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Chng I: DAO NG C HC
I - I CNG V DAO NG IU HO
T: chu k; f: tn s; x: li ; v: vn tc; a: gia tc; g: gia tc trng trng; A: bin dao ng; ( t + ): pha dao ng; : pha ban u; : tc gc; 1. Phng trnh dao ng x Acos t 2 1 - Chu k: T (s) - Tn s: f (Hz) T 2 - Nu vt thc hin -c N dao ng trong thi gian t th: t N . T v f N t 2. Phng trnh vn tc v x' A sin t - x = 0 (VTCB) th vn tc cc i: v max - x A (bin) th v 0 3. Phng trnh gia tc 2 a v' A cos t - x = A th amax - x = 0 th
2
A
v sm pha a sm pha hn x; hn v;
a 0
2 2
a ngc pha vi x.
x2 A
v2
2
2
v2
2
a2
2
- Gia a v x:
x
1
a max v max
L 2
S 4n
vmax
amax
2
2 vmax amax
2W k
x2
v2
2
v2
2
a2
6. Tm pha ban u
v<0 = + 2/3
v<0 = + /2
v<0 = + /3
v<0 = + /4
v<0 = + /6
v=0 =0 v=0 =
A
v>0 = -5/6
3 2
2 2
A 2
A 2
2 A 3 2 2
A 3 2
A
v>0 = - /6
v>0 = - 3/4
v>0 = - /4
v>0 = - 2/3
v>0 = - /2
v>0 = - /3
cos
t
2 1
vi
cos
+ x1 n x2 (gi s x1
2 1
x1 A x2 A
x2 ):
cos
t
vi
cos
7. Vn tc trung bnh - tc trung bnh
x1 A x2 A
4nA .
cos
-A
A 2
0 T/12 T/8
A 2
A 2 2
A 3 2
+A
T/4
T/6 T/8
T/6 T/12 * Phng php chung tm qung ng i trong khong thi gian no ta cn xc nh: - V tr vt lc t = 0 v chiu chuyn ng ca vt lc ; - Chia thi gian t thnh cc khong nh: nT; nT/2; nT/4; nT/8; nT/6; T/12 vi n l s nguyn; 3
- Tm qung ng s1; s2; s3; tng ng vi cc qung thi gian nu trn v cng li Tnh qung ng ngn nht v b nht vt i c trong khong thi T gian t vi 0 t 2 Nguyn tc: + Vt i c qung ng -A - x0 O x0 +A di nht khi li im u v im cui c gi tr i nhau smax Qung ng di nht: Smax + Vt i c qung ng ngn nht khi li im u v im cui c gi tr bng nhau
2 A sin
t 2
O x0 +A
-A - x0
smin
Qung ng ngn nht: Smin Trng hp t
Smin
2 A 1 cos
t 2 t T : 2
T th ta tch t 2
T 2
N * v 0
2nA 2 A sin
t 2
t 2
2nA 2 A 1 cos
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht trong thi gian t: vtbmax + Tc trung bnh nh nht trong thi gian t: vtb min
Smax t Smin t
II - CON LC L XO
l : bin dng ca l xo khi vt cn bng; k: cng ca l xo (N/m); l0 : chiu di t nhin ca l xo 1. Cng thc c bn k g - Tn s gc: ; m l mg g + Con lc l xo treo thng ng: l ; 2 k + t con lc trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st: mg sin l k 2 m T 2 2 - p dng cng thc v chu k v tn s: k
f 1 T 1 2 k m 1 2
l g g l
lmax lmin 2
l0
1 k
1 k1
1 k2
...
1 kn
T12 1 f12
T22 1 f 22
1 f2
f12 1 T12
f 22 1 T22
1 T2
m1
m2 th: T
T12 T12
T22 T22
+ Khi treo vt m m1 m2 th: T 4. Ct l xo - Ct l xo c cng k, chiu di l 0 thnh nhiu on c chiu di l1 , l 2 , ..., l n c cng
m1
m2
kl0 k1l1 k 2 l 2 ... k n l n . - Nu ct l xo thnh n on bng nhau (cc l xo c cng cng k):
k' nk hay:
5. Lc n hi - lc hi phc Ni dung Gc ti Bn cht ngha v tc dng Cc i Cc tiu V tr bt k Lc hi phuc V tr cn bng
T' f'
T n f n
L xo nm ngang
Lc n hi L xo thng ng A l A < l
V tr l xo cha bin dng Fh = k . ( bin dng) - Gip l xo phc hi hnh dng c - Cn gi l lc ko (hay lc y) ca l xo ln vt (hoc im treo) Fmax = kA Fmin = 0
F= k x
Fhp
Fdh
F = k(l + x)
III - CON LC N
1. Cng thc c bn Di y l bng so snh cc c trng chnh ca hai h dao ng. H dao ng Cu trc Con lc l xo Hn bi m gn vo l xo (k). - Con lc l xo ngang: l xo khng gin - Con lc l xo thng ng mg n dn l k Lc n hi ca l xo: F = - kx x l li di Con lc n Hn bi (m) treo vo u si dy (l). Dy treo thng ng
VTCB
Lc tc dng
k g = m l x = Acos(t + )
1 2 kA 2
1 m 2
A2
1 g 2 m s0 2 l
l1 l2 : T
T12 T22
T12 T22
+ Chu k ca con lc c chiu di l l1 l2 : T - Lin h gia li di v li gc: s l - H thc c lp thi gian ca con lc n: v 2 2 2 a = - 2s = - 2l; S0 s ( )
l1
l2 .
