Chng 8: CHT LNG NC V HI CA L

8.1. Yu cu cht lng nc cp cho l hi 8.1.1. Mc ch ca vic x l nc S lm vic chc chn v n nh ca l hi ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng nc cp cho l sinh hi. Trong cc nh my in, nc cung cp cho l hi ch yu l nc do hi ngng t t bnh ngng v. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh lm vic ca nh my in lun lun c tn tht hi v nc ngng. V mt l thuyt, chu trnh nhit ca nh my nhit in l mt chu trnh kn, lng mi cht lm vic trong chu trnh l khng i. Trn thc t th c mt lng nc b thi ra khi l do x y l, mt lng dng cho sinh hot trong nh my; mt lng hi hi thot ra do x van an ton hoc thi bi hoc sy du; mt lng b r r qua cc khe h ca cc ch ni, khe h do van b r hoc dng vo cc mc ch khc m khng c thu hi nc ngng. Khi , lng nc ngng t bnh ngng tr v s nh hn lng nc cp cp cho l, do cn c mt lng nc b sung cho l b li cc tn tht , lng nc ny c ly t ao, h gi l nc thin nhin. Trong nc thin nhin c ha tan nhng tp cht, m c bit l cc loi mui can xi v magi v mt s mui cng khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca l, khi nc si v bc hi, cc mui ny s tch ra pha cng di dng bn hoc cu tinh th bm vo vch ng ca l hi. Cc cu v bn ny c h s dn nhit rt thp, thp hn so vi kim loi hng trm ln, do khi bm vo vch ng s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit t khi n mi cht trong ng, lm cho mi cht nhn nhit t hn v tn tht nhit do khi thi tng ln, hiu sut ca l gim xung, lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l tng ln. Khi cu bm trn cc ng sinh hi, cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm tng nhit ca vch ng ln, do lm tui th ca ng gim xung, c nhng trng hp nhit ca vch ng tng ln qu mc cho php, c th lm n ng. Khi cu bm ln vch ng s tng tc n mn kim loi ng, gy ra hin tng n mn cc b. Khi cu bm vo cc cnh tuc bin s lm tng nhm b mt cnh, gy cn tr chuyn ng ca hi s lm gim hiu sut v lm gim tit din hi qua s lm gim cng sut ca tuc bin, c th gy s c cho tuc bin. Ngoi nhng cht sinh cu, trong nc cn c nhng cht kh ha tan nh oxi v cacbonic, cc loi kh ny gy n mn mnh cc b mt ng kim loi ca l, nht l b hm nc. V nhng nguyn nhn trn, i hi phi c nhng bin php c bit bo v l hi khi b cu bm v n mn, m bo cho l lm vic an ton. gim cng n mn v m bo cho l lm vic an ton cn thc hin 3 nhim v sau y: - Ngn nga hin tng bm cu trn tt c cc b mt t. - Duy tr sch ca hi mc cn thit. - Ngn nga qu trnh n mn ca ng nc- ng hi: Nh trnh by trn, khng th dng trc tip nc thin nhin cung cp
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ngay cho l c m cn phi x l nc loi b cc tp cht c th sinh ra cu. Vic chn phng php x l nc v s x l khng ch da vo thnh phn ca nc thin nhin, m cn phi da vo thng s ca l hi. L c thng s hi cng cao th yu cu cht lng nc cng cao, ngha l nng cc tp cht trong nc cp vo l cng phi thp. nh gi cht lng ca nc, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim v c tnh ca nc thin nhin nh sau: cng, kim, kh kt ca nc. cng ca nc th hin tng nng cc ion Ca+ v Mg+ c trong nc, c k hiu l 0H. Tuy hin nay mt s nc c nh ngha cng khc nhau. 8.1.2. Cht lng nc cp cho l cng cho php ca nc cp vo l ph thuc vo thng s hi ca l. L c thng s hi cng cao th yu cu cht lng nc cng cao, ngha l nng cc tp cht trong nc cp vo l cng phi thp. Yu cu cht lng nc ( cng) ca l hi ph thuc vo p sut hi nh sau: 0 - L hi ng l, ng la: H < 0,5 mgl/l 0 - L ng nc c p < 1,6 Mpa : H < 0,3 0 - L ng nc c p = 1,6 n 3,15 Mpa: H < 0,02 0 - L ng nc c p = 3,5 n 10 Mpa : H < 0,01 0 - L ng nc c p > 10 Mpa : H < 0,005 8.2. CC PHNG PHP X L NC CHO L Nc thin nhin khng p ng c yu cu v cht lng khi cp cho l, c bit l cng. gim cng ca nc cp cho l nhm gim hin tng ng cu ngi ta dng cc bin php sau: - Tch nhng vt cht c kh nng to thnh cu trong l ra khi nc trc khi a nc vo l, gi l phng php x l nc trc khi a nc vo l hay x l nc cho l. - Bin nhng vt cht c kh nng sinh ra cu trong l (do nc cp cha c x l hoc x l khng ht) thnh nhng vt cht tch ra pha cng di dng bn (khng dng cu) ri dng bin php x l thi ra khi l. Phng php ny gi l x l nc bn trong l (phng php chng ng cu cho l). Sau y chng ta s nghin cu ln lt tng bin php . 8.2.1. X l nc trc khi a vo l X l nc l loi b cc tp cht c hc ra khi nc v lm gim n mc nh nht cng ca nc, gm hai bc: x l c hc v x l cng. Nhim v ca phng php ny l kh n mc ti thiu nhng vt cht tan hoc khng tan trong nc, c kh nng sinh cu trong l trc khi a nc vo l. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc thin nhin v yu cu ca l ngi ta dng cc bin php khc nhau.
