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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Chng I: DAO NG C HC
I - I CNG V DAO NG IU HO
T: chu k; f: tn s; x: li ; v: vn tc; a: gia tc; g: gia tc trng trng; A: bin dao ng; ( t + ): pha dao ng; : pha ban u; : tc gc; 1. Phng trnh dao ng x Acos t 2 1 - Chu k: T (s) - Tn s: f (Hz) T 2 - Nu vt thc hin -c N dao ng trong thi gian t th: t N . T v f N t 2. Phng trnh vn tc v x' A sin t - x = 0 (VTCB) th vn tc cc i: v max - x A (bin) th v 0 3. Phng trnh gia tc 2 a v' A cos t - x = A th amax - x = 0 th
2

A
v sm pha a sm pha hn x; hn v;

a 0
2 2

Ghi ch: Lin h v pha:

a ngc pha vi x.

4. H thc c lp thi gian gia x, v v a - Gia x v v: A 2


2 - Gia v v a: vmax

x2 A

v2
2
2

v2
2

a2
2

- Gia a v x:

x
1

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

5. Cc lin h khc - Tc gc: - Tnh bin

a max v max

L 2

S 4n

vmax

amax
2

2 vmax amax

2W k

x2

v2
2

v2
2

a2

6. Tm pha ban u
v<0 = + 2/3

v<0 = + /2

v<0 = + /3

v<0 = + 3/4 v<0 = + 5/6

v<0 = + /4
v<0 = + /6

v=0 =0 v=0 =

A
v>0 = -5/6

3 2

2 2

A 2

A 2

2 A 3 2 2
A 3 2

A
v>0 = - /6

v>0 = - 3/4

v>0 = - /4

v>0 = - 2/3

v>0 = - /2

v>0 = - /3

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

6. Thi gian ngn nht vt i t: + x1 n x2 (gi s x1 x2 ):

cos
t
2 1

vi

cos
+ x1 n x2 (gi s x1
2 1

x1 A x2 A

x2 ):

cos
t
vi

cos
7. Vn tc trung bnh - tc trung bnh

x1 A x2 A

S t - di x trong n chu k bng 0; qung ng vt i c trong n chu k bng S x - Vn tc trung bnh v . t


- Tc trung bnh v 8. Tnh qung ng vt i c trong thi gian t

4nA .

cos

-A

A 2

0 T/12 T/8

A 2

A 2 2

A 3 2

+A

T/4

T/6 T/8

T/6 T/12 * Phng php chung tm qung ng i trong khong thi gian no ta cn xc nh: - V tr vt lc t = 0 v chiu chuyn ng ca vt lc ; - Chia thi gian t thnh cc khong nh: nT; nT/2; nT/4; nT/8; nT/6; T/12 vi n l s nguyn; 3

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

- Tm qung ng s1; s2; s3; tng ng vi cc qung thi gian nu trn v cng li Tnh qung ng ngn nht v b nht vt i c trong khong thi T gian t vi 0 t 2 Nguyn tc: + Vt i c qung ng -A - x0 O x0 +A di nht khi li im u v im cui c gi tr i nhau smax Qung ng di nht: Smax + Vt i c qung ng ngn nht khi li im u v im cui c gi tr bng nhau

2 A sin

t 2
O x0 +A

-A - x0

smin
Qung ng ngn nht: Smin Trng hp t

Smin

2 A 1 cos

t 2 t T : 2

T th ta tch t 2

T 2

N * v 0

+ Qung ng ln nht: Smax + Qung ng nh nht: Smin

2nA 2 A sin

t 2
t 2

2nA 2 A 1 cos

+ Tc trung bnh ln nht trong thi gian t: vtbmax + Tc trung bnh nh nht trong thi gian t: vtb min

Smax t Smin t

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

II - CON LC L XO
l : bin dng ca l xo khi vt cn bng; k: cng ca l xo (N/m); l0 : chiu di t nhin ca l xo 1. Cng thc c bn k g - Tn s gc: ; m l mg g + Con lc l xo treo thng ng: l ; 2 k + t con lc trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st: mg sin l k 2 m T 2 2 - p dng cng thc v chu k v tn s: k
f 1 T 1 2 k m 1 2

l g g l

2. Chiu di cc i v cc tiu ca l xo + dao ng thng ng: l min l0 l A

l max l0 l + dao ng phng ngang: lmin l0 A


lmax
3.Ghp l xo. - Ghp ni tip:

lmax lmin 2

l0

1 k

1 k1

1 k2

...

1 kn

- Ghp song song: k k1 k 2 ... k n - Gi T1 v T2 l chu k khi treo m vo ln lt 2 l xo k1 v k2 th:


T

+ Khi ghp k1 ni tip k2:

T12 1 f12

T22 1 f 22

1 f2

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

f12 1 T12

f 22 1 T22

+ Khi ghp k1 song song k2:

1 T2

- Gi T1 v T2 l chu k khi treo m1 v m2 ln lt vo l xo k th: + Khi treo vt m

m1

m2 th: T

T12 T12

T22 T22

+ Khi treo vt m m1 m2 th: T 4. Ct l xo - Ct l xo c cng k, chiu di l 0 thnh nhiu on c chiu di l1 , l 2 , ..., l n c cng

m1

m2

t-ng ng k1 , k 2 , ..., k n lin h nhau theo h thc:

kl0 k1l1 k 2 l 2 ... k n l n . - Nu ct l xo thnh n on bng nhau (cc l xo c cng cng k):

k' nk hay:
5. Lc n hi - lc hi phc Ni dung Gc ti Bn cht ngha v tc dng Cc i Cc tiu V tr bt k Lc hi phuc V tr cn bng

T' f'

T n f n

L xo nm ngang

Lc n hi L xo thng ng A l A < l

V tr l xo cha bin dng Fh = k . ( bin dng) - Gip l xo phc hi hnh dng c - Cn gi l lc ko (hay lc y) ca l xo ln vt (hoc im treo) Fmax = kA Fmin = 0
F= k x

Fhp

Fdh

- Gy ra chuyn ng ca vt - Gip vt tr v VTCB Fmax = kA Fmin = 0


F= k x

Fmax = k(l + A) Fmin = 0 Fmin = k(l A)

F = k(l + x)

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

III - CON LC N
1. Cng thc c bn Di y l bng so snh cc c trng chnh ca hai h dao ng. H dao ng Cu trc Con lc l xo Hn bi m gn vo l xo (k). - Con lc l xo ngang: l xo khng gin - Con lc l xo thng ng mg n dn l k Lc n hi ca l xo: F = - kx x l li di Con lc n Hn bi (m) treo vo u si dy (l). Dy treo thng ng

VTCB

Lc tc dng

Trng lc ca hn bi v lc cng ca dy treo: g F m s s l li cung l

Tn s gc Phng trnh dao ng. C nng

k g = m l x = Acos(t + )

1 2 kA 2

1 m 2

A2

g l s = s0cos(t + ) Hoc = 0cos(t + ) W mgl (1 cos 0 )

1 g 2 m s0 2 l

- Chu k dao ng ca con lc n c chiu di l1 v l2 ln lt l T1 v T2 th: + Chu k ca con lc c chiu di l

l1 l2 : T

T12 T22
T12 T22

+ Chu k ca con lc c chiu di l l1 l2 : T - Lin h gia li di v li gc: s l - H thc c lp thi gian ca con lc n: v 2 2 2 a = - 2s = - 2l; S0 s ( )

l1

l2 .

