Problem 7.

4
Problem 7.5



Nondimensionalizing the velocity, pressure, spatial measures, and time:


L
V
t t
L
r
r
L
x
x
p
p
p
V
u
u = = =

= = * * * * *


Hence


* * * * * t
V
L
t r D r x L x p p p u V u = = = = =



Substituting into the governing equation

*
*
*
1
*
* 1
*
* 1 1
*
*
2
2
2
r
u
r
r
u
D
V
x
p
L
p
t
u
L
V
V
t
u

The final dimensionless equation is

*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
2
2
r
u
r
r
u
D
L
V D x
p
V
p
t
u

The dimensionless groups are

D
L
V D
V
p

Problem 7.6













Recall that the total acceleration is


V V
t
V
Dt
V D
r r
r r
+

=


Nondimensionalizing the velocity vector, pressure, angular velocity, spatial measure, and
time, (using a typical velocity magnitude V and angular velocity magnitude ):


L
V
t t
L
x
x
p
p
p
V
V
V = =

= = * * * * *
r
r
r
r



Hence


* * * * * t
V
L
t x L x p p p V V V = = = = =
r r r r



Substituting into the governing equation


*
1
* * 2 * * *
*
*
p
L
p
V V V V
L
V
V
t
V
L
V
V

= + +

r r r r
r






The final dimensionless equation is


* * 2 * * *
*
*
2
p
V
p
V
V
L
V V
t
V

+ +

r r r r
r



The dimensionless groups are


V
L
V
p
2

The second term on the left of the governing equation is the Coriolis force due to a
rotating coordinate system. This is a very significant term in atmospheric studies, leading
to such phenomena as geostrophic flow.
Problem 7.7
Problem 7.8


Given: That drag depends on speed, air density and frontal area

Find: How drag force depend on speed


Apply the Buckingham procedure

c F V A n = 4 parameters



d Select primary dimensions M, L, t


e
2
3 2
L
L
M
t
L
t
ML
A V F
r = 3 primary dimensions


f V A m = r = 3 repeat parameters



g Then n m = 1 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,


( )
0 0 0
2
2
3
1
t L M
t
ML
L
L
M
t
L
F A V
c
b a
c b a
=

=
=







Summing exponents,


2 0 2 :
1 0 1 2 3 :
1 0 1 :
= =
= = + +
= = +
a a t
c c b a L
b b M


Hence

A V
F
2
1

=



h Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions


[ ] 1
2
2
2
4
2
1
= =
L
t
L
L
Ft
F



The relation between drag force F and speed V must then be


2 2
V A V F


The drag is proportional to the square of the speed.
Problem 7.10
Problem 7.11
Problem 7.12
Problem 7.13
Problem 7.14
Problem 7.15
Problem 7.16
Problem 7.17 (In Excel)
Given: That drain time depends on fluid viscosity and density, orifice diameter, and gravity
Find: Functional dependence of t on other variables
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 5
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 2
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d
M L t
1 -3
g 1 -2
d 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
t 0 0 1 1 -1 -1

1
:
a =
0
2
:
a =
-1
b = 0.5 b = -0.5
c =
-0.5
c =
-1.5
The following groups from Example Problem 7.1 are not used:
M L t M L t
0 0 0 0 0 0

3
:
a =
0
4
:
a =
0
b = 0 b = 0
c =
0
c =
0
Hence and with






The final result is
d
g
t =
1
3 2
2
2
3
2
1
2
gd
d g

=
( )
2 1
= f

=
3 2
2
gd
f
g
d
t

Problem 7.18
Problem 7.19
Problem 7.20
Problem 7.21
Problem 7.22
Problem 7.23
Problem 7.24 (In Excel)
Given: That dot size depends on ink viscosity, density, and surface tension, and geometry
Find: groups
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 7
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 4
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , V, D
M L t
1 -3
V 1 -1
D 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
d 0 1 0 1 -1 -1

1
:
a =
0
2
:
a =
-1
b = 0 b = -1
c =
-1
c =
-1
M L t M L t
1 0 -2 L 0 1 0

3
:
a =
-1
4
:
a =
0
b = -2 b = 0
c =
-1
c =
-1
Note that groups
1
and
4
can be obtained by inspection
Hence
D
d
=
1

