M U

I/ L DO CHN TI
iu khin t ng l c s l thuyt ca iu khin hc k thut, tch hp
nhiu chuyn ngnh ca c kh, in, in t, cng ngh thng tin. n nay, iu
khin t ng t trnh cao, ng vai tr quan trng n s tin b khoa hc,
pht trin k thut v c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip, dn dng,
ch bin thc phm, hng khng v tr, giao thng vn ti c bit, chng h
tr hu ht cc h thng iu khin trn cc t th h mi.
- Tnh cp thit ca ti
Nghin cu hon thin qu trnh chy ng c t trong nhm tng tnh an
ton, tng cng sut c ch ca ng c, tit kim nhin liu t hiu qu kinh t - k
thut, gim thiu nhim mi trng tr thnh mc tiu hng u ca cc nh
khoa hc v cc hng ch to t [14]. Nghin cu qu trnh cung cp nhin liu vo
bung chy ng c c thc hin t lu. Ban u h thng nhin liu dng b
ch ha kh n gin n nay s dng h thng phun xng in t kt hp cng ngh
tin tin nh van np bin thin thng minh (VVT-i, VTEC) kt hp h thng nh
la trc tip (DIC) nh du s tin b vt bc v lnh vc ng dng cng ngh
thng tin v ngnh in t vo vic cung cp nhin liu xng cho ng c t [48],
[52].
Nhin liu ang dng cho cc loi ng c t trong ch yu l nhin liu
truyn thng khai thc t cc m du trong lng t, d bo nhin liu ny s cn kit
trong tng lai khng xa [16]. Hn na, nhim mi trng do kh thi gy ra ca
ng c t trong dng nhin liu truyn thng c cnh bo rt sm. Ti cc
quc gia v ang pht trin, Lut bo v mi trng c quy nh bi nhng tiu
chun rt kht khe v thnh phn kh thi ca ng c . Nng cc cht nhim
CO
2
, CO, NO
x
, HC, b hngc mt trong kh thi ng c c xu hng gia tng
mnh gy hiu ng nh knh, nhit bu kh quyn tng ln[13], [20], [33]. Mi
trng khng kh b nhim gy ra nhiu cn bnh nan y nh bnh ung th ng h
hp, phi Trc nhng thch thc y, cc nh khoa hc mit mi nghin cu tm
kim loi nhin liu mi thay th nhin liu truyn thng [8]. Cc nhin liu sch
u c chn th nghim, trong nhin liu kh du m ha lng LPG c nhiu
u im hn [13]. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ng dng trn th gii v trong nc
khng nh vai tr thay th ca LPG trong vic cung cp nhin liu cho ng c t
trong; c bit cc loi ng c dng lm ngun ng lc ca t [16], [33], [64].
- ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
Cc ti nghin cu s dng nhin liu kh du m ha lng (LPG) thay th
nhin liu truyn thng ca GS-TSKH Bi Vn Ga, PGS-TS. Trn Vn Nam, TS.
Trn Thanh Hi Tng v cc lun n ca TS. Dng Vit Dng, TS. Nguyn Hu
Hng, TS. H Tn Quyn, TS. Nhan Hng Quang, TS. Phan Minh c... cng cc
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi khc minh chng tnh u vit v kh nng s dng
nhin liu ny vo ng c t trong Vit Nam [8], [16], [63]. Vi cc phng
php to hn hp cung cp nhin liu LPG vo bung chy ng c nh phun nhin
liu kh LPG vo ng np, phun trc tip nhin liu LPG trng thi lng vo
bung chy v phng php ht nhin liu LPG trng thi kh vo bung chy
ng c thng qua hng khuch tn u c nghin cu; trong phng php ht
nhin liu kh LPG qua hng khuch tn vo ng c t ph hp v thun tin trong
iu kin nc ta. Cc ti trc y nghin cu nh thit k van tit lu c kh
GB1 [15], van tit lu chn khng GB3 [33], hoc ci to b ha hi - gim p LPG
dng h thng lm m (giu) nhin liu c iu khin bng mch in t IC vi
cc van solenoid (ON/OFF) khi tng tc [43]
Nhin liu LPG trng thi lng bnh cha (p sut 0,7 [MN/m]) s ha
hi hon ton khi tha mn nhit 315 [K]) [33]. Ngun nhit ha hi l nhit
lng u ra ca h thng nc lm mt ca ng c thc nghim (nhit nc
lm mt T
H2O
= 333 350 [K]) cung cp nhit cho b ha hi - gim p, nhin liu
lng LPG c ha hi hon ton. Nhn thy khi ng c dng nhin liu LPG hot
ng cc ch khc nhau, cn thit phi m bo cung cp nhin liu v t l
thnh phn LPG - khng kh ph hp. Mun ng c hot ng tit kim nhin liu,
hiu qu v qu trnh chy lun tha mn h s d lng khng kh dao ng ln
cn gi tr 1 (qu trnh chy l tng) [14], nhim v t ra l nghin cu thit k b
iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG lm vic cc ch hot ng ca ng c v
khng nh hng n h thng nhin liu nguyn thy. Do , s dng nhin liu
LPG vi b ha hi - gim p t tiu chun ca nc ngoi, ng c thc nghim
hot ng bnh thng cn thit phi thit k lp trn ng np mt hng khuch
tn, mt van tit lu hnh cn trn ng chnh cung cp LPG v mt van chn
khng gn gicleur trn ng khng ti cp nhin liu cho bung chy ng c.
Vic iu chnh van cung cp nhin liu LPG trn cc ng nhin liu ny nh mt
mch in t iu khin ng c bc s dng tn hiu ca cc cm bin tc , cm
bin v tr bm ga v cm bin oxy. Trc nhng i hi cao v kinh t, tnh thch
ng, tnh thun li khi ch to, lp t iu chnh, bo dng phng n thit k ch
to b iu chnh in t cung cp LPG phi m bo lm vic chnh xc, kch thc
tng i gn, kt cu n gin, tnh nng tt v tnh hc, ng hc v iu kin
hot ng trn t.
II/ MC CH NGHIN CU
Nghin cu thit k b iu chnh t ng cung cp nhin liu LPG cho t
th h mi gp phn tit kim nhin liu v gim thiu nhim mi trng.
III/ I TNG NGHIN CU
H thng cung cp nhin liu cho ng c nh la cng bc, c th ng
c DAEWOO A16 DMS lp trn t NUBIRA do Hn Quc sn sut nm 2001.
IV/ PHNG PHP V THIT B NGHIN CU
- Phng php nghin cu
Nghin cu kt hp l thuyt vi thc nghim;
Phn tch, so snh kt qu thc nghim vi s liu tnh ton l thuyt chn
phng php ti u.
- Thit b nghin cu
Thit b th nghim ng c ti Trung tm Th nghim ng c v t, Trng
i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng.
Thit b th nghim AVL ti khoa C kh Giao thng, Trng i hc Bch
khoa, i hc Nng.
V/ CU TRC LUN VN
ti Nghin cu thit k b iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la
cng bc kt cu gm phn m u, kt lun - kin ngh v nm chng; c th
l:
Phn m u
Chng 1- Tng quan
1.1. Nhin liu sch - xu hng gim thiu nhim mi trng;
1.2. Tnh hnh s dng nhin liu LPG cho ng c t trong;
1.3. Cc phng php cp nhin liu LPG;
1.4. Phm vi v ni dung nghin cu.
Chng 2- C s l thuyt
2.1. c im qu trnh chy ca nhin liu LPG;
2.2. C s tnh ton qu trnh chy hn hp LPG - khng kh;
2.3. Tnh ton nhit ng c thc nghim;
2.4. Cc ch cp nhin liu cn thit ca ng c thc nghim;
2.5. iu khin t ng v vi iu khin.
Chng 3- Thit k v tnh ton
3.1. Thit k hng khuch tn;
3.2. Ci to b ha - hi gim p;
3.3. Thit k van cung cp khng ti;
3.4. Thit k van chnh cung cp LPG;
3.5. Thit k mch iu khin cung cp LPG.
Chng 4- Nghin cu thc nghim
4.1. Xy dng m hnh thc nghim;
4.2. o cc ch tiu kinh t- k thut ca ng c thc nghim dng LPG v xng;
4.3. Xy dng ng c tnh ng c.
Chng 5- So snh cc kt qu thc nghim
5.1. nh gi kt qu thc nghim;
5.2. Phn tch hot ng ca b iu chnh cung cp LPG;
Phn kt lun v kin ngh
Chng 1- TNG QUAN
Nghin cu cc loi nhin liu s dng trn t c kh nng gim thiu
nhim mi trng, vic s dng nhin liu LPG trong nc - th gii v cc phng
php cung cp nhin liu ny cho ng c t nhm ra ni dung v phm vi
nghin cu hp l.
1.1. NHIN LIU SCH XU HNG GIM THIU NHIM MI TRNG
Nhin liu truyn thng c to ra t xc cc ng vt, thc vt cht cch
y khong 300 triu nm su trong lng t l nhin liu v ang c s dng
trong cc ng c t trong. Nhin liu ha thch l ngun ti nguyn khng th ti
sinh. Ton th gii trong mi giy khong 900 tn nhin liu carbon lin tc c
gii phng. Tuy nhin nhiu vn mi trng pht sinh t vic s dng nhin liu
ny. Cc nh kh hu hc tin on rng mc diocide carbon tip tc tng nhanh.
Hu qu dn n nh hng sc khe ca con ngi v e da n mi trng sng.
Hn na; gi xng du bin ng lin tc, du th sn xut xng ngy cng cn kit
trong tng lai khng xa. Do , vic tm kim cc nhin liu sch thay th nhin
liu truyn thng l mt s la chn ng n, cp bch v thit thc. Cc nhin liu
sch ngy nay ang c cc nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu l kh du m ha
lng LPG, kh thin nhin CNG, nhin liu cn, du thc vt (biodiesel), Pin nhin
liu (FC), nhin liu hydrogen
1.1.1. Kh thin nhin
1.1.1.1. c im
Kh thin nhin c pht hin rt sm v khai thc t nhng hm ti kh nm
su trong lng t vo th k 19. Chng l ngun nng lng sch c tr lng ln
c cung cp n nh v hiu qu kinh t cao. Ngy nay kh thin nhin v ang
nghin cu ng dng lm ngun nhin liu trong ng c t trong.
1.1.1.2. Tnh cht vt l
Nhin liu CNG rt d bc hi iu kin bnh thng, chng tn ti trng
thi kh.
Ch s octane ln hn so vi xng (ch s RON =130 v ch s MOM = 115).
Ch s cetane nh hn so vi du diesel.
Nhit tr khi lng ca CNG cao hn 10% so vi nhin liu lng truyn
thng.
Khi lng ring th kh thay i t 0,73 0,82 [kg/m
3
] ty theo xut x.
T l khng kh nhin liu CNG chy hon ton thay i 14,1 17,1.
Cng hiu sut, sut tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c dng CNG thp hn ca
xng, du diesel.
1.1.1.3. S dng CNG trong ng c
Kh thin nhin c th dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong 4 k di
dng th kh nh ng c dng nhin liu LPG hoc kt hp xng vi t l 10% n
20% nhm nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh chy v gim thnh phn CO pht ra
trong kh thi ng c. Gia kh thin nhin v xng c mt s im khc bit v
nhit t bc chy, nhit on nhit, ch s octane, nht, kh nng d tr
nn t dng CNG cn thay i mt s b phn nh bnh cha nhin liu, khung
gm, vt liu ch to chi tit ng c (cc piston chu nn tt, cc soupape thi c
gia c bng hp kim m km).
1.1.1.4. Mc pht nhim ca t vn ti dng nhin liu CNG.
Trong mi trng hp, mc pht HC gn vi gi tr cho php ca lut bo
v mi trng, mc pht CO, NO
X
v b hng rt thp nu ng c lm vic vi
= 1 v c lp b xc tc ba chc nng. Nng ny s cao hn trong gii hn cho
php nu dng hn hp ngho.
ng c dng CNG pht thi nhiu methane (khong 90%) nhng t CO
2
so
vi ng c nhin liu lng. Trong kh thi CNG, cc cht kh CH
4
, CO
2
, N
2
O (gy
hiu ng nh knh) thp hn 20% so vi ng c xng v 5% so vi ng c diesel.