2 0
v2 gl
2. Lc hi phc 7
mg sin
mg
mg
s l
v Tc
2 gl cos mg 3cos
cos
v
0 0
gl mg 1
2 0 2 0
Khi
2 cos
nh:
Tc
3 2
2 0
v
; khi
0
0
0 mg 1 2
0
nh:
Tc
2 gl 1 cos
0 0
; khi
Tc mg 3 2cos
nh:
v Tc
gl
2 0
mg 1
4. Bin thin chu k ca con lc n ph thuc: nhit , su v cao. Thi gian nhanh chm ca ng h vn hnh bng con lc n a.Cng thc c bn * Gi chu k ban u ca con lc l T0 (chu k chy ng), Chu k sau khi thay i l T (chu k chy sai). T T T0 : bin thin chu k. + T 0 ng h chy chm li; + T 0 ng h chy nhanh ln. * Thi gian nhanh chm trong thi gian N (1 ngy m N 24h 86400s ) s bng: T N T N T T0 b. Cc trng hp thng gp T 1 t T0 2 Khi nhit thay i t t1 n t 2 : ( t t2 t1 ) 1 N t 2
T T0 N
h R h
( h
h2
h1 )
2R Khi em vt xung su h h2 h1 0 , khi em vt ln cao hn ban u h 0 . Ban u vt mt t th h1 0 v h h c. Cc trng hp c bit - Khi a con lc mt t (nhit t1 ) ln cao h (nhit t 2 ): T 1 h t T0 2 R Nu ng h vn chy ng so vi di mt t th: T 1 h t 0 T0 2 R - Khi a con lc t tri t ln mt trng (coi chiu di l khng i) th: TT RT M MT TMT RMT M T 5. Con lc n chu tc dng ca lc ph khng i
* Lc ph f gp trong nhiu bi ton l: + Lc qun tnh Fq chiu) + Lc in trng F
ma , ln: Fq
ma , (a l gia tc ca h quy
l khi lng ring ca mi trung vt dao ng, V l th tch vt chim ch l Chu k dao ng trong trng hp ny s l: , T 2 g g ' l gia tc trng trng hiu dng. * Tnh g': f + Trng hp f P : g' g m Lc qun tnh: g' g a Lc in trng: g' g
qE
+ Trng hp f
+ Trng hp f
P : g'
g2
a2
qE m
2
g2
Ch : + Trng hp f
P th gc lch ca si dy so vi phng f thng ng c tnh: tan P + Khi con lc n gn trn xe v chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing gc khng ma st th VTCB mi ca con lc l si dy lch gc (si dy vung gc vi mt phng nghing) so vi phng thng ng v chu k dao ng ca n l:
10
T' 2
l g cos
1 2 mv 2
1 m 2
A2 sin 2
1 2 1 kx m 2 A2 cos2 t 2 2 - ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon vi chu k bng 1/2 chu k dao ng iu ho (T = T/2). - Khong thi gian gia 2 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau lin tip l T/4.
W = 0 Wtmax W = 3 W t Wmax Wt = 0 W = W t Wt = 3 W
cos
-A
Vi
A 2
0 T/12 T/8
2
A 2
A 2 2
A 3 2
+A
T/4
T/6
+ Vn tc ca vt lc Wt
nW : v
vmax n 1
A n 1
1 k A2 x 2 2 W A2 x 2 + T s ng nng v th nng: Wt x2 2. Con lc n (Chn gc th nng ti VTCB) 1 2 mv ; Th nng: Wt mgl 1 cos - ng nng: W 2 mgl 1 - cos 0 - C nng: W W Wt
+ ng nng khi vt li x: W Khi gc
0
b th: Wt
1 mgl 2
1 mgl 2
0
2 0
+ V tr ca vt khi
nWt : S
S0 n 1 vmax
n 1 S0 n 1
:
+ Vn tc ca vt lc
Wt
nW : v
2 S0
S2
2 0 2 2 2 S0
W Wt
S2 S2
VI - TNG HP DAO NG
1. Phng php gin Frexnel - Bi ton: Tng hp 2 dao ng iu ho cng phng: x1 A1 cos t 1 x A cos t x2 A2 cos t 2
12
A
Vi
A12
2 A2
2 A1 A2 cos
1 1
1 2 2
tan
A1 sin A1 cos
A2 sin A2 cos
- Nu bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 A1 cos t 1 v dao ng tng hp x A cos t th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 A2 cos t 2 c xc nh:
2 A2
A2
2
tan
(vi
A12
2 A2
+ Vi my FX570ES: Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX. -Chn n v o gc l bm: SHIFT MODE 3 mn hnh hin th ch D (hoc Chn n v gc l Rad bm: SHIFT MODE 4 mn hnh hin th ch R ) -Nhp A1 SHIFT (-) 1, + Nhp A2 SHIFT (-) 2 nhn = hin th kt qu. (Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu: A ) + Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX. Nhp A1 SHIFT (-) 1 + Nhp A2 SHIFT (-) 2 = Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l: + Lu Ch hin th mn hnh kt qu:
13
Sau khi nhp ta n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp phn ta n SHIFT = (hoc dng phm SD ) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.