2 0

v2 gl

2. Lc hi phc 7

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

mg sin

mg

mg

s l

3. Vn tc - lc cng + Khi con lc v tr li gc

vn tc v lc cng tng ng ca vt:

v Tc

2 gl cos mg 3cos

cos

v
0 0

gl mg 1

2 0 2 0

Khi

2 cos

nh:

Tc

3 2
2 0

v 0 + Khi vt bin: Tc mg cos


+ Khi vt qua VTCB:

v
; khi
0
0

0 mg 1 2
0

nh:

Tc

2 gl 1 cos

0 0

; khi

Tc mg 3 2cos

nh:

v Tc

gl
2 0

mg 1

4. Bin thin chu k ca con lc n ph thuc: nhit , su v cao. Thi gian nhanh chm ca ng h vn hnh bng con lc n a.Cng thc c bn * Gi chu k ban u ca con lc l T0 (chu k chy ng), Chu k sau khi thay i l T (chu k chy sai). T T T0 : bin thin chu k. + T 0 ng h chy chm li; + T 0 ng h chy nhanh ln. * Thi gian nhanh chm trong thi gian N (1 ngy m N 24h 86400s ) s bng: T N T N T T0 b. Cc trng hp thng gp T 1 t T0 2 Khi nhit thay i t t1 n t 2 : ( t t2 t1 ) 1 N t 2

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Khi a con lc t cao h1 n cao h2 :

T T0 N

h R h

( h

h2

h1 )

R Khi em vt ln cao h 0 , khi em vt xung cao thp hn h 0 . Ban u vt mt t th h1 0 v h h T h T0 2 R Khi a con lc t su h1 n su h2 : ( h h2 h1 ) N h

2R Khi em vt xung su h h2 h1 0 , khi em vt ln cao hn ban u h 0 . Ban u vt mt t th h1 0 v h h c. Cc trng hp c bit - Khi a con lc mt t (nhit t1 ) ln cao h (nhit t 2 ): T 1 h t T0 2 R Nu ng h vn chy ng so vi di mt t th: T 1 h t 0 T0 2 R - Khi a con lc t tri t ln mt trng (coi chiu di l khng i) th: TT RT M MT TMT RMT M T 5. Con lc n chu tc dng ca lc ph khng i
* Lc ph f gp trong nhiu bi ton l: + Lc qun tnh Fq chiu) + Lc in trng F

ma , ln: Fq

ma , (a l gia tc ca h quy

qE , ln: F q E , q l in tch ca vt, E l cng in trng ni t con lc ( V / m ) Vg . + Lc y Acsimet FA Vg , ln: FA


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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

l khi lng ring ca mi trung vt dao ng, V l th tch vt chim ch l Chu k dao ng trong trng hp ny s l: , T 2 g g ' l gia tc trng trng hiu dng. * Tnh g': f + Trng hp f P : g' g m Lc qun tnh: g' g a Lc in trng: g' g

qE

+ Trng hp f

m f P : g' g m Lc qun tnh: g' g a qE m Vg m


g2 f m
2

Lc in trng: g' g Lc y Acsimt: g' g

+ Trng hp f

P : g'
g2

Lc qun tnh: g ' Lc in trng: g '

a2
qE m
2

g2

Ch : + Trng hp f

P th gc lch ca si dy so vi phng f thng ng c tnh: tan P + Khi con lc n gn trn xe v chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st th VTCB mi ca con lc l si dy lch gc (si dy vung gc vi mt phng nghing) so vi phng thng ng v chu k dao ng ca n l:
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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

T' 2

l g cos

V - NNG LNG DAO NG


-ng nng: Wd - Th nng: Wt

1 2 mv 2

1 m 2

A2 sin 2

1 2 1 kx m 2 A2 cos2 t 2 2 - ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon vi chu k bng 1/2 chu k dao ng iu ho (T = T/2). - Khong thi gian gia 2 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau lin tip l T/4.
W = 0 Wtmax W = 3 W t Wmax Wt = 0 W = W t Wt = 3 W

cos

-A
Vi

A 2

0 T/12 T/8
2

A 2

A 2 2

A 3 2

+A

T/4

T/6 T/8 T/12

W = Wtmax = Wmax = 1/2kA

T/6

1. Con lc l xo (Chn gc th nng ti VTCB) 1 2 1 2 mv ; Th nng: Wt kx - ng nng: W 2 2 1 2 1 - C nng: W W Wt kA m 2 A2 2 2 A + V tr ca vt khi W nWt : x n 1 11

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

+ Vn tc ca vt lc Wt

nW : v

vmax n 1

A n 1

1 k A2 x 2 2 W A2 x 2 + T s ng nng v th nng: Wt x2 2. Con lc n (Chn gc th nng ti VTCB) 1 2 mv ; Th nng: Wt mgl 1 cos - ng nng: W 2 mgl 1 - cos 0 - C nng: W W Wt
+ ng nng khi vt li x: W Khi gc
0

b th: Wt

1 mgl 2

1 mgl 2
0

2 0

+ V tr ca vt khi

nWt : S

S0 n 1 vmax

n 1 S0 n 1
:

+ Vn tc ca vt lc

n 1 + ng nng ca vt khi n li 1 1 2 2 W mgl 0 m 2 2


+ T s ng nng v th nng:

Wt

nW : v

2 S0

S2
2 0 2 2 2 S0

W Wt

S2 S2

VI - TNG HP DAO NG
1. Phng php gin Frexnel - Bi ton: Tng hp 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng: x1 A1 cos t 1 x A cos t x2 A2 cos t 2

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

A
Vi

A12

2 A2

2 A1 A2 cos
1 1

1 2 2

tan

A1 sin A1 cos

A2 sin A2 cos

- Nu bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 A1 cos t 1 v dao ng tng hp x A cos t th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 A2 cos t 2 c xc nh:
2 A2

A2
2

A12 A sin A cos

2 AA1 cos A1 sin A1 cos


2
1 1

tan

(vi

- Nu 2 dao ng thnh phn vung pha th: A

A12

2 A2

2. Tm dao ng tng hp xc nh A v tnh thc hin php cng:

bng cch dng my

+ Vi my FX570ES: Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX. -Chn n v o gc l bm: SHIFT MODE 3 mn hnh hin th ch D (hoc Chn n v gc l Rad bm: SHIFT MODE 4 mn hnh hin th ch R ) -Nhp A1 SHIFT (-) 1, + Nhp A2 SHIFT (-) 2 nhn = hin th kt qu. (Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu: A ) + Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX. Nhp A1 SHIFT (-) 1 + Nhp A2 SHIFT (-) 2 = Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l: + Lu Ch hin th mn hnh kt qu:

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Sau khi nhp ta n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp phn ta n SHIFT = (hoc dng phm SD ) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.

VII - DAO NG TT DN
- Tm tng qung ng S m vt i c cho n khi dng li: 1 2 kA FC S 2 4 FC 4FC - gim bin sau 1 dao ng: , FC l lc cn A k m 2 4 N Nu Fc l lc ma st th : A k A1 k . A1 - S dao ng thc hin c: N ' A 4 FC

kA1 4 N - Thi gian t lc b ma st n khi dng li


Nu Fc l lc ma st th: N '

t = N. T
- Da vo s dao ng thc hin xc nh c s ln qua VTCB ca vt: khi n N ' n,25 (n nguyn) th s ln qua VTCB s l 2n; khi n,25 N ' n,75 th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+1; khi n,75 N ' n 1 th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+2. - V tr ca vt c vn tc cc i:

mg k - Vn tc cc i khi dao ng t c ti v tr x0 :
Fc = Fhp => .m.g = K.x0 => x 0

v0

(A x0 ).

