Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Chapter 1: Introduction Background Parking space is a must wherever we go.

Whenever we go on a specific place we always consider if there is an available space where in we can leave our vehicles without worrying about its security. Nowadays, big establishments like shopping malls provide parking space for its shoppers. Ensuring the comfort and the security of the vehicles parked in their establishment, these establishments provide security system that will monitor the parking system in the entire establishment. Today, there are parking systems that determine if the establishment's parking area is fully occupied or not. Observing these systems, the group realized the idea to innovate these existing parking systems that are used in the industry. The technologies used in the industry are quite costly due to the number of sensors that are being deployed for each of the parking slot.1 Using our innovative imaginations, the group came up in using an alternative implementation of the sensors that will be used. In this project, the group aims to lower the cost of the system but not taking for granted the reliability of the system. Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to communicate, detect and navigate other vessels. This is can be used in getting a location and even in sensing the existence of a specific object on a certain location. The group came up on taking advantage of this technique knowing that this can provide a more accurate and a faster result. Moreover, the group objective is to minimize the use of UD sensors and create an alternative orientation wherein the group will observe and test two new possible orientations.

Statement of the Problem

Xiamen Keytop Comm.&Tech.Co.,Ltd. Hi-supplier. http://keytop.hisupplier.com/manufacturer-355618ultrasonic-parking-guidance-system.html (accessed january 2010).

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Main How to reduce the number of sensors in parking slot monitoring systems using

new configuration of ultrasonic transducers?

Specific Objectives Main: Design a system that introduces new configuration for ultrasonic How can an ultrasonic transducer detect a vehicle? What is the required ultrasonic transducer to use in this project? What are the limitations of the ultrasonic transducer? How can a multiple-transmitter single receiver orientation detect a How can a single-transmitter multi receiver orientation detect a vehicle? Which of the multiple transmitter, single receiver orientation and single What is the proper positioning setup of the ultrasonic transducers? What are the ways in avoiding the interference in each of the How can the transducers interface with a microcontroller?

vehicle?

receiver, multi transmitter orientation is much better overall?

transducers?

transducers that will implement reduced number of sensors in monitoring parking slot availability.

Specific: To be able to understand how ultrasonic sensors are used in object

detection.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department To be able to prepare appropriate transmitter and receiver circuit for the To identify the proper positioning setup of the ultrasonic transducers To be able to interface the ultrasonic transducers with a microcontroller to To observe the appropriate threshold range for the setup defined for the To solve the problems brought by the two orientations, mainly the To conduct a series of tests in testing the efficiency and performance To determine the better of the two cited orientations through a series of

ultrasonic transducers of the design. through theoretical calculations and actual experimentation. make the process of either cited orientations. two cited orientations. possible interference between the receiving transducers. monitoring of the two cited orientations (STMR and MTSR) tests and experimentations. Assumptions The study assumes that the parking lot users abide by the usual rules and regulations of a typical parking area properly parking their cars according to the boundaries allotted on a parking slot. For this reason, the study assumes that a parking vehicle shall occupy the expected area covered by a vehicle in the parking slot. The study also assumes the parking vehicles that shall use the parking slots do not exceed the vertical clearance of the parking area for parking usage. This study also assume that one of the two orientations we will implement is much efficient and better than the other, leading us to trim down this study by focusing on the better orientation we will acquire through tests and experiments that we will conduct.

Scope and Limitations The system could only monitor the parking lot availability through the possible orientation of the technique proposed. The system can only detect the presence of vehicles if it is parked properly according to the specified parking slot. Also, if it happens that multiple vehicles would park on the four slots at the same time, there would be a Page 3 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department little time difference on the detection of the presence of the vehicles in the slot since the algorithm that will be used is in a sequential manner of monitoring. The microcontroller is only in charge of the control of operation. The transducers are set up in accordance to the computations and the actual experimentations. One of the limitations that the group expects is the angular projection because the ultrasonic transducer has its specification regarding the directivity of the beam angle. The transducer used in the study has a 50 degrees beam angle, so the transducer's angular projection would be limited to 50 degrees as minimum projection. Citing another limitation of the study, physical obstructions to the ultrasonic transducer's path would radically affects the output of the system. Next, the height of the vehicle that would be parked is limited to approximately 2.20 meters knowing that the existing parking system has specific vertical clearances around 2.2 to 2.3 meters; thus, trucks and other vehicles that are taller than the vertical clearance are not covered by the scope of this study. Lastly, the size of the vehicle is also limited to the size of four-wheeled vehicles; thus, the motorcycles are not covered by the scope of this study. Significance of the Study After finishing the study, the implementation of the technique proposed would be a significant breakthrough in the use of ultrasonic sensors in the parking systems that are currently used, knowing that all the manufacturers are using the same orientation in their implementation of the parking system. The study would be beneficial not only to the manufacturers of the system but also to the investors who are planning to implement a parking system in their respective establishments. Finishing this study could lower down the overall cost of implementation of the system. Also, the study could benefit the motorists who are using the parking area by adding security to their vehicles and at the same time giving the motorists the comfort of locating a vacant parking slot with ease. The study will also be beneficial to students who are also undergoing studies about ultrasonic principles. Upon accomplishment of this study, such help is given for possible ideas regarding other orientation of installation of the ultrasonic detectors. In the long run this study could be a reference on other research on other alternate sensors that can be implemented. This study will also show the comparison between the two orientations with all the apparent information, data and computations in order to push on through with this project. Lastly, the ideas brought by the relationship between the new Page 4 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department orientations are significant as well for future researches that ultrasonic transducers may be included on. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature As given in the previous chapter of this study, this chapter shall now present the review of related literatures that supports the ultrasonic transducers application of this study. Ultrasonic Transducers in Obstruction Detection Application In an article titled Ultrasonic Obstruction Detection and Distance Measurement Using AVR Micro Controller, the ultrasonic is interfaced with an Atmel ATmega8 AVR microcontroller in order to implement short range ultrasonic obstruction detection and distance measurement device. By employing an ultrasonic transducer pair for producing ultrasonic sounds and sensing the reflected sound waves, the obstructions are detected. The Atmel ATmega8 AVR microcontroller to facilitate the generation of 40 KHz signal burst which is used in the transmitter circuit, and also to process the received signal for measuring the time of flight of reflected waves and exact distance of the obstruction. The program for this device is developed in WinAVR, and the code generated is dumped into microcontroller using AVR Studio. Educational aspects of this project include the mastery of a programming language and corresponding tools, the design of a functional and intuitive embedded application, and the development of appropriate hardware to build the device.2 This cited related research enlightens the group on the possibility of creating an ultrasonic obstruction detection device with the Atmel microcontroller in its operation control. In this regard, the group as well noticed that the microcontroller used in their system is considerably too powerful for such operation usage. Hence, the capacity of those Atmel microcontrollers with lower specification could possibly be considered for such operation.

Pandey, Satish, Dharmendra Mishra, Anchal Srivastava, and Atul Srivastava. "Sensors and transducers." Ultrasonic Obstruction Detection and Distance Measurement, 2008: 50-56.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Ultrasonic as range finders A research article about Ultrasonic Detection and Ranging with Angle measurement used ultrasonic to measure the distance and angle of an object. A distance display shows how far or how near you are to the object. This research shall use MA40S and MA40R ultrasonic transducers for the application of ultrasonic as range finder with PIC. In addition, the time of flight observation is the method used in this ultrasonic transceiver as range finding sensor. In this way, it is necessary to consider some factors that affect the values obtained, namely the temperature, angle of transducers and the distance observed for the transducers. And so, to test the procedures, the variation in the setting in regards of the distance, angle and temperature are all observed in the experimental test.3 This cited research is the basis of the group on determining the ultrasonic transducers for the system because this research considers as well practicality for the scope of the application through using MA40R and MA40S transducers. In this regard, the group also used this research as the basis of how to test the ultrasonic configurations to meet some of the objectives in the study. The group also considered variation in the configuration according to the factors that affect the detection through ultrasonic sensing. Moving object counting using ultrasonic sensor networks

A moving object counting system is intended to be a smart system, which is capable of recording information on how many objects, such as pedestrians or cars, have passed through a given area, such as a gate, a tunnel or an intersection. Such a system is also responsible for analyzing the direction of each moving object.4 Ultrasound or ultrasonic is the most appropriate sensing technology for counting moving objects based on the following observations. Firstly, it can work both indoors and outdoors, and in both sunlight and dark. Secondly, by not identifying individuals, privacy
3

Biazon, Cortez, Cruz, Lico, and Paterno. "Ultrasonic Detection and Ranging wtih Angle measurement." 2004: 1-9.
4

