta cn gn ming nt chn lavabo khi ra mt, ra tay. Khi tm, ta nn rt ngn khong cch vi nc khi xi, khng nn t m vi sen qu 4 pht v tt nc trong thi gian ch x phng. Ngoi ra, ta c th t di chn mt chic chu to v ng vo y. Lng nc ny c dng di bn cu, ra sn nh tm . Ta cng cn gii hn s ln tm trong bn v tn rt nhiu nc. Nu c ra phng tm nn lm t cao xung thp, c ra gng, lavabo, bn cu trc khi c sn.

Tit kim nc khi nu n: Ta nn t mt chu nc nh bn cnh sau mi ln ct rau, c, hnh, tita ra tay. Tr khi cn lm sch du m cn th ta ch c n nhng tay vo chu nc ri lau kh bng khn sch, thay v ra di vi nhiu ln gy lng ph nc. Tit kim nc khi nh rng, co ru: Trong lc nh rng, ta khng nn nc tip tc chy. Ta nn dng mt chic cc, ly va nc thm t bn chy, sc ming, ra bn chi thay v m vi cho nc chy xi x khi ang nh rng. Cng vy, Khi co ru ta nn gi mt t nc dng trong bn ra mt ra dao co ru thay v phi ra dao co ru bng nc mi. y l cch va tit kim nc m vn ra sch dao co ru.
95

Tit kim nc khi git qun o: Khi git qun o bng tay, ta nn dng phn chua hoc chanh ra tay tit kim nc. Ta cng c th mang gng cao su hn ch ra tay nhiu ln. Khi x qun o ln cui, ta gi li nc ny lm sch sn nh, lau nh hoc ra xe. D git bng my hay bng tay, ta cng trnh git qun o hng ngy v va hi qun o m li va tn nc. V vy, ta gom qun o bn v git nh k mi tun hai ln hoc mt ln (ring lt cn git sch hng ngy gi v sinh). Vo ngy git gi, bn hy gom ht khn tm bn, v gi, chn mn, v, gng tay, khu trang, o khoc, khn tay git cng lc. Nh vy, m ta tit kim nc hn so vi git nhiu ln trong tun. Nu dng my git thi ta ch git k hi c khi lng theo cng sut ca my tit kim nc mt cch tt nht. ng thi, ta nn trnh chu trnh git c nh; vi mi ln git, ta iu chnh mc nc ph hp vi khi lng qun o cn git. Tn dng ngun nc ma: y l phng php tn dng ngun nc t nhin mt cch hiu qu, t tn km. Nu c iu kin, ta nn xy bn cha hoc dng lu, thng phi tr nc ma. Nc ma s c dng ra xe, v sinh bn cu, trng cy cn ring nc my ch dnh cho vic n ung, tm ra. Ngo i ra, nc ma cn c cc nc tin tin trn th gii x l thnh nc sch sinh hot v sn xut cng nghip. Tit kim nc khi ti cy, c: Ta ch nn ti bi c khi cn thit. Cch tt nht bit bi c c cn ti nc hay khng l i trn c. Nu c bt thng tr li khi ta i khi th lc ny cha cn phi ti nc. Nu c nm rp xung, th n lc phi ti nc. C mc cao hn cng gip tng cng gi nc trong t. Ti nc vo sng sm v trnh ti khi tri gi s gip gim lng nc tht thot do bay hi v ngn nga s pht trin ca nm, s ph hoi ca cc loi c sn, su, chut hi vn. Bn phn hu c vo t s gip tng kh nng thm thu ca t cng nh kh nng gi nc. Ta nn s dng h thng ti nc tit ki m trnh lng ph nc v ngn chn s gim sc khng ca cy, gy ra bnh vng l do ti nc qu nhiu. Trng cc loi cy chu hn cng gip tit kim lng nc ng k v lm tng kh nng khng cc loi su bnh. C nhiu loi cy bi v cy c nh p c th pht trin tt m li cn t nc hn nhiu so vi cc loi cy khc.
96