VIII - DAO NG CNG BC. CNG HNG


- Khi vt dao ng cng bc th tn s (chu k) dao ng ca vt bng tn s (chu k) ca ngoi lc.

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

- Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi tn s (chu k) ca ngoi lc bng tn s (chu k) dao ng ring ca h. l Ch : Chu k kch thch T ; l l khong cch ngn nht gia 2 mi v ray tu ha hoc 2 g trn ng ; Vn tc ca xe con lc t trn xe c cng hng: l v lf 0 T0

IX CON LCTRNG PHNG


- xc nh chu k ca 1 con lc l xo (hoc con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi chu k T0 ( bit) ca 1 con lc khc T T0 . - Hai con lc ny gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua 1 v tr xc nh theo cng mt chiu TT0 - Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng: T T0 Ch : + Nu T + Nu T

T0

n 1 T0 n 1T

nT nT0
(vi n

T0

N* )

CHNG II: SNG C HC


I - I CNG V SNG C HC
T: chu k sng; v: vn tc truyn sng; 1. Cc cng thc c bn - Lin h gia , v v T (f): v : bc sng

- Qung ng sng truyn i c trong thi gian t: S

vt

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

- Vn tc truyn sng bit qung ng sng truyn c trong thi gian t S l S: v t d - Khong cch gia n gn li lin tip l d th: n 1 t T - n ngn sng i qua trc mt trong thi gian t th: n 1 t - Phao nh cao n ln trong thi gian t th: T n 1 2. Phng trnh sng - Sng truyn t N qua O v n M, gi s biu thc Sng ti O c dng: u 0 A cos( t ) , th:

uM

A cos( t

2 x

uN

A cos( t

2 x'

- lch pha ca 2 im trn phng truyn sng cch nhau mt on d:


2 d

k2

hay hay d

d
2k 1

2 im dao ng cng pha

2 im dao ng ngc pha 2 - lch pha ca cng mt im ti cc thi im khc nhau: t 2 t1

2k 1

- Cho phng trnh sng l u tc:

A cos( t kx) sng ny truyn vi vn

Ch : C nhng bi ton cn lp phng trnh sng ti 1 im theo iu kin ban u m h chn th ta lp phng trnh sng ging nh phn lp phng trnh dao ng iu ha.

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

II GIAO THOA SNG


Gn li Gn lm

M
d1 d2

/2

C bc 0 (k=0)

CT th 1 (k=0)

C bc 1 k=1

CT th 2 ( k=1)

1. Phng trnh sng tng hp ti mt im * Trng hp tng qut: Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun u1 Acos(2 ft 1 ) v u2 Acos(2 ft 2) Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti: d d u1M Acos(2 ft 2 1 Acos(2 ft 2 2 1 ) v u2 M 2) Phng trnh sng ti M: d d uM 2 A cos[ 2 1 Bin dao ng ti M: d d1 AM 2 A cos[ 2

] cos 2 ft

d1 d2

vi

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

2.Tm s im dao ng cc i, s im dao ng cc tiu gia hai ngun:


Cng thc tng qut * S cc i: * S cc tiu:

l 2

l 2 l 1 2
= =2k
Z)
1 2 (k Z)

(k

Z)

1 k 2 2 Ta xt cc trng hp sau y: a. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:


* S Cc i: * S Cc tiu:
l
l

(k

Z)

k
1 2 l k

(k
l -

Hay

0,5

(k

Z)

b. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: ==(2k+1) l 1 l 1 * S Cc i: k (k Z) 2 2 l l k 0,5 (k Z) Hay * S Cc tiu:

(k

Z)

c. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha: (S cc i= S cc tiu) l 1 l k * S Cc i: 4 l 1 l k * S Cc tiu: 4 l l k 0, 25 Hay

=(2k+1) /2

1 4 1 4 (k

(k (k Z)

Z) Z)

Nhn xt: s im cc i v cc tiu trn on AB l bng nhau nn c th dng 1 cng thc l

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

3. Tm s cc i , cc tiu ngoi on thng ni 2 ngun


' d2

d1'

d2

d1

' (gi s d 2 d1 d 2 d1' ) - Xc nh s im (s ng) cc tiu trn on AB (cng pha so vi ng thng 0102) l s nghim k nguyn tha mn biu thc:

d 2 d1 1 1 k 2 2 ' ' (gi s d 2 d1 d 2 d1 ) Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N. t dM = d1M - d2M ; dN = d1N - d2N v gi s dM < dN. + Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: dM < k < dN Cc tiu: dM < (k+0,5) < dN + Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i: dM < (k+0,5) < dN Cc tiu: dM < k < dN S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm. + Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:

' d2

d1'

III SNG DNG


- Bin ca sng ti v sng phn x l A th bin dao ng ca bng sng a =2A. - B rng ca bng sng l: L = 4A. - Vn tc cc i ca mt im bng sng trn dy: vmax = 2A - Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l: d d uM Acos(2 ft 2 ) v u 'M Acos(2 ft 2 ) - Phng trnh sng dng ti M: uM

uM

u 'M

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

uM

2 Acos(2

d 2

)cos(2 ft

Ch : Khong thi gian gia 2 ln lin tip si dy dui thng l T/2. Khong cch gia 2 nt lin k bng khong cch 2 bng lin k v bng . 2 Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng k

2 Asin(2

)cos(2 ft

.
2

- iu kin c sng dng trn si dy n hi: + C 2 u c nh:

(k

N* )

S nt trn dy l k 1 ; s bng trn dy l k + C mt u c nh, mt u t do: l (k 4 S nt trn dy l k 1 ; s bng trn dy l k 1

2k 1

N)

IV SNG M
1. i cng v sng m - V sng m cng l sng c nn cc cng thc ca sng c c th p dng cho sng m. - Vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi, mt v nhit ca mi trng. Biu thc vn tc trong khng kh ph thuc nhit : v v0 1 t v0 l vn tc truyn m 0 0 C ; v l vn tc truyn m t0C; 2. Cc bi ton v to ca m - Mc cng m k hiu l L, n v l ben (B) : - Nu dng n v xiben th : L dB

1 -1 K 273
lg I I0

L B

10 lg

I ; I0

1B 10dB

Vi I l cng m (n v W/m2 , I0 l cng m chun, I 0 10-12 W/m 2 . 3. Cc bi ton v cng sut ca ngun m

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

P IS 4 r 2 .I - Cng sut ca ngun m ng hng: (S l din tch ca mt cu c bn knh r bng khong cch gia tm ngun m n v tr ta ang xt, I l cng m ti im ta xt) - I A , I B l cng m ca cc im A, B cch ngun m nhng khong
rA, rB th:

IA IB

rB2 2 rA

I1 A12 - Mi lin h gia cng m v bin ca sng m: 2 I 2 A2 - Khi cng m tng (gim) k ln th mc cng m tng (gim) N lg k (B) v N 10 lg k (dB). + Trng hp k 10n N n (B) hoc N 10n (dB)
4. Giao thoa sng m Giao thoa sng sng dng p dng cho: + Dy n c 2 u c nh: v m c bn: f 0 (cn gi l ha m bc 1) 2l ho m bc 2 l : f2 = 2f0;
ha m bc 3 l : f3 = 3f0 + ng so: H mt u: m c bn f 0 bc n: f n

n.

v 2l

v (cn gi l ha m bc 1); 4l 2n 1 v . 4l

ho m bc 3 l f3 = 3f0; f5 = 5f0 bc n: f n H 2 u: m c bn f 0

v ; 2l n.