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8.2.1.1. X l c hc X l nc c hc l dng cc b lng v cc bnh lc c kh tch cc tp cht l lng trong nc ra khi nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch loi b c cc tp cht c kh ra khi nc. 8.2.1.2. X l cng X l cng l lm gim n mc nh nht nng cc tp cht c th to thnh cu ha tan trong nc. cng ch c th c kh bng ha cht hoc bng trao i ion (kation v anion). + X l bng ha cht: thng c dng cho cc l hi nh, yu cu cht lng nc khng cao, gm cc phng php sau y: Phng php x l Ha cht dng Vi ha CaO Vi - xa CaO + Na2CO3 Xt NaOH Xt - xa NaOH + Na2CO3 Vi xt CaO + NaOH Ty theo cht lng nc ngun v yu cu cht lng nc ca l, ta la chn bin php no hoc kt hp nhiu bin php khc nhau. + Phng php x l bng trao i ion: Phng php ny gm trao i Kation v anion. - Phng php trao i Kation: Nguyn l ca phng php ny l thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc kation ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c kh nng sinh cu trong l vi cc kation ca ht kationit, to nn nhng vt cht mi tan trong nc nhng khng to thnh cu trong l. Kationit l nhng ht nha tng hp c gc R ngm cc kation, khng tan, nhng vo trong nc. Trong k thut thng dng ba loi kationit sau: Kationit Natri (NaR), Kationit Hyro (HR), Kationit Amon (NH4R), trong R l gc ca cationit, khng tan trong nc (hnh 8.1). - Khi dng NaR, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaHCO3; Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaHCO3; CaCl2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaCl; MgCl2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaCl; CaSO4 + 2NaR = CaR2 + Na2SO4; MgSO4 + 2NaR = MgR2 + Na2SO4; - Khi dng HR, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O;
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Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O; CaCl2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2HCl; MgCl2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2HCl; CaSO4 + 2HR = CaR2 + H2SO4; MgSO4+ 2HR = MgR2 + H2SO4; - Khi dng NH4R, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3; Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R = MgR2 2NH4HCO3; CaCl2 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + 2NH4Cl; CaSO4 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + (NH4)2SO4; MgSO4+ 2NH4R = MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4; - Khi s dng kationit NaR, ton b cng ca nc u c kh, song kim v cc thnh phn anion khc trong nc khng thay i (hnh 8.2). - Khi s dng kationit hyr th cng v kim u c kh c, nhng khi cc anion ca cc mui s to thnh cc axit, nc sau khi x l c tnh axit, khng tha mn yu cu. Do vy ngi ta thng phi hp 2 loi ht lc kation Natri v kation Hyr (hnh 8.3.). - Khi s dng Kationit amn, cng cng gim i cn rt nh, nhng khi trong nc s to thnh cc mui amn, cc mui ny khi vo l s b phn hy nhit, to thnh cht NH3 v cc axit, gy n mn mnh kim loi, nht l hp kim ng. Do ngi ta thng s dng kt hp vi phng php trao i kation Natri. Hnh 8.1. Bnh trao i ion 1. Thn bnh; 2- lp btng lt; 3- nm lc nc;4- lp ht lc; 5- phu phn phi 6- ng nc v; 7- ng nc ra. Cc kationit c cha trong cc bnh trao i kation. S ni cc bnh cation c la chn ty thuc vo cht lng nc ngun, yu cu cht lng nc ca l v kh nng c x l tip theo. Trong qu trnh x l, nc c dn vo bnh theo ng dn chy t trn xung, qua lp ht lc th cc gc kation canxi, Magi cha trong nc c th to nn cu
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cn cho l s c ht lc gi li trong bnh, do nc ra khi bnh l nc c kh ht cng Ca v Mg, c gi l nc mm khng cn kh nng to thnh cu trong l.