Bi 41: Tit kim nc trong nng nghip

Lng nc s dng trong sn xut nng nghip chim khong 70% tng nhu cu vnc. V vy, gii php quan trng u tin trnh cng thng v nc ti trong ma kh hn l phi b tr li c cu trng trt, chn nui, c cu cy trng, ma v hp l. Mt cng ngh mi vt tri s dng nc hp l, tit kim bng h thng ti phun sng iu khin t ng cn c nhn rng . H thng ny c ng dng ti cho hoa, rau v cc loi cy cng nghip c gi tr kinh t cao. Bao gm my bm, ng ng, cc vi phun sng c nh, van iu chnh, thit b iu khin t ng. u im ca h thng l nng cao hiu qu sn xut nng nghip, ch to bng vt liu trong nc, gi thnh bng mt phn hai so vi nhp khu. H thng c bn vi gi 40 nghn ng/m2 (ty theo nhu cu ca khch hng c th m rng din tch ti ln mt ha). Vi cng ngh ny, c th tit kim 30% lng nc ti dng theo cng thc nng l lin tip. ng dng cc cng ngh ti hin i nh ti phun ma, nh git cp lng nc ng yu cu sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng nh vn m bo cho nng sut cao m li tit kim nc ng k. Mt gii php khc cng rt hu hiu, l che ph t lm gim lng bc hi cng l mt gii php rt hiu qu trong phng chng hn hn. Che ph bng cc gii php truyn thng dng rm r, c kh i vi cy trng lu nm nh c ph, ch, cy n qu vn c tc dng gi m chng hn cn b sung lng mn lm xp t, tt cy. Nhng nm gn y, nhiu vng s dng vt liu mi lm gim bc hi nh bin php che ph nilng trn mt lung khi gieo trng lc, da hu, du ty, c chua hoc a vo t cc cht gi m mang li hiu qu cao. ng thi, gim nh mc ti nhng giai on sinh trng ca cy trng khng quyt nh n nng sut v cht lng sn phm cng l mt gii php tt. Trong trng hp hn hn thiu nc nh hin nay, s u tin ngu n nc cho nhng giai on quyt nh n nng sut, hn ch s dng nc trong cc giai on khc.
97

Bi 42: Thu gom nc ma v B cp nhn to nc di t

Thu gom nc ma Thu gom nc ma l bin php thu gom v d tr nc ma trn b mt hay trong cc tng cha nc, trong cc tng nt n hng hc khng c nc. Ngun ti nguyn nc tng thm ny s c lu gi s dng khi cn thit. Vic thu gom nc ma t mi nh, khu chung c, dinh th c quan, b mt t, sn i hoc t cc b mt t b beton ha. Lng nc thu gom c ph thuc vo cng ma, thi gian ko di ma, cng ngh thu gom nc ma, nhu cu v nc, tc v kh nng nc c th thm qua t v thm thu xung b sung cho tng cha nc. Hn na nhng khu vc th th khng c ch d tr nc trn b mt. Vic thu gom nc ma t mi nh v dng chy tm thi trn mt l gii php l tng gii quyt cc kh khn trong vic cung cp nc v thot nc th. C th tch tr nc ma vo cc b cha ngm bng cch s dng cc k thu t b sung nhn to p ng nhu cu ca cc h gia nh thng qua vi c d tr trong b cha. Mc ch chnh ca vic hng nc nc ma ny l c sn nc cho cc mc ch s dng sau ny. Vic thu gom v tch tr nc ma s dng l mt gii php c bit quan trng vng trung du kh hn, cc th v vng ven bin. Mt k thut c ang c s dng ph bin theo mt cch mi. Vic thu gom nc ma tp trung vo vic phc hi li cc dng ti nguyn nc. Nhng hy lt li lch s ca n c nhng khong thi gian ch xc, nhng thit b thu gom nc ma tn ti 4000 nm trc Paletstin v Hy Lp. Vo thi Roma c i th cc h gia nh xy cc b cha nc di t c nhn v lt cc sn t gia hng nc ma nhm tng thm nc t cc cng nc trong thnh ph. Nhng di tch ny c tm thy Balichista, Kuch vng Gujarat ca n .