v . 2l Ch : i vi ng so h 1 u, u kn s l 1 nt, u h s l bng sng nu m nghe to nht v s l nt nu m nghe b nht


ho m f1 = 2f0; f1 = 3f0 ; f bc n: f n

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

CHNG III: DNG IN XOAY CHIU


I. I CNG V IN XOAY CHIU
1. Sut in ng xoay chiu - Chu k v tn s quay ca khung: T
2 ; f 1 T 2

- Biu thc ca t thng qua khung dy: NBS cos t 0 cos t


NBS : T thng cc i gi qua khung dy. - Biu thc ca sut in ng xut hin trong khung dy dn:
0

NBS sin t

E0 sin t

NBS vi E 0 0 : Sut in ng cc i xut hin trong khung. 2. in p (hiu in th) xoay chiu. Dng in xoay chiu - Hiu in th xoay chiu: u U0 cos( t u ) (V)
- Dng in xoay chiu: i

I 0 cos( t

) (A)

i lng u i gi l lch pha ca u so vi i. + Nu 0 th u sm pha so vi i mt gc + Nu 0 th u tr pha so vi i + Nu Ch : + Nu c mt in p xoay chiu (in p cc i l U 0 ) c t vo hai u bng n non m n ch sng ln mi khi in p u ln hn mt gi tr no u1 u U 0 th trong mt chu k n sng ln 2 ln v tt i 2 ln. Trong mt giy n sng ln hoc tt i 2f ln. + Cc my o ch cc gi tr hiu dng ca cc i l-ng 3. Cc gi tr hiu dng I

0 th u cng (ng) pha so vi i.

I0 2

;U

U0 2

,E

E0 2
I 2 Rt

4. Cc cng thc khc - Tnh nhit l-ng ta ra trn in tr thun theo cng thc: Q

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

(I l gi tr hiu dng ca dng in chy qua R trong thi gian t ). - in tr ca on dy dn ng cht, tit din u c chiu di l l , l in tr sut , din tch tit din l S: R ; S - Mt khi cht c khi lng m, nhit dung ring l c
J kg.K

nhn nhit

lng Q tng nhit t t1 n t 2 , th: Q mc t 2 t1 - in lng chuyn qua tit din ca dy dn trong khong thi gian t t1 n t 2 :
t2

t2

q
t1

dq
t1

idt

5. Dng in xoay chiu trong mch ch c in tr thun R; ch c cun dy thun cm L v ch c t in C nh lut m Tr khng lch pha (u v i) Gin vc t Ch c R U 0R I 0 R , Ch c L U 0L I 0 Z L , Ch c C I0ZC ,

U 0C UC

UR

IR R

UL
ZL

IZ L
L

IZ C

u i = 0

u i = + /2

1 C u i = - /2 ZC

Lin h gia u v i:

u U0

i I0

u2 U 02

i2 I 02

u2 U 02

i2 I 02

II. MCH R, L, C MC NI TIP.CNG HNG IN


1. Cc cng thc c bn

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Cc mt
Dng mch

Mch RLC

Mch RL

Mch RC

Mch LC

Vect quay

Tng tr

Z= Z = R 2 (Z L Z C ) 2 Z=

Z
ZL R

2 L

Z=

R2

2 ZC

ZL

ZC

Gc lch pha

Z L - ZC R U 0L - U 0C tan U 0R U L - UC + tan UR ZL >ZC:tnh cm khng + ZL< ZC:tnh dung khng. + ZL=ZC:cng hng tan
I0 U0 ; I Z U Z

tan
tan

tan
UL UR

ZC R

U 0L U 0R

tan

U 0C UC U 0R U R

tg
Mch c tnh cm khng: > 0 Mch c tnh dung khng: <0

nh lut m Cng sut in nng

I0

U0 ; I Z

U Z

I0

U0 ; I Z

U Z

I0

U0 ; I Z

U Z

P = UIcos P = RI2 W=Pt

P = UIcos P = RI2 W=Pt

P = UIcos P = RI2 W=Pt P=0

W=0

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

2. Cng hng in. Nu gi nguyn gi tr ca in p hiu dng U gia hai u mch v 1 thay i tn s gc sao cho Z L Z C hay L , th trong mch xy C ra hin tng c bit, l hin tng cng hng. Khi : + Tng tr ca mch t gi tr nh nht Z min R . U + Cng dng in qua mch t gi tr cc i I max . R + Cc in p tc thi hai u t in v hai u cun cm c bin bng nhau nhng ngc pha nn trit tiu ln nhau, in p hai u in tr bng in p hai u on mch. iu kin xy ra cng hng l : 1 1 . L 0 C LC 3. iu kin hai i lng tha mn h thc v pha + Khi hiu in th cng pha vi dng in (cng h-ng): Z L ZC tan 0 hay Z L Z C R tan + Khi hai hiu in th u1 v u2 cng pha: 1 2 Sau lp biu thc ca tan 1 v tan thc ta s tm -c mi lin h. + Hai hiu in th c pha vung gc:
1 2
2

tan 2 . th vo v cn bng biu


1

tan 1 . tan 2 1. 2 Sau lp biu thc ca tan 1 v tan 2 th vo v cn bng biu thc ta cng s tm -c mi lin h.
Tr-ng hp tng qut hai i l-ng tho mn mt h thc no ta s dng phng php gin vect l tt nht hoc dng cng thc hm s tan gii ton: tan 1 tan 2 tan 1 2 1 tan 1 . tan 2

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

4. MT S CNG THC P DNG NHANH CHO DNG CU HI TRC NGHIM (dng hi p)


Cc dng sau y p dng cho on mch xoay chiu L R C mc ni tip L C R A B M N Dng 1: Hi iu kin c cng hng in mch RLC v cc h qu p: iu kin ZL = Zc LC2 = 1

U R U2 cos = 1 ; P = Pmax = R Dng 2: Cho R bin i Hi R Pmax, tnh Pmax, h s cng sut cos lc ? U2 2 p : R = ZL - ZC, PMax = , cos = 2R 2 Dng 3: Cho R bin i ni tip cun dy c r Hi R cng sut trn R cc i p : R2 = r2 + (ZL - ZC)2 Dng 4: Cho R bin i , nu vi 2 gi tr R1 , R2 m P1 = P2 Hi R PMax p R = ZL - ZC= R1R 2 Dng 5: Cho C1, C2 m I1 = I2 (P1 = P2) Hi C PMax (cng hng in) Z + ZC2 p Zc = ZL = C1 2 Dng 6: Cho L1, L2 m I1 = I2 (P1 = P2) Hi L PMax (cng hng in) Z + ZL2 p ZL = ZC = L1 2 Dng 7: Hi vi gi tr no ca C th in p hiu dng trn t in UCmax R 2 + Z2 L p ZC = , Khi ZL
Khi Z = Zmin = R ; I = Imax=

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

U CMax

Dng 8: Hi vi gi tr no ca L th in p hiu dng trn t in ULmax 2 R 2 + ZC p ZL = , Khi ZC


U LMax
2 U R 2 ZC 2 2 2 2 2 2 v U LMax U U R U C ; U LMax U CU LMax U R

2 U R2 Z L v R

2 2 2 2 UCMax U 2 U R U L ; UCMax U LUCMax U 2 0

(vung pha nhau) 2 p p dng cng thc tan 1.tan2 = -1 Dng 10: Hi khi cho dng in khng i trong mch RLC th tc dng ca R, ZL, ZC? p : I = U/R ZL = 0 ZC = Dng 11: Hi Vi = 1 hoc = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax f1 f 2 p khi : tn s f 1 2
Dng 9: Hi iu kin 1, 2 lch pha nhau Dng 12: Gi tr = ? th IMax p : khi URmax; PMax cn ULCMin