Hnh 8.2. Nguyn l ca h thng x l nc trao i kation 1- b dung dich mui; 2-bnh lc dung dch mui; 3-thng cha nc mui; 4-bnh kationit; 5-bm dung dich mui; 6-bm nc qua bnh; 7-ng nc ra bnh lc hay chun nng dung dch mui; 8-ng ti tun hon nc mui; 9-ng nc mui hon nguyn; 10-ng nc cha x li; 11-ng nc mm; 12-ng nc ra ngc; 13-ng x. Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc kationit s mt dn cc kation, ngha l cc kationit mt dn kh nng trao i. V vy phc hi kh nng lm vic ca cc kationit, cn phi cho chng trao i vi nhng cht c kh nng cung cp li cc kation ban u. Qu trnh c gi l qu trnh hon nguyn kationit. Qu trnh hon nguyn: hon nguyn kationit Natri, ngi ta dng dung dch mui n (NaCl) c nng 6-8%; i vi kationit hyr, ngi ta dng dung dch H2SO4 c nng 11,5% hay HCl; i vi kationit amn, ngi ta dng dung dch mui amn NH4Cl. Trong qu trnh hon nguyn, phn ng s xy ra nh sau: Ca R2 + 2NaCl = 2NaR + CaCl2; MgR2 + 2NaCl = 2NaR + MgCl2; Hoc Ca R2 + H2SO4 = 2HR + CaSO4; Ca R2 + 2NH4Cl = 2NH4R + CaCl2;

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a)