Chen, Quanbin, Min Gao, Jian MaDian Zhang, Lionel M. Ni, and Yunhao Liu. "Int. J. Sensor Networks, Vol. 3, No. 1." MOCUS: moving object counting using ultrasonic, 2008: 56-64.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department can be protected. Thirdly, the information retrieved by ultrasound sensors is relatively simple, so very few processing and communication resources are needed. Finally, the deployment of ultrasound sensors is much easier compared with pressure sensors, and the power requirement is much lower than that of infrared.3 From this related researches the group observed the citation given to ultrasonic usage as most appropriate to sensing technology to moving objects. And in relation to the study the group aims to do, vehicles are the objects to be observed in this study through the ultrasonic transducers. Lastly, this related research shows the implementation of ultrasonic sensor networks configured in an elevated positioning which the group considers for the studys system configuration as well. Signal-transmitting and multi-receiving method of detecting obstacle and parking apparatus using the same The single-transmitting and multi-receiving method of detecting obstacle comprises acts of (a) presetting a time period and multiple preset distances, wherein each present distances is defined between adjacent ultrasonic sensors mounted on a vehicle; (b) transmitting and receiving procedure wherein one of the ultrasonic sensors is controlled to output ultrasonic detecting signal and then all ultrasonic sensors are controlled in the receiving status after the ultrasonic detecting signal is not output; (c) receiving an output signal of each ultrasonic sensor; (d) determining whether the ultrasonic sensor outputs the reflected detecting signal; wherein if a determining result is negative, go to act (b), but if the determining result is positive go to next act; (e) calculating distances of the reflected detecting signals; (f) reading the preset distances; and (g) calculating the shortest distance between a vehicle and an obstacle, wherein trigonometric equations are calculated by the distances from act (c) and the present distances obtain the shortest distance.5 This related literature cited is the main source of inspiration of this study in using ultrasonic transducer in modified configuration. The related literature cited the singletransmitting and multi-receiving method of detecting obstacle for cars when parking which made the group realized that usage of multiple ultrasonic transducers together to
5

Li, Shih-Hsiung. "Uk patent application." Signal-transmitting and multi receiving method detecing obstacle and parking apparatus using the same , 2008: 1-21.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department detect objects is really possible. The group study further this paper and this made a further realization that the shifting of the operation control of the ultrasonic transducer is the technique that allows such modification to the conventional configuration usage of ultrasonic transducers. Parking guidance system using ultrasonic transducers One Chinese company named Xiamen Keytop markets UD (ultrasonic detector) which is one of the main parts of parking guidance system that identifies available parking spaces. One parking space needs one UD which is installed in the middle of the car park space. UD takes use of ultrasonic wave to detect the car space to see if it is occupied by vehicles and transfer relative command to LED Indicator which will turn from green to RED when occupied, or it will keep GREEN; meanwhile, the UD transmit its status message to ZCU immediately, and ZCU will collect and forward the information to CCU; CCU processes these data and sends the relevant command to ZCU and LED panel. The cost of a single UD is about 50 dollars.6 Specification: Size: diameter = 100*23mm Weight: 113g Principle: Ultrasonic Work temperature: -20~+80 Current rating: 13mA + 17mA (LED indicator) Voltage rating: DC 24V Detecting arrange 0.1~3.5m Max error: 0.1m Detecting area (3.5m): 0.4sq. m. Communication: RS-485 baud velocity: 4800bps, N, 8, 1 Available distance: 1000

Xiamen Keytop Comm.&Tech.Co.,Ltd. Hi-supplier. http://keytop.hisupplier.com/manufacturer-355618ultrasonic-parking-guidance-system.html (accessed february 2010).

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department This UD is used and implemented in parking guidance system of many malls around Asia. To name some are the SM Megamall (July 2010) and SM Mall of Asia (September 2008) of the Philippines.5 Through this related literature, the group identified that the pricing of the conventional single ultrasonic detector for parking guidance system are quite expensive as shown. Other sensors use in parking monitoring system A commercialized intelligent system named Parksys implements a parking monitoring system that provides a guide to available parking spaces. It shows real-time parking information and statistics for every parking lot on public roadway. In this system, magnetic sensor is used for sensing the presence of a vehicle and parking space availability.7 This type of parking monitoring system focuses on implementation for street parking thats why it considered setup installation in the ground, which however adds cost to the overall system cost upon installation. This is the reason why installation in elevated position is much preferred for easy installation and less cost while having easy and good maintenance. Parking study In a study Safety Comparison of Angle and Parallel Parking, the research shows that the utilization of the study sites which is the parking slots are used at the ranged from 2.97 to 8.05 cars per 8 hour day with an average utilization rate of 85-100% per 8 hour parking days on the study sites and 92-94% on the comparison sites. a daily basis for the experimental test of the study. Vehicle Height Specifications according to its Classification
8

This research

allowed the group identifies the statistical values on the number of parking slot usage in

Parksys. "Parking monitoring system." On street information and guidance parking system. 3.

Oregon Department of Transportation. "Safety Evaluation Of Converting On-Street Parking From Parallel To Angle." Safety Comparison of Angle and Parallel Parking, 2001: 2.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Tabulated records from the vehicle height specifications of vehicles according to their classification are given below: Average height 1.73m 1.7m 1.72m 1.97m 1.88m 1.73m 1.7m 1.75m

Classification Sedan Coupe Convertibles Pick-Up Trucks MPV Hatchbacks Wagons SUV

Lowest height 1.65m 1.6m 1.6m 1.89m 1.77m 1.66m 1.6m 1.69m

Highest height 1.8m 1.8m 1.84m 2.05m 1.98m 1.8m 1.8m 1.9m

The vehicle details tabulated here considers only 1995 model until the present models.9

Based on this table, the group observes the vertical limit to be assigned in the system setup. Likewise, this survey of car specification details serves as the basis of the classifications observed in the different vehicles used in the tests of the research study.

Chapter 3: Design Considerations Theoretical Framework A. Ultrasonic The term "ultrasonic" applied to sound refers to anything above the frequencies of audible sound, and nominally includes anything over 20,000 Hz. Frequencies used for medical diagnostic ultrasound scans extend to 10 MHz and
9

Source InterLink Media. Car Specifications View Complete New and Used Car Specs & Data at InternetAutoGuide.com. http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/index.html. (accessed April 2010)

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department beyond. Sounds in the range 20-100 kHz are commonly used for communication and navigation by bats, dolphins, and some other species. Much higher frequencies, in the range 1-20 MHz, are used for medical ultrasound. Such sounds are produced by ultrasonic transducers. A.1. Operating principle of ultrasonic sensor Angled thru-beam sensor the emitter and receiver are separate, and the axes of the emitter and receiver transducers intersect each other at an angle. Having separate units for the emitter and receiver reduces the unusable area considerably, because it is not subject to delays while waiting for oscillations of the emitter to die out.

A.2. Attenuation of sound in air The attenuation of sound in air due to viscous, thermal and rotational loss mechanisms is simply proportional to f 2. However, losses due to vibration relaxation of oxygen molecules are generally much greater than those due to the classical processes, and the attenuation of sound varies significantly with temperature, water-vapor content and frequency. A method for calculating the absorption at a given temperature, humidity, and pressure can be found in ISO 9613-1 (1993). The table gives values of attenuation in dB km1 for a temperature of 20C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. The uncertainty is estimated to be 10%. Page 11 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Attenuation of sound in air (dB km1)10 Frequen cy (kHz) 1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 Relative Humidity % 10 14 21 32 45 63 85 110 20 6.5 9.4 14 22 32 49 75 30 5 6.7 9.8 14 21 32 49 74 40 4.7 5.9 8.1 11 16 24 36 55 84 50 4.7 5.7 7.5 9.9 14 20 30 44 68 60 4.8 5.7 7.2 9.3 12 17 26 38 57 89 70 5 5.9 7.2 9 12 16 23 33 50 78 80 5.1 6.1 7.4 9 11 15 21 31 45 69 90 5.3 6.3 7.5 9.1 11 15 20 28 42 63 95

130 110

160 160 110

180 220 170 130 110

190 280 240 190 160 130 120 100

210 360 340 280 240 200 180 160 140 230 430 470 420 360 320 280 250 230 260 510 600 580 520 470 420 380 350 300 580 740 770 730 680 620 570 520 360 670 890 990 460 780 600 940 840 100 960 900 840 790 0

110 120 130 130 130 120 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 150 170 170 170 170 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

120 150 180 210 220 230 230 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

120 160 200 230 260 280 300 310 310 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10

NDT resource center. NDT course material . http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/cc_ut_index.htm (accessed February 2010).