1 (cng hng) LC Dng 13: Hi: Hai gi tr ca : P 1 P 2


p
1 2 2 0

Dng 14: Hi Hai gi tr ca L : PL1


2 C 0 Dng 15: Hi Hai gi tr ca C : P 1 C

PL2

L1 L2

PC2

1 1 2 2 C1 C2 L 0 Dng 16: Hi Hai gi tr ca R : PR1


p
2

PR2

U2 p R1R2 = ( Z L ZC ) v R1 + R2= P Dng 17: Hi khi iu chinh L URC khng ph thuc vo R th p: Khi ZL = 2 ZC
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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

5. Cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu. H s cng sut. - Cng thc tnh cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu bt k: P UI cos ; cos l h s cng sut.
- Ring vi mch ni tip RLC:
P I 2R
2 UR

- H s cng sut ca on mch ni tip RLC: cos -

R UR U

U RI .
R Z

Pco I 2R ; i vi ng c in: P UI cos trong R l in tr thun ca ng c, cos l h s cng sut ca ng c, I l cng dng in chy qua ng c, U l in p t vo hai u ng c v Pci l cng sut c ch ca ng c.

Hiu sut ca ng c in:

Pci UIcos

Ch : + tm cng sut hoc h s cng sut ca mt on mch no th cc i l-ng trong biu thc tnh phi c trong on mch . + Trong mch in xoay chiu cng sut ch c tiu th trn in tr thun.

III. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU


1. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha - Tn s dng in xoay chiu do my pht pht xoay chiu mt pha pht ra: f np trong : p s cp cc t, n s vng quay ca roto trong mt giy. 2. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha a. Ngun mc theo kiu:

Id
+ hnh sao:

Ip 0 3U p
+ hnh tam gic:

I0 Ud

Id Ud

3I p Up

b. Phi hp mc ngun v ti Ngun v ti u mc hnh sao: p dng cho ngun A:

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Ip Ud
' Ip

Id Up 3

p dng cho ti B:

Id
' Up 3

Ud

Ngun v ti u mc tam gic: p dng cho ngun A:

Id Ud

Ip 3 Up
' Ip 3 ' Up

p dng cho ti B:

Id Ud

Ngun mc hnh sao v ti mc tam gic: p dng cho ngun A: I p Id

Ud

Up 3
' Ip 3 ' Up

p dng cho ti B:

Id Ud

Ngun mc tam gic v ti mc hnh sao: p dng cho ngun A:

Id Ud

Ip 3 Up
' Ip ' Up 3

p dng cho ti B:

Id Ud

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

IV. MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN NNG


1. My bin p a. Gi N1 v N 2 l s vng dy ca cun s cp v th cp; i1 , i2 v e1 , e2 l c-ng v sut in ngtc thi ca mch s cp v th cp; r1 , r2 v u1 , u2 lin tr ca cun dy s cp v th cp v hiu inth tc thi hai u mch s cp v th cp. Ta c cc lin h: e N1 k 1 e2 N 2 (k gi l h s ca MBA) cun s cp: u1 e1 i1r1 cun th cp: u2 e2 i2 r2 b. Nu in tr cc cun dy khng ng k: Gi U1 v U 2 l in p hiu dng xut hin hai u ca cun s cp v th cp; I 1 v I 2 l c-ng hiu dng dng in ca mch s cp v th cp khi mch kn. H l hiu sut ca MBA. U1 N1 Ta c cc lin h: U 2 N2 + N2 + N2

N1 th U 2 N1 th U 2

U1 , ta gi MBA l my tng th. U1 , ta gi MBA l my h th.

- Hiu sut ca my bin p : H

U 2 I 2 cos U 1 I1 cos

2 1

vi cos 1 v cos 2 l h s cng sut ca mch s cp v th cp. - Nu mch s cp v th cp c u v i cng pha th: U I2 U2I2 hay 1 ; H U 2 I 1 .H U1I1
N 2 I1 U1 N1 I 2 c. Nu in tr cun s cp v th cp ln lt l r1 v r2, v mch in hai u cun th cp c in tr R:

Khi H

100% th U 2

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Quy c:

N1 =k N2
k.R k (R + r2 ) + r1
2

- in p hai u cun th cp U2 = U1 - Hiu sut my bin p: H =

k 2 .R k 2 (R + r2 ) + r1

2. Truyn ti in nng P, U : l cng sut v in p ni truyn i, P' , U ' : l cng sut v in p nhn c ni tiu th; I: l cng dng in trn dy, R: l in tr tng cng ca dy dn truyn ti. U U U ' IR + gim th trn dy dn: + Cng sut hao ph trn -ng dy:

P P' I 2 R

P2 .R U 2 cos2

+ Hiu sut ti in: H '

P' P

P P

Ch : + Ch phn bit hiu sut ca MBA H v hiu sut ti in H ' . + Khi cn truyn ti in khong cch l th ta phi cn si dy dn c chiu di 2l .

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

CHNG IV: DAO NG SNG IN T


i, I0: cng tc thi v cng cc i trong mch; q, Q0: in tch tc thi v in tch cc i trn t in; u, U0: in p tc thi v in pcc i trn t in.

1. i cng : Chu k, tn s ca mch dao ng I0 1 - Tn s gc: ; Q0 LC Q0 2 2 LC 2 - Chu k dao ng ring: T I0

2 2 LC Ch : Nu mch dao ng c t 2 t tr ln th ta coi b t l mt t c in dung C t-ng -ng -c tnh nh- sau: n 1 1 1 1 1 ... C C1 , C 2 ,..., C n + Ghp ni tip: C C1 C 2 C n i 1 Ci
n

- Tn s ring: f

+ Ghp song song: C

C1

C2

... C n
i 1

Ci

C1 , C 2 ,..., C n

- Gi T1 v T2 l chu k dao ng in t khi mc cun thun cm L ln lt vi t C1 v C2 th: + Khi mc L vi C1 ni tip C2:

f2

f12

f 22

1 1 1 2 2 T T1 T22 + Khi mc L vi C1 song song C2: T 2 T12 T22 1 f2 1 f12 1 f 22

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

2. Nng lng ca mch dao ng Nng l-ng in tr-ng:


2 1 2 1 q2 Q0 1 2 Wtt Cu cos2 t L I0 i2 2 2 C 2C 2 Nng l-ng t tr-ng: 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 C U0 u2 Wdt Li LI 0 sin t 2 2 2 Nng l-ng in t: 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 Q0 2 Li Cu W Wdt Wtt CU 0 LI 0 2 2 2 C 2 2

- Lin h gia in tch cc i v in p cc i: Q0

CU 0

- Lin h gia in tch cc i v dng in cc i: I 0

Q0
q2 i2
2

2 - Biu thc c lp thi gian gia in tch v dng in: Q0

3. Qu trnh bin i nng lng mch dao ng


Nu mch dao ng c chu k T v tn s f th Nng lng in trng v v nng lng t trng ( Wd , Wt ) dao ng vi tn s f= 2f, chu k T= T 2
Wtmin = 0 Wmax Wtt = 3 Wt Wtmax W = 0 Wt = Wtt Wt = 3 Wtt