b) Hnh 8.3. S trao i kation Natri v kation Hyr a) s song song; b) s ni tip; 1-bnh kationit Natri; 2-bnh kationit Hyr; 3-dung dich mui hon nguyn; 5-dung dich axit hon nguyn; 6-bm; 7-thng cha nc ra ng; 8-thng cha trung gian ca bnh kh kh; 9-ct kh kh; Qa trnh hon nguyn cng thc hin gn ging qu trnh x l, ngha l dung dch hon nguyn c a vo theo ng ng dn t trn xung, chy qua lp ht lc, thc hin cc phn ng phc hi li cc kation ban u. Cc cht tch ra sau khi hon nguyn l cc lin kt tan trong nc, c x ra khi lp kationit bng bin php ra, chy theo ng 4 x ra ngoi. - Phng php x l bng trao i Anion: Nguyn tc cng ging phng php trao i kation, y cc anion ca cc Anionit s trao i vi anion ca mui v axt c trong nc. Khi x l bng trao i Anion, phng trnh phn ng ry ra: 2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O ; RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O ; Bng phng php trao i anion ta kh c trit cc axt c trong nc, do vy trong h thng x l nc ngi ta thng kt hp cho nc qua bnh trao i kation hyr trc, trong nc s to thnh axit ri cho qua bnh trao i anion, nc s c x l hon ton (hnh 8.4)

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Hnh 8.4. S ni cc bnh trao i kation v anion a v b-cho nc kh silic v magi; c v d cho nc lng lc, vi ha H; Na; A - bnh trao i kation Hyro, Natri, Amon; K-bnh kh kh; B-bm; T-thng cha nc; 8.2.2. X l nc bn trong l Phng php x l nc bn trong l da trn hai nguyn tc sau: * Dng phng php nhit phn hy nhit i vi mt s vt cht ha tan, to ra nhng vt cht kh tan, tch ra pha cng di dng bn v cng c x ra khi l nh bin php x l. * Dng nhng cht chng ng cu a vo l lm cho cc tp cht khi tch ra pha cng th pha cng s dng bn v dng bin php x l x ra khi l, do nc khng cn kh nng ng cu trong l na. 8.2.2.1. Lm mm nc bng nhit Nc cp vo bao hi, trc khi pha trn vi nc trong l c a vo trong mt thit b gia nhit c t trong bao hi, thit b c gi l thit b lm mm nc bng nhit trong l (hnh 8.5). y nc c hi bo ha trong bao hi gia nhit n nhit bng nhit bo ha. nhit ny thnh phn cng Bicacbonat nh: Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 s b phn hy nhit thnh CaCO3 v MgCO3 tch ra dng bn. Mt khc khi nhit tng ln, CaSO4 v mt s hp cht c h s ha tan m s gim ha tan nn s v tch ra khi nc dng bn trong thit b lm mm. Nh vy, nc ra khi thit b lm mm d gim cng i rt nhiu. Nhng vt cht tch ra khi nc trong thit b lm mm s c thi ra khi l bng phng php x l.