98

Thu gom nc ma B cp nhn to nc di t C hai cng ngh thu gom nc ma: 1) tch cha nc ma tron g cc cng trnh trn mt t v 2) a nc ma lu tr trong cc tng t hng hc di mt t s dng trong tng lai. Tch cha nc ma trong cc cng trnh trn mt t l cng ngh truyn thng t lu i trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. C c cng trnh tch cha nc ma thng c s dng l chum, b cha, ao h v cc h p thy li, thy in v.v a nc ma lu tr trong lng t b sung cho nc di t l khi nim mi i vi thu gom nc ma. Cc cng trnh a nc ma vo lng t thng c s dng l thu gom vo ho rnh, ging o, l khoan hp thu nc, ho ngang kt hp vi l khoan hp thu nc, p chn, p ngn, p ct, bn thm. Nc ma thu gom c th c tp trung vo mt ho rnh trc khi i vo ging khoan. Rnh o c chiu rng 1,5- 3m, di 10 - 30 m, ph thuc vo kh nng hp thu nc ca ging khoan t trung tm rnh o. S lng ging b sung c quyt nh da trn c s l lng nc c sn v h s thm thng ng ca lp t a im . Rnh o c lp li bng cui, si v ct th, chng ng vai tr nh mt b lc trung gian cho nhng ci ging b sung. Nu tng cha nc phn b su ln hn 20 m th c th xy dng thm mt hm nng c ng knh t 2-5m v su t 3-5m ty thuc vo lu lng nc. Bn trong hm cng khoan 1 ci ging khoan c ng knh100 -300 mm nhm b sung ngun nc sn c cho cc tng cha nc su hn. Nc ma trn ng ph trc khi a vo ging khoan nht thit phi tp trung vo h o, ging o, ho giao thng lng lc s b, c th c kh trng. Dc theo cc va h dng ph, dc theo cc di cng vin cy xanh nn xy dng cc ho rnh thu gom nc ma. Trong ho rnh khoan cc ging khoan hp thu nc. S lng ging khoan ty thuc vo lng nc ma cn thot xung t, cch nhau chng 100 - 200m. Cc rnh o c cui si ct lc, trn c np y tm an, khng nh hng n giao thng ng ph. Rnh o thu nc ma nn c thit k sao cho khng c nc thi hoc nc b nhim bn trn ln vi nc ma.
99

Bi 43: Ti s dng nc thi

Nc thi sinh hot c cha mt lng kh ln nng lng, m v cc cht khong nh kali, photpho, canxi... l nhng phn bn c gi tr i vi nng nghip. Cho nn vic ti s dng cc gi tr ny ca cht thi s gp phn bo v ti nguyn thin nhin, bo v mi trng v tit kim ngun nc. Ti s dng nc thi c dng cho: Sn xut nng nghip Cc cht thi hu c c th s dng lm phn bn hoc ci to t. Tuy nhin, nu s dng cht thi cha c x l th t c hiu qu khng cao bi v cy trng ch hp thu cc cht dinh dng dng v c (v d NO 3- v PO43-), cc vi khun v k sinh trng trong cht thi cha c x l c th ly nhim cho ngi s dng hoc tiu th cc sn phm. Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh hay ym kh bin i cc cht thi hu c thnh cc cht v c thch hp cho cy tiu dit phn ln cc vi khun v k sinh trng. trng v Sn xut Biogas Biogas, mt sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh cc ch t hu c, c xem l mt ngun nng lng ti ch thay th du ha, ci... i vi hm 3 Biogas loi nh (15 m ) lp t cho cc h gia nh x l cht thi sinh hot hay phn gia sc, Biogas c s dng un nu, thp sng v si m. i vi hm Biogas loi ln dng x l nc thi cng nghip hoc ca cc tri chn nui ln, Biogas c s dng un nc cho cc ni hi, hoc chy cc ng c t trong. Cht thi ca hm Biogas giu cht dinh dng l mt ngun phn bn c gi tr. Nc thi c dng nui to hoc phiu sinh ng vt lm thc n cho c hoc bn thng xung ao c. Cht thi rn c phi kh ri ri trn ng rung, hoc bn cho ao c. Sn xut thy sn nhng vng nhit i cht thi hu c c ti s dng trong sn xut thy sn qua 3 hot ng chnh sau: Sn xut to (m n bo); Phiu sinh thc vt (macrophytes, bo, lc bnh); Nui c. Ti s dng gin tip Khi nc thi c thi trc tip ra sng rch, qu trnh "t lm sch" ngun nc do hot ng phn hy v c nh cc cht hu c trong nc thi ca vi khun c sn trong t nhin s din ra. Do h lu cch xa ngun thi mt khong cch nht nh ngi ta c th s dng ngun nc ti tiu cho cy trng m khng lm nhim mi trng.
100