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department A.3. Speed of sound in air The speed of free progressive sound waves in standard dry air containing 0.03% CO2 by volume is 331.46 0.10 m s1 at a temperature of 0C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa (see Cramer, 1993). The speed of sound in air changes with temperature, water vapor content, and CO2 content. The table gives values of the speed in m s1 for a range of temperatures and humidity at 0.03% CO2 by volume. The uncertainty in the values in the table is estimated to be 0.1 m s1. Speed of sound in air (m s1)9 Temperatur e C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Relative Humidity % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

331.5 331.5 331.5 331.6 331.6 331.6 331.7 331.7 331.7 334.5 334.6 334.6 334.7 334.7 334.7 334.8 334.8 334.9 337.5 337.6 337.7 337.7 337.8 337.9 337.9 338.0 338.0 340.5 340.6 340.7 340.8 340.9 341.0 341.1 341.2 341.2 343.5 343.6 343.7 343.9 344.0 344.1 344.2 344.4 344.5 346.4 346.6 346.8 347.0 347.1 347.3 347.5 347.6 347.8 349.4 349.6 349.9 350.1 350.3 350.5 350.8 351.0 351.2

A.4. Reflection and Transmission Coefficients (Pressure) Ultrasonic waves are reflected at boundaries where there is a difference in acoustic impedances (Z) of the materials on each side of the boundary. (See preceding page for more information on acoustic impedance.) This difference in Z is commonly referred to as the impedance mismatch. The greater the impedance mismatch, the greater the percentage of energy that will be reflected at the interface or boundary between one medium and another. The fraction of the incident wave intensity that is refracted can be derived because particle velocity and local particle pressures must be continuous across the boundary. When the acoustic impedances of the materials on both sides of the boundary are known, the fraction of the incident wave intensity that is Page 13 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department reflected can be calculated with the equation below. The value produced is known as the reflection coefficient. Multiplying the reflection coefficient by 100 yields the amount of energy reflected as a percentage of the original energy. Since the amount of reflected energy plus the transmitted energy must equal the total amount of incident energy, the transmission coefficient is calculated by simply subtracting the reflection coefficient from one.

A.5. Acoustic Impedance Sound travels through materials under the influence of sound pressure. Because molecules or atoms of a solid are bound elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a wave propagating through the solid. The acoustic impedance (Z) of a material is defined as the product of its density (p) and acoustic velocity (V). Z = pV Acoustic impedance is important in determination of acoustic transmission and reflection at the boundary of two materials having different acoustic impedances, designing of ultrasonic transducers and assessing absorption of sound in a medium. One of the most frequently asked questions is How far the transducer could reach? This question can be answered by a simple calculation that is based on the published specifications in the Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer Data Sheets. The basic procedure is to first determine the minimum sound pressure level developed at the front end of the receiver for a specific transmitter driving voltage and distance between the transmitter and receiver (transceiver has double distance between reflect target). This SPL must then be converted Pa (Pascal) or bar (microbar) units. The sensitivity of the receiver must then be converted from a dB reference to an absolute mV/Pa or bar level present to obtain the final output. Page 14 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department A.6. Ultrasonic sensors Ultrasonic sensors are designed for robust performance in harsh and problematic environments where there are a variety of reflective forms, and where precise detection is essential. They have features that allow them to operate in environments where traditional sensing devices are unsuitable. They are unaffected by target color, ambient noise or dusty atmospheric conditions, provide noncontact distance measuring and their longer and wider sensing ranges help solve some pretty tough applications. Ultrasonic bridges the gap between proximity and photoelectric sensing by allowing a longer sensing distance in dusty/dirty environments. They are especially effective in detecting unusually shaped targets or monitoring objects with a relatively high density and high acoustic reflectivity such as solids, liquids and granular materials. A.7. Ultrasonic transmitter Ultrasonic transmitters convert an electrical signal into sound energy, firing a burst into the air which travels to the target and then is reflected back to the transducer. A.8. Ultrasonic receiver Ultrasonic receiver acts as a receiving device and converts the sonic energy back into an electrical signal contained in the transceiver. B. Microcontroller

A microcontroller (also microcomputer, MCU or C) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting internally of a relatively simple CPU, clock, timers, I/O ports, and memory. Program memory (whether a NOR flash or OTP ROM) is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for small or dedicated applications. B.1 AT89C2051 Microcontroller The AT89C2051 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only Page 15 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. C. Indicator Lights (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. D. C language

C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the UNIX operating system.11 The C programming language is a popular and widely used programming language for creating computer programs. Programmers around the world embrace C because it gives maximum control and efficiency to the programmer. D.1. C language for Microcontroller Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but various high-level programming languages are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed especially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as the C programming language. Compilers for general purpose languages will typically have some restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics
11

Stewart, Bill (January 7, 2000). "History of the C Programming Language". Living Internet. Retrieved 2006-1031.

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt their hardware.

Conceptual Framework

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Indicator

Indicator

Indicator

Indicator

MCU

Ultrasonic Transmitter/ Receiver

Ultrasonic Transmitter/ Receiver

Ultrasonic Transmitter/ Receiver

Ultrasonic Transmitter/ Receiver

Parking Slot 1

Parking Slot 2

Parking Slot 3

Parking Slot 4

Ultrasonic Receiver/ Transmitter

Parking Slots Monitor

Figure 1: Parts of the Systems Operation

The system has three main parts in regards to its operation: the microcontroller, the availability indicators and the parking slots monitor. The system is focused on monitoring four parking slots. The parking slot monitor is based on the operation of ultrasonic transducers. The ultrasonic transducers are use to detect if the parking slots are available or not. In regards to this, the system introduces two possible modified orientations in the use of ultrasonic transducers. These two orientations are called by the group as multiple-transmitter, single-receiver (MTSR) and single-receiver, multipletransmitter (STMR) sensor configuration. For both configurations, the full operation of the system shall be controlled by a microcontroller as shown in Figure 1. The microcontroller will be responsible for the arrangement in the flow of operation to perform the detection of the parking lot availability. The microcontroller is mainly concerned to Page 18 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department operate the monitoring operation in a sequential and one-at-a-time manner. This is to reduced the error factor within the system and at the same time propagate the better control and recognition in each transducer during operations. Lastly, the indicators serves as the means to make the users of the parking lot know what is available or not. These indicators are controlled by the microcontroller through determining the reception of the ultrasonic signals through the ultrasonic receiver circuit. To further realized the operation of the two cited sensor configurations, a precise description of the orientations studied in this system design is given below.

Modified MTSR and STMR sensor configurations In this study, the two configurations are specifically designed for simple

application of detecting the availability of only four parking slots in a single setup. These shall optimize the usage of the ultrasonic transducers by introducing these new possible configurations of the transducers. Transducers assigned as transmitters and receivers are placed on calculated positions in accordance to the capacity and limits of the ultrasonic transducers. The MTSR and STMR sensor configuration are both an experimental based technique introduced to give an alternative to the conventional way of application of ultrasonic transducer. Both are synonymous in terms of operation, differing only on the account of number of receiver or transmitter used in the respective configuration. Other than the determining of whose multiple and single in the operation, the main difference between the two orientations is observation of the direction of the transducers. For the MTSR, the transducer set as receiver shall be placed strategically in the center of the transmitters. The receiver is on a fixed position having its focus on a vertical manner while the transmitter is angled focusing its respective parking slot to detect its availability. The concept described is just the opposite for the STMR configuration, wherein the receivers observe the angle focusing on its respective parking slot while the transmitter is on a fixed vertical focus in the center of the receiver. The angle of the transducer, the distance of the transducers from one another and the possible distance of travel of the signal in both configurations are all based on a theoretical calculation, which is being considered for the applicability of the technique proposed in this configuration. Please refer to the diagram below: Page 19 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

MTSR configuration Legend : - Receiver - Transmitter - Receiver coverage - Transmitter coverage STMR configuration Legend : - Transmitter - Receiver - Transmitter coverage - Receiver coverage