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Hnh 8.8. Thit b lm mm nc bng nhit trong l 1-mng gia nhit gia; 2-mng bn; 3-mng xung; 4-ng dn nc cp; 5-vng y; 6-ng x bn; 7-mng tp trung bn u, nhc im ca phng php ny: + u im: V nm trong bao hi nn n khng chu lc, do kt cu ca thit b lm mm n gin v khng c i hi g v iu kin bn. Mt khc khng tiu tn g trong qu trnh vn hnh nh cc phng php khc, ng thi nhit lng cung cp cho nc khng b mt i, do t c hiu qu cao. + Nhc im: i hi ch x l nghim ngt, yu cu nc cp cho l c cng khng carbonat nh. 8.2.2.2. Chng ng cu cho l Cc cht thng dng chng ng cu cho l c th l: a) Dng ha cht nh: NaOH, Na2CO3, Na3PO4.12H2O gi l phng php pht pht ha nc l. b) Dng nhng cht c th l lng trong nc to thnh cc trung tm tinh th ha, do hn ch c qa trnh tinh th ha ca pha cng trn b mt kim loi. c) dng nhng cht khi a vo l s to thnh mt lp mng mng bao ph b mt kim loi, hn ch qu trnh tinh th ha trn b mt kim loi. *. Pht pht ha nc l: Ch pht pht ha nc l c tc dng ch yu i vi cu canxi v trong nhng iu kin nht nh c th c tc dng vi cu magi. Dung dch Pht pht c a vo t sau bnh kh kh v trong nc thng to ra nhng cht dng bn. Nng pht pht qui nh 5-8%. Ch phi pha dung dch bng nc x l. Trong qu trnh x l nc b sung cho l, vic chn phng php x l nc cn da vo ch tiu cht lng nc thin nhin (c tnh nc thin nhin), vo thng s hi ca l (da vo yu cu cht lng nc ca L) v c th kt hp nhiu phng php vi nhau qu trnh x l t hiu qu cao.
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8.3. PHNG PHP THU NHN HI SCH 8.3.1. Yu cu cht lng hi i vi cc l sn xut hi qu nhit cung cp cho ng c hi v tuc bin hi yu cu v sch ca hi rt kht khe. c bit cc chu trnh t trung p tr ln sch ca hi c c trng bi mc cha nhng tp cht trong hi, m nhng tp cht ny c kh nng ng cu trn cc ng xon ca b qu nhit, trn cc ph tng ng dn, trn cc cnh ca tuc bin. Vic ng mui hay cu trn cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit t khi ti hi, lng nhit hi qu nhit nhn c gim xung, lm tng nhit vch ng, c th t nng qu mc dn ti n ng. Nu mui ng li trn cc cnh ca tuc bin, mt mt s lm gim i tit din ca hi i qua cnh dn ti lm gim cng sut ca tuc bin, mt khc lm tng nhm ca cnh tc l s tng tr lc ng hi i qua cc cnh dn n hiu sut tuc bin s gim, ngha l gim hiu qu kinh t ca tuc bin. Khi mui ng li trn cc cnh ca tuc bin, lm tng chnh lch p sut trc v sau tng, ngha l tng lc dc trc tc dng ln bnh ng tuc bin, do lm tng di trc ca tuc bin. Ngoi ra khi xt cht lng hi ngi ta cn xt n s c mt ca kh CO2 trong hi, v s c mt ca kh CO2 s lm tng nhanh qu trnh n mn cc ng dn v cc chi tit kim loi. V vy, i vi nhng l hi sn xut hi qu nhit cung cp cho tuc bin th cn thit phi c nhng yu cu cht ch v cht lng hi. Thng s hi cng cao th yu cu v cht lng hi cng cao v p sut cng cao nng th mui c trong hi cng ln v cng d ng cu trn cc cnh cua tuc bin. Mt khc p sut cng cao th th tch ring cng gim, tit din cho hi qua phn truyn hi ca tuc bin cng b, v vy cho php ng cu trn cc cnh tuc bin cng t hn. 8.3.2. Nguyn nhn lm bn hi bo ha Nguyn nhn ch yu lm bn hi bo ha l do trong hi c ln nhng git m, trong nhng git m ny c cha nng kh cao nhng mui d ha tan v nhng ht cng l lng. Khi hi bo ha vo b qu nhit nhn nhit bin thnh hi qu nhit th cc git m tip tc bc hi, li cc tp cht ny bm trn cc ng ca b qu nhit tr thnh cu hoc c mt phn mui ha tan vo hi qu nhit v bay cng hi qu nhit sang tuc bin v bm li trn cc cnh tuc bin. Mun thu c hi sch, cn tm mi cch tch cc git m ra khi hi, khng cho bay theo hi. Ngha l sn xut hi tht kh v gim ti mc ti thiu nng nhng vt cht ha tan trong hi. Nguyn nhn ca s c mt cc git m trong hi l khi hi bc ra khi b mt thong (b mt thot hi) ht theo cc git m. S ht m theo hi bo ha ph thuc vo 2 yu t: Tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi v chiu cao ca khoang hi. - Tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi c tnh:
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RS =