-U0

U0 2

0 T/12 T/8 T/6

U0 2

U0 2 2

U0 3 2

+U0

T/4

T/6 T/8 T/12 33

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Ghi ch: - Hai ln lin tip Wt = Wtt l T/4 - Khi q cc i th u cc i cn khi i cc tiu (bng 0) v ngc li. 4. Thu v pht sng in t - Khung dao ng c th pht v thu cc sng in t c b-c sng: c.T 2 c LC ; c l tc truyn sng in t trong chn khng ( c 3.108 m / s ) - Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t L1 L2 L1 L2 th mch chn sng c th chn c sng c bc sng: 2 c L1C 2 c L2 C - Nu mch dao ng c C thay i t C1 C 2 C1 sng c th chn c sng c bc sng:

C2 th mch chn

2 c LC1

2 c LC 2

- Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t L1 L2 L1 L2 v c C thay i t C1 C 2 C1 C2 th mch chn sng c th chn c sng c bc sng: 2 c L1C1 2 c L2 C2 Gi 1 v 2 l bc sng mch dao ng hot ng khi dng cun thun cm L mc vi C1 v C2 th bc sng mch dao ng hot ng khi mc L vi:
2 2 1 2 2

+ C1 // C2 :

1 f2 f2 1
2

1 f12 f12 1
2 1

1 f 22 f 22 1
2 2

+ C1 ni tip C2 :

- Nu mch dao ng c C thay i t C1 C 2 C1 C2 th mch hot ng vi bc sng trong khong 1 2 1 2 th:

2 1 2 2

c C2

2 2

2 2

c C1
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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

- Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t L1 ng vi bc sng trong khong 1 2


2 1

L2 L1 L2 th mch hot 1 2 th:

4 2 c 2 L2 4 2 c 2 L1 Ch : Hai cng thc cui vn p c cho trng hp L v C l hng s cn bc sng bin thin 1 2.
5. Mch dao ng tt dn - Khung dy c in tr hot ng nn c s
2 2 C 2U 0 U 0 RC R 2 2L cng l cng sut to nhit ca in tr. - Nng l-ng cn cung cp trong khong thi gian t: A Q 6. Di sng in t 2

2 2

I 2R

I 2 Rt

Ni SNG dung DI Bc > 1000 m sng - C nng lng nh, - khng truyn c i xa trn c im mt t. - t b nc hp th

ng dng

SNG TRUNG 1.000 m 100 m - C nng lng kh ln, - Truyn i c trn mt t. - B tng in ly hp th vo ban ngy v phn x vo ban m Dng Dng thng thng tin tin vo ban di nc m

SNG NGN 100 m 10 m - C nng lng ln, - Truyn i c mi a im trn mt t - C kh nng phn x nhiu ln gia tng in ly v mt t Dng thng tin trn mt t

SNG CC NGN 10 m 0,01m - C nng lng rt ln ln - Truyn c i c trn mt t - Khng b tng in ly hp th hoc phn x v c kh nng truyn i rt xa theo mt ng thng Dng thng tin trong v tr.

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

CHNG V: SNG NH SNG


1. Tn sc nh sng
a. i vi lng knh

- Cng thc lng knh:

sin i n sin r sin i ' n sin r ' r r' A

D i i' A vi i, i l gc ti v gc l; A l gc chit quang; D l gc lch to bi tia ti v tia l. - Tr-ng hp gc nh: D = (n - 1)A - Gc lch cc tiu. + Khi c gc lch cc tiu, -ng i ca tia sng i xng qua mt phn gic ca gc chit quang. + K hiu gc lch cc tiu l Dm , gc ti ng vi gc lch cc tiu l i m , ta c:
r' r Dm sin A 2 2im Dm A A n sin

A 2 2 - Gc lch gia 2 tia sng n sc qua lng knh (chit sut i vi lng D n1 n2 A knh ln lt l n1 v n2 n1 n2 ): - B rng quang ph lin tc trn mn chn t pha sau lng knh cch lng knh mt khong l: l nt n lA (vi nt v n l chit sut ca nh sng tm v nh sng i vi lng knh v A tnh bng radian)
b. Tn sc t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc * Nu dng nh sng n sc th: + Mu n sc khng thay i (v f khng i)

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

+ Bc sng n sc thay i Vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n: c v ' ; ; n n trong c v l vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng. sin i n 2 n 21 + Dng nh lut khc x tm gc khc x sin r n1 + Nu nh sng t mi trng chit quang ln sang mi trng chit n2 sin i gh quang nh phi xc nh i gh : n1 * Nu dng nh sng trng th: + C hin tng tn sc v xut hin chum quang ph lin tc. + Cc tia n sc u b lch - Tia lch t so vi tia ti; - Tia tm lch nhiu so vi tia ti.

c. Thang sng in t
0,4 m 0,75 m

10-11m

10-8 m Tia t ngoi

0,001m

(m)

f (Hz)
Tia gama Tia X nh sng trng Tia hng ngoi Sng v tuyn

2. Giao thoa nh sng


Gi khong cch gia hai khe S1S2 l a, khong cch t mt phng cha 2 khe v mn chn l D, l b-c sng ca nh sng. a. Cc cng thc c bn - Hiu ng i ca mt im c ta x trn mn:

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

d2

d1

ax D

- V tr vn sng: x k

D ki a Vn sng bc n ng vi k

n
1

- V tr vn ti: x k k

xsk xs k D i 2k 1 hoc xtk 2 2a 2 0 vn ti bc n ng vi k n 1 ; 0 vn ti th n ng vi k n; v d: vn ti th 5 ng vi k 5 hoc k=4.


2k 1

- Khong vn: i

D a ia D

- Bc sng ca nh sng: - Tn s ca bc x: f

c
d n 1

- Khong cch gia n vn sng lin tip l d th: i - Khong cch gia 2 vn sng bc k bng: 2ki

b. S vn sng, ti trn mn Tnh s vn sng, ti trn trng giao thoa L, c 2 cch: Cch 1: + S vn sng trn L l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: L L k 2i 2i + S vn ti trn L l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: L 1 L 1 k 2i 2 2i 2 Cch 2: L 1, + S vn sng: N 2 2i L L l phn nguyn ca biu thc . 2i 2i 38

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Tnh s vn sng ti trn on AB c ta xA v xB bt k xA< xB + S vn sng trn on AB l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: xA xB k i i + S vn ti trn on AB l s nghim k nguyn tha mn h thc: xA 1 xB 1 k k Z i 2 i 2 Dch chuyn ca h vn Gi: D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe + Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu, khong vn i vn khng i v di ca h vn l: D x0 d , d l dch D1 chuyn ca ngun sng. + Khi ngun S dng yn v hai khe dch chuyn theo phng song song vi mn th h vn dch chuyn cng chiu, khong vn i vn khng i v di ca h vn l:

x0

D d , d l dch chuyn ca hai khe S1 v S2. D1

e. Giao thoa vi nh sng trng hoc nh sng nhiu thnh phn


i vi nh sng gm nhiu thnh phn n sc (nh sng a sc). - V tr chng chp (trng) ca nhiu bc x: x k1 1 k 2 2 ... k n n

k1 k2

2 1

k k (*) ( l dng ti gin ca l l

2 1

, k, l nguyn dng)

T suy ra:

k1 k2

k .n l.n

n 0, 1, 2, ....
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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