Bng 1.1 Mc gy pht sinh kh CO
2
gy hiu ng nh knh theo chu trnh
ECE i vi ng c dng xng v du diesel:
Kh CO
2
(gCO
2
/km) CNG Xng Diesel
Trc b xc tc 267 356 280
Sau b xc tc 231 310 251
u im ln nht ca ng c t dng CNG l gim thiu ng k nhim
mi trng. Khi so snh vi t cng loi dng xng, cht nhim ca loi t ny
c th gim 93% lng CO thi ra, 33% lng oxid nitrogen v 50% lng hydro
carbon.
1.1.2. Nhin liu cn
1.1.2.1. c im
Cn l nhin liu sinh hc c ch bin t b ma, tinh bt sn, ng c th
ti sinh c, va gim thiu lng kh thi gy nhim mi trng, va hn ch
dng nhin liu c ngun gc ha thch. Cn c hai loi chnh dng nhin liu ng
c t trong l cn methanol v cn ethanol. Ethanol ging nh methanol nhng sch
hn v t cht c. Dng cn lm nhin liu cho ng c pha vo xng trong
ngnh vn ti [64]. Nc ta l nc nng nghip, cc loi ph phm thc vt kh di
do nht l nhng ni sn xut sn khoai, ng, ma ng. Vi hn 50 nh my
ng trong nc tng cng sut gn 100.000 tn ma/ngy, kh nng mi nm c
th sn xut 100 triu lt cn. Nu s dng cn pha ch nhin liu hn hp th
hng nm ngun nguyn liu ph thi ny c th thu c 650 t ng [38].
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn ha hc
Cn methanol c thnh phn chnh l CH
3
OH v cn ethanol l C
2
H
5
OH. Ty
theo cng ngh sn xut m cn c nhng tp cht v lng nc khc nhau.
1.1.2.3. Tnh cht vt l
Tnh bay hi ca ethanol nhit thp thua xng. Do rt kh khi ng
ng c. nhit 78
0
C ethanol bay hi ht. Tnh bay hi ca hn hp ethanol -
diesel cao hn diesel, ha kh hnh thnh nhanh hn. Khi tng nhit qu cao, cn
s kh t chy.
Tr s octane ca cn cao hn so vi xng. Tr s ny cng tng khi t l cn
trong hn hp ny tng. Do ng c nh la cng bc dng hn hp xng
ethanol khng b chy kch n.
T trng v nht ca hn hp xng ethanol cao hn xng nn tnh lu
ng ca hn hp ny s km hn xng, nh hng n vic lu thng nhin liu qua
l gicleur.
nht ca hn hp ethanol - diesel s gim nhiu so vi diesel khi
tng t l ethanol trong hn hp.
Tr s cetane ethanol rt thp. Mun hn hp c ha trn ng nht,
phng php khuy trn lin tc c s dng bng bm cnh qut.
Tnh n mn kim loi: Ethanol c cha acid acetic lm gim tui th ng c,
n n mn cc chi tit my ng c lm bng kim loi.
Nhit tr thp ca ethanol b hn xng nn sut tiu hao nhin liu cn tng.
Lng khng kh l thuyt t chy ca ethanol nh hn rt nhiu so vi
xng v diesel cn thit phi tng t s nn, m rng l gicleur nhin liu b ch
ha kh v tng thm tr s gc nh la sm [38].
1.1.2.4.Cn s dng trong ng c nhit
C 3 phng php s dng nhin liu cn trong ng c t trong:
S dng nhin liu cn thun ty thay th xng v diesel. Kh nng ny kh
thc hin v ng c rt kh khi ng, cn c tnh n mn kim loi, sut tiu hao
nhin liu tng v nhit tr thp ca cn b hn rt nhiu so vi xng v diesel.
C th trn ln ethanol vo diesel hoc cn phun vo ng ng np cng vi
khng kh trc b tng p, sau a vo bung chy.
Dng nhin liu cn trn ln vi xng thnh hn hp gasohol. Phng n ny
kh thi nht. Thay th cc chi tit my ng c khng b n mn bi acid acetic hoc
pha cc cht ph gia tng ch s octane cu cn [34]
1.1.2.5. nhim mi trng khi cn lm nhin liu cho ng c
Khi dng cn cho ng c nh la cng bc, hm lng pha trn cn vo
xng v lng nhit bay hi ca cn s nh hng n mc pht nhim mi
trng. Thc nghim cho thy lng CO xp x nh ng c dng xng, cc
aldehyde (hp cht khng chy) ln gp i so vi xng [38]
Khi cn ethanol pha vo diesel dng trn ng c diesel th khi en gim
nhiu. Lng HC tng ln do khng kh v thnh cylinder b thu nhit cc b. Cn
bay hi lm cho lng NO
x
gim v nhit chy thp v thi gian nh ngn la
ngn [57].
Bng 1.2 Lng cht nhim trong kh thi ng c dng cn diesel:
Cht nhim CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NO
x
(g/km) Mui than (g/km)
Cn ethanol 5,3 1,9 20,4 1,1
Du diesel 5,9 2,2 21,8 1,2
Kt qu thc nghim cho thy:
ng c tnh cng sut ca ng c dng hn hp (10% cn+90% xng)
gn ging nh ng c tnh ng c dng xng ch 50% ti.
ng c tnh sut tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c dng gasohol cao hn
khi dng xng ch 50% ti.
ng c tnh mc pht ti ca cht nhim cho thy: nng CO,
CO
2
, NO
x
din bin phc tp ty thuc rt nhiu vo s vng quay ng c v c s
khc bit t l thnh phn ca cn pha vi xng hay diesel [13], [34].
1.1.3. Du thc vt biodiesel
1.1.3.1.c im
Du thc vt l loi du c chit sut t nhng ht ng cc nh u phng,
du c ci, du da, du c, du u nnh. Du thc vt c th ti sinh c v chn
cc loi du khng n c lm nhin liu thay th dng cho ng c.
1.1.3.2.Thnh phn ha hc
Du thc vt c cng thc tng qut C
x
H
y
O
r
vi lng oxygen kh ln, thun
tin cho qu trnh chy v ng c dng nhin liu du thc vt c th lm vic vi
h s d lng khng kh nh.
Du thc vt gm 95% cc triglyceride v 5% cc acid bo t do.
Bng 1.3 Tnh cht ca cc du thc vt:
TT c tnh
n
v
Cc loi du
u
phng
u
nnh
Du
da
Du
ci
Du
c
Du
bng
Diesel
1 Khi lng ring g/cm
3
0,914 0,920 0,915 0,916 0,915 0,921 0,836
2 nht 20
0
C cSt 85 5863 3037 77 95106 73 5,3
3 Nhit tr MJ/kg 39,33 37,30 37,10 37,40 36,92 36,78 43,80
4
Ch s cetane 3941 3638 4042 38 3840 3540 46
Tnh bc hi: nhit bnh thng du thc vt bc hi ging nh du
diesel. Khi nhit tng cao kh nng bc hi km. Du thc vt khng hon ton
bay hi ht, do n thng ng cn trn thnh bung chy ng c.
nht: Du thc vt c nht cao hn diesel khong vi chc ln.
nht gim khi nhit tng v nh hng ln n vic di chuyn du trn ng ng
dn, bu lc, cht lng phun nhin liu v ha trn hn hp.
Ch s cetane ca du thc vt thp hn so vi du diesel.
Nhit tr du thc vt nh hn nhit tr xng hay du diesel.
Du thc vt c x l lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong theo cc
phng php: Phng php sy nng nhin liu, phng php pha lng, phng
php Craking, phng php nh tng ha, phng php Ester ha.
1.1.3.3.Biodiesel
Biodiesel l sn phm ca qu trnh ester ha cc acid hu c cha nhiu
trong du thc vt. Biodiesel c c tnh gn ging nh diesel nn c th dng trc
tip cho ng c t trong.
Bng 1.4 Tnh cht ca cc biodiesel:
TT c tnh n v
Cc loi du
Metyl du da Metyl du ci Diesel
1 Khi lng ring g/cm
3
0,886 0,880 0,836
2 nht 20
0
C cSt 5,3 7,09 5,3
3 Nhit tr MJ/kg 37,83 37,70 43,80
4 Ch s cetane 43 43 52
1.1.3.4. S dng du thc vt trong ng c
Du thc vt thng c dng di dng ester ha. Khi ha trn vo nhin
liu truyn thng khong 5% n 25% th kt cu ng c khng phi thay i. Kt
cu h thng nhin liu ca ng c nguyn thy phi ci to li v thm thit b ph
tr gip d khi ng hay khi tng hm lng du thc vt cao hn 25%. V nht
cao, sc cng b mt ln nn ha trn u vi khng kh v c phun ti nhin
liu vo bung chy, ng c cn s dng loi bung chy ngn cch kiu xoy lc.
1.1.4. Nhin liu hydrogen
1.1.4.1.c im
Hydrogen c sn xut t nc v nng lng mt tri (Solar hydrogen).
Nc v nh nng mt tri c khp mi ni trn mt t. Hydrogen t nng lng
mt tri l ngun nhin liu v tn bo m an ton nng lng cho loi ngi m
khng s khng hong, khng s cn kit; c th s dng nhiu th k. Nhin liu
hydrogen c sn xut cung cp in cho tu v tr Apollo t nhng nm 60 ca
th k 20 v tip tc s dng pin nhin liu ny cho cc tu Skylab, Space Shuttle v
trm nghin cu khng gian ca NASA. ng thi vi vic cung cp in, bn thn
pin nhin liu cn cung cp nc ung siu sch cho cc phi hnh gia.
1.1.4.2.Hot ng ca pin nhin liu 1
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.1 M hnh phn t kh ho lng LPG.
a) Propane ; b) n - butane ; c) iso - butane
Pin nhin liu hot ng theo nguyn l ngc qu trnh sn xut hydrogen.
Vi nguyn liu l nc, c phn gii thnh hydrogen v oxygen khi cung cp mt
nng lng cn thit. Ngc li, nu cho hydrogen v oxygen kt hp li trong iu
kin nht nh s nhn c nc v mt nng lng tng ng.
1.1.4.3.Hydrogen dng lm nng lng cho ng c
Hin nay nhiu hng t ni ting nh Honda, Ford, Mercedes Benz trng
by gii thiu dng t hon ton khng thi khi (Zero Emission Vehicle - ZEV) s
dng nhin liu hydrogen trong cc cuc trin lm t quc t. Thng 4-2007, Hoa
K, 200 t v xe but chy bng nhin liu hydrogen hot ng. Nm 2008 cc
th h t khng thi khi (ZEV) trng by Nht vi cc hiu Honda Insight,
Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid...
1.1.4.4.Mi trng v t s dng nhin liu hydrogen
Khc vi ngun nng lng ht nhn, hydrogen l ngun nhin liu an ton
i vi con ngi, c ngha to ln i vi vn gii quyt nhim bu kh quyn
v s bin i kh hu ton cu. Ngy nay, phng thc sn xut ngun nng lng
mt tri to ra in nng phc v i sng con ngi v nhin liu dng cho cc
phng tin giao thng thc s l cuc cch mng su sc trong qu trnh pht trin
x hi loi ngi.
1.1.5. Nng lng in
t dng nng lng in c xp vo loi t sch (ZEV), hot ng rt m,
t bo dng, d sa cha. ng c in dng cho t c hai loi chnh l ng c
xoay chiu (AC) v ng c mt chiu (DC). Cc loi bnh in hin nay: Bnh in
NiMH, bnh in Li-ion, bnh in Li-Polyme... ng c DC d iu khin, gi thnh
thp nhng cng knh v nng n. ng c xoay AC t c hiu sut cao trn
phm vi rng nhng hot ng nh vo b iu khin in t phc tp, gi thnh
cao.
1.1.6. Nhin liu kh du m ha lng LPG
Nhin liu ha thch khng phi l ti nguyn v tn v kh thi ca n c nhiu
tc hi n mi trng sng. Ngoi cc nhin liu sch nh kh thin nhin, nhin
liu cn, du thc vt, nhin liu hydrogen... lm ngun nng lng cho phng tin
giao thng, kh du m ha lng LPG c nhiu u im c a chung hn. Nhin liu
LPG l hn hp hydrocarbon thu c t qu trnh lc du th hoc t qu trnh lm
tinh khit kh thin nhin [43]
Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG l propane (C
3
H
8
) v butane (C
4
H
10
) [54] [
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.1 M hnh phn t kh ho lng LPG.
a) Propane ; b) n - butane ; c) iso - butane