Slot1

Slot2

Slot3

Slot 4

Figure 2: MTSR and STMR Sensor Configuration MCU controls the transmitter and receiver. Receiver is set on during operation

while transmitter is turned on in a sequential manner for the MTSR sensor orientation. On the other hand, the receiver is the one turned on in a sequential manner and the transmitter is set on during operation for the STMR sensor orientation. For both orientation, the operation works on a one-at-a-time basis. Set a threshold value in regards with the received values of the receiver when (need to conduct experiment for threshold

the ultrasonic wave is acquired assumption) -

In the MTSR orientation, the single receiver is placed at the center responsible to

indicate the availability of the respective parking lot of the working transmitter at a time. On the other hand, in the STMR orientation the single transmitter is the one place on the center of the position of the multiple receivers. The reception of ultrasonic wave indicates the availability based on the value derived from the received signal as compared to the threshold value assumed from the experimentation. (Note: Reception of correct frequency of the ultrasonic signal at the receiver circuit shall be the basis) If ultrasonic signal frequency received is within range of set threshold

value, then Available If ultrasonic signal frequency received is not within range of set threshold

value, then Not Available Page 20 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Then, the MCU shall perform the operation on the most

appropriate sequence of time for the checking of the availability of the parking lots. Theoretical Computations First to consider for computations is the dimension of the parking spaces

to be considered in the implementation of the orientation. The average width and length of the car is 15ft long and 5.5ft wide. Thus, the group assumed to consider a dimension for each parking space to be at 16ft long and 8ft wide. 6 m. If a = 6m; (max range of transducer) MA40B8-R/S has a directivity of 50 and a detecting range of 0.4 m up to

If a = 3 m;

If a = 2.5 m;

Based on the computation above, the group continued the computation to

estimate the probable ideal distance of the transmitter to the receiver. Having identified the value of b, we can now obtain the probable distance of the transmitter from the receiver if the transmitter shall have the center of its directivity on the angle of 25. It can simply assume through observing trigonometric laws regarding triangles having same dimensions and angle. Thus, the probable ideal distance = 2b.

If height (h) = 3m and b = 1.2989 m, Then d = 2.5978m If height (h) = 2.5m and b = 1.1658 m, Page 21 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Then d = 2.3316m

Another parameter needed to have computations is the allowed travel

distance the signal can do, which is based on the data sheet is not more than 6m due to the detecting range. Hence, the boundary of the directivity of the signal which is the hypotenuse of the observe triangle in the diagram must not exceed 3m to assure reception of ultrasonic wave after bounce.

If a = 2.5 m;

*Distance travelled by the ultrasonic wave = 2h = 5.5168m

In the proposed orientation, the ultrasonic wave is expected to bounce

through the floor before going to the reception. Thus, the group shall compute the reflected and transmitted signal amplitude. To do this, the acoustic impedance of the sound in air and the concrete must be observed. The acoustic impedance of the two shall be used to compute the acoustic reflection and transmission coefficient which shall be use to estimate the signal amplitude change. Z=pV wherein: p = density;V = velocity Z1 = acoustic impedance in air Z2 = acoustic impedance of concrete Z1 = 406.2 N-s/m2 Z2 = 1507 N-s/m2

Rcoef =

= 0.33105 = 33.105%

Signal amplitude change = log (Rcoef) x 20 = -9.6 dB

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Tcoef =

= 1 0.33105 = 0.66895 = 66.895%

Signal amplitude change = log (Rcoef) x 20 = -3.39 dB

On the computation obtained regarding the signal amplitude change

caused by the impedance mismatch, the group now can calculate the total percentage of the signal that will be able to come back to the transducer. In regards to this, the flow of the ultrasonic wave shall be observed and a diagram below shows a typical reflection and transmission of sound based on the two materials cited:

In regards with the attenuation of sound in air, the group searched and

found out that the ISO 9631-1:1993 is specifically about the attenuation of sound on its propagation on outdoors or simply in short, attenuation of sound in air. Thus, the group continued research on it and found sites that allow us to calculate the attenuation in consideration of the various parameters that affects the sound in air temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and frequency of the sound. The group obtained the value of the attenuation of sound in air and the details are shown below:

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Attenuation sound in air @ Temp = 20; Humidity = 80%; Pressure = 101.325KPa 1.23 dB/m Attenuation of 40 KHz sound in air @ Temp = 30; Humidity = 80%; Pressure = 101.325KPa 1.02 dB/m of 40 KHz

Now, the group continued

the computation for the ultrasonic implementation. Here the group performed calculations to see how far the transducer transmission can reach. Details for the computations are shown below: (assumed transmitter driven @ 20Vrms) SPL Gain for 20Vrms driving voltage = 20 * log (20V/10V) = 6 dB SPL Reduction at 6 meters = 20 * log (0.3m/6m) = -26.0206 dB Wave absorption = 1.02 dB/m * 6m = 6.12 dB SPL at 6m = 120 + 6 -26.0206 -6.12 dB = 93.8594 dB

Convert SPL to bar: 93.8594 dB = 20 * log(X/0.0002 bar) 4.693 = log(X) - log (0.0002) 0.994 = log(X) X = 9.8635 bar Determining Receiver Sensitivity in Volts/bar: -63 dB = 20 * log(S/1Volt/bar) -3.15 = log(s) - log (1)

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department -3.15 = log(S) S = 0.7079 mV/bar

Voltage generated under X:

S * X =9.8635 bar * 0.7079 mV/bar = 6.98mV

Based on this calculation on the signal amplitude in terms of the voltage, the

value set on the transmitter must be set higher than the typical 20Vrms like on the sample. This is to assure that the voltage generated will be high enough of the required output value in the MCU processing.

Definition of Terms Transducer Attenuation Any device that converts one form of energy into another Decrease in intensity of a signal, beam, or wave as a result of absorption of energy and of scattering out of the path of a detector, but not including the reduction due to geometric spreading. An electronic device that generates and amplifies a carrier wave, modulates it with a meaningful signal derived from speech or other sources, and radiates the resulting signal from an antenna. A device that receives incoming radio signals and converts them to perceptible forms, such as sound or light. A measure of the opposition to the flow of an alternating current equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the resistance and the reactance, expressed in ohms. The act or process of extracting information from an electromagnetic wave. A single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. A combination of two or more sets generally physically separated when in Page 25 of 58

Transmitter

Receiver

Impedance Detection Microcontroller (MCU) System

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department operation, and such other assemblies, subassemblies, and parts necessary to perform an operational function or functions. An impulse or a fluctuating electric quantity whose variations represent coded information. The region in a transistor in which the charge-carrying holes or electrons originate The limits within which any fluctuation takes place An area for parking motor vehicles Not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent Characterized by or having a regular sequence; in regular succession without gaps The extent or degree to which something is observed, analyzed, and reported A complete path through which an electric current can flow An instrument that displays certain operating conditions in a machine; device to attract attention The direction followed in the course of a trend, movement, or development (Multi Transmitter, Single Receiver) a setup wherein a system uses 2 or more transmitters alongside with a single receiver for reception (Single Transmitter, Multi Receiver) an setup wherein a system uses 2 or more receivers alongside with a single transmitter for transmission

Signal Emitter Range Parking lot Autonomous Sequential Coverage Circuit Indicator Configuration MTSR STMR

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Chapter 4: Project Plan Methodology This study showcases a design of a proposed new configuration technique to reduce the number of ultrasonic sensors use in a parking slot monitoring system. The project study shall be completed through achieving the following stages: the research and theoretical computations, the system setup development which includes experimentation, the software development, and the test and analysis. The research stage includes the finding of the appropriate related articles that shall give basis for the carrying through of the objective of the study. A number of topics are required for full comprehension of the study and these are the ultrasonic fundamentals, the application of ultrasonic transducers, the current systems of parking monitoring systems and the configuration applied. Moreover, in this stage a theoretical calculation for the system setup shall be made based on the observation on the fundamental concepts in the research to make the system. Next, system setup development is concern mainly on implementation of prototype of the system. And for this reason, the study requires as well in this stage to involve an experimentation to determine the actual limits of the parameters needed to be observed on the sensing capacity of the ultrasonic transducers. This is to assure on an actual basis the accuracy of the theoretical computations made in the research stage. The experimentation shall Page 27 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department also determine the better configuration to implement for the system, getting the best out of the options for the study. In addition, the experimentation shall be also the means to identify the threshold value observe for determining reference range of values going to be obtained by the receiver in the operation. Moving on, the control program for the operation of the system in the microcontroller shall be done in the software development stage. Then, a test and analysis stage shall be performed to assure the correctness of the implemented system. Here the group shall test the system whether it has achieved the objectives of the study and if probably there are errors that are needed to be modified. Upon checking of the whole system functionality and correctness, the group shall perform the analysis to the observations met in the different steps performed. Lastly, the conclusions and recommendations regarding the system can be detailed out and prove the hypotheses created from the start of the study.