Bi 44: Khoanh nh cc khu vc bo v nc di t

Vic thit lp cc khu vc bo v cho cc ngun cung cp nc l mt hot ng mang li nhiu li ch chung, to iu kin thun li cho pht trin kinh t x hi nh gim thiu nguy c i vi sc khe cng ng; thc hin qun l ti nguyn nc bn vng c v s lng v cht lng; gim chi ph x l nhim; gim t l t vong tr em v gim chi ph iu tr cc bnh tt lin quan n ngun nc. Cch tt nht cung cp nc ung cho con ngi l s dng nc ngm an ton v tin hnh bo v min cp ca ging khai thc bng cch thit lp 3 khu vc bo v xung quanh ging. Khu vc bo v cp I nhm bo v ging khai thc trc cc nguy c trc tip. y c xem l vng li, c cc gii hn an ninh nghim ngt nht v cn c ro chn cch bit vi khu vc xung quanh. Khu vc ny c xc nh l 1 hnh trn xung quanh ging c bn knh t 10m-30m ty thuc vo cc iu kin c th ca a phng v mc d b tn thng ca tng cha nc. Khu vc bo v cp II nhm bo v ging khi b nhim bn bi cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Khu vc ny c thit k sao cho nc ngm chy t ng bin ca Khu vc bo v cp II n ging khai thc cn t nht 50 ngy. y l thi gian lu gi ti thiu cn thit loi b hu ht cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc nh cc qu trnh c hc, vt l, ha hc v sinh hc. Tuy nhin vic khoanh nh khu vc bo v cp II ph thuc nhiu vo yu t a mo v tng cha. Khu vc bo v cp III nhm m bo duy tr s lng v cht lng nc ngm trong khu vc. Thng thng, Khu vc bo v cp III bao trm c Khu vc bo v cp I v II (tr trng hp cc vng karst). y cng l ton b khu vc m ging khai thc nhn lng nc b cp t nhin, c nc mt v nc ngm.
Khu vc I (ti thiu) Khu vc II (ng 50 ngy) Khu vc III (ti a)

101

Bi 45: Lc nc bin thnh nc ngt

Phng php chng nc, ct nc Dng nhit lng lm nc bc hi, v hi nc kt ng thnh nc khng cha khong cht (nhng c th cha t dung dch khc c im bc hi thp, nh ru cn) khi gp nhit lnh. Gm 3 phng php chnh: chng ct qua nhiu ngn, hiu ng bc hi qua nhiu giai on, hi nc cao p. Phng php thm-thu-ngc (Reverse osmosis, RO) Trong phng php ny, nc mn c lc qua mng bn thm thu. Mng ny cu to bi v s l nh cc vi, c ng knh khong 1 -50 nm (nanometer). Mng c c tnh chn la, ch cho php nhng phn t nh nh nc i qua cc l ca mng (v kch thc nh hn l), v gi li cc phn t ln nh cc loi mui, tng t nh mt ci ry tht mn p dng cho cht c. Nc bin l mt dung mi gm nc v cc cht ha tan trong nc, cht chnh l mui ClNa v t mui khong khc, u c phn t lng ln hn nc. Phng php lc nano (Nanofiltration, NF) Phng php ny p dng lm mm ngun nc cng, gm nc mt, nc my hay nc ngm cha nhiu mui khong khc (khng cha mui ClNa, nhng cha nhiu vi), cha nhiu cht hu c. Phng php ny l kt hp gia h thng lc c l cc vi v thm thu ngc RO. L ca mng lc nh c 1nm. p sut qua mng khong di 3 MPa (khong 31 kg/cm2), thp nhiu so vi p xut bm ca RO. ng thnh nc Nc bt u ng thnh nc nhit 0C di p sut 1 atmosphere. Tuy nhin, vi s hin din ca mui ClNa, cn phi nhit m di 0C, nc mi ng thnh nc . Nc ni trn nc mn, tng t nh tng bng trn bin hai cc tri t. S dng nng lng mt tri Phng php ny bt chc thin nhin, nc bin bc hi v sc nng ca mt tri, to thnh my (hi nc), gp lnh hi nc trong my kt t thnh git ma. C th s dng nh knh mt tri hoc kim t thp lc nc.
102