1.1.6.1. Tnh cht l ha
Kh LPG l nhin liu khng mu, khng mi (thc t LPG c pha thm
ethyt mecaptan c mi c trng d pht hin r r), khng c v khng gy
nhim mi trng.
nht ca LPG thp hn xng v du diesel. Kh nng ho trn v khuch
tn tt. Tr lc trn ng ng khng ng k. Ch s octane (RON 98) cao hn
xng, nn LPG khng cn pha thm cht ph gia.
Nhit tr theo khi lng ca nhin liu LPG lng tng ng vi xng.
Tnh chng kch n cao nn tng hiu sut ng c.
Nhin liu LPG c tn tr trong cc b cha chu p lc ln.
trng thi bo ha thng thng nhin liu LPG th lng di v LPG th
kh trn. tn tr an ton, LPG ch cha (80 85)% th tch bnh cha.
Hm lng lu hunh rt thp 12[ppm] v khng cha ch, do cc cht
nhim gc lu hunh do ng c s dng nhin liu LPG pht ra rt t.
Nhit t bc chy ca LPG cao hn so vi xng v vy thi gian nh la
c ko di ng c dng LPG lm vic c tt hn.
Bng 2.1 Tnh cht l ha ca LPG (50% C
3
H
8
+ 50% C
4
H
10
) ph lc 1.1, [16]:
TT c tnh n v Kt qu Phng php o
1
Thnh phn:
ASTM D 2103 - 91
- Ethane C
2
H
6
% th tch 2.14
- Propane C
3
H
8
% th tch 49.15
- Butane i - C
4
H
10
% th tch 24.78
- Butane n - C
4
H
10
% th tch 21.4
- Pentane i - C
5
H
12
% th tch 0.25
- Pentane n - C
5
H
12
% th tch 0.28
2 T l Pro-Bu
C
3
H
8 51.56
CALCULATED C
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.1 M hnh phn t kh ho lng LPG.
a) Propane ; b) n - butane ; c) iso - butane
C
4
H
10 48.44
3
Khi lng
ring 15
0
C
C
3
H
8 kg/m
3
1,808
CALCULATED
C
4
H
10 kg/m
3
2,407
Kh LPG kg/m
3
2,1075
ASTM D 1657 91
LPG lng kg/lt 0,5377
4 Hm lng lu hunh ppm 12
ASTM D 2784 - 98
5 Hm lng nc t do % trng lng 0
BY VISUAL
6 Phn t lng gam 49,06
CALCULATED
7 nht ng hc 20
0
C Poa 0,25
8 p sut kh LPG 37,8
0
C MN/m
2
0,91
ASTM D 1267 95
9 Nhit ha hi 760mmHg
0
C - 30 - 42
ASTM D 1837
10 Nhit t bc chy
0
C 510
11
Nhit ngn
la khi chy
Propane
0
C 1935
Butane
0
C 1900
12
Nhit tr
thp
-Theo th tch MJ/m
3
46,856
-Theo khi lng MJ/kg 98,75
1.1.6.2. c tnh ca nhin liu LPG v xng
Lc cng mt ngoi ca LPG nh. Nhin liu LPG d bay hi. Vic ha trn
gia LPG v khng kh trong ng c LPG tt hn so vi xng v du diesel.
Lng khng kh cn t chy mt n v th tch LPG cao hn so vi xng.
LPG d chy n hn nhng tc chy chm hn xng. Do khi ng c
lm vic tc cao, cng sut ng c gim (5 8)%.
Bng 2.2 So snh c tnh ca xng v LPG (50% C
3
H
8
, 50% C
4
H
10
) iu kin
tiu chun p = 760 [mmHg] v t = 15 [
0
C]:
TT c tnh K hiu n v LPG Xng
1 Thnh phn ha hc
50% C
3
H
8
,
50% C
4
H
10
14,5% H
2
,
85,5% C
2 Phn t lng
nl
kg/kmol 49,06 115
3 Khi lng ring 15
0
C
15
kg/m
3
2,1075 0,75
4 nht ng hc 20
0
C cSt 0,6 0,85
5 Nhit bay hi
0
C - 42 30 190
6 Nhit t chy
0
C 400 240
7 Nhit n ha hi kJ/kg 314
8
Nhit tr
thp
Theo khi lng MJ/kg 46,856 43,995
Theo th tch MJ/m
3
98,75 32,996
9
Lng khng kh cn thit
t chy 1 kg nhin liu
L
0
kgkk/kgnl 15,5335 14,6
10 Ch s octane - 110 120 95
11 Ch s cetane - 15
12
p sut hi bo ha
15 30
0
C
p
bh
kg/cm
2
7,8 0,095
1.2. TNH HNH S DNG NHIN LIU LPG CHO NG C T TRONG
Trong nhiu sn phm t du m, LPG l sn phm trung gian gia kh thin
nhin v du th c ch bin t cng on lc du v cng l sn phm trong qu
trnh tinh ch kh thin nhin.
1.2.1. Nhin liu LPG c s dng trn th gii
S dng nhin liu LPG cho cc ngnh cng nghip, ha du, giao thng vn
ti c xem l mt gii php thit thc gim thiu nhim mi trng. Gii
php ny c p dng nhiu quc gia, ch yu ti cc khu vc kinh t pht
trin v c chnh ph cc nc quan tm nhiu hn n mi trng v nng lng.
Vi cc u im an ton, linh hot trong vn chuyn, tn tr, phn phi, ta
nhit lng cao khi chy v l t cht c hi trong kh thi, ng thi khng chu sc
p ton cu v bo v mi trng, LPG l kh t khuyn khch tiu dng trn ton
th gii t gn 200 triu tn/nm vi mc tng trng hng nm gn 4%.
Hin nay, LPG c nhu cu s dng ang gia tng cc ngnh cng nghip
ha du v giao thng vn ti. Tng lng LPG tiu th cho phng tin giao thng
khong 11,8 triu tn/ nm (6% tng mc tiu th ton cu). Trn th gii c hn 4
triu t s dng LPG, tp trung gn 40 quc gia khp cc chu lc, ch yu ti cc
khu vc kinh t pht trin. Vn bc xc ang c lnh o cc quc gia ny c
bit quan tm l nhim mi trng.
B IU MC TIU TH NHIN LI U LPG THEO NGNH NGH
2 2 %
1 3 %
7 %
6 %
2 %
5 0%
1 D n d ng 2 H a c h t 3 C ng nghi p
4 H a d u 5 Vn ti 6 N ng nghi p
Hnh 1.2 Tiu th LPG theo ngnh ngh.
BIU MC TIU TH NHIN LI U LPG TRN TH GII
30%
29%
15%
8%
6%
6%
4% 2%
1 Khu vc Bc M 2 Chu 3 Chu u
4 Chu M La tinh 5 Trung ng 6 Trung M
7 Chu Phi 8 Chu i Dng
Hnh 1.3 Tiu th LPG trn th gii.
Cc quc gia c chnh sch khuyn khch h tr s dng nhin liu LPG cho
phng tin giao thng nh sau:
Italy l nc s dng t LPG ln nht vi s lng nhin liu LPG tiu dng
1,3 triu tn/nm. Hin nay lng t dng LPG Italy l 1,24 triu chic trong tng
s 33 triu t vn ti. Nh chnh sch h tr hin nay ca chnh ph nc ny, nhiu
t s dng xng du chuyn i s dng nhin liu kh du m LPG, hn ch
lu hnh cc t dng nhin liu truyn thng ti khu vc c mc nhim cao. Mi
t chuyn i dng LPG c chnh ph thanh ton 377USD/ chic v gim l ph
giao thng i vi t dng LPG.
Anh Quc l nc c tim nng nht v s dng t LPG vi mc tng
trng t ti 500%. u nm 1999 mi ch c 3.500 t LPG, n nm 2004 s t
LPG ln n 250.000 chic.
Ba Lan l quc gia c mc chnh lch thu ln nht gia LPG vi cc nhin
liu khc. Hin nay c khong 470.000 t dng LPG v 1.900 trm np LPG.
Th Nh K c s taxi dng LPG chim 92% trong tng s taxi. Gi LPG
dng cho phng tin giao thng ch bng 34% so vi gi cc nhin liu khc.
Trung Quc c chnh sch min thu nhin liu 5 nm i vi t LPG. Nm
1996, t chy bng LPG c mt cc thnh ph ln Trung Quc.
Hn Quc s dng t but, taxi, ti dng nhin liu LPG rt ph bin. Nhin
liu LPG ti nc ny c cha 95% butane.
Thi Lan phn u tng s t dng LPG t 1.500 chic ln 44.500 chic
trong nm 2008. Theo thng k, Thi Lan tit kim c 1,3 t baht/nm t chi
ph nhp khu du m.
Hng Kng m rng mng li trm np LPG. H tr 5.000 la Hng Kng
cho mi t chuyn i sang dng LPG, tng thu i vi nhin liu diesel. Vi
chnh sch h tr ny, sn lng LPG t 280.000 tn/nm.
Moscow (Nga), trong 10 nm trc y, lng t tng gp 3 ln trong khi
ng s khng thay i, do nhim bu khng kh tr nn trm trng. hn
ch nhim, nc Nga khuyn khch chuyn i t chy nhin liu lng sang s
dng nhin liu kh LPG hay kh thin nhin [16].
n cho php lu hnh t LPG c 8 nm v u tin pht trin cc
phng tin giao thng cng cng nh t but, taxi cc thnh ph ln Bombay,
New Delhi...
Php l quc gia s dng t but kh sm Chu u. t s dng LPG cng
ngy c gii thiu rng ri Php. Cch y 25 nm thnh ph Poitiers s dng
15 t but chy bng LPG. Paris c hn 110 t but LPG trn h thng giao
thng cng cng. Tours l thnh ph c t l t but LPG nhiu nht nc Php.
Hng Renault i u trong sn xut t LPG trn dy chuyn ng b.
y ban ButaneProbane (Php) khng nh th trng t tiu th LPG s gia tng
mnh trong thi gian ti [43].
V nhiu quc gia chu ,
chu u, Trung M, chu i
Dng khuyn khch, h tr t
cng cng dng LPG hot
ng trong cc thnh ph ln v
cc khu vc thng b tc giao
thng gp phn gim
nhim mi trng.
Hnh 1.4 Trm cung cp LPG cho t Php.
1.2.2. Nhin liu LPG c s dng trong nc
Nhng nm u ca th k
trc, nhin liu LPG dng lm
kh t cc gia nh thnh th
nc ta. Gn y, i hc
Nng l ni c nhiu ti khoa
hc v cc d n nghin cu ng
dng nhin liu LPG trn cc
phng tin giao thng c gii,
c bit l cc xe my v t. Nm
1997, Cng ty Du kh Si Gn
(nay l Cng ty Petrolimex Vit
Nam) lin kt cc n v ng
dng nhin liu LPG cho 20 taxi
ni thnh v xy dng cc trm
LPG cho t. Ti H Ni, Cng ty Du kh Sng Hng v Cng ty Dch v cng
cng H Ni hp tc nghin cu chuyn i dng nhin liu LPG cho t but..
Nm 2002, Cng ty C kh Ng Gia T chuyn i t xng sang dng
LPG v ngy nay c nhiu i taxi chy bng LPG [16]. Nhn thc vn an ninh
nng lng l mt trong nhng vn sng cn nhm m bo cho s thnh vng
v pht trin bn vng ca khu vc. y mnh ng dng cc cng ngh c pht thi
thp hn v sch hn. Nng cao nng lc v gim gi thnh cc ngun nng lng
thay th v nng lng ti to bng cc quy trnh ti chnh i mi [60].
1.3. CC PHNG PHP CP NHIN LIU LPG
Qu trnh hnh thnh hn hp nhin liu khng kh trong ng c t chy
cng bc l mt qu trnh vt l din ra ht sc phc tp. Cht lng chy ca ng
c ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng ha trn khng kh nhin liu. Phn ln