VII - DAO NG TT DN
- Tm tng qung ng S m vt i c cho n khi dng li: 1 2 kA FC S 2 4 FC 4FC - gim bin sau 1 dao ng: , FC l lc cn A k m 2 4 N Nu Fc l lc ma st th : A k A1 k . A1 - S dao ng thc hin c: N ' A 4 FC
t = N. T
- Da vo s dao ng thc hin xc nh c s ln qua VTCB ca vt: khi n N ' n,25 (n nguyn) th s ln qua VTCB s l 2n; khi n,25 N ' n,75 th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+1; khi n,75 N ' n 1 th s ln qua VTCB ca vt l 2n+2. - V tr ca vt c vn tc cc i:
mg k - Vn tc cc i khi dao ng t c ti v tr x0 :
Fc = Fhp => .m.g = K.x0 => x 0
v0
(A x0 ).
14
- Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi tn s (chu k) ca ngoi lc bng tn s (chu k) dao ng ring ca h. l Ch : Chu k kch thch T ; l l khong cch ngn nht gia 2 mi v ray tu ha hoc 2 g trn ng ; Vn tc ca xe con lc t trn xe c cng hng: l v lf 0 T0
T0
n 1 T0 n 1T
nT nT0
(vi n
T0
N* )
vt
15
- Vn tc truyn sng bit qung ng sng truyn c trong thi gian t S l S: v t d - Khong cch gia n gn li lin tip l d th: n 1 t T - n ngn sng i qua trc mt trong thi gian t th: n 1 t - Phao nh cao n ln trong thi gian t th: T n 1 2. Phng trnh sng - Sng truyn t N qua O v n M, gi s biu thc Sng ti O c dng: u 0 A cos( t ) , th:
uM
A cos( t
2 x
uN
A cos( t
2 x'
k2
hay hay d
d
2k 1
2k 1
Ch : C nhng bi ton cn lp phng trnh sng ti 1 im theo iu kin ban u m h chn th ta lp phng trnh sng ging nh phn lp phng trnh dao ng iu ha.
16
M
d1 d2
/2
C bc 0 (k=0)
CT th 1 (k=0)
C bc 1 k=1
CT th 2 ( k=1)
1. Phng trnh sng tng hp ti mt im * Trng hp tng qut: Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun u1 Acos(2 ft 1 ) v u2 Acos(2 ft 2) Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti: d d u1M Acos(2 ft 2 1 Acos(2 ft 2 2 1 ) v u2 M 2) Phng trnh sng ti M: d d uM 2 A cos[ 2 1 Bin dao ng ti M: d d1 AM 2 A cos[ 2
] cos 2 ft
d1 d2
vi
17
l 2
l 2 l 1 2
= =2k
Z)
1 2 (k Z)
(k
Z)
(k
Z)
k
1 2 l k
(k
l -
Hay
0,5
(k
Z)
(k
Z)
=(2k+1) /2
1 4 1 4 (k
(k (k Z)
Z) Z)
18
d1'
d2
d1
' (gi s d 2 d1 d 2 d1' ) - Xc nh s im (s ng) cc tiu trn on AB (cng pha so vi ng thng 0102) l s nghim k nguyn tha mn biu thc:
d 2 d1 1 1 k 2 2 ' ' (gi s d 2 d1 d 2 d1 ) Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N. t dM = d1M - d2M ; dN = d1N - d2N v gi s dM < dN. + Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: dM < k < dN Cc tiu: dM < (k+0,5) < dN + Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i: dM < (k+0,5) < dN Cc tiu: dM < k < dN S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm. + Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:
' d2
d1'
uM
u 'M
19
uM
2 Acos(2
d 2
)cos(2 ft
Ch : Khong thi gian gia 2 ln lin tip si dy dui thng l T/2. Khong cch gia 2 nt lin k bng khong cch 2 bng lin k v bng . 2 Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng k
2 Asin(2
)cos(2 ft
.
2
(k
N* )
2k 1
N)
IV SNG M
1. i cng v sng m - V sng m cng l sng c nn cc cng thc ca sng c c th p dng cho sng m. - Vn tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi, mt v nhit ca mi trng. Biu thc vn tc trong khng kh ph thuc nhit : v v0 1 t v0 l vn tc truyn m 0 0 C ; v l vn tc truyn m t0C; 2. Cc bi ton v to ca m - Mc cng m k hiu l L, n v l ben (B) : - Nu dng n v xiben th : L dB
1 -1 K 273
lg I I0
L B
10 lg
I ; I0
1B 10dB
Vi I l cng m (n v W/m2 , I0 l cng m chun, I 0 10-12 W/m 2 . 3. Cc bi ton v cng sut ca ngun m
20
P IS 4 r 2 .I - Cng sut ca ngun m ng hng: (S l din tch ca mt cu c bn knh r bng khong cch gia tm ngun m n v tr ta ang xt, I l cng m ti im ta xt) - I A , I B l cng m ca cc im A, B cch ngun m nhng khong
rA, rB th:
IA IB
rB2 2 rA
I1 A12 - Mi lin h gia cng m v bin ca sng m: 2 I 2 A2 - Khi cng m tng (gim) k ln th mc cng m tng (gim) N lg k (B) v N 10 lg k (dB). + Trng hp k 10n N n (B) hoc N 10n (dB)
4. Giao thoa sng m Giao thoa sng sng dng p dng cho: + Dy n c 2 u c nh: v m c bn: f 0 (cn gi l ha m bc 1) 2l ho m bc 2 l : f2 = 2f0;
ha m bc 3 l : f3 = 3f0 + ng so: H mt u: m c bn f 0 bc n: f n
n.
v 2l
v (cn gi l ha m bc 1); 4l 2n 1 v . 4l
ho m bc 3 l f3 = 3f0; f5 = 5f0 bc n: f n H 2 u: m c bn f 0
v ; 2l n.