Cc nh my lc nc bin ln trn th gii

Theo bo co ca International Desalination Association ngy 17/1/2008, th gii c 13.080 nh my lc nc bin ln sn xut tng cng khong 45,6 triu m 3/ngy. Nh my lc nc bin ln nht th gii l nh my Shuaiba III ca Saudi Arabia, da trn nguyn tc chng nc ct t nc bin qua nhiu giai on c cng sut 880.000 m 3/ngy). Nh my lc nc bin ln nht Hoa K l San Francisco c cng sut 454.000 m3/ngy. Nh my ti tn nht th gii, da trn mng bn thm thu ngc RO l nh my lc nc mn Becto n London, khnh thnh ngy 2 thng 6/2010. Cc quc gia nm trong 100 nh my lc ln nht th gii, c cng sut >90.000 m 3/ngy. United Arab Emirates UAE, 19 nh my, ln nht cng xut 600.000 m 3/ngy (Jebel Ali), nh nht 102.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 8.767.239 m 3/ngy. Saudi Arabia: 15 nh my, ln nht cng xut 880.000 m 3/ngy (Shuaiba), nh nht 91.000 m3/ngy. Trong s ny c 1 nh my x l nc l (Al Waisa, 153.000 m 3/ngy). Tng cng sut: 8.130.536 m 3/ngy. USA: 18 nh my, ln nht cng sut 454.200 m 3/ngy (San Francisco), nh nht 102.000 m3/ngy; Trong s ny c 4 nh my x l nc sng, 1 nh my x l nc. Tng cng sut: 3.215.533 m3/ngy. Kuwait: 6 nh my, ln nht cng sut 567.000 m 3/ngy (Al-Zour North), nh nht 113.500 m3/ngy; Trong s ny c 1 nh my lc t nc thi (Sulaibya, 300.000 m 3/ngy) . Tng cng sut: 1.597.500 m3/ngy. Israel: 8 nh my, ln nht cng sut 395.000 m 3/ngy (Ashkelon), nh nht 82.190 m 3/ngy. Trong s ny c 1 nh my x l nc l (Negev Arava, 152.000 m3/ngy). Tng cng sut: 1.152.260 m3/ngy. Qatar: 4 nh my, ln nht cng sut 227.000 m 3/ngy (Ras Laffan), nh nht 91.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 681.840 m 3/ngy. Lybia: 4 nh my, ln nht cng sut 250.000 m 3/ngy (Tripoli), nh nht 80.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 560.000 m 3/ngy. Algeria: 5 nh my, ln nht cng sut 100.000 m 3/ngy (Algiers Djinet), nh nht 88.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 476.888 m 3/ngy. Spain: 2 nh my, ln nht cng sut 165.000 m 3/ngy (Malaga, x l nc l ), nh nht 147.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 312.000 m 3/ngy. India: 1 nh my, cng sut 300.000 m 3/ngy. Jordan: 2 nh my, ln nht cng sut 145.344 m 3/ngy (Zara Maain), nh nht 145.000 m3/ngy, c 2 u x l nc l. Tng cng sut: 290.344 m 3/ngy. Bahrain: 1 nh my, cng sut 272.400 m 3/ngy (Hidd 3). Singapore: 2 nh my, ln nht cng sut 116.000 m 3/ngy (Ulu Pandan, lc t nc thi), nh nht 92.000 m3/ngy; Tng cng sut: 208.000 m 3/ngy. Pakistan: 2 nh my, cng sut 94.625 m3/ngy (Karachi); Tng cng sut: 189.250 m 3/ngy. Iraq: 1 nh my, cng sut 130.000 m3/ngy. Mexico: 1 nh my, cng sut 128.000 m 3/ngy. Australia: nm 2006 c 1 nh my ln cng sut 123.300 m 3/ngy (Perth). Theo ti liu mi 2011, Australia c 6 nh my l n, tng cng sut ton Australia l 1,3 triu m3/ngy. Egypt: 1 nh my, cng sut 113.650 m3/ngy Trinidad: 1 nh my, cng sut 113.636 m3/ngy (Point Lisas). Iran: 1 nh my, cng sut 93.600 m3/ngy Oman: 1 nh my, cng sut 90.920 m 3/ngy 103