hn hp nhin liu / khng kh c ha trn vi nhau bn ngoi cylinder tng i
tt v mt cht lng. Tuy nhin, v mt nh lng nhin liu trong phng trnh
cn bng phn ng chy cha c xc nh chnh xc. H s d lng khng kh
ch phn nh t l hn hp trung bnh ca chng cho ton b qu trnh chy. Vic
chuyn i h thng dng nhin liu LPG thay th xng cho mt ng c t c th
cn phi nghin cu thit k mt s b phn cn thit v ci to b ph kin LPG lp
vo ng c.
1.3.1. H thng phun nhin liu LPG kh vo ng np
Nhin liu LPG th
kh c phun vo trc
soupapse np ca tng
cylinder ng c. H thng
nhin liu ny c th iu
khin hon ton t ng bng
in t nh cc ng c dng
h thng phun xng in t.
H thng phun nhin liu LPG
lng hon thin c cc tnh
Hnh 1.6 S h thng phun nhin liu LPG vo
ng np.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Triu
lt/ngy
1995 2000 2005 2010 Nm
Kh ging (triu lt/ngy) Kh bn (triu lt/ngy)
Hnh 1.5 Kh nng cung ng LPG Vit Nam.
nng ca ng c nh hiu sut, cng sut, moment ng c tng nh tng h s np;
ng thi, gim sut tiu hao nhin liu v gim nhim mi trng nh nh lng
chnh xc nhin liu LPG cung cp cho mi cylinder theo tng ch lm vic ca
ng c. i vi ng c nguyn thy s dng b ch ha kh, khi chuyn i nhin
liu LPG thay th xng th cn phi trang b h thng iu khin in t gm cc cm
bin, cc vi phun v b iu khin ECU. Chi ph u t cho phng n ny qu
nhiu nn trong hon cnh hin ti nc ta kh thc hin [13], [33].
1.3.2. H thng phun nhin liu LPG lng trc tip vo bung chy
Phun nhin liu LPG lng trc tip vo bung chy ng c l phng php
to hn hp nhin liu /khng kh ngay ti bung chy. T chc qu trnh chy v
hon thin chu trnh cng tc nh hng n qu trnh phun ca ng c phun nhin
liu trc tip. Chng c th lm vic tt hn hp ngho v gim sut tiu hao nhin
liu ca ng c. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy nhng yu t chnh nh hng
n tnh nng ca ng c phun nhin liu trc tip gm thi gian phun, p sut
phun, s hng dng ca tia phun, s xoy lc ca kh np, h thng nh la v
dng bung chy. Bn cnh nhng ti phun xng trc tip, cc nh khoa hc
nghin cu v p dng k thut chy phn lp [20]. Trng hp ng c ch ti
thp s hnh thnh hn hp nhin liu phn lp khng ch trng dng chy hnh
thnh hn hp phn lp xung quanh bougie, ngi ta phi hp s dng phng php
xoy lc mnh v dng chy ri ca tia nhin liu. Trng hp ch ti cao, dng
nhin liu chy nho trn kt hp vi dng xoy lc to ra hn hp ng nht.
Phng php ny ch mi thc hin trong phng th nghim [20]. H thng phun
nhin liu dng lng hay kh c u im ngn chn s bc chy ca hn hp trn
ng np, hiu sut ca ng c c nng cao v mc gy nhim gim. Tuy
nhin khi s dng vi phun cp nhin liu LPG vo bung chy lm gim thi gian
to hn hp v mt nhin liu trong hn hp s khng ng nht s c nguy c
tng nng CO trong kh thi [8].
1.3.3. H thng ht nhin liu LPG kh qua hng khuch tn
Trong cng ngh chuyn i s dng nhin liu LPG thay th xng dng cho
ng c t trong, phng php s dng h thng ht nhin liu LPG nh hng
khuch tn k tha v pht huy u im ca nhin liu LPG v tnh cht vt l
chn khng ca hng l ph bin nht.
H thng ny c th ng dng c hu ht cc loi ng c nh la
cng bc. ng c hot ng c tnh chu k, nn dng khng kh v dng nhin
liu qua hng khuch tn l dng chy khng dng. Tnh dao ng ca chng qua
hng khng r rt i vi cc cylinder ca ng c bn k dng mt hng khuch
tn. Thc cht, c th xem y l dng chy dng. Nhin liu LPG nn trong bnh
cha vi p sut khong 0,7 [MN/m], c chuyn qua b ha hi - gim p n
van cung cp nhin liu LPG, ti hng khuch tn nhin liu LPG ha trn vi khng
kh v a vo bung chy ng c. u im vic cung cp LPG th kh cho ng
c trn ng np l s ng nht hon ho ca hn hp LPG khng kh v trnh
hin tng t thnh ng np so vi nhin liu lng. Tuy nhin, h thng ht kh
LPG trn ng np c nhc im: khi tc ng c tng lm cho chn khng
ti hng khuch tn cng tng, lm cho hn hp nhin liu khng kh cng m hn
[14].
.
Thit ngh k thut in t
v cng ngh thng tin c th
iu khin chnh xc thnh phn
hn hp cc ch khc nhau
ca ng c v cho php iu tit
nng ca ha kh mt cch
hp l, m bo qu trnh chy
ca ng c gn ging qu trnh
chy l tng
1.4. PHM VI, NI DUNG V MC TIU NGHIN CU
- Ni dung nghin cu:
Thit k b iu chnh t ng cung cp nhin liu LPG cho ng c nh la
cng bc.
- Phm vi nghin cu:
Thit k v th nghim b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG trn t
NUBIRA ti phng Th nghim ng c v t, Trng HBK, i hc Nng.
- Mc tiu nghin cu:
B iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc t ng cung
cp nhin liu LPG iu tit c thnh phn ca ha kh mt cch hp l tha mn
cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut mong mun.
Tm li, nhin liu sch ngy nay ang c quan tm nghin cu l kh
du m ha lng LPG, kh thin nhin CNG, nhin liu cn, du thc vt (biodiesel),
pin nhin liu (FC), nhin liu hydrogen
Kh thin nhin CNG, ging nh nhin liu truyn thng, khng th ti sinh v
d on tr lng kh thin nhin ch cn s dng trong thi gian ngn, chc
chn chng khng th duy tr trong tng lai.
Nhin liu cn s dng thun ty thay th xng v diesel kh thc hin v
ng c rt kh khi ng, cn c tnh n mn kim loi, sut tiu hao nhin liu tng.
Du thc vt l sn phm ca qu trnh ester ha cc acid hu c. nht
cao, sc cng b mt ca n ln nn vic phun ti nhin liu vo bung chy ng c
cn s dng loi bung chy ngn cch kiu xoy lc, kh khi ng. Khi ha trn
chng vo nhin liu truyn thng dng cho ng c t trong th kt cu ng c
thay i, h thng nhin liu ca ng c nguyn thy phi ci to.
Hydrogen v pin nhin liu l ngun nng lng mi s dng lm nng
lng cho tu v tr, c hiu sut cao, khng gy ting n, khng pht thi lm
nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, chi ph u t ban u qu cao, c s h tng sn xut
hydrogen nc ta cha c; hydrogen khng tn ti trng thi n cht vic iu
ch rt cng phu, kh khn, tn km v sn xut hydrogen c th dn n nhim
mi trng. Nn hydrogen ch l nhin liu l tng ca tng lai.
Nhin liu kh du m ha lng LPG l nhin liu khng c, khng gy
nhim v c nhiu u im c a chung hn v ang c nghin cu lm ngun
nng lng cho phng tin giao thng. Cc thnh qu ng dng nhin liu sch
LPG trong thi gian qua lm cho bu kh quyn trong lnh hn gp phn ng k
lm gim nhim mi trng, to iu kin cng ngh sn xut nhin liu LPG trong
nc pht trin v gii quyt vn nng lng trn th gii.
Thit k b iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc l ti
nghin cu c th tit kim nhin liu tha mn tnh kinh t-k thut, t c cc
yu cu kht khe ca lut bo v mi trng, kh nng ch to trong iu kin ni a
thun li, khai thc c tnh u vit ca cc cm bin v b x l in t trong h
thng nhin liu (EFI) ca ng c th h mi.
Chng 2- C S L THUYT
Nghin cu c im qu trnh chy ca hn hp LPG - khng kh, c tnh
ca ng c nh la cng bc, cc ch cp nhin liu LPG cn thit cho ng
c thc nghim, l thuyt iu khin t ng. T , xc nh kh nng cung cp
nhin liu kh du m ha lng theo phng php t ng iu chnh nhin liu LPG
qua hng khuch tn cho loi ng c t.
2.1. C IM QU TRNH CHY CA NHIN LIU LPG
2.1.1. c im chy ca nhin liu LPG
Kh du m ha lng LPG c nhiu u im nh hm lng lu hunh rt thp,
khng cha ch; ch s octane, nhit tr khi lng u cao hn xng; c ng dng
lm nhin liu cho ng c nh la cng bc v gp phn lm gim thiu
nhim mi trng [8], [13].
Qu trnh chy ca hn hp LPG - khng kh l phn ng ha hc ta nhit
nhanh. Trong bung chy, min ang din ra phn ng chy c gi l mng la.
Hnh 2.1 M hnh qu trnh chy ca hn hp LPG - khng kh.
Gi thit qu trnh chy hn hp LPG - khng kh c hnh thnh hai khu
vc ring bit phn cch nhau bng b mt mng la. Phn khng gian mng la
i qua c thnh phn ng nht v nhit T
p
l sn phm chy. Khu vc pha trc
mng la c thnh phn hn hp ng nht vi nhit T
m
, l kh cha chy. [14],
[55]. Do phng php ha trn, tnh cht ca dng chy, s thay i cu trc ca
mng la trong khu vc chy m mng la c c trng l ng nht, ri v khng
n nh. p sut p c hai khu vc trong khng gian bung chy c xem l ng
u. Thc nghim cho thy nu dng kh trong bung chy khng xoy lc th mng
la c dng hnh cu v mng la trong hn hp lan trn c xy dng da trn kt
qu thc nghim l mng la chy tng (h s Reynolds thp) [14], [32], [55].
2.1.2. Cc phng trnh v quy lut phn b
nh lut I nhit ng hc cho ton b bung chy:
p
m
dV
dV dV
d d d
+ (2.1)
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng i vi hn hp cha chy v sn vt chy:

m m m
m
m R T
V
p

,
p p p
p
m R T
V
p

(2.2)
Do , nhit v p sut trong cylinder theo gc quay trc khuu :
d
dQ
c m d
dp
c m
V
d
dT
m
p m p m
m m
m m
.
1
. +
1
1
]
1

,
_

d
dp
p
V
d
dQ
pc
R
d
dp
pc
dp V R
d
dm
p
T R
p
T R
d
dV
R m
p
d
dT
m
p
m
p
m m
p
m m
p p
p p
p
m m
. . .
(2.3)
( ) +
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

d
dm
T
R
R
Tp c u u
d
dV
p
R
c
d
dp
p
m
p
m
v m p
p
v
p
p
. . . . 1 .

d
dQ
d
dQ
R
R
c
c
c
c
m
p
m
p
v
p
v
m
p
m
m
. .

,
_

(2.4)
H cc phng trnh tun theo cc quy lut sau:
- Qui lut phn b nng [14], [56]:

1
1
1
]
1

,
_

2
3
max
1 max
1
L
R
k
flam
(2.5)
Vi: : nng ca LPG ti v tr kho st;

max
: nng cc i ca LPG ti v tr nh la;
k
1
: h s iu chnh;
R
flam
: bn knh mng la;
L
max
: chiu di cc i ca bung chy.
- Qui lut bin thin tc chy theo nng LPG:

( )
2
2 max n n
) 1 ( k exp S ) ( S
(2.6)
Vi: S
n
: tc chy c bn ng vi gi tr f bt k;
S
nmax
: tc chy cc i ng vi f = 1;
k
2
: h s iu chnh.
- Quy lut bin thin ca tc chy theo thi gian chy [14]:
( )
2
o 3 n n
) ( k exp ) ( S ) ( S
(2.7)
Vi: : gc quay trc khyu ti v tr tnh ton;

0
: gc quay trc khyu ti thi im nh la;
k
3
: h s iu chnh.
Trong tnh ton, cc h s iu chnh k ca cc phng trnh c chn nh sau: k
1
=
1; k
2
= 1 v k
3
= 1,5 [33]. Kt qu ng c lm vic trong trng hp hn hp ngho
v chy phn lp [14], [20].
2.2. C S TNH TON QU TRNH CHY HN HP LPG KHNG KH
2.2.1. Phng trnh chy hn hp LPG-khng kh
a- Phng trnh tng qut ca mi cht hydrocarbon chy hon ton khi
oxygen:
O H
2
n
mCO O
4
n
m H C
2 2 2 n m
+

,
_

+ +
(2.8)
Thc t, qu trnh oxy ha tri qua cc bc trung gian rt phc tp.
b- Phng trnh chy c bn ca LPG c vit di dng:
( ) Hc N
4
n
m 773 , 3 O H
2
n
mCO N 773 , 3 O
4
n
m H C
2 2 2 2 2 n m
+