21
NBS sin t
E0 sin t
NBS vi E 0 0 : Sut in ng cc i xut hin trong khung. 2. in p (hiu in th) xoay chiu. Dng in xoay chiu - Hiu in th xoay chiu: u U0 cos( t u ) (V)
- Dng in xoay chiu: i
I 0 cos( t
) (A)
i lng u i gi l lch pha ca u so vi i. + Nu 0 th u sm pha so vi i mt gc + Nu 0 th u tr pha so vi i + Nu Ch : + Nu c mt in p xoay chiu (in p cc i l U 0 ) c t vo hai u bng n non m n ch sng ln mi khi in p u ln hn mt gi tr no u1 u U 0 th trong mt chu k n sng ln 2 ln v tt i 2 ln. Trong mt giy n sng ln hoc tt i 2f ln. + Cc my o ch cc gi tr hiu dng ca cc i l-ng 3. Cc gi tr hiu dng I
I0 2
;U
U0 2
,E
E0 2
I 2 Rt
4. Cc cng thc khc - Tnh nhit l-ng ta ra trn in tr thun theo cng thc: Q
22
(I l gi tr hiu dng ca dng in chy qua R trong thi gian t ). - in tr ca on dy dn ng cht, tit din u c chiu di l l , l in tr sut , din tch tit din l S: R ; S - Mt khi cht c khi lng m, nhit dung ring l c
J kg.K
nhn nhit
lng Q tng nhit t t1 n t 2 , th: Q mc t 2 t1 - in lng chuyn qua tit din ca dy dn trong khong thi gian t t1 n t 2 :
t2
t2
q
t1
dq
t1
idt
5. Dng in xoay chiu trong mch ch c in tr thun R; ch c cun dy thun cm L v ch c t in C nh lut m Tr khng lch pha (u v i) Gin vc t Ch c R U 0R I 0 R , Ch c L U 0L I 0 Z L , Ch c C I0ZC ,
U 0C UC
UR
IR R
UL
ZL
IZ L
L
IZ C
u i = 0
u i = + /2
1 C u i = - /2 ZC
Lin h gia u v i:
u U0
i I0
u2 U 02
i2 I 02
u2 U 02
i2 I 02
23
Cc mt
Dng mch
Mch RLC
Mch RL
Mch RC
Mch LC
Vect quay
Tng tr
Z= Z = R 2 (Z L Z C ) 2 Z=
Z
ZL R
2 L
Z=
R2
2 ZC
ZL
ZC
Gc lch pha
Z L - ZC R U 0L - U 0C tan U 0R U L - UC + tan UR ZL >ZC:tnh cm khng + ZL< ZC:tnh dung khng. + ZL=ZC:cng hng tan
I0 U0 ; I Z U Z
tan
tan
tan
UL UR
ZC R
U 0L U 0R
tan
U 0C UC U 0R U R
tg
Mch c tnh cm khng: > 0 Mch c tnh dung khng: <0
I0
U0 ; I Z
U Z
I0
U0 ; I Z
U Z
I0
U0 ; I Z
U Z
W=0
24
2. Cng hng in. Nu gi nguyn gi tr ca in p hiu dng U gia hai u mch v 1 thay i tn s gc sao cho Z L Z C hay L , th trong mch xy C ra hin tng c bit, l hin tng cng hng. Khi : + Tng tr ca mch t gi tr nh nht Z min R . U + Cng dng in qua mch t gi tr cc i I max . R + Cc in p tc thi hai u t in v hai u cun cm c bin bng nhau nhng ngc pha nn trit tiu ln nhau, in p hai u in tr bng in p hai u on mch. iu kin xy ra cng hng l : 1 1 . L 0 C LC 3. iu kin hai i lng tha mn h thc v pha + Khi hiu in th cng pha vi dng in (cng h-ng): Z L ZC tan 0 hay Z L Z C R tan + Khi hai hiu in th u1 v u2 cng pha: 1 2 Sau lp biu thc ca tan 1 v tan thc ta s tm -c mi lin h. + Hai hiu in th c pha vung gc:
1 2
2
tan 1 . tan 2 1. 2 Sau lp biu thc ca tan 1 v tan 2 th vo v cn bng biu thc ta cng s tm -c mi lin h.