D D kn 1 kni1 a a - Cc bc x trng mu vn trung tm cch nhau mt khong u n D d k 1 , k l hng s bit (*) a 0,38 m 0, 76 m . i vi nh sng trng - B rng vn sng (quang ph) bc k: kD xk k i it . t a - nh sng n sc c vn sng ti im ang xt: k. D xa x , a kD xa k -c xc nh t bt ph-ng trnh: 0,38 m 0, 76 m kD - nh sng n sc c vn ti ti im ang xt: D 2 xa x 2k 1 , 2a 2k 1 D
Suy ra v tr ca bc x trng: x

k1

2 xa 0, 76 m 2k 1 D Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x thnh phn c trong ngun sng.
k -c xc nh t bt ph-ng trnh 0,38 m

CHNG VI: LNG T NH SNG


0

: gii hn quang in, f 0 : tn s gii hn quang in, : bc sng

nh sng, f : tn s ca nh sng, A: Cng thot, v 0 max : vn tc ban u cc i, I bh : cng dng quang in bo ha, U h : in p(hiu in th) hm, h : hng s Flng ( h chn khng ( c
8

6,625.10

34

Js ) , c : vn tc nh sng trong 1,6.10


19

3.10 m / s ), e : in tch ca electron ( e

C)

1. Cc cng thc v hin tng quang in


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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

+ Nng lng ca photon: + ng lng ca photon: p

hf m ph c

hc h

m ph c 2

, c mph l khi lng tng i tnh ca photon. hc + Gii hn quang in: 0 A 1 2 mv0 max , + Ph-ng trnh Anhxtanh: hf A 2 khi lng ca electron m 9,1.10 31 kg . + Bc x n sc (bc sng ) c pht ra v nng lng ca mi E E E xung l E th s photon pht ra trong mi giy bng: n hf hc
2hc 1 m 1
0

+ Vn tc ban u cc i: v0 max + Vt dn c chiu sng:

1 2 mv0 max e Vmax 2 ( Vmax l in th cc i ca vt dn khi b chiu sng) + Nu in trng cn l u c cng E v electron bay dc theo ng sc in th: 1 2 mv0 max e Ed max 2 ( d max l qung ng ti a m electron c th ri xa c Catot). Ch : + Nu chiu vo Catt ng thi 2 bc x 1 , 2 th hin tng f 0 . Nu c quang in xy ra i vi bc x c bc sng b hn 0 f 2 bc x cng gy ra hin tng quang in th ta tnh ton vi bc x c bc sng b hn. + Ban nng cao - in p hm trit tiu dng quang in 1 2 mvomax eU h 2
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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

- Cng dng quang in bo ha: I = ne (n: s electron v anot trong 1 s) - Tc electron khi v n anod Dng nh l ng nng WA - Womax= eUAK

2. Chuyn ng ca electron trong trng in t


a. Chuyn ng ca electron trong in trng + in p U tng tc cho electron: eU

1 1 2 me v 2 me v0 2 2 ( v0 v v ln lt l vn tc u v vn tc sau khi tng tc ca e).

+ Trong in tr-ng u: Fd ln: F C 3 trng hp: - Nu v0

eE

eE

eE m eE - Nu v0 E : chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a m - Nu v0 E : chuyn ng cong qu o Parabol + Theo phng xx: thng u: x = v0t eE + Theo phng yy nhanh dn u vi gia tc a m b. Chuyn ng ca electron trong t trng + Trong t tr-ng u: B qua trng lc ta ch xt lc Lorenx: v2 f e vB sin = ma = m v, B R + Nu vn tc ban u vung gc vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn ng trn u vi bn knh mv 0 max m.v R ; bn knh cc i: Rmax eB eB

E : chuyn ng chm dn u vi gia tc a

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn mv0 max ng theo vng xon c vi bn knh ng vng c: R e B sin

+ Nu vn tc ban u xin gc

3. Cng sut ca ngun sng - dng quang in bo ho - hiu sut lng t


a. Cng sut ca ngun sng.

n .

IS

P hc

I bh He

n l s photon ca ngun sng pht ra trong mi giy; l l-ng t nng l-ng (photon); ( I l cng ca chm sng, H l hiu sut lng t) b. C-ng dng in bo ha. I bh N q ne I bh ne e Hn e e t t

N l s electron n c Ant trong thi gian t giy, ne l s lectron n Ant trong mi giy. e l in tch nguyn t e 1, 6.10 19 C c. Hiu sut l-ng t. I bh n' H n Pe n ' l s lectron bt ra khi Katt kim loi trong mi giy. n l s photon p vo Katt trong mi giy.
Ch : Khi dng quang in bo ho th n = ne

4. Chu k, tn s, bc sng tia X ng Rn Ghen pht ra


- Gi nng l-ng ca 1 electron trong chm tia Catot c c khi n i m cc l W , khi chm ny p vo i m cc n s chia lm 2 phn: + Nhit l-ng ta ra (Qi) lm nng i m cc v + phn cn li -c gii phng d-i dng nng l-ng photon ca tia X (bc x Rn-ghen).

43

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

W
Trong :

Qi

hf

(l nng lng photon ca tia Rnghen)


2 mv0 mv 2 eU W 2 2 l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc) U l hiu in th gia ant v catt v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt v0 l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v0 = 0) m = 9,1.10-31 kg l khi lng electron - Cng dng in qua ng Rn-ghen: I n e , (n l s e p vo i Catot trong 1s). Trng hp b qua nhit lng ta ra trn i m cc: c Ta c: W ngha l h W

Hay

hc W

- ng Rn Ghen s pht bc x c b-c sng nh nht nu ton b nng l-ng ca chm tia Katot chuyn hon ton thnh nng l-ng ca bc x Rn Ghen. Bc sng nh nht c tnh bng biu thc trn khi du = xy ra : hc min W Trng hp ton b nng lng ca electron bin thnh nhit lng: - Nhit lng ta ra trn i Catot trong thi gian t: W = Q RI2t = mct t: tng nhit ca i m cc (anot) c: nhit dung ring ca kim loi anot. m: khi lng anot Trng hp tng qut: W Qi - Hiu sut ca ng Rnghen: H W W

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

5. Mu nguyn t Bo
+ Khi nguyn t ang mc nng l-ng cao chuyn xung mc nng l-ng thp th pht ra photon, ng-c li chuyn t mc nng l-ng thp chuyn ln mc nng l-ng cao nguyn t s hp thu photon Ecao Ethp hf + Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: rn n 2 r0 Vi r0 5,3.10 11 m : l bn knh Bo ( qu o K) + Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir: Th d 31 = 32 + 21 1 1 1 v f 31 f 32 f 21
31 32 21

+ Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: 13,6 En (eV ) Vi n N*: lng t s. n2 + Nng lng ion ha hydro (t trng thi c bn) Wcung cp = E - E1 Ch : Khi nguyn t trng thi kch thch n (trng thi th n) c th pht ra s bc x in t ti a cho bi cng thc: nn 1 2 2 N Cn ; trong C n l t hp chp 2 ca n. 2 + Cc dy quang ph (ban nng cao)
P O N M n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3

Paschen
L
H H H H

n=2

Balmer
K n=1

Lymann

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

. n1 1; n2 n1 n1

2, 3, 4, ... dy Laiman (t ngoi) 3, 4, 5, ... dy Banme (nhn thy) 4, 5, 6,... dy Pasen (hng ngoi).

2; n2 3; n2

CHNG VII: HT NHN NGUYN T


I - I CNG V HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t - Ht nhn nguyn t l phn cn li ca nguyn t sau khi loi b electron, A ht nhn nguyn t X k hiu l: Z X , XA , A X . Trong : Z l nguyn t s hay s proton trong ht nhn. N : S ntron A Z N : S khi.
1

- Kch thc (bn knh) ca ht nhn: R khi ca ht nhn.