Project Plan (See Gantt chart of the Project making on the next page)

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Budget

ITEMS MA40B8S (transmitter) MA40S4R (receiver) AT89C2051 CD4049 Crystal Oscillator (11.059MHz) Power Supply NE555 LM567 LM311 LM358 1N4001 2N2222 Relay 3362 top adjust potentiometer Super bright LED Flash Light Bulb Wires Pre-Sensitized Circuit Board w/ Developer (4 X 6) 7805 voltage regulator Chrome pipes Capacitors Resistors Connector (m/f)

QUANTITY 4 1 1 6 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 6 8 4 60 (meters) 4 1 5 50 100 7 T

PRICE / UNIT (Pesos) 601 350 100 13.50 15 400 10 34 17 13 1 3 35 20 7 12 15 90 12 320 1.50 .50 10 TOTAL:

Total Cost (Pesos) 2,404 350 100 81 15 400 40 34 17 13 4 12 140 120 56 48 900 360 12 1,600 75 50 70 P 6,901

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Table 2: Total Budget for MTSR sensor configuration

Chapter 5: System Design 1. System Concept System Diagram

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

INPUT: Ultrasonic Sensors

System Processor : Microcontroller -Based Control Unit

Output LED Indicator

Figure 3: System Diagram Here is the systems diagram showing the subsystems of the design and its roles in the process. As shown, the first subsystem is the ultrasonic sensors which serve as the input of the system. The input which is the ultrasonic sensors is responsible for the observation of data regarding the parking slot. Using the ultrasonic waves, the characteristics observe in the process of the transmission and reception of the ultrasonic wave shall be the basis of the necessary data as input of the system. Then, the next subsystem of the system is the system processor itself which is the MicrocontrollerBased Control Unit. It is responsible on the processing of the data observed through the input obtained by the ultrasonic sensors in its respective parking slots. Also, this subsystem is the one responsible in controlling the phasing of the four sensors. Since the new orientation will use a single transmitter/receiver, it is necessary to control the switching on and off of the multiple receiver/transmitter to lessen the error that might occur in acquiring the needed sound waves. Thus, this subsystem makes the system performance more reliable. The last subsystem simply illustrates the indicator of the processed data by the system. This is the one which will make the system useful to the human eye by interpreting the results of the data gathered and processed by the first two subsystems.

Power Supply

2.

Block Description Block Diagram

Ultrasonic Transmitter Circuit Microcontroller Unit LED Indicator

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OUTPUT Ultrasonic Receiver Circuit INPUT Comparator

CONTROL SYSTEM

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Figure 4: Block Diagram Referring to the block diagram given above, the group identifies the blocks of the process observed by the system. In reference to the system diagram, the blocks of the processes observed in the input, the control system and the output are describe in this part of research. First, the three parts are powered by a power supply. The operation starts with the microcontroller initializing the transmission of the ultrasonic waves thru the input block of the system. The input block has two inner function blocks in its operation. The first inner function block is the ultrasonic transmitter circuit which serves as the main source of input to the system. The ultrasonic transmitter is responsible of producing the ultrasonic waves that shall be received by the ultrasonic receiver circuit, which is the second function block inside the input block of the system. Next, the control system block contains two blocks as well: the microcontroller unit and the comparator. The control system block is responsible of processing the observed data of the system through the two blocks identified. The comparator processed the received ultrasonic waves of the ultrasonic receiver and assess whether it shall consider the value as a sign of no availability or availability of the respective parking slot. After checking the value on the reception of signal, the comparator sends out a signal in accordance to the result of the comparison to the microcontroller unit. Now the microcontroller unit handles the control overall by observing the inputs given to it. Depending on the value sent by the comparator, the microcontroller shall assign what display the LED indicator on the output side shall display. From there, the microcontroller shall control again the start of the operation by starting the operation for the next parking slot to observe. Circuit Design

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Microcontroller Circuit

The group decided to use the AT89C2051 as the microcontroller of the system because of the following criteria: I/O pin requirements and program memory size. It is true that there are so many better microcontrollers than AT89C2051; however, in this reason as well the group chose AT89C2051 rather than the better microcontroller. The AT89C2051 I/O pins and memory size is sufficient enough to handle the control function vested on the microcontroller of the system. Thus, using microcontroller with higher specification is considerably in no need at all and shall be impractical for that matter as well. In regards to the microcontroller circuit design of the system, the MCUs Port 1 and 3 shall be fully utilized for the operation control of the system (transmitter, receiver and LED indicator control). The circuit shall also incorporate usage of connectors for simpler interfacing with the other circuits of the system. Transmitter Circuit

The group considers MA40B8S as the ultrasonic transducer for the transmitter circuit. We came up in using such type of transmitter because this has the capability of transmitting ultrasonic waves at a longer distance of up to 6 meters. This transmitter also has a 50 degrees beam angle which would be suffice enough for the needs of the new configuration to be done. Next, the group incorporates the usage of a 555 timer to produce the oscillation of 40 KHz for the ultrasonic transmitter. The 555 timer has its reset terminal connected to the microcontroller for operation control purposes. Another part of the transmitter circuit is the inclusion of CD4069 IC to serve as current driver of the ultrasonic transmitter. Receiver Circuit The group considers MA40S4R as the ultrasonic transducer for the receiver circuit. This type of receiver meets the specifications needed in the study. The MA40S4R can receive ultrasonic waves by up to 4 meters while having a beam angle of 80 degrees, which shall be sufficient enough to meet the setup needs to have the new configurations. The receiver circuit also includes the usage of LM 358 Page 33 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department OP-AMP to have the voltage received from the ultrasonic

transmission amplified. The receiver circuit also includes the usage of LM 567 tone decoder as a band-pass filter to reject out the unwanted signals. This shall be done through the phase locked loop design of LM 567 that shall detect input frequency within a certain range (40 KHz for this application). Calculation for the components connected to LM 567 is done to determine the band-pass detection range. The last part of the receiver circuit is the comparator that shall determine the logic state to be sent to the microcontroller circuit. 3. Software Description Development Environment/Tools The development environment or programming language in use in this system design is C language for microcontroller programming. The group shall use the C-compiler and assembler MIDE-package. The group specifically chose this because it is an open-source C-compiler and assembler. MIDE-package is capable of compiling C language for programming microcontroller. Programs made shall be compiled through the compiler then from there a machine language shall be produce in the form of hex file, which will be the one uploaded to the microcontroller. The uploading of the hex file to the microcontroller will be through a specific microcontroller programmer in which in this case will be the Alexans 89CX051 programmer. Flow Chart / System Flow Diagram (See next page)

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Start

Initialize x = 0; P1 = 1; a = 0;

While(1)

Turn on Transmitter(x)

Start on-time count with checker

If P3_7 = 1 (signifies no reception) No

Yes

Increment a;

No

If on-time count finish

Else a < threshold no. for no reception

No

If a > threshold number of no reception

Yes

Yes

Yes Then Indicator(x) set to Not Available

Then Indicator(x) set to Available

Increment x;

If x > 3

a = 0;

x = 0;

Figure 5: Program Flowchart Pseudo code Page 35 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department main menu: initialize x = 0; initialize P1 = 1; initialize a = 0; enter while (1); turn on transmitter(x); start on-time count with checker; while on-time count is not finish If P3_7 = 1; a++; If a > threshold number for no reception Indicator(x) set to Not Available Else a < threshold number for no reception Indicator(x) set to Available Increment x; If x > 3; Then x = 0; a = 0; Go back to start of loop; // signifies no reception // shifting variable for transmitter and indicator // inverse logic for inverter power driver // variable for no reception events