Tr-ng hp tng qut hai i l-ng tho mn mt h thc no ta s dng phng php gin vect l tt nht hoc dng cng thc hm s tan gii ton: tan 1 tan 2 tan 1 2 1 tan 1 . tan 2
25
U R U2 cos = 1 ; P = Pmax = R Dng 2: Cho R bin i Hi R Pmax, tnh Pmax, h s cng sut cos lc ? U2 2 p : R = ZL - ZC, PMax = , cos = 2R 2 Dng 3: Cho R bin i ni tip cun dy c r Hi R cng sut trn R cc i p : R2 = r2 + (ZL - ZC)2 Dng 4: Cho R bin i , nu vi 2 gi tr R1 , R2 m P1 = P2 Hi R PMax p R = ZL - ZC= R1R 2 Dng 5: Cho C1, C2 m I1 = I2 (P1 = P2) Hi C PMax (cng hng in) Z + ZC2 p Zc = ZL = C1 2 Dng 6: Cho L1, L2 m I1 = I2 (P1 = P2) Hi L PMax (cng hng in) Z + ZL2 p ZL = ZC = L1 2 Dng 7: Hi vi gi tr no ca C th in p hiu dng trn t in UCmax R 2 + Z2 L p ZC = , Khi ZL
Khi Z = Zmin = R ; I = Imax=
26
U CMax
2 U R2 Z L v R
(vung pha nhau) 2 p p dng cng thc tan 1.tan2 = -1 Dng 10: Hi khi cho dng in khng i trong mch RLC th tc dng ca R, ZL, ZC? p : I = U/R ZL = 0 ZC = Dng 11: Hi Vi = 1 hoc = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax f1 f 2 p khi : tn s f 1 2
Dng 9: Hi iu kin 1, 2 lch pha nhau Dng 12: Gi tr = ? th IMax p : khi URmax; PMax cn ULCMin
PL2
L1 L2
PC2
PR2
U2 p R1R2 = ( Z L ZC ) v R1 + R2= P Dng 17: Hi khi iu chinh L URC khng ph thuc vo R th p: Khi ZL = 2 ZC
27
5. Cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu. H s cng sut. - Cng thc tnh cng sut ca mch in xoay chiu bt k: P UI cos ; cos l h s cng sut.
- Ring vi mch ni tip RLC:
P I 2R
2 UR
R UR U
U RI .
R Z
Pco I 2R ; i vi ng c in: P UI cos trong R l in tr thun ca ng c, cos l h s cng sut ca ng c, I l cng dng in chy qua ng c, U l in p t vo hai u ng c v Pci l cng sut c ch ca ng c.
Pci UIcos
Ch : + tm cng sut hoc h s cng sut ca mt on mch no th cc i l-ng trong biu thc tnh phi c trong on mch . + Trong mch in xoay chiu cng sut ch c tiu th trn in tr thun.
Id
+ hnh sao:
Ip 0 3U p
+ hnh tam gic:
I0 Ud
Id Ud
3I p Up
28
Ip Ud
' Ip
Id Up 3
p dng cho ti B:
Id
' Up 3
Ud
Id Ud
Ip 3 Up
' Ip 3 ' Up
p dng cho ti B:
Id Ud
Ud
Up 3
' Ip 3 ' Up
p dng cho ti B:
Id Ud
Id Ud
Ip 3 Up
' Ip ' Up 3
p dng cho ti B:
Id Ud
29
N1 th U 2 N1 th U 2
U 2 I 2 cos U 1 I1 cos
2 1
vi cos 1 v cos 2 l h s cng sut ca mch s cp v th cp. - Nu mch s cp v th cp c u v i cng pha th: U I2 U2I2 hay 1 ; H U 2 I 1 .H U1I1
N 2 I1 U1 N1 I 2 c. Nu in tr cun s cp v th cp ln lt l r1 v r2, v mch in hai u cun th cp c in tr R:
Khi H
100% th U 2
30
Quy c:
N1 =k N2
k.R k (R + r2 ) + r1
2
k 2 .R k 2 (R + r2 ) + r1
2. Truyn ti in nng P, U : l cng sut v in p ni truyn i, P' , U ' : l cng sut v in p nhn c ni tiu th; I: l cng dng in trn dy, R: l in tr tng cng ca dy dn truyn ti. U U U ' IR + gim th trn dy dn: + Cng sut hao ph trn -ng dy:
P P' I 2 R
P2 .R U 2 cos2
P' P
P P
Ch : + Ch phn bit hiu sut ca MBA H v hiu sut ti in H ' . + Khi cn truyn ti in khong cch l th ta phi cn si dy dn c chiu di 2l .
31
2 2 LC Ch : Nu mch dao ng c t 2 t tr ln th ta coi b t l mt t c in dung C t-ng -ng -c tnh nh- sau: n 1 1 1 1 1 ... C C1 , C 2 ,..., C n + Ghp ni tip: C C1 C 2 C n i 1 Ci
n
- Tn s ring: f
C1
C2
... C n
i 1
Ci
C1 , C 2 ,..., C n
f2
f12
f 22
32
CU 0
Q0
q2 i2
2
-U0
U0 2
U0 2
U0 2 2
U0 3 2
+U0
T/4
Ghi ch: - Hai ln lin tip Wt = Wtt l T/4 - Khi q cc i th u cc i cn khi i cc tiu (bng 0) v ngc li. 4. Thu v pht sng in t - Khung dao ng c th pht v thu cc sng in t c b-c sng: c.T 2 c LC ; c l tc truyn sng in t trong chn khng ( c 3.108 m / s ) - Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t L1 L2 L1 L2 th mch chn sng c th chn c sng c bc sng: 2 c L1C 2 c L2 C - Nu mch dao ng c C thay i t C1 C 2 C1 sng c th chn c sng c bc sng:
C2 th mch chn
2 c LC1
2 c LC 2
- Nu mch dao ng c L thay i t L1 L2 L1 L2 v c C thay i t C1 C 2 C1 C2 th mch chn sng c th chn c sng c bc sng: 2 c L1C1 2 c L2 C2 Gi 1 v 2 l bc sng mch dao ng hot ng khi dng cun thun cm L mc vi C1 v C2 th bc sng mch dao ng hot ng khi mc L vi:
2 2 1 2 2
+ C1 // C2 :
1 f2 f2 1
2
1 f12 f12 1
2 1
1 f 22 f 22 1
2 2
+ C1 ni tip C2 :
2 1 2 2
c C2
2 2
2 2
c C1
34
4 2 c 2 L2 4 2 c 2 L1 Ch : Hai cng thc cui vn p c cho trng hp L v C l hng s cn bc sng bin thin 1 2.