VD
VD
=
2
D V
2
3

=
D
L
=
4
Problem 7.25
Problem 7.26 (In Excel)
Given: Bubble size depends on viscosity, density, surface tension, geometry and pressure
Find: groups
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 6
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 3
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , p , D
M L t
1 -3
p 1 -1 -2
D 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
d 0 1 0 1 -1 -1

1
:
a =
0
2
:
a =
-0.5
b = 0 b = -0.5
c =
-1
c =
-1
M L t M L t
1 0 -2 0 0 0

3
:
a =
0
4
:
a =
0
b = -1 b = 0
c =
-1
c =
0
Note that the
1
group can be obtained by inspection
Hence
D
d
=
1 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
pD
D p

p D
=

3
Problem 7.27 (In Excel)
Given: Speed depends on mass, area, gravity, slope, and air viscosity and thickness
Find: groups
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 7
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 4
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose g , , m
M L t
g 1 -2
1
m 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
V 0 1 -1 1 -1 -1

1
:
a =
-0.5
2
:
a =
-0.5
b = -0.5 b = 1.5
c =
0
c =
-1
M L t M L t
0 0 0 A 0 2 0

3
:
a =
0
4
:
a =
0
b = 0 b = -2
c =
0
c =
0
Note that the
1
,
3
and
4
groups can be obtained by inspection
Hence

g
V
g
V
2
2
1
2
1
1
=
g m
m g
2
3 2
2
1
2
3
2

= =
3 2
4

A
=
Problem 7.28 (In Excel)
Given: Time to speed up depends on inertia, speed, torque, oil viscosity and geometry
Find: groups
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 8
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 5
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , D, T
M L t
-1
D 1
T 1 2 -2
GROUPS:
Two groups can be obtained by inspection: /D and L/D. The others are obtained below
M L t M L t
t 0 0 1 1 -1 -1

1
:
a =
1
2
:
a =
1
b = 0 b = 3
c =
0
c =
-1
M L t M L t
I 1 2 0 0 0 0

3
:
a =
2
4
:
a =
0
b = 0 b = 0
c =
-1
c =
0
Note that the
1
group can also be easily obtained by inspection
Hence the

groups are





t
D

T
D
3

T
I
2

D
L
Problem 7.29
Problem 7.30
Problem 7.31
Problem 7.32
Problem 7.33
Problem 7.34
Problem 7.35


Given: That the cooling rate depends on rice properties and air properties


Find: The groups


Apply the Buckingham procedure

dT/dt c k L c
p
V n = 8 parameters



Select primary dimensions M, L, t and T (temperature)




t
L
Lt
M
L
M
T t
L
L
T t
ML
T t
L
t
T
V c L k c dt dT
p
3 2
2
2 2
2

r = 4 primary dimensions



V L c
p
m = r = 4 repeat parameters



Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result.


By inspection, one group is c/c
p





Setting up a dimensional equation,


( )
0 0 0 0
2
2
3
1
t L M T
t
T
T t
L
L
L
M
t
L
dt
dT
c L V
d
c
b a
d
p
c b a
=

=
=



Summing exponents,

3 0 1 2 :
1 2 0 2 3 :
0 0 :
1 0 1 :
= =
= = + = + +
= =
= = +
a d a t
c c a d c b a L
b b M
d d T



Hence


3
1
V
Lc
dt
dT p
=


By a similar process, find

p
c L
k
2
2

=

and

LV

=
3



Hence

=
LV
c L
k
c
c
f
V
Lc
dt
dT
p
p
p

, ,
2 3


Problem 7.36
Problem 7.37
Problem 7.38
Problem 7.39
V
w
6.9
m
s
=
V
w
V
air

w

air

air

L
air
L
w
= V
air

w

air

air

w
L
ratio
= 5
m
s

10
3
1.8 10
5

1.24
999

20 =
Then

w
V
w
L
w

air
V
air
L
air

air
= For dynamic similarity we assume
F
w
2 kN = L
ratio
20 = V
air
5
m
s
= The given data is

w
10
3
N s
m
2
=
w
999
kg
m
3
=

air
1.8 10
5

N s
m
2
=
air
1.24
kg
m
3
= From Appendix A (inc. Fig. A.2)
Solution
Find: Required water model water speed; drag on protype based on model drag
Given: Model scale for on balloon
Problem 7.40
For the same Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficients will be the same so
F
air
1
2