Dv (m3/m2h) F

Trong : D l sn lng hi, Kg/h, v: Th tch ring ca hi, m3/kg. F: din tch b mt bc hi, m2, Tc bc hi ra khi mt thong cng ln th lng m cun theo hi cng nhiu. gim cc git m trong hi tc l hi c sch ln th phi gim tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi hay gim ph ti b mt bc hi, hoc tng chiu cao ca khoang hi nhm tng thi gian lu li ca hi trong khoang hi, ngha l phi tng kch thc ca bao hi ln, khi gi thnh ca l tng ln. Trong thit k ngi ta tng kch thc ca bao hi n gi tr no , sau tm nhng cch khc tng kh ca hi. Chiu cao hp l nht ca bao hi l: 0,70 - 0,75m. i vi cc l hi nh, tng chiu cao khoang hi ngi ta to thm m hi. Khi nng mui trong nc l qu ln (ln hn gi tr gii hn) th xy ra hin tng si bt v si bng, to ra mt lp bt trn b mt thong lm cho mc nc trong bao hi tng cao, tc l lm gim chiu cao khoang hi v do lm tng lng m ht theo hi. Khi c hin tng si bt si bng, mc nc trong bao hi lun lun cao hn mc nc trong thy, ngha l to ra mc nc gi trong l. 8.3.3. Cc thit b lm sch hi 8.3.3.1. Thit b ra hi: Thit b ra hi l mt tm c l c t trong bao hi. Khi hi t nc l tch ra i qua thit b ra hi trc khi i vo khoang hi, cc git m trong hi s pha trn vi nc trong thit b ra hi (gi l nc ra) do nng mui trong cc git m bay theo hi s gim xung. Nh vy hi sau khi qua thit b ra hi cn cha cc git m, nhng nng mui cha trong cc git m khi s gim i rt nhiu.

Hnh 8.6. Thit b ra Hi

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8.3.3.2. Cc thit b phn li cc git m ra khi hi Cc thit b phn li cc git m ra khi hi c nhim v tch cc git m ra khi hi, khng cho cc git m i theo hi sang b qu nhit, nhm gim s lng cc git m trong hi tc l lm tng sch ca hi. tch cc git m ra khi hi, ngi ta thng dng cc loi thit b phn li sau: phn ly kiu tm chn, phn ly kiu ca chp, phn ly kiu tm c l v phn ly kiu xiclon. + Phn ly kiu tm chn: Bao gm cc tm chn t nghing mt gc 450 trc ming ra ca ng sinh hi, ch ni vo bao hi. Loi ny thng dng khi cc ng sinh hi c ni vo khoang hi ca bao hi. Hi bo ha t cc ng sinh hi i vo bao hi s va p vo cc tm chn, lm ng nng ca dng hi gim i, cc git nc c khi lng ln hn s mt ng nng nhiu hn v b tch ra khi dng hi, bm vo cc tm chn ri ri tr li khoang nc. + Phn ly kiu ca chp: Gm cc tm ca chp thng c t ti ca hi ra khi bao hi. Dng hi c cha cc git m va p vo ca chp v gim ng nng, cc git nc tch ra khi hi v bm li trn cnh ca chp ri chy xung Hnh 8.7. Thit b ra hi v phn li hi. di. + Phn ly kiu tm c l: L cc tm kim loi c c nhiu l, thng c t chm trong nc, c tc dng lm cho hi phn b ng u hn trn ton b b mt bc hi. Khi chui qua cc l, cc git m b mt ng nng s b gi li, cn hi i ln pha trn ri sang b qu nhit. + Phn ly kiu Xiclon: Khi nng mui trong hi cao, cc loi thit b phn ly trn khng bo m cht lng hi, khi c th dng thit b phn ly kiu xiclon. y, hi i vo xiclon theo phng tip tuyn, chuyn ng xoy quanh trc thng ng, di tc dng ca lc li tm, cc git m s va p vo vch ciclon, mt ng nng s b ri tr li, cn hi i xoy vo gia v i ln v ra khi xiclon.

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