5. Mch dao ng tt dn - Khung dy c in tr hot ng nn c s
2 2 C 2U 0 U 0 RC R 2 2L cng l cng sut to nhit ca in tr. - Nng l-ng cn cung cp trong khong thi gian t: A Q 6. Di sng in t 2
2 2
I 2R
I 2 Rt
Ni SNG dung DI Bc > 1000 m sng - C nng lng nh, - khng truyn c i xa trn c im mt t. - t b nc hp th
ng dng
SNG TRUNG 1.000 m 100 m - C nng lng kh ln, - Truyn i c trn mt t. - B tng in ly hp th vo ban ngy v phn x vo ban m Dng Dng thng thng tin tin vo ban di nc m
SNG NGN 100 m 10 m - C nng lng ln, - Truyn i c mi a im trn mt t - C kh nng phn x nhiu ln gia tng in ly v mt t Dng thng tin trn mt t
SNG CC NGN 10 m 0,01m - C nng lng rt ln ln - Truyn c i c trn mt t - Khng b tng in ly hp th hoc phn x v c kh nng truyn i rt xa theo mt ng thng Dng thng tin trong v tr.
35
D i i' A vi i, i l gc ti v gc l; A l gc chit quang; D l gc lch to bi tia ti v tia l. - Tr-ng hp gc nh: D = (n - 1)A - Gc lch cc tiu. + Khi c gc lch cc tiu, -ng i ca tia sng i xng qua mt phn gic ca gc chit quang. + K hiu gc lch cc tiu l Dm , gc ti ng vi gc lch cc tiu l i m , ta c:
r' r Dm sin A 2 2im Dm A A n sin
A 2 2 - Gc lch gia 2 tia sng n sc qua lng knh (chit sut i vi lng D n1 n2 A knh ln lt l n1 v n2 n1 n2 ): - B rng quang ph lin tc trn mn chn t pha sau lng knh cch lng knh mt khong l: l nt n lA (vi nt v n l chit sut ca nh sng tm v nh sng i vi lng knh v A tnh bng radian)
b. Tn sc t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc * Nu dng nh sng n sc th: + Mu n sc khng thay i (v f khng i)
36
+ Bc sng n sc thay i Vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n: c v ' ; ; n n trong c v l vn tc v bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng. sin i n 2 n 21 + Dng nh lut khc x tm gc khc x sin r n1 + Nu nh sng t mi trng chit quang ln sang mi trng chit n2 sin i gh quang nh phi xc nh i gh : n1 * Nu dng nh sng trng th: + C hin tng tn sc v xut hin chum quang ph lin tc. + Cc tia n sc u b lch - Tia lch t so vi tia ti; - Tia tm lch nhiu so vi tia ti.
c. Thang sng in t
0,4 m 0,75 m
10-11m
0,001m
(m)
f (Hz)
Tia gama Tia X nh sng trng Tia hng ngoi Sng v tuyn
37
d2
d1
ax D
- V tr vn sng: x k
D ki a Vn sng bc n ng vi k
n
1
- V tr vn ti: x k k
- Khong vn: i
D a ia D
- Bc sng ca nh sng: - Tn s ca bc x: f
c
d n 1
- Khong cch gia n vn sng lin tip l d th: i - Khong cch gia 2 vn sng bc k bng: 2ki
b. S vn sng, ti trn mn Tnh s vn sng, ti trn trng giao thoa L, c 2 cch: Cch 1: + S vn sng trn L l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: L L k 2i 2i + S vn ti trn L l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: L 1 L 1 k 2i 2 2i 2 Cch 2: L 1, + S vn sng: N 2 2i L L l phn nguyn ca biu thc . 2i 2i 38
Tnh s vn sng ti trn on AB c ta xA v xB bt k xA< xB + S vn sng trn on AB l s nghim k (nguyn) tha mn h thc: xA xB k i i + S vn ti trn on AB l s nghim k nguyn tha mn h thc: xA 1 xB 1 k k Z i 2 i 2 Dch chuyn ca h vn Gi: D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe + Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu, khong vn i vn khng i v di ca h vn l: D x0 d , d l dch D1 chuyn ca ngun sng. + Khi ngun S dng yn v hai khe dch chuyn theo phng song song vi mn th h vn dch chuyn cng chiu, khong vn i vn khng i v di ca h vn l:
x0
k1 k2
2 1
2 1
, k, l nguyn dng)
T suy ra:
k1 k2
k .n l.n
n 0, 1, 2, ....
39
D D kn 1 kni1 a a - Cc bc x trng mu vn trung tm cch nhau mt khong u n D d k 1 , k l hng s bit (*) a 0,38 m 0, 76 m . i vi nh sng trng - B rng vn sng (quang ph) bc k: kD xk k i it . t a - nh sng n sc c vn sng ti im ang xt: k. D xa x , a kD xa k -c xc nh t bt ph-ng trnh: 0,38 m 0, 76 m kD - nh sng n sc c vn ti ti im ang xt: D 2 xa x 2k 1 , 2a 2k 1 D
Suy ra v tr ca bc x trng: x
k1
2 xa 0, 76 m 2k 1 D Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x thnh phn c trong ngun sng.