Chapter 6: Experimental Results 1. Test Procedures Page 36 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department A. Configuration Testing (Determining between MTSR / STMR Configuration) Tools/Equipments: Ultrasonic receiver, ultrasonic transmitter, power supply Input: Received signals of the transmitter and receiver. Process: Recognition of the received signals. Output: Electronic output logic signals the ultrasonic transducers transmission and reception 1) Prepare the transmitter circuit first. Have the necessary calibration for the frequency to be use on the oscillation of the signal to be used in the ultrasonic transducer. 2) Assure desired input voltage (12V+) be applied on the circuit and check the output voltage on the ultrasonic transmitter. (be at least 12V). 3) Let the transmitter operate. Check the frequency of the ultrasonic signal created. This must be on 40 KHz. 4) Prepare the receiver circuit. Assure correct supply voltage in it and prepare the necessary amplification circuit for its input received from the ultrasonic signal. 5) Test the functionality of the transmitter and receiver through implementing a basic transmit-and-receive thru-beam setup. The functionality is observed when the receiver is able to produce a considerable output voltage. (Refer to the theoretical computations) 6) Once a simple thru-beam setup is found functional, test the transmitter and receiver circuit in an angled thru-beam setup. Here, the group shall perform the observation for both two new configurations propose in this study. 7) Observe first the setup for the STMR configuration by having the transmitter on a perpendicular position in respect to ground and a receiver angled based on the prepared experimentation setups. 8) Fill up the tables prepared for the test of STMR configuration by recording signal reception strength observed in the receiver side. Do the multiple trials indicated in the experimentation table and observe the parameters designated for each trial of the experiment. Page 37 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department 9) Signal reception strength will be observed via LED indicator of the comparator side of the receiver circuit. Only an ultrasonic reception will lit on the LED indicator of the comparator of the receiver circuit; thus, LED is lit off when there is no reception. The reception strength will be categorized prior to the characteristic of the LED during reception; based on the time the LED is lit on during observation time of around five (5) seconds. Percentage of the observation time prior to the reception observed shall be the basis of categorizing the signal reception strength. 10) Then use the MTSR configuration, prepare the configuration by having now instead the receiver on a perpendicular position in respect to ground while the transmitter observing a specific angle desired in the experimentation table. 11) Fill up the tables prepared for the test of MTSR configuration by also recording the signal reception strength observed in the receiver side. Do the multiple trials indicated in the experimentation table and observe the parameters designated for each trial of the experiment. 12) Tabulate all of the results of the two configurations and compare which is better to use. 13) Analyze and determine which configuration is better based on the results obtained in the experiment. The main basis in choosing the better configuration is the reception capability depicted on the results. B. Software and MCU Testing Tools/Equipment: Microcontroller software simulator, AT89C2051 Input: Setting up of the values in the simulator Process: Sensor and Indicator control Output: Output depicted in the LED Indicator 1) Open the programming environment to be used. 2) Write the program, when done run and debug. 3) Test the functionality of the program by writing it down to the IC. 4) Once written, install the IC to the circuit. Page 38 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department 5) Initiate the system operation and observe if the behavior of the system follows the written program. 6) Check if the control on the transmitter is correctly implemented in respect to the setup of the configuration. 7) Check if the receiver is controlled correctly as well in respect to the setup of the configuration. 8) Both procedure 6 and 7 shall be performed through observing the control pins assigned on the transmitter and receiver by using LED in displaying the logic in the pins during operation. 9) Note that proper shifting on control on either transmitter or receiver shall be implemented depending on what configuration is chosen between STMR and MTSR. Therefore, the program is expected to be created based on the chosen configuration because the two configurations shall have a difference on its control system management. 10) Check the time allotted as delay for each parking slot observed through the configuration observed. The group expects to have at around 5-6 seconds waiting time for each parking slot monitoring. 11) Check the total time of operation in completing the monitoring operation in all parking slots. As waiting time is expected to be at around 5-6 seconds, this means that the total time of operation in completing the monitoring operation in all parking slot should be around 20-24 seconds. 12) Next, check the appropriate processing condition for the reception checking of the microcontroller of the ultrasonic transmission. The microcontroller must be able to set level of sensitivity on the reception of the ultrasonic transmission through setting threshold figure in the code. This shall be done through tapping the assigned pins to either logic 1 or logic 0 for some time during the shifting. 13) Re-program the microcontroller if such error in regards of operation is met during the observation. 14) Prepare the microcontroller circuit for interfacing on the system once fully operational of its control system function. Page 39 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department C. Actual Testing a. Systems performance Testing Tools/Equipments: Ultrasonic receiver, ultrasonic transmitter, MCU, availability indicator Input: Ultrasonic waves transmitted and received by the sensors Process: Evaluation of the sound wave received Output: Operation functionality and stability of the system 1) Install the system to an area possible for parking lot of vehicles. (real parking lot if only possible) 2) Initiate the system operation. 3) This actual test shall be focus on serving an accuracy test for the detection the availability and non-availability of the monitored parking slots. 4) The accuracy test shall involve four different test detection checking for available parking slots, detection checking for single used parking slot at a time, detection checking for two adjacent used parking slots and the detection checking on all-four used parking slots. The four slots shall have its corresponding LED indicator for visual determinant of the detection made by the system. LED indicator shall be turned on if its respective parking slot is available; LED indicator should turn off if its respective parking slot is not available or occupied. 5) The detection checking for available parking slots shall be having the four slots left vacant to have the system be observed whether it shall indicate correctly for each parking slot the availability of it. The result of the test shall be tabulated to observe whether error shall occur. 6) The detection checking for single used parking slot at a time is a test wherein a vehicle will be parking in a single slot at a time (meaning the other three slots will be left available). The result of the test shall be tabulated to observe whether error shall occur. 7) The detection checking for two adjacent parking slots usage at a time is a test wherein two vehicles will be parking in two adjacent Page 40 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department slots at a time (meaning the other two slots will be left available during each trial). The result of the test shall be tabulated to observe whether error shall occur. 8) Then the fourth parking trials of the accuracy test is the detection checking on all-four used parking slot at a time. It is a test wherein all the four parking slots will be occupied by four vehicles at a time (all slots occupied, no available). The result of the test shall be tabulated to observe whether error shall occur. 9) The last part of the actual test has a different focus among the previous three. This time around the observation of the test is to determine the accuracy on parking different vehicles through all the slots at a time, to completely depict in this research all the normal scenarios observed in a parking lot usage. The test shall involved observing the four typical kinds of vehicles being parked multiple times in each slot. Similar to the previous test, in each slot the detection of vehicles made shall be tallied to determine the percentage error during the trials. 10) After completing all the parking trials, analysis about the tallied results shall be performed by the group.

2. Test Results The testing area the group conducted the following test is not parking lot vicinity but rather a vacant dead-end road inside a subdivision. The area is within Antipolo City, which is a mountain-side area having wind mostly all over the day. Here the group claims that the testing area is not the exact appropriate area having the interference of wind present most of the time. Nevertheless, the group still continued the following test in the area so the test will be conducted while including stress on the system capacity already. (Presence of wind interference) A. Configuration Testing

Data and Results Table of Configuration Testing (implemented for MTSR and STMR) Page 41 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Signal Reception Strength: 1 Strong (100% Reception) 2 Moderate (above 60% Reception; LED is on for above 3 seconds) 3 Weak (60% and below Reception; LED is on for 3 seconds and below) 5 No Reception
The following must be noted prior to the test:

o o
o o

The reception capability is the one being observed which shall be considered based on its signal strength. The observation of signal reception strength is categorized into four prior to the observed reception time during observation time allotted in each test. The signal reception strength is observed through an LED indicator of the comparator side in the receiver circuit. The LED indicator is turned on when there is reception of ultrasonic signal on the receiver circuit; the LED is turned off when there is no reception. Observation time will be five seconds; based on the observation time of the SM Megamall ultrasonic-based parking system.

STMR (Single-Transmitter, Multiple-Receiver Configuration) d = 2.1m h= h= h= TX angle 2.1m 2.2m 2.3m 20-24 5 5 5 degrees 25-29 5 5 5 degrees 30-34 5 5 5 degrees 35-40 3 5 5 degrees Table 3.1: Experiment Result Table 1 for STMR Reception observation Note: Due to these results, the group decided not to continue the configuration test of STMR. Moreover, the group concludes through these results that STMR configuration is low receptive in this distance and will not be able to meet the requirements of the target Page 42 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department system application. MTSR (Multiple-Transmitter, Single-Receiver Configuration) d = 2.1m h= h= h= TX angle 2.1m 2.2m 2.3m 20-24 2 2 2 degrees 25-29 2 2 2 degrees 30-34 1 1 1 degrees 35-40 1 1 1 degrees Table 3.2: Experiment Result Table 1 for MTSR Reception observation d = 2.6m h= h= h= TX angle 2.1m 2.2m 2.3m 20-24 1 1 2 degrees 25-29 1 3 2 degrees 30-34 1 1 1 degrees 35-40 1 1 1 degrees Table 3.3: Experiment Result Table 2 for MTSR Reception observation d = 3.1 m h= h= h= TX angle 2.1m 2.2m 2.3m 20-24 3 1 1 degrees 25-29 2 1 1 degrees 30-34 1 1 1 degrees 35-40 1 1 2 degrees Table 3.4: Experiment Result Table 3 for MTSR Reception observation

B. Software and MCU Testing TX operation TX TX TX TX modes 1 2 3 4 TX1 mode 1 0 0 0

Operation Time Allotted (ON-time) 5.70 seconds Page 43 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department TX2 mode TX3 mode TX4 mode 0 1 0 0 5.67 seconds 0 0 1 0 5.72 seconds 0 0 0 1 5.74 seconds Table 4.1: Software Functionality Testing

Note: The table indicates Logic 1 for the working transmitter; Logic 0 for the non-working transmitter during each operation mode. A complete TX operation includes all TX operation modes being processed.