1,2.10 15. A 3 m ; vi A l s

2. n v khi lng nguyn t - n v khi lng nguyn t l n v Cacbon (k hiu l u) 1u 1,66055.10 27 kg - Ngoi ra theo h thc gia nng lng v khi lng ca Anhxtanh, khi eV MeV lng cn c th o bng n v 2 hoc ; c2 c 1u 931,5 MeV / c 2 3. Nng lng lin kt nng lng lin kt ring A Ht nhn Z X c khi lng m c cu to bi Z proton v N notron. Cc php o chnh xc cho thy khi lng m ca ht nhn gi cng b hn tng khi lng ca cc nuclon to thnh ht nhn
A Z A Z

X bao

X:

m Zmp

Nmm m . m c gi l ht khi ca ht nhn.


Wlk m.c 2 Wlk A

- Nng lng lin kt v nng lng lin kt ring:

Wlkr

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng. - Nng lng ngh: E mc 2 , vi m l khi lng ngh ca ht nhn 4. Cng thc Einstein gia nng lng v khi lng Nng lng ht = Nng lng ngh + ng nng ca ht

E = E0 + W = mc2 + mv2

II - PHNG X
- S ht nhn cn li: N - Khi lng cn li: m

N 0 .2
m0 2
t T

t T

N 0 .e
m0 e
t

Vi T l chu k phng x, - S ht nhn b phn r: khi t

l hng s phng x

ln 2 T
t T

N0 1 e

N0 1 2

T:

N0 t

- Phn trm s nguyn t b phn r: - Khi lng b phn r:

N N0
t T

1 2

t T

1 e
t

m0 1 2

m0 1 e
t T

- Phn trm khi lng b phn r:

1 2 m0 - S ht sinh ra bng s ht phng x mt i 1 N0 - Tnh tui ca mu cht phng x: t ln N - Khi c cn bng phng x: 1 N1 2 N2 N .A - Khi lng: m NA
- Cho phng trnh phng x:
A Z

1 e
1 H0 H

ln

A' Z'

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

WY mZ WZ mY WY mY + Nu cc ht sinh ra c cng vn tc th: WZ m Z - Cho 1 lng ng v phng x X c chu k phng x l T, phng x ban u l H0 vo th tch V ca cht lng, sau thi gian t 0 ly ra th tch v cht lng th phng x l H. Th tch cht lng bng: H 0v H 0v V t0 t0 He H .2 T - Gi N l s xung phng x pht ra trong thi gian t1 , N ' l s xung phng x pht ra trong thi gian t 2 k t thi im sau thi im ban u mt khong thi gian t 0 , th:
+ Nu ban u ht X ng yn th t s ng nng:

N N'
+ Nu t1 + Nu t1 , t 2

t2 : T:

1 e t1 e . 1 e t2 N e t0 N' t N e t0 . 1 N' t2
t0

Ch : Tui ca ming g c xc nh t thi im cht (cht) n thi im ta xt. Nu khong thi gian kho st rt nh so vi chu k bn r (t T ) th ta vn dng h thc gn ng e x 1 x (khi x 1). y ta c: e t 1 t v t T nn N0 t N N0 1 e t Phn ring ban nng cao + phng x thi im t (n v Becren Bq):

.N 0 e

H0 2

t T

H 0e

H0

N0

+ Lin h gia khi lng v phng x: m

AH NA
48

Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

+ Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H0 th chu k phng x T tnh bng n v giy(s).

III - PHN NG HT NHN


Phng trnh phn ng:
A1 Z1

A2 Z2

A3 Z3

A4 Z4

1. Cc nh lut bo ton. + nh lut bo ton s khi: A1


+ Bo ton in tch: Z1

A2

A3

A4 .

Z2

Z3

Z4

PD + nh lut bo ton ng lng: PA PB P C + nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: Nng lng tng cng trong phn ng ht nhn l khng i.
Ch : Trong phn ng ht nhn khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng .

2. Xc nh nng lng, to hay thu bao nhiu?


Trong phn ng ht nhn
A1 Z1

A2 Z2

A3 Z3

A4 Z4

Cc ht nhn A, B, C, D c: Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E1, E2, E3, E4 ht khi tng ng l m1, m2, m3, m4 a. ht khi: m m3 + m4 - m1 - m2

b. Cng thc tnh nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn:

Nu

W = (Mtrc Msau) c2 Bit nng lng lin kt W = Esau - Etrc Bit ht khi cc ht W = ( msau - mtrc)c2
Bit cc khi lng p, n v electron c ht khi bng 0.

Ch :

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

c. bit phn ng ta hay thu nng lng: Gi tng khi lng ca cc ht nhn v phi l m0, v to thnh l m. Nu: m0 m Phn ng to nng lng Nng lng ta ra ca 1 phn ng: W ' m0 m c 2 Nng lng ta ra thng dng ng nng cc ht. Cc ht sinh ra khi bn hon cc ht ban u m0 m Phn ng thu nng lng + Nng lng cn cung cp ti thiu phn ng xy ra (chnh l nng lng thu vo ca phn ng): Wmin m m0 c 2 Nng lng thu vo thng di dng ng nng cc ht hoc bc x Cc ht sinh ra khi khng bn hon cc ht ban u + Nu ng nng ca cc ht ban u l W Wmin th:

W m m0 c 2 W ' ( W ' l ng nng ca cc ht sinh ra) 3. Tnh ng nng v vn tc cc ht ca phn ht nhn, s dng cc cch sau: Dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: m m0 c 2 W W '
(S dng ht khi ca cc ht nhn: m0 Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton ng lng:

m c2 )
PD
2

PA

PB

PC

PD

PA

PB

PC

Dng phng php gii ton vecto v hnh hoc T suy ra i lng cn tm v d gc hp bi chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht so vi mt phng no Cc trng hp c bit khi so snh ng nng cc ht sinh ra: W X ' mY ' - Nu cc ht nhn ban u ng yn th: WY ' m X ' - Nu cc ht sinh ra c cng vn tc th: Ch : Cng thc gia ng lng v ng nng:

WX ' WY '

mX ' mY '

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Nguyn Vn Dn Long An - 0975733056

p2 = 2m W Nhit ta ra khi t m kg cht t c nng sut ta nhit l L bng: Q Lm , L: nng sut to nhit (J/kg). 1KWh 3.600.000J
2 Nc nng 1 D 2 O dng chit sut ng v tri ( 1 D ) dng lm nguyn liu phn ng nhit hch c trong nc chim 0,015% v khi lng . * Cc trng hp c bit thng gp + Trc ht ta c nh lut bo ton nng lng A+B C+D WC + WD = (mtrc - msau)c2 + WA (gi s ht B ng yn) (1)

+ Hai ht sinh ra c vn tc vung gc nhau (2) T (1) v (2) ta gii v tm c WC v WD

pC pD p p p mCWC + mDWD = mAWA

2 A

2 C

2 D

pC

pA

pD pD pA

+ Mt trong hai ht sinh ra vung gc vi ht A (2) T (1) v (2) ta gii v tm c WC v WD


2 2 2 pC pA pD pA pC mDWD - mCWC = mAWA

pC pA vi cc gc
Ta c cos bng nhau

+ Hai ht sinh ra ging ht nhau v vec t p cc ht i xngv hp

pC
mAWA 2mC WC

pA cos2 2 pC Nh ta tm WC v WD.

pA

pD + Phng x sinh ra hai ht chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau pC pD 0


ln pC = pD

pC

pD
mCWC = mDWD

51

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