k -c xc nh t bt ph-ng trnh 0,38 m
nh sng, f : tn s ca nh sng, A: Cng thot, v 0 max : vn tc ban u cc i, I bh : cng dng quang in bo ha, U h : in p(hiu in th) hm, h : hng s Flng ( h chn khng ( c
8
6,625.10
34
C)
hf m ph c
hc h
m ph c 2
, c mph l khi lng tng i tnh ca photon. hc + Gii hn quang in: 0 A 1 2 mv0 max , + Ph-ng trnh Anhxtanh: hf A 2 khi lng ca electron m 9,1.10 31 kg . + Bc x n sc (bc sng ) c pht ra v nng lng ca mi E E E xung l E th s photon pht ra trong mi giy bng: n hf hc
2hc 1 m 1
0
1 2 mv0 max e Vmax 2 ( Vmax l in th cc i ca vt dn khi b chiu sng) + Nu in trng cn l u c cng E v electron bay dc theo ng sc in th: 1 2 mv0 max e Ed max 2 ( d max l qung ng ti a m electron c th ri xa c Catot). Ch : + Nu chiu vo Catt ng thi 2 bc x 1 , 2 th hin tng f 0 . Nu c quang in xy ra i vi bc x c bc sng b hn 0 f 2 bc x cng gy ra hin tng quang in th ta tnh ton vi bc x c bc sng b hn. + Ban nng cao - in p hm trit tiu dng quang in 1 2 mvomax eU h 2
41
- Cng dng quang in bo ha: I = ne (n: s electron v anot trong 1 s) - Tc electron khi v n anod Dng nh l ng nng WA - Womax= eUAK
eE
eE
eE m eE - Nu v0 E : chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a m - Nu v0 E : chuyn ng cong qu o Parabol + Theo phng xx: thng u: x = v0t eE + Theo phng yy nhanh dn u vi gia tc a m b. Chuyn ng ca electron trong t trng + Trong t tr-ng u: B qua trng lc ta ch xt lc Lorenx: v2 f e vB sin = ma = m v, B R + Nu vn tc ban u vung gc vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn ng trn u vi bn knh mv 0 max m.v R ; bn knh cc i: Rmax eB eB
42
vi cm ng t: lectron chuyn mv0 max ng theo vng xon c vi bn knh ng vng c: R e B sin
+ Nu vn tc ban u xin gc
n .
IS
P hc
I bh He
n l s photon ca ngun sng pht ra trong mi giy; l l-ng t nng l-ng (photon); ( I l cng ca chm sng, H l hiu sut lng t) b. C-ng dng in bo ha. I bh N q ne I bh ne e Hn e e t t
N l s electron n c Ant trong thi gian t giy, ne l s lectron n Ant trong mi giy. e l in tch nguyn t e 1, 6.10 19 C c. Hiu sut l-ng t. I bh n' H n Pe n ' l s lectron bt ra khi Katt kim loi trong mi giy. n l s photon p vo Katt trong mi giy.
Ch : Khi dng quang in bo ho th n = ne
43
W
Trong :
Qi
hf
Hay
hc W
- ng Rn Ghen s pht bc x c b-c sng nh nht nu ton b nng l-ng ca chm tia Katot chuyn hon ton thnh nng l-ng ca bc x Rn Ghen. Bc sng nh nht c tnh bng biu thc trn khi du = xy ra : hc min W Trng hp ton b nng lng ca electron bin thnh nhit lng: - Nhit lng ta ra trn i Catot trong thi gian t: W = Q RI2t = mct t: tng nhit ca i m cc (anot) c: nhit dung ring ca kim loi anot. m: khi lng anot Trng hp tng qut: W Qi - Hiu sut ca ng Rnghen: H W W
44
5. Mu nguyn t Bo
+ Khi nguyn t ang mc nng l-ng cao chuyn xung mc nng l-ng thp th pht ra photon, ng-c li chuyn t mc nng l-ng thp chuyn ln mc nng l-ng cao nguyn t s hp thu photon Ecao Ethp hf + Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: rn n 2 r0 Vi r0 5,3.10 11 m : l bn knh Bo ( qu o K) + Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir: Th d 31 = 32 + 21 1 1 1 v f 31 f 32 f 21
31 32 21
+ Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: 13,6 En (eV ) Vi n N*: lng t s. n2 + Nng lng ion ha hydro (t trng thi c bn) Wcung cp = E - E1 Ch : Khi nguyn t trng thi kch thch n (trng thi th n) c th pht ra s bc x in t ti a cho bi cng thc: nn 1 2 2 N Cn ; trong C n l t hp chp 2 ca n. 2 + Cc dy quang ph (ban nng cao)
P O N M n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3
Paschen
L
H H H H
n=2
Balmer
K n=1
Lymann
45
. n1 1; n2 n1 n1
2, 3, 4, ... dy Laiman (t ngoi) 3, 4, 5, ... dy Banme (nhn thy) 4, 5, 6,... dy Pasen (hng ngoi).