For Reception processing condition checking: The group adjusted the value to obtain the correct sensitivity during the actual test preparation itself. The group found out the necessity to set the threshold value at around almost 50% of the ON-time count of the program to secure a good receptive ultrasonic setup. (The ON-time count set in the code of the program is 103, which indicates the iteration to complete the target operation time allotment for each TX mode. The threshold value of the sensitivity checker is set at 50 in the code after all adjustment made.) C. Actual Testing Parking Trials Test Results: Parking Trials 1 # of complete TX # of operations made availability with vacant parking detection slots made 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

% error 0% 0% 0% 0%

Slot Slot Slot Slot

1 2 3 4

Table 5.1: Experiment on Parking Trials Part 1 (Detection checking for available parking slots) Page 44 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Parking Trials 2 # of complete TX operations made with a car parked in a single slot at a time

# of detection of vehicles made

% error 0% 0% 0% 0%

Slot 1 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Altis) Slot 2 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Altis) Slot 3 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Altis) Slot 4 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Altis) Table 5.2: Experiment on Parking Trials Part 2 (Detection checking for single used parking slot at a time) Parking Trials 3 # of complete TX operations made with vehicles parked in two adjacent parking slots at a time

# of detection of vehicles made

% error

Slot 1 & Slot 2 (Parked with Toyota 10 20 Avanza & Altis) Slot 1 & Slot 3 (Parked with Toyota 10 20 Altis & Avanza) Slot 2 & Slot 4 (Parked with Toyota 10 20 Avanza & Altis) Slot 3 & Slot 4 (Parked with Toyota 10 20 Altis & Avanza) Table 5.3: Experiment on Parking Trials Part 3 (Detection checking for two adjacent parking slots usage at a time) Parking Trials 4 # of complete TX operations made with all parking slots

0% 0% 0% 0%

# of detection of vehicles made

% error

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department occupied Slot 1 (Parked with Toyota 10 6* Corolla) Slot 2 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Altis) Slot 3 (Parked with Toyota 10 10 Avanza) Slot 4 (Parked with Nissan 10 10 Sentra) Table 5.4: Experiment on Parking Trials Part 4 (Detection checking of all-four used parking slots at a time)
Note: * - cause by height difference of transducer position with the vehicle being parked in the slot

40% 0% 0% 0%

Slot Slot Slot Slot

1 2 3 4

Parkin g Car (3x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Parking SUV (3x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Parking Trials 5 Parkin Parking # of detection g MPV Pick-Up of vehicles (3x) (3x) made 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 12

% error 0% 0% 0% 0%

Table 5.5: Experiment on Parking Trials Part 5 (Detection checking of parking Cars, SUVs, MPV and Pick-Ups in each slot at a time) Noted Test Details: Parking Trials 2, 3, 4 and 5 Setup Details: Transducer Height: 2.2m Transducer Distance: 3.3m Transmitter Angle: 40 degrees Parking Trials 5 Car Classification: Passenger car or Car SUV or Sport Utility Vehicle MPV or Multi-Purpose Vehicles Pick-Up trucks

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Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department

Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Directives Analysis In this research study, many factors has been considered to complete the objectives and some tests are set as well to support and observe all of the factors required. The group has the test divided into main three parts: the Configuration Testing, Software and MCU Testing and the Actual Testing. The first test which is the configuration testing supposedly must be performed to determine the better performing configuration between the MTSR and STMR configuration. In the course of the preparation of the configuration test, more factors were met by the group that are really important to be considered. STMR configuration test is the first test considered by the group as given in the table 3.1. The group realized the difficulty in STMR configuration as we have found out the calibration of the receiver was much more complicated and difficult compared to the transmitter calibration. In support to this, even the test as shown in the results of table 3.1, the STMR configuration is very low receptive if not receptive at all even. Hence, the group concluded the STMR configuration will not be appropriate for the target system application. Then the group performs the test for MTSR. In the MTSR configuration test the group eyes to observe the parameters the best receptive setup for ultrasonic waves; the parameters are the distance of the transducer from one another, the angle and the height of the transducer position. Set of tables which observe different combinations of the said parameters were prepared for the MTSR configuration test. During the test the Page 47 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department signal reception was being observed through the LED indicator placed on the comparator side of the receiver circuit. When the LED lights on, reception of the ultrasonic transmission was made. The intensity of the LED light signifies as well the strength of the reception. Based on this, the group categorized the signal reception strength which was being considered as the data to be observed in the configuration testing. The categories of the signal reception strength are as follows: 1 strong or 100% of the time of observation the LED indicator is lit on, 2 moderate or above 60% of the time of observation the LED indicator is lit on, 3 weak or below 60% of the time of observation the LED indicator is lit on and 5 - no reception. The observation time allotted to determine the signal reception strength is five seconds. The objective of doing this is to determine the desirable setup for good ultrasonic reception through considering setups with at least strong or moderate signal strength reception. The test results of tables 3.2 up to 3.4 shows that the system MTSR configuration setup is completely capable to function for the target objective of this research. Tables 3.2 up to 3.4 shows as well the MTSR configuration setup is overall receptive at all trials made in any conditions of the parameters cited. Second, the system setup is relatively sensitive to interference, mainly the wind. During the test the group noticed the variations of the signal reception strength during the chances that the wind blows in the testing area. This is the reason why some parts of the results in this test received a rating for the signal reception strength of 2 or even 3. The group believes that the reception can easily be made even at long distances if the system setup will be free from interference. Thus, the group concludes that parking areas with low or free from wind interference is the best fit for ultrasonic-based parking monitoring system. The next test is the software and MCU testing which mainly involves two vital part of the system setup: the shifting of the transmission operation and the processing of the reception to determine the availability of the parking slot monitored. In the test, the group points out that the microcontroller shall control the transmitter involving delay for each transmitter operation shift. The delay created in the program was observed if its within the target waiting time for a single shift operation. Table 4.1 simply focused on observing the shifting operation on the four transmitters if performing correctly as well as if the delay is on schedule to meet the target total iteration time of the shifting operation. Then the group studied the nature of the reception in the preparation of the actual test. During this time as well the group identified the appropriate threshold number to be observed to adjust the sensitivity of the indication of availability of a given parking slot Page 48 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department monitored. The trial of the actual test preparation itself served up as the means of obtaining the best sensitivity threshold number in the program. This was the means because not all four transmitters were working at the exact capacity and so the adjustment of it should be for the general effectiveness in the setup. And so after some trials and observation on the reception of the system setup, the group found out that it is better to make the threshold number be at almost 50% of the delay count in the program. This allowed the setup be more considerate on the reception mishaps caused by the interference of wind, determining only no availability during block or almost block of reception. Thus, the set threshold value in the code has compensated to make the system capable enough to function well in the midst of some interference. The last part of the test being conducted for the research study is the actual test of the complete system setup itself. The actual test is focused on checking the accuracy of the system setup to determine the correct availability status of all four parking monitored slots. The actual test includes five parking trials that include tables to be filled up: Table 5.1 Parking trials 1 (detection checking for available parking slots), Table 5.2 Parking trials 2 (detection checking for single used parking slots at a time), Table 5.3 Parking trials 3 (detection checking for two adjacent parking slots usage), Table 5.4 Parking trials 4 (detection checking on all-four used parking slots at a time) and Table 5.5 Parking trials 5 (detection checking of different parking vehicles in each slots at a time). The parking trials 1 shall depict the accuracy observation in all parking slot during its available status. The group tested the parking trials 1 for 10 complete transmission operations, having each slot observe for 10 chances for observation. On the parking trials 2, the observation of the accuracy focuses on the detection checking of a single used parking slot. The parking trials 2 involves observation of a single parking slot being used by a vehicle during 10 complete transmission operations, to observe if the monitoring shall depict no availability for the parking lot during the usage. Next, the parking trials 3 covers the detection checking for two adjacent parking slots while having both being used by two vehicles within 10 complete transmission operations. Then the parking trials 4 observes as well the monitoring during the parking slot usage while only having this time all four parking slots being used within the 10 complete transmission operations. The group tallied all the observation made during the parking trials 1 to 4. The results show the complete functionality of the system setup during its available status and occupied status. The test in parking trials 1, 2 and 3, as shown by Tables 5.1 up to 5.3, showed a perfect performance having all trials with 0% error. Unfortunately Page 49 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department due to the groups lack of observance during the Table 5.4 Parking trials 4, an error occurred in the monitoring of parking slot 1 because of the height difference of the transducer from the ground. The group has misplaced the stand assignment to the parking slots thats why the parking slot 1 transducer stand was too tall for the slot. It was like the position of the transducer with respect to its area of coverage was made over the 2.2m assignment for the parking trials 4. This situation mattered because the group made the height of the stands adjustable according to the parking slots for the test area does not have a flat surface and has low points and high points. Thus, the parking slot 1 monitoring during the parking trials 4 concur a 40% error during the test while having all other monitoring slots perfect with 0% error. This mistake led to unexpected error but regardless of this, the results depicted by Tables 5.1 to 5.4 are considerable. This test confirms the functionality of the MTSR configuration setup during the available and occupied status of the four parking slots. The last test to be conducted will sum it all the possibilities of the normal scenarios being observed in any parking scenarios. The last test covers the accuracy test in monitoring all four slots while parking different kind of vehicles in each slot at a time. The test includes four kinds of vehicles that resemble the different height of vehicles fitted in the vertical limit of the research study: a passenger car, an MPV, an SUV and a Pick-Up truck. The basis of choosing these classifications of vehicles for the test is the research conducted by the group regarding the average height of every known classification of vehicles (given in the related literature). Each type shall be tested into parking 3 times in each slot. The test sequence in the parking trials 5 of the different kinds of vehicles will be at a random manner, meaning the arrangement shown in the table 5.5 is only tabulated for simplified representation of the test. This means the different kinds of vehicles parks on each slot in a very random manner to be observed individually. The random manner of testing is chosen for parking trials 5 to make the test similar to normal scenario of parking usage. The parking trials 5 as given in Table 5.5 results showed a perfect tally of detection of all kinds of vehicles with 0% error. All the kinds of vehicles being used in the test are now concluded by the group as detectable by the system setup. Overall, the group had a good data gathering from all tests performed in this research study. The test led the group to completing the functionality of the target system setup with the MTSR configuration setup. The test results of Table 5.1 up to 5.5 Page 50 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department are good enough to confirm the applicability of the suggested configuration setup from the research made.