Bi 46: Bo v rng Bo v ngun sinh thy

cc khu vc rng rm c thm mc v lp mn kh dy, kh nng lu gi lng nc ma rt ln. Ti y, lng nc ma ri xung chy ra khi rng ch c t 3% n 34%. Rng tr thnh "h cha t nhin" c tc dng tr nc vo ma ma v l ngun cung cp nc cho sng sui vo ma kh. Theo cc chuyn gia, nh hng ca ph rng ti nc di t, dng chy kit c chng minh c th vic rng lm tng lng dng chy nm (n 17%); l ln hn v dng chy kit gim. Cng do mt rng nn kh nng gi nc, iu tit dng chy b suy gim mnh, gy nhiu tai ha i vi cuc sng ca cng ng. rng nhit i ma nhiu, m tng i khng th xung di 80%. Trong iu kin nh vy v di tn rng b che ph, s bc hi nc t cc tng t tr n mt b chm li v do kh nng gi nc ca t c tng thm. Khi ma xung, khng phi ton b lng nc ma u ri ti mt t rng m c mt phn b gi li. Lng nc ny b mt i i vi t rng nhiu hay t l ty thuc v mt ca vm l cy rng trn chiu ngang v chiu thng ng v ty thuc vo m tng i ca khng kh. Vm l cng dy, rm th lng nc ma b ngn li cng nhiu nhng trong s ny, c nhiu hay t lng nc bay hi quay c tr li kh quyn th ch yu li do m tng i quyt nh. Nh vy, mun duy tr s cung cp nc u n trong c nm, khi c ma khng sinh ra l to, khi khng ma khng thnh hn hn th vn quan trng t ra l lm th no tng thm phn nc ngm xung su v gim bt phn nc chy trn trn mt t c cng nhiu cng c li. Rng gi vai tr trng yu hn trong vic ngn chn dng chy trn mt.
104

Bi 47: Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc

Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc T chc hp tc v nc ton cu (GWP) nh ngha Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc (Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM) l mt qu trnh y mnh, phi hp pht trin v qun l ngun nc, t ai v ti nguyn lin quan, ti a ho li ch kinh t v phc li x hi mt cch cng bng m khng phng hi n tnh bn vng ca cc h sinh thi thit yu. Qun l tng hp ngy nay quan tm c bit n tc ng qua li gia con ngi v thin nhin, do tng hp c xem xt theo c hai h: h t nhin v h con ngi. Tng hp v mt t nhin bao gm cc kha cnh sau: Tng hp qun l nc ngt v v qun l vng ven bin. Tng hp qun l n c xanh l cy (nc ma tch tr trong t) v nc xanh da tri (nc mt v nc di t). Tng hp nc mt v nc di t. Tng hp s lng v cht lng trong qun l ti nguyn n c. Tng hp nhng li ch lin quan n nc thng lu v h lu. Tng hp v mt con ngi bao gm nhng kha cnh sau: Khi phn tch ti nguyn nc phi kt hp phn tch cc hot ng ca con ngi v c cu dch v. Tng hp lin ngnh trong qu trnh lp chnh sch quc gia. Tng hp tt c cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh quy hoch v quyt nh. Tng hp qun l nc v nc thi. Nu lm tt cc mt tng hp trn trong quan h hi ho gia ba thnh t kinh t - x hi mi trng, chng ta s t c s qun l ti nguyn nc bn vng.
105