2; n2 3; n2
1,2.10 15. A 3 m ; vi A l s
2. n v khi lng nguyn t - n v khi lng nguyn t l n v Cacbon (k hiu l u) 1u 1,66055.10 27 kg - Ngoi ra theo h thc gia nng lng v khi lng ca Anhxtanh, khi eV MeV lng cn c th o bng n v 2 hoc ; c2 c 1u 931,5 MeV / c 2 3. Nng lng lin kt nng lng lin kt ring A Ht nhn Z X c khi lng m c cu to bi Z proton v N notron. Cc php o chnh xc cho thy khi lng m ca ht nhn gi cng b hn tng khi lng ca cc nuclon to thnh ht nhn
A Z A Z
X bao
X:
m Zmp
Wlkr
46
Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng. - Nng lng ngh: E mc 2 , vi m l khi lng ngh ca ht nhn 4. Cng thc Einstein gia nng lng v khi lng Nng lng ht = Nng lng ngh + ng nng ca ht
E = E0 + W = mc2 + mv2
II - PHNG X
- S ht nhn cn li: N - Khi lng cn li: m
N 0 .2
m0 2
t T
t T
N 0 .e
m0 e
t
l hng s phng x
ln 2 T
t T
N0 1 e
N0 1 2
T:
N0 t
N N0
t T
1 2
t T
1 e
t
m0 1 2
m0 1 e
t T
1 2 m0 - S ht sinh ra bng s ht phng x mt i 1 N0 - Tnh tui ca mu cht phng x: t ln N - Khi c cn bng phng x: 1 N1 2 N2 N .A - Khi lng: m NA
- Cho phng trnh phng x:
A Z
1 e
1 H0 H
ln
A' Z'
47
WY mZ WZ mY WY mY + Nu cc ht sinh ra c cng vn tc th: WZ m Z - Cho 1 lng ng v phng x X c chu k phng x l T, phng x ban u l H0 vo th tch V ca cht lng, sau thi gian t 0 ly ra th tch v cht lng th phng x l H. Th tch cht lng bng: H 0v H 0v V t0 t0 He H .2 T - Gi N l s xung phng x pht ra trong thi gian t1 , N ' l s xung phng x pht ra trong thi gian t 2 k t thi im sau thi im ban u mt khong thi gian t 0 , th:
+ Nu ban u ht X ng yn th t s ng nng:
N N'
+ Nu t1 + Nu t1 , t 2
t2 : T:
1 e t1 e . 1 e t2 N e t0 N' t N e t0 . 1 N' t2
t0
Ch : Tui ca ming g c xc nh t thi im cht (cht) n thi im ta xt. Nu khong thi gian kho st rt nh so vi chu k bn r (t T ) th ta vn dng h thc gn ng e x 1 x (khi x 1). y ta c: e t 1 t v t T nn N0 t N N0 1 e t Phn ring ban nng cao + phng x thi im t (n v Becren Bq):
.N 0 e
H0 2
t T
H 0e
H0
N0
AH NA
48
A2 Z2
A3 Z3
A4 Z4
A2
A3
A4 .
Z2
Z3
Z4
PD + nh lut bo ton ng lng: PA PB P C + nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: Nng lng tng cng trong phn ng ht nhn l khng i.
Ch : Trong phn ng ht nhn khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng .
A2 Z2
A3 Z3
A4 Z4
Cc ht nhn A, B, C, D c: Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E1, E2, E3, E4 ht khi tng ng l m1, m2, m3, m4 a. ht khi: m m3 + m4 - m1 - m2
Nu
W = (Mtrc Msau) c2 Bit nng lng lin kt W = Esau - Etrc Bit ht khi cc ht W = ( msau - mtrc)c2
Bit cc khi lng p, n v electron c ht khi bng 0.
Ch :
49
c. bit phn ng ta hay thu nng lng: Gi tng khi lng ca cc ht nhn v phi l m0, v to thnh l m. Nu: m0 m Phn ng to nng lng Nng lng ta ra ca 1 phn ng: W ' m0 m c 2 Nng lng ta ra thng dng ng nng cc ht. Cc ht sinh ra khi bn hon cc ht ban u m0 m Phn ng thu nng lng + Nng lng cn cung cp ti thiu phn ng xy ra (chnh l nng lng thu vo ca phn ng): Wmin m m0 c 2 Nng lng thu vo thng di dng ng nng cc ht hoc bc x Cc ht sinh ra khi khng bn hon cc ht ban u + Nu ng nng ca cc ht ban u l W Wmin th:
W m m0 c 2 W ' ( W ' l ng nng ca cc ht sinh ra) 3. Tnh ng nng v vn tc cc ht ca phn ht nhn, s dng cc cch sau: Dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: m m0 c 2 W W '
(S dng ht khi ca cc ht nhn: m0 Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton ng lng:
m c2 )
PD
2
PA
PB
PC
PD
PA
PB
PC
Dng phng php gii ton vecto v hnh hoc T suy ra i lng cn tm v d gc hp bi chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht so vi mt phng no Cc trng hp c bit khi so snh ng nng cc ht sinh ra: W X ' mY ' - Nu cc ht nhn ban u ng yn th: WY ' m X ' - Nu cc ht sinh ra c cng vn tc th: Ch : Cng thc gia ng lng v ng nng:
WX ' WY '
mX ' mY '
50
p2 = 2m W Nhit ta ra khi t m kg cht t c nng sut ta nhit l L bng: Q Lm , L: nng sut to nhit (J/kg). 1KWh 3.600.000J
2 Nc nng 1 D 2 O dng chit sut ng v tri ( 1 D ) dng lm nguyn liu phn ng nhit hch c trong nc chim 0,015% v khi lng . * Cc trng hp c bit thng gp + Trc ht ta c nh lut bo ton nng lng A+B C+D WC + WD = (mtrc - msau)c2 + WA (gi s ht B ng yn) (1)
2 A
2 C
2 D
pC
pA
pD pD pA
pC pA vi cc gc
Ta c cos bng nhau
pC
mAWA 2mC WC
pA cos2 2 pC Nh ta tm WC v WD.
pA
pC
pD
mCWC = mDWD
51