Conclusion This research study was able to introduce the MTSR configuration for ultrasonic transducers that will implement reduced number of sensors in monitoring parking slot availability. The MTSR configuration was better than its opposite STMR configuration as shown with its better results in the tests conducted. In line with the test conducted, the research was able as well to observe the parameters vital in obtaining the proper positioning setup of the MTSR configuration. The wind blow, the current temperature and the direction or the beam angle of the transducers are must be considered because these serves as deciding parameters in regards with the performance of ultrasonic transducer-based systems. The research also included the observation of finding the right sensitivity for optimal performance of the MTSR configuration setup through the series of actual test. The series of actual test that covers all sorts of normal scenarios in a parking system concludes the applicability of MTSR configuration in parking monitoring applications. The research determined in the process the threshold range for the configuration setup to have the correct sensitivity, in both the processing part in the MCU and the frequency settings of the receiver PLL. This also concludes the importance of the inclusion of MCU for the control of the system operation. The microcontroller programming made the system handle the occurrence of interference, making the system insusceptible to wind interference. Overall the research study has been a success in achieving all the objectives it desired to attain in completion of this research study.

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Recommendations / Future Works The MTSR configuration is indeed successful to implement reduced number of ultrasonic transducers used in monitoring parking slots usage; however, improvements are still present for better efficiency in its usage. Now that the MTSR configuration of ultrasonic transducer is proved as a working efficient setup in monitoring parking slots, the group sees this opportunity of recommending possible future works on the system shall enhance the application purposes beyond the research study initial objective of claiming the usage possibility of MTSR. Most of the possible future works for this research would be based on the enhancement of the processing capability of the system which will allow further inclusion of add-ons features for the parking monitoring system. One notable technique that may be incurred is the inclusion of time of flight calculation in the processing side of the system for some upgrade features like the classification of the vehicles being parked in the parking slots. Another future work which the group recommends in regards to the processing capability is the inclusion in the monitoring of the system to take note the time of usage of each parking slot. Another recommendation of the group is that the system should be with better system structure and cabling management. In the research, the group only prepared the system structure is versatile enough for all the testing necessary to be made in achieving the optimal setup of the ultrasonic-based system. Better cabling management shall give this kind of setup attain its best condition setup because the group found out in the research that ultrasonic-based systems requires good signal conditioning. Lastly, if all the cited recommendations are met, the group recommends the research on the multiple networked MTSR configuration setup of this ultrasonic-based system. Putting the MTSR configuration inside a parking slot monitoring network shall further incur reduction of cost in large parking slot systems.

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Bibliography Biazon, Cortez, Cruz, Lico, and Paterno. "Ultrasonic Detection and Ranging wtih Angle measurement." 2004: 1-9. Oregon Department of Transportation. "Safety Evaluation Of Converting On-Street Parking From Parallel To Angle." Safety Comparison of Angle and Parallel Parking, 2001: 2. Parksys. "Parking monitoring system." On street information and guidance parking system. 3. Arnsby, Joakim, Joakim Baltsn, Simon Nilsson, and Erik Osvaldsson. "EDA385 Embedded SystemsDesign Advanced Course." Ultrasonic Positioning, 2008: 4-12. . Lakeview Research. 1994. http://www.lvr.com/microc.htm (accessed February 2010). Chen, Quanbin, Min Gao, Jian MaDian Zhang, Lionel M. Ni, and Yunhao Liu. "Int. J. Sensor Networks, Vol. 3, No. 1." MOCUS: moving object counting using ultrasonic, 2008: 56-64. Filtering out Specular Reflections of Sonar Sensor Readings. "Sensors." Ultrasonic Sensors MA40 Series 1-5. Generac power systems inc. "Technical Perspectives." Sound measurement and attenuation, 2004: 2-4. He, Hongjiang, and Jianyi Liu. "The Design of Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System Based on S3C2410." IEEE internation Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 2008: 44-47. Lee, Kyoungmin, and Wan Kyun Chung. "Filtering out Specular Reflections of Sonar Sensor Readings." 1-6. Li, Shih-Hsiung. "Uk patent application." Signal-transmitting and multi receiving method detecing obstacle and parking apparatus using the same , 2008: 1-21. Murata Manufacturing Corporation. "Ultrasonic Sensors." Application Manual 3-14. NDT resource center. NDT course material . http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/cc_ut_index.htm (accessed February 2010). Pandey, Satish, Dharmendra Mishra, Anchal Srivastava, and Atul Srivastava. "Sensors and transducers." Ultrasonic Obstruction Detection and Distance Measurement, 2008: 50-56. Page 53 of 58

Don Bosco Technical College Computer Engineering Department Pepperl+Fuchs. "Ultrasonic Fundamentals." Ultrasonic Sensors 3-10. Pro-Wave Electronics Corporation. "Application Note." How far the transducer could reach?, 2005: 6-7. Shrivastava, Kumar Arjay, Ashish Verman, and S.P. Singh. "International Journal of Computer science & Information Technology." EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SEPARATION BETWEEN, 2009: 19-28. Xiamen Keytop Comm.&Tech.Co.,Ltd. ultrasonic sensor. http://keytop.hisupplier.com/product-355618-ultrasonic-sensor.html (accessed February 2010). Source InterLink Media. Car Specifications View Complete New and Used Car Specs & Data at InternetAutoGuide.com. http://www.internetautoguide.com/carspecifications/index.html. (accessed April 2010)

APPENDIX A SOURCE CODE

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#include<8051.h> unsigned char TX[]={0x0E,0x0D,0x0B,0x07}; unsigned char x, a; void check(unsigned char c) { unsigned char i, j ,k; for(i = c; i != 0; i--) { if (P3_7 == 1) { a++; } for(j = c; j != 0; j--) { for(k = c; k != 0; k--) ; } } } void main(void) { x = 0; a = 0; P1 = 1; while(1) { P1 = TX[x]; check(103); if (a >= 50) { if (x == 0) P3_2 = 0; if (x == 1) P3_3 = 0; if (x == 2) P3_4 = 0; if (x == 3) P3_5 = 0; } else if (a < 50) { if (x == 0) P3_2 = 1; if (x == 1) P3_3 = 1; if (x == 2) P3_4 = 1; if (x == 3) P3_5 = 1; } x++; if (x > 3) { x = 0; } a = 0; } } APPENDIX B CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Microcontroller Circuit Diagram

Transmitter Circuit Diagram

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Receiver Circuit Diagram

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MCU board

Transmitter board

Receiver Board

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