air
A
air
V
air
2

F
w
1
2

w
A
w
V
w
2

=
where
A
air
A
w
L
air
L
w

2
= L
ratio
2
=
Hence the prototype drag is
F
air
F
w

air

w
L
ratio
2

V
air
V
w

2
= 2000 N
1.24
999

20
2

5
6.9

2
=
F
air
522N =
Problem 7.41
Problem 7.42
Problem 7.43
Problem 7.44
Problem 7.45
Problem 7.46
Problem 7.47
Problem 7.48
Problem 7.49
Problem 7.50
Problem 7.51
V
m
0.125
m
s
= V
m
V
insect
L
insect
L
m
= V
insect
L
ratio
= 1.25
m
s

1
10
=
Hence

insect
L
insect

V
insect

m
L
m

V
m
=
V
insect
L
insect

air
V
m
L
m

air
=
For dynamic similarity the following dimensionless groups must be the same in the insect and m
L
ratio
1
10
= V
insect
1.25
m
s
=
insect
50Hz = The given data is

air
1.5 10
5

m
2
s
=
air
1.24
kg
m
3
= From Appendix A (inc. Fig. A.3)
Solution
Find: Required model speed and oscillation frequency
Given: 10-times scale model of flying insect
Problem 7.52
Also
m

insect
V
m
V
insect

L
insect
L
m
=
insect
V
m
V
insect
L
ratio
= 50 Hz
0.125
1.25

1
10
=

m
0.5 Hz =
It is unlikely measurable wing lift can be measured at such a low wing frequency (unless the
measured lift was averaged, using an integrator circuit). Maybe try hot air for the model
For hot air try
hot
2 10
5

m
2
s
= instead of
air
1.5 10
5

m
2
s
=
Hence
V
insect
L
insect

air
V
m
L
m

hot
=
V
m
V
insect
L
insect
L
m

hot

air
= 1.25
m
s

1
10

2
1.5
= V
m
0.167
m
s
=
Also
m

insect
V
m
V
insect

L
insect
L
m
=
insect
V
m
V
insect
L
ratio
= 50 Hz
0.167
1.25

1
10
=

m
0.67 Hz =
Hot air does not improve things much
Finally, try modeling in water
w
9 10
7

m
2
s
=
Hence
V
insect
L
insect

air
V
m
L
m

w
=
V
m
V
insect
L
insect
L
m

air
= 1.25
m
s

1
10

9 10
7

1.5 10
5

= V
m
0.0075
m
s
=
Also
m

insect
V
m
V
insect

L
insect
L
m
=
insect
V
m
V
insect
L
ratio
= 50 Hz
0.0075
1.25

1
10
=

m
0.03 Hz =
This is even worse! It seems the best bet is hot (very hot) air for the wind tunnel.
Problem 7.53
Problem 7.54
Problem 7.55
Problem 7.56
Problem 7.57
Problem 7.58
Problem 7.59
Problem 7.60
k
m
1
2
A
m
C
D
= and k
p
1
2
A
p
C
D
= where
F
m
k
m
V
m
2
= and F
p
k
p
V
p
2
= or
F
m
1
2
A
m
C
D
V
m
2
= and F
p
1
2
A
p
C
D
V
p
2
= We have
The problem we have is that we do not know the area that can be used for the entire
model or prototype (we only know their chords).
C
D
F
p
1
2
A
p
V
p
2

=
F
m
1
2
A
m
V
m
2

=
For high Reynolds number, the drag coefficient of model and prototype agree
Solution
Find: Plot of lift vs speed of model; also of prototype
Given: Data on model of aircraft
Problem 7.62
Note that the area ratio A
p
/A
m
is given by (L
p
/L
m
)
2
where L
p
and L
m
are length scales,
e.g., chord lengths. Hence
k
p
A
p
A
m
k
m
=
L
p
L
m