B cng c dng cho IWRM

A. Nhm cng c v mi trng thc y Xy dng nhng chnh sch v TNN A1.1. Chun b chnh sch v TNN quc gia A1.2. Cc chnh sch lin quan n TNN Cc cng c h tr xy dng Lut TNN A2.1. Cc quyn v nc B. Nhm cng c th ch S hnh thnh v chc nng ca th ch B1.1. Ci cch th ch nhm qun tr tt hn B1.2. Cc t chc QLTNN xuyn bin gii B1.3. Cc c quan trong nc B1.4. Cc t chc lu vc sng B1.5. Cc t chc lp php v hnh php B1.6. Cc nh cung cp dch v v IWRM C. Nhm cng c qun l S hiu bit v ti nguyn C1.1. Kin thc c bn v TNN C1.2. nh gi TNN C1.3. Cc m hnh trong IWRM C1.4. Xy dng b ch s qun l TNN C1.5. nh gi h sinh thi Pht trin, s dng ti nguyn v tc ng ca con ngi C2.1. Quy hoch tng hp TNN quc gia C2.2. Quy hoch qun l lu vc sng C2.3. Quy hoch qun l nc di t C2.4. Quy hoch qun l vng ven bin C2.5. nh gi v qun l ri ro C2.6. nh gi tc ng mi trng A2.2. Th ch cho cht lng nc A2.3. Ci t chnh sch hin c Cc ngun ti chnh p ng nhu cu v nc A3.1. Cc chnh sch u t A3.2. S la chn 1: ngun ti tr A3.3. S la chn 2: cc khon vay B1.7. Nng cao nng lc ngnh nc B1.8. Vai tr ca khi t nhn B1.9. Cc t chc dn s x hi v cng ng B1.10. Chnh quyn a phng Cc cng c tng cng k nng B2.1. Nng lc tham gia v vic phn quyn trong cc t chc dn s x hi B2.2. Tp hun tng cng nng lc v TNN B2.3. Nng lc chung C2.7. nh gi tc ng x hi C2.8. nh gi hiu qu kinh t Cc cng c cn bng nc C3.1. Hiu qu s dng c nng cao C3.2. Ti ch v ti s dng C3.3. Hiu qu cung cp c nng cao Cc cng c tc ng ti x hi C4.1. Chng trnh gio dc v qun l TNN C4.2. Truyn thng ti cc bn lin quan C4.3. Thng tin v s minh bch nhm nng cao nhn thc cng ng Cc cng c qun l xung t C5.1. Qun l xung t C5.2. Chia s quy hoch chin lc C5.3. Xy dng s thng nht gia cc bn lin quan

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Ti liu tham kho

Bo co iu tra v sinh mi trng ton quc 2006, Cc Y t d phng, B Y t; Bo co hin trng ngnh nh gi c lp ca UNICEF v cc nh ti tr v cp nc, v sinh v sc khe nng thn Vit Nam, UNICEF Vit Nam 2005; Bo co phn tch tnh hnh tr em Vit Nam, UNICEF Vit Nam 2010; Bo co tnh hnh v sinh mi trng trong trng hc v mt s a im cng cng Vit Nam, B Y t v UNICEF Vit Nam 2007; Bo co Y t Vit Nam, B Y t 2006; Briscoe, J. 1996. Water as an Economic Good: The Idea and What It Means in Practice. Paper presented at the World Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. Cairo; iu tra cc mc tiu tr em v ph n - MICS, Tng cc thng k v UNICEF Vit Nam 2006; France 24, 2011. Tens of thousands flee Bangkok floods. [Online, 28 October]. Available at: http://www.france24.com [Accessed 23 October 2011] Global Water Partnership (GWP), 2008. Tool-Box [online]. Available at: http://www.gwptoolbox.org/ [Accessed 3 July 2011]. GS.TS L Vn Khoa, Vin T vn pht trin CODE 2011 Hanemann . W. M., 2008. The economic conception of water. University of California. Berkeley, USA University of California. Berkeley, USA Literal Latin American Voice, 2011. People do not Only Consume Water when they Drink it or Take a Shower. Available at: http://www.literalmagazine.com/es/archiveL21allan.php?section=hive&lang=arces [Accessed 23 October 2011] Nguyn Hin L, 2006. Khng T. Nh Xut Bn Vn ha Thng tin Nc khi ngun ca s sng, CAPAS 2011 SIWI, 2008. Virtual Water Innovator Receives Stockholm Water Prize. Stockholm International Water Institute, [Online, 21 August]. Available at: http://www.siwi.org/sa/node.asp?node=344 [Accessed 23 October 2011] Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc, 2002 Tm tt iu tra thc trng v sinh mi trng v v sinh c nhn nng thn Vit Nam, B Y t v UNICEF 2007 UNESCO, 2011. World Water Assessment Program. Facts and Figures. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/ [Accessed 6 Nov 2011]. University of Twente, 2011. Water Engineering and Management: Organization - Arjen Hoskstra. University of Twente. Available at: http://www.utwente.nl/ctw/wem/organisatie/medewerkers/hoekstra/arjen_hoekstra.doc/ [Accessed 23 October 2011] Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to (http://www.ihr.org.vn) Water Security, 2011. The roles of water footprint. Available at: http://www.watersecurity.co.uk/the-water-footprint/ [Accessed 22 Nov 2011]. Website ca Vin Kho c hc, thuc Vin Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam (http://khaocohoc.gov.vn) WFN, 2011. Water Footprint Introduction. Water Foot Network. Available at: http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home [Accessed 23 October 2011] World Trade Organization, 2010. The relation between international trade and freshwater scarcity. Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr10_forum_e/wtr10_hoekstra_e.htm [Accessed 22 Nov 2011]. 107