,
_

+ + + +

,
_

+ +
(2.9)
Vi Hc l nhit lng xc nh theo bin i Enthalpy [14], [33]:
2.2.2. Phng trnh chy ca cc thnh phn hn hp LPG-khng kh
a- Phng trnh chy hn hp propane (C
3
H
8
)-khng kh:
C
3
H
8
+ A. (O
2
+3,773.N
2
) a .CO
2
+ b .H
2
O + c.(3,773.N2) + Q (2.10)
Cn bng carbon:
C
3
H
8
+ A.(O+3,773.N
2
) 3 .CO
2
+ b. H
2
O + c.(3,773.N
2
) + Q (2.11)
Cn bng hydrogen:
C
3
H
8
+ A.(O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 3 .CO
2
+ 4 .H
2
O + c.(3,773.N
2
) + Q (2.12)
Cn bng oxygen:
C
3
H
8
+ 5 (O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 3 .CO
2
+ 4. H
2
O + c.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.13)
Cn bng nitrogen:
C
3
H
8
+ 5 (O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 3 .CO
2
+ 4 .H
2
O + 5.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.14)
Do , h s tng ng A = 5, a = 3, b = 4 v c = 5
b- Phng trnh chy hn hp butane (C
4
H
10
) - khng kh:
C
4
H
10
+ . (O
2
+3,773N
2
) a. CO
2
+ b. H
2
O + c.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.15)
Cn bng carbon:
C
4
H
10
+ . (O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 4 .CO
2
+ b .H
2
O + c.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.16)
Cn bng hydrogen:
C
4
H
10
+. (O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 4 .CO
2
+ 5 H
2
O + c.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.17)
Cn bng oxygen:
C
4
H
10
+ 6,5.(O
2
+3,773N
2
) 4 .CO
2
+ 5 .H
2
O + c.(3,773N
2
) + Q (2.18)
Cn bng nitrogen:
C
4
H
10
+ 6,5 .(O
2
+3,773.N
2
) 4. CO
2
+ 5. H
2
O + 6,5(3,773.N
2
) + Q
(2.19)
Do h s tng ng A = 6,5, a = 4, b = 5 v c = 6,5 [14], [57].
2.2.3. T l hn hp nhin liu LPG-khng kh:
T l hn hp F/A (khi lng LPG/khi lng khng kh) c dng nh
gi mc ha trn hn hp cn thit cho s chy hon ton.
a- T l hn hp l tng (Di):
Di = F( s mole LPG )/ A (s mole khng kh)

[ ] ) 773 , 3 (
) (
2 2
N O A
H C F
D
y x
i
+

(2.20)
b- T l hn hp l tng ca propane:
Di propane (C
3
H
8
): vi F = 1 v A = 5
64136 , 15
1
) 2 . 14 . 773 , 3 2 . 16 ( 5
) 1 . 8 3 . 12 ( 1
8 3

+
+

H C
Di
(2.21)
Vy lng khng kh cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg propane:
L
C3H8 = 15,64136 [kg.kk/kg.LPG]
Tng t hn hp l tng ca butane:
Di butane (C
4
H
10
): vi F = 1 v A = 6,5
42562 , 15
1
) 2 . 14 . 773 , 3 2 . 16 ( 5 , 6
) 1 . 10 3 . 12 ( 1
10 4

+
+

H C
Di
(2.22)
Vy lng khng kh cn thit t chy hon ton 1kg butane:
L
C4H10 = 15,42562[kg.kk/kg.LPG] [14], [33].
c-Thnh phn kh LPG th nghim c chn: 50% C
3
H
8
v 50% C
4
H
10
Vy lng khng kh cn thit t chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu LPG [33]
L
0
= (0,5. L
C3H8
+ 0,5. L
C4H10
) = (0,5.15,64136+0,5.15,42562)
= 15,5335 [kg.kk/kg.LPG].
2.2.4. Khi lng ring ca nhin liu LPG th kh:
Khi lng ring nhit 25[C] v p sut 760 [mmHg] ca nhin liu kh
propane 1,808 [kg/m], ca nhin liu kh butane 2,407 [kg/m] [43, bng 1.1]
Khi lng ring ca nhin liu kh LPG (50% C
3
H
8
v 50% C
4
H
10
):

LPG
= 1,808 . 0,5+ 2,407. 0,5 = 2,1075 [kg/m]
2.2.5. Nhit tr thp theo th tch ca nhin liu LPG th kh:
Nhit tr thp theo th tch ca nhin liu kh propane 85,5 [MJ/m], ca nhin
liu kh butane 112 [MJ/m] [43, bng 1.1]
Nhit tr thp theo th tch ca nhin liu LPG (50% C
3
H
8
v 50% C
4
H
10
):
Q
H
= 85,5 . 0,5+ 112. 0,5 = 98,75[MJ/m]
2.3. TNH TON NHIT NG C THC NGHIM
2.3.1. ng c thc nghim DAEWOO A16 DMS
ng c thc nghim l loi ng c Dual Overhead Cam L- 4 1.6L DOHC
[49] c lp trn t NUBIRA do hng DAEWOO, Hn Quc sn xut nm 2001;
l loi ng c t kh thng dng c s dng Vit Nam hin nay. y l ng
c nh la cng bc dng h thng phun xng in t, bm nhin liu dng loi
ng c in mt chiu v bnh cha nhin liu c dung tch 62 lt. H thng in
gm mt acquy 55/550 [Ah/Amps] v mt my pht in xoay chiu dng in ti a
95 [Amps] khi ng vi in p 12,2/(4090) [Volts/Amps] [49]. Nghin cu
chuyn i nhin liu LPG s dng cho ng c ny thay th xng s l c s cho
vic chuyn i nhin liu ny cho cc ng c khc cng loi. Khi ng c hot
ng cc ch khc nhau, cn thit phi cung cp nhin liu v thnh phn
hn hp LPG - khng kh ph hp tha mn h s d lng khng kh dao ng
ln cn gi tr 1. Ty theo ch hot ng ca ng c, tn hiu xung ca cc cm
bin v tr bm ga, cm bin oxy, cm bin tc ng c m b iu chnh s t
ng cung cp lng nhin liu LPG ph hp. Khi chuyn i yu cu phi gi
nguyn h thng nhin liu xng nguyn thy; do vy s dng b iu chnh cung
cp LPG qua hng khuch tn l hp l.
2.3.2 Tnh ton nhit ng c thc nghim
Cc thng s k thut ca ng c thc nghim c cho theo bng 2.1
Bng 2.3 Thng s k thut ca ng c thc nghim DAEWOO A16 DMS.
Thng s K hiu Th nguyn Gi tr
Cng sut c ch (Max power) N
e
/n kW/rpm 77,8/5800
Momen c ch (Max torque) M
e
/n kg.m/rpm 14,5/3800
ng knh cylinder (Bore) D mm 79
Hnh trnh piston (Stroke) S mm 81,5
Th tch cng tc t V
h
cm
3
1598
T s nn (Compression ratio)

- 9,5 0,2
S cylinder i - 4
S k (Stroke)

- 4
Gc nh la sm
s
5
0
BTDC
Da vo c im kt cu, tnh nng ng lc hc v iu kin lm vic ca ng
c thc nghim, cc thng s tnh ton nhit c chn cho ng c dng xng v
nhin liu LPG c nu ph lc 2.1; 2.2.
2.3.2.1. Tnh ton nhit ng c DAEWOO A16 dng LPG v xng
a. Qu trnh np
Qu trnh np ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : nhit v p sut khng kh np,
ng knh ng ng np v chnh p ca mi cht trc soupapse np so vi
ha kh trong cylinder cui k np lm cho mi cht mi i vo cylinder trong mi
chu trnh s nh hn lng hn hp np mi theo tnh ton l thuyt [40, tr. 97]...
Khi dng hng khuch tn ha trn LPG - khng kh lp vo ng ng np, tr
lc trn ng np tng, lng hn hp LPG - khng kh mi vo cylinder s gim,
dn n cng sut ng c dng LPG gim theo.
a.1. H s kh st
( )
m
a
r
t
a
r
r
k
r
p
p
p
p
T
T T
1
2 1
2
. . .
1
. .
.

,
_

(2.23)
a.2. H s np
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

m
a
r
t
k
a
k
k
v
p
p
p
p
T T
T
1
2 1
. . . . .
1
1

(2.24)
a.3. Nhit cui qu trnh np:
T
a
=
( )
r
m
m
r
a
r r t k
p
p
T T T

,
_

+ +

1
. . .
1
; [
0
K] (2.25)
a.4. S mol khng kh l thuyt cn thit t chy 1 kg nhin liu kh:
0
1
( )
0, 21 4 2
n m r
m r
M n C H O +
(2.26)
a.5. . S mol hn hp mi:
1 0
. 1 M M +
(2.27)
b. Qu trnh nn
b.1. T nhit mol ca khng kh:
K
v
v vkk
T
b
a C m
2
+ ; [kJ/kmol.
0
K] (2.28)
b.2. T nhit mol ca sn phm chy:
r
v
v v
T
b
a C m
2

+
; [kJ/kmol.
0
K] (2.29)
b.3. T nhit mol ca hn hp cng tc:
a
v
v v
T
b
a C m
2

+
; [kJ/kmol.
0
K], (2.30)
b.4. Ch s nn a bin trung bnh n
1
: (2.31)
(Gii phng trnh theo phng php chia i ta c n
1
)
b.5. Nhit cui qu trnh nn:
T
c
= T
0
.
1
1
n
; [
0
K] (2.32)
b.6. p sut cui qu trnh nn:
P
c
= p
a
.
1
n
; [MN/m
2
] (2.33)
c. Qu trnh chy:
c.1. S mol khng kh M thay i khi chy : khi = 1 th
( )
4 2
m r
M n CnHmOr +

(2.34)
c.2. S mol sn phm chy:
M M M +
1 2
; [kmol/kg nhin liu] (2.35)
c.3. H s bin i phn t l thuyt:
1
2
0
M
M

(2.36)
c.4. H s bin i phn t thc t:
r
r o

+
+

1
(2.37)
c.5. H s bin i phn t
z

ti z :
b
z
r
o
z

.
1
1
1
+

+
(2.38)
c.6. H s to nhit ti z:
b
z
z
x

; (2.39)
c.7. Tn tht nhit, nhin liu LPG chy khng han ton

= 1
Q
H
= 0 ; [9], ; [40] (2.40)
c.8. T nhit mol ng tch trung bnh mi cht ti z:

z vz vz vz
T b a C m +
(2.41)
c.9. Nhit cc i ca chu trnh T
z
[
0
K]. Theo phng trnh chy:

( )
( )
z vz z c vc
r
H H z
T C m T C m
M
Q Q
. ' ' . . .
1 .
.
1

+
+

(2.42)
a v dng phng trnh bc hai: 0
2
+ + C BT AT
z z
A =
.
2
vz
z
b

; B =
vz z
a .
; C =
) 1 .( M
) Q Q (
r 1
H H z
+

-
c c
v
v
T T
b
a )
2
' (
'
+
(Gii phng trnh ta c T
z
)
c.10. p sut cc i ca chu trnh:
z
c
z
c z
T
T
p P .
; [MN/m
2
] (2.43)
c.11. Kim chng tr s tng p:
c
z z
P
P
.

d. Qu trnh gin n
d.1. T s gin n sm: = 1 (2.44)
d.2. T s gin n sau = = 9,5 (2.45)
d.3. Kim nghim li tr s n
2
: Chn trc n
2
, tnh lp n
2
theo cng thc:

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
8, 314
1
.( )
.
1 . . ) 2
b z h h
z
vz z b
r z b
n
Q Q
b
a T T
M T T




+ + +
+
(2.46)
(Gii phng trnh trn theo phng php chia i ta c n
2
)
d.4. Nhit cui qu trnh gin n:
1 n
z
b
2
T
T

; [
o
K] (2.47)
d.5. p sut cui qu trnh gin n:
2
n
z
b
p
p

; [MN/m
2
] (2.48)
d.6. Kim nghim nhit kh st:
m
m
b
r
b rt
P
P
T T
1

,
_

; [
0
K] (2.49)
Sai s:
tnh chon
tnh
15%
r r
r
T T
T

<
e. Cc thng s ch th
e.1. p sut ch th trung bnh:
' 2 c
i n2 1 n1 1
2 1
P 1 1 1
P 1 1 ;[MN/m ]
1 n 1 n 1

1
_ _

1

, ,
]
(2.50)
e.2. p sut ch th trung bnh thc t:
i i
p p .
; [MN/m
2
] (2.51)
e.3. Hiu sut ch th ng c :
k v H
k i
i
p Q
T p M
. .
. . . 314 , 8
1

(2.52)
e.4. Sut tiu hao nhin liu LPG ch th V
i
=
1
9700. .
. .
k v
i k
P
M P T

; [m
3
/kW.h] (2.53)
f. Cc thng s c ch
f.1. Tn tht c gii: P
m
= a + b.C
m
; [MN/m
2
] (2.54)
(Trong :
30
.n S
C
m

vi a v b l h s thc nghim)
f.2. p sut c ch trung bnh
m i e
p p p
; [MN/m
2
] (2.55)
f.3. Hiu sut c gii:
i
e
m
p
p

(2.56)
f.4. Sut tiu hao nhin liu kh LPG c ch
i
e
m
v
v

; [m
3
/kw.h] (2.57)
f.5. Hiu sut c ch
i m e
.
(2.58)
f.6.Cng sut cc i ca ng c dng LPG:
. 30
. . . n i V P
Ne
h e
; [kW] (2.59)
f.7. Mc tiu hao nhin liu LPG khi t ch ton ti:
V
tt
= N
e
. v
e
.10
-3

; [m
3
/h] (2.60)
f.8. Th tch cng tc ca ng c :
n i p
N
V
e
e
h
. .
. 30 .

; [dm
3
] (2.61)
f.9. Kim nghim ng knh cylinder:
S
V
D
h
t
.
. 4

; [mm] (2.62)
Sai lch: 0,1; [mm]
2.3.2.2 Kt qu tnh ton nhit ca ng c DAEWOO A16 DMS
(c nu ti ph lc 2.3; 2.4; 2.5; 2.6; 2.7 v 2.8)
2.4. CC CH CP NHIN LIU CN THIT CHO NG C THC NGHIM
2.4.1. Cc ch hot ng ca ng c nh la cng bc
Ch hot ng ca ng c nh la cng bc dng trn t lun lun
thay i theo ph ti, trng thi nhit, tc , dc, cht lng ca mt
ng...Trong qu trnh hot ng ph ti v tc ng c lun lun thay i trong
phm vi gi tr nh nht n gi tr ln nht theo nhu cu cho php. Thc t, phn ln
thi gian ng c t trong dng trn t hot ng ch khng ti v ti b [3],
[40].
2.4.2. ng c tnh ca ng c nh la cng bc
ng c nh la cng bc hot ng th hin cc ng c tnh khc nhau
trong cc iu kin c th nhm nh gi cc ch tiu k thut ca ng c nh cng
sut c ch N
e
, moment c ch M
e
, p sut c ch trung bnh P
e
, sut tiu hao nhin
liu g
e
v lu lng nhin liu G
nl
. Cng sut c ch l yu t chnh th hin cng dn
ng ca cc c cu chp hnh ca ng c trong mt n v thi gian. y l mt
trong nhng thng s quan trng nh gi tnh nng lm vic ca ng c. Cc thng
s k thut ca ng c gm [40], [55]:
- Cng sut c ch ca ng c:
3
1 1
.10
Ne . . . . . ; . . ;[kW]
30. .
v tk
i m k h
o
Q
A n A V i
L

(2.63)
- Moment xon c ch:
2 2
.
Me . . . . ; ;[N.m]
. .
v tk h
i m k
o
Q V i
A A
L

(2.64)
- p sut c ch trung bnh:
6
2
3 3
.10
Pe . . . . ; ;[MN/m ]
v tk
i m k
o
Q
A A
L

(2.65)
- Sut tiu hao nhin liu:
4 4
1 3600
ge . ; ;[g/kWh]
.
i m tk
A A
Q

(2.66)
- Lu lng nhin liu:
nl 5 5
. . .3600
G . . ; ;[kg/h]
30. .
v h k
o
V i
A n A
L



(2.67)
2.4.3. c tnh tc ca ng c thc nghim
2.4.3.1. Quan h gia h s np v tc ng c
ng c tnh ca ng c t trong c nhiu loi khc nhau. Trong ti
ny, chng ta ch kho st c tnh tc gm c tnh ngoi v c tnh b phn.
c tnh ngoi tng ng vi s vng quay lc m v tr 100% bm ga. Khi bm
ga m nh hn 100% c gi l c tnh b phn [3], [40], [55].
S lng mi cht mi np vo cylinder ph thuc vo h s np
v
v khi lng
ring ca khng kh
k
.
- H s np
v
v chn khng p
g
sau bm ga l hm tuyn tnh:
g v
p b a
vi a v b l h s thc nghim.
Nu thay i tit din lu thng tng i
g g
f
=
( )
max
g g
g g
f
f

v tc tng
i n =
n
n
n
th h s np ca ng c nh sau:

v
=
n
f
B
g g
. .
; vi B =
( )
n h
k
k
g g
n i V
p
f
. .
. . . 120
max

(2.68)
Khi chn khng sau bm ga gim xung di gi tr ti hn, s lm cho
=
max
= const. [40] ,
Lc y, h s np
v
=
n
f
B
g g max
. .
Trng hp
g g
f khng thay i th
v
=
n
B
1
vi
max 1
.
g g
f B B
Tm li, quan h gia
v
v n ti cc gi tr nh ca
v
c biu din nh
hnh 2.10 [38], [40].
2.4.3.2. c tnh tc ca ng c thc nghim
c tnh tc ngoi ca ng c l cc hm s biu din s bin thin cng
sut, moment xon c ch, sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch ca ng c theo s vng
quay trc khuu khi bm ga m hon ton [3], [13], [40], [55].
Theo cng thc Layderman:
2 3
. . . .
e e e
max
N N N
n n n
Ne Ne a b c
n n n
1
_ _ _
1 +

1
, , ,
]
(2.69)
Trong :
N
e
: cng sut ca ng c;
N
emax
: cng sut cc i ca ng c;
n
e
: s vng quay ca trc khuu;
n
N
: s vng quay ca trc khuu ng vi cng sut cc i;
a, b, c : cc h s thc nghim.
Cng thc Layderman l cng thc gn ng, cn hiu chnh li cc h s a, b, c
trong cng thc (2.69) ph hp cc thng s ng lc hc v kt cu ca ng c
thc nghim sau y [3]:
iu kin 1: ng c tnh cng sut i qua im (n
N,
N
emax
) nu:
a + b - c = 1 (2.70)
iu kin 2: ng c tnh moment i qua im (n
M
, M
emax
) nu:
2.60
.
. .
k
v h
k
LPG
o o
iV
G
G n
L L

2 M
n n
b c
K a
K K
+
=
M
N N
Ne
M
. 10
.
3

(2.71)
Trong :
K
M
: h s thch ng theo moment;
K
n
=
N
M
n
n
: h s thch ng theo s vng quay;
n
M
: tc ng c ng vi moment cc i;
n
N
: tc ng c ng vi cng sut cc i.
iu kin 3: o hm

e
e
dM
dn
= 0.
Ta c: M
e
=
e
e
N
n
Hnh 2.6 c tnh ngoi ca ng c
thc nghim dng LPG.
Hnh 2.7 c tnh ngoi ca ng c
thc nghim dng xng.
Hnh 2.8 Cng sut v tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c dng xng v LPG.
Bin i cng thc Layderman thnh dng:
2 3
3 max
. . . . .10
e e e
e N N N
Ne
n n n
Me a b c
n n n n

1
_ _ _
1 +

1
, , ,
]
Suy ra:
max 2
. 2 .
e e
e
e N N
dM n b
M c
dn n n
_


,
= 0
V: b -
2
n
c
K
= 0 (2.72)
Gii h ba phng trnh:
a=
( )
( )
M
K . . 2 1
. 2 1
n n
n n
K K
K K
1
]
1
]

b =
(1 )
(1 0, 5 )
n
a
K

c = K
n
.
2
b
Vi cc thng s ca ng c thc nghim cho, ta tnh c:
K
n
=
M
N

=
30
n
30
n
M
N

=
30
3800
30
5800

= 1,526
Chn K
M
= 1,175 ta c:
a =
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] 1 526 , 1 2 526 , 1
1 526 , 1 2 526 , 1 . 175 , 1