2
k
m
=
5
0.15

2
k
m
= 1110 k
m
=
We can use Excel's Trendline analysis to fit the data of the model to find k
m
, and then
find k
p
from the above equation to use in plotting the prototype lift vs velocity curve. This
is done in the corresponding Excel workbook
An alternative and equivalent approach would be to find the area-drag coefficient A
m
C
D
for the
model and use this to find the area-drag coefficient A
p
C
D
for the prototype.
Problem 7.62 (In Excel)
Given: Data on model of aircraft
Find: Plot of lift vs speed of model; also of prototype
Solution
V
m
(m/s) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
F
m
(N) 2.2 4.8 8.7 13.3 19.6 26.5 34.5 43.8 54.0
This data can be fit to
From the trendline, we see that
k
m
=
N/(m/s)
2
(And note that the power is 1.9954 or 2.00 to three signifcant
figures, confirming the relation is quadratic)
Also, k
p
= 1110 k
m
Hence,
k
p
= 24.3
N/(m/s)
2
F
p
= k
p
V
m
2
0.0219
F
m
1
2
A
m
C
D
V
m
2
=
or F
m
k
m
V
m
2
=
V
p
(m/s) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
F
p
(kN)
(Trendline)
137 243 380 547 744 972 1231 1519
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model
y = 0.0219x
1.9954
R
2
= 0.9999
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
V
m
(m/s)
F
m

(
N
)
Model
Power Curve Fit
Lift vs Speed for an
Airplane Prototype
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
V
p
(m/s)
F
p

(
k
N
)
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model
(Log-Log Plot)
y = 0.0219x
1.9954
R
2
= 0.9999
1
10
100
10 100
V
m
(m/s)
F
m

(
N
)
Model
Power Curve Fit
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Prototype (Log-Log
Plot)
1
10
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000
V
p
(m/s)
F
p

(
k
N
)
Problem 7.63
Problem 7.64 (In Excel)
Given: Data on centrifugal water pump
Find: groups; plot pressure head vs flow rate for range of speeds
Solution
We will use the workbook of Example Problem 7.1, modified for the current problem
The number of parameters is: n = 5
The number of primary dimensions is: r = 3
The number of repeat parameters is: m = r = 3
The number of groups is: n - m = 2
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of
the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d
M L t
1 -3
-1
D 1
GROUPS:
M L t M L t
p 1 -1 -2 Q 0 3 -1

1
:
a =
-1
2
:
a =
0
b = -2 b = -1
c = -2 c = -3
The following groups from Example Problem 7.1 are not used:
M L t M L t
0 0 0 0 0 0

3
:
a =
0
4
:
a =
0
b = 0 b = 0
c = 0 c = 0
The data is
Q (m
3
/hr)
0 100 150 200 250 300 325 350
p (kPa) 361 349 328 293 230 145 114 59
= 999 kg/m
3
= 750 rpm
D = 1 m (D is not given; use D = 1 m as a scale)
Q/(D
3
) 0.00000 0.000354 0.000531 0.000707 0.000884 0.00106 0.00115 0.00124
p /(
2
D
2
) 0.0586 0.0566 0.0532 0.0475 0.0373 0.0235 0.0185 0.00957
Centifugal Pump Data and Trendline
y = -42371x
2
+ 13.399x + 0.0582
R
2
= 0.9981
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014
Q/(D
3
)

p
/
(

2
D
2
)
Pump Data
Parabolic Fit
Hence and with 1 = f(2).



Based on the plotted data, it looks like the relation between 1 and 2 may be parabolic


Hence



2 2
1
D
p

=
3
2
D
Q

=
2
3 3 2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =

D
Q
c
D
Q
b a
D
p

From the Trendline analysis
a = 0.0582
b = 13.4
c = -42371
and
Finally, data at 500 and 1000 rpm can be calculated and plotted
= 500 rpm
Q (m
3
/hr)
0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250
p (kPa) 159 162 161 156 146 115 68 4
= 1000 rpm
Q (m
3
/hr)
0 25 50 100 175 250 300 350
p (kPa) 638 645 649 644 606 531 460 374

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
3 3
2 2
D
Q
c
D
Q
b a D p

Centifugal Pump Curves

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Q (m
3
/hr)
p

(
k
P
a
)
Pump Data at 750 rpm
Pump Curve at 500 rpm
Pump Curve at 1000 rpm
Problem 7.65
Problem 7.66
Problem 7.68
Problem 7.69
Problem 7.70
Problem 7.71
Problem 7.72