D n Nng cao nng lc nh gi v qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam (VIE 0703411) l D n 4 nm (bt u t thng 11 nm 2008), theo phng thc NEX (quc gia iu hnh), do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (B TN&MT) thc hin v BTC (C quan Hp tc K thut B) h tr v k thut v ti chnh. D n c trin khai cp quc gia (do Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc - Cc QLTNN - B TN&MT) v cp tnh (do cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng - S TN&MT). D n c th im ti 7 tnh: H Nam, Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Bnh nh, Ph Yn v Ninh Thun. Mc tiu tng th ca D n l tng cng th ch v nng cao nng lc ca cc c quan thuc B TN&MT v cc S TN&MT lin quan nhm h tr cng tc iu tra v qun l ti nguyn n c cp quc gia v a phng, phc v qu trnh pht trin mt cch hiu qu, t c cc Mc tiu pht trin quc gia (VDGs). Cc mc tiu c th ca D n: 1) Ci thin cng tc quy hoch ti nguyn nc; 2) Ci thin cng tc bo v ti nguyn nc; 3) Nng cao thc cng ng v bo v ti nguyn nc; v 4) Nng cao nng lc ca i ng cn b ca B TN&MT/ cc S TN&MT trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc.

D n Nng cao nng lc nh gi v qun l ti nguyn nc Vit Nam (CAPAS) Cc Qun l Ti nguyn Nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, S 68, ph Bi Th Xun, H Ni, Vit Nam

Tn D n: Tng cng nng lc quy hoch v iu tra nc ngm ti cc khu th Vit Nam (Tn ngn gn: "Tng cng Bo v Nc ngm ti Vit Nam" (IGPVN)) Nh ti tr: B Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t Lin bang, c (BMZ), CHLB c i tc: Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra Ti nguyn nc (TTQHTTNN), B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (B TNMT) Thi gian: 5 nm chia thnh 2 giai on Giai on 1: Thng 6 nm 2009 n thng 12 nm 2010 Giai on 2: Thng 1 nm 2011 n thng 6 nm 2014

Vng thc hin D n: H Ni, H Nam, Nam nh, Qung Ngi v Sc Trng. Tng kinh ph ca d n: 3.219.679 Euro, trong : Ngun vn H tr pht trin (ODA) khng hon li ca CHLB c: 3.100.000 Euro Ngun vn i ng ca Vit Nam: 2.637.313.512 VND, tng ng 119.679 Euro

D n Tng cng Bo v nc ngm ti Vit Nam (IGPVN) 108 Trung tm Quy hoch iu tra Ti nguyn nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, S 93, Ng 95, Ph V Xun Thiu, Phng Si ng, Qun Long Bin, H Ni, Vit Nam