= 0,5425
b =
) 526 , 1 . 5 , 0 1 (
) 5425 , 0 1 (

= 1,9304
c = 1,526.
2
1,9304
= 1,4729
t: K =
2 3
. . .
e e e
N N N
n n n
a b c
n n n
1
_ _ _
1 +

1
, , ,
]
N
e
= K.N
emax
(2.73)
60
. 9549,296586.
2.
e e
e e
N N
Me
n n

(2.74)
Cc thng s vn hnh ca ng c khi s dng xng v LPG c tnh theo
cc cng thc sau:
N
e
= N
emax
.
2 3
. . .
e e e
N N N
n n n
a b c
n n n
1
_ _ _
1 +

1
, , ,
]
;
2 3
3 max
. . . . .10
e e e
e N N N
Ne
n n n
Me a b c
n n n n

1
_ _ _
1 +

1
, , ,
]
;
2
1, 2 0, 8.
e e
eL ettL
N N
PG PG
n n
g g
n n
1
_ _
1 +

1
, ,
]
; [3, tr.55]
Vi: gett = 0,1097.1000.2,1075/1,293= 178,803 [g/kW.h];
(kt qu tnh ton nhit: ge = 0,1097[g/kW.h]; [ph lc 2.8]
Hiu sut c ch ca ng c:

. .
e tk e LPG
G Q N
; [40, cng thc 4-37]
Vi Qtk = 46,856 [MJ/kg]; [bng 2.2, muc 1.1.6.2, chng 1]
e = 0,3324 ; [ph lc 2.8]
Lu lng nhin liu kh LPG di chuyn vo ng np:
. . ;[lit/min]
60
k e
L eL
LPG
PG PG
N
V g

0
60
. . . ;[kg/h]
1000
k LPG
k
LPG
G L V

[Ph lc 3.2]
(Kt qu nh ph lc 2.9 v 2.10.)
2.4.4.Cc ch cp nhin liu l thuyt cn thit cho ng c thc nghim
Trc tin cn xc nh lu lng khng kh qua hng v lu lng nhin liu
LPG cung cp vo ng c cc ch khng ti, ti trung bnh v ton ti.
Da vo thng s chu trnh nhit c ghi ph lc 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7,
2.8, tnh ton ch cp nhin liu ca ng c thc nghim.
a. Lu lng nhin liu LPG cung cp cho ng c ch ton ti:
Qu trnh chy kit v kp thi ph thuc tc lan truyn mng la.
Thc nghim cho thy thnh phn ha kh l nhn t nh hng chnh n tc
lan mng la. Hnh 2.9 th hin vi = 0,85 0,95 ( thnh phn cng sut) tc
lan truyn mng la ln nht, p sut v nhit cc i cao nht dn n cng sut
ng c cao nht.
0,95 tc lan truyn mn la gim dn, nhng do nhin liu chy kit hn
nn hiu sut cao hn.
1,05 1,1 ha kh cng nht nhin liu cng tit kim, cng sut ng c gim.
= 1 tng ng vi iu kin lm vic l tng theo l thuyt.
0,95 tc lan truyn mn la gim dn,
nhng do nhin liu chy kit hn nn hiu sut
cao hn.
1,05 1,1 ha kh cng nht ch lm
vic tit kim, cng sut ng c gim.
= 1 tng ng vi iu kin lm vic l
tng theo l thuyt.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh
k
= 1,119
[kg/m
3
].
Lu lng khng kh qua hng:
. . . .
2.60
k
k v h
G i V n

kg/s]
v
1
. . . . .
2.60 .
k
LPG v h
o
G i V n
L

(2.75)
[ ]
3
1,119
0, 7182.4.0, 3995.10 .5800 0, 06207 /
2.60
k
G kg s

NH HNG THNH PHN HA KH
TI TC LAN MNG LA
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Alpha
t

l
a
n

m

n
g

l

a
Hnh 2.9 Thnh phn ha kh
l tng theo l thuyt.
Lu lng kh LPG cn thit cung cp ng c ng vi cng sut cc i:
.
k
nl
o
G
G
L

[kg/s] (2.76)
ch ton ti, n = 5800 [v/ph]. m = = 1,04. H s d lng
khng kh = 0,9615 v L
o
= 15,5335 [kg
kk/
kg
LPG
] (theo kt qu 2.2.3)

0, 06207.3600
0, 962.15, 5335
LPG tt
G


= 14,961 [kg/h]
b. Lu lng nhin liu LPG cung cp cho ng c ch ti trung bnh:
Tc ng c ch ti trung bnh
min max
800 5800
2 2
tai tb
n n
n

+ +
= 3300 [v/ph]
Lu lng khng kh qua hng khi ng c ch ti trung bnh:
. . . .
2.60
k
k v tb h tb
G iV n

[kg/s] (2.77)
BIN THIN H S NP THEO TC NG C
y = -2E-07x
2
+ 0.0011x - 1.0719
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
h

p
Hnh 2.10 Quan h h s np v tc ng c.

v
= - 2.10
7
n + 1,1.10
3
.n
1,0719 =

=
-
2
.
1
. . . . . 14, 961[kg/h]
2.60 .
k
LPG TT v h
o
G i V n
L

1
0

7
.
3
3
0
0

+
1
,
1
.
1
0

3
.
3
3
0
0

1
,
0
7
1
9
=

Mc
h
cm
ng
in
t
0
,
5
9
6
3
1,119
0, 596.4.0, 3995.10 . .3300
2.60
k
G

= 0,0295 [kg/s]
Lu lng dng kh LPG cn thit cung cp cho ng c ng vi ch ti trung
bnh:
.
k
nl
o
G
G
L

[kg/s] (2.78)
ch ti trung bnh, n = 3300 [v/ph]. m = = 1,4. H s d lng khng
kh = 0,714 v L
o
= 15,5335 [kg
kk/
kg
LPG
] (theo kt qu 2.2.3)

0, 0295.3600
0, 714.15, 5335
LPG TB
G


= 9,512 [kg/h]
c. Lu lng nhin liu LPG cung cp cho ng c ch khng ti:
ch khng ti, bm ga ng kn hng khuch tn, khng kh i qua l
thng ng ng khng ti c ng knh 2,3 [mm]; h s np
v
= 0,22. [40]
2
2
2 0
0
0
.
. . . . [ / ]
2 2.60
k v
h
h
D ni
p S N m
d

1
_
1

1
,
]

= 67.732,179 [N/m
2
] (2.79)
- Lu lng dng khng kh qua hng ng vi ch khng ti
0 0 0
1
. . . . . = 0,822[kg/h]
2.60 .
k
LPG v h
o
G i V n
L

(2.80)
- Lu lng dng nhin liu kh LPG qua ng ng vi ch khng ti:
2.5. IU KHIN T NG V VI IU KHIN
T chc, kim sot h thng cung cp nhin liu v theo di din bin qu
trnh chy trong ng c nh la cng bc trn phng tin giao thng hin nay
u s dng nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin v ngnh in t hin i
nhm iu khin qu trnh phun nhin liu v nh la ca ng c mt cch hiu
qu.
Vic nghin cu s dng nhin liu kh du m ha lng LPG lm ngun nng
lng cho ng c th h mi i hi ngi thit k tch hp cc thng s vt l cn

Mc
h
cm
ng
in
t
Ngun





12V
Ngun




5V
Bung
chy
Hng
khuch
tn
B
ha hi
gim
p
Van

cun
g

cp
Cm bin
lambda
Cng tc
LPG
PETROL

0
0
0
.
k
nl
o
G
G
L

[kg/s] = 1,08.10
- 4
[m
3
/s] = 1,552 [kg/h] (2.81)
thit ca ng c v ng dng mt mch vi iu khin x l cc tn hiu do cm
bin ghi nhn. ECM ca ng c thc nghim iu khin h thng phun xng v h
thng nh la. Trong phm vi v gii hn ca ti, chng ti thit k v thc
nghim h thng iu khin t ng cung cp nhin liu LPG cho ng c tng t
nh mch in t iu khin phun xng. V h thng nh la chng ti vn s dng
h thng nh la ang hot ng ca ng c thc nghim.
Cc thng s hot ng ca ng c l lu lng, nhit , p sut ca khng
kh np; lu lng, nhit , nhin liu; tc ng c; v tr bm ga; nhit
ng c; nng oxygen trong kh thi... u c ghi nhn thng qua tn hiu ca
cc cm bin iu khin ton b qu trnh hot ng ca ng c trn c s hot
ng ca ECM . Cc thng s ny l nhng i lng vt l (analog) c cm bin
to tn hiu truyn ti v chuyn thnh tn hiu k thut s (digital), sau c x
l theo chng trnh lp sn. Trong cc thng s ny, chng ti chn nhng s
liu cn tnh ton lin quan n tn hiu ca cm bin v tr bm ga, cm bin tc
ng c, cm bin lambda truyn n khi vi iu khin ghi vo b iu chnh cung
cp LPG di dng th (cartographie) cng cc thit b in t h tr khc lu tr
chun ha v khuch i tn hiu a vo khi chp hnh ch huy iu hnh khi
cng tc (ng c bc, cc van khng ti, van cung cp chnh...) Vi nhng nhim
v v yu cu iu khin t ng, chng ti cn mt thit b in t vi iu khin,
khi cm bin chuyn tn hiu v tr bm ga, cm bin tc ng c, cm bin
lambda, khi chp hnh, khi ngun in v khi nhin liu nh hnh 2.11.
S NGUYN L IU CHNH CUNG CP NHIN LIU LPG
KHI
CM BIN
KHI
NHIN LIU
KHI
CHP HNH
Thng
s
n

bg
T
exh
Cm bin
tc C

Mc
h
cm
ng
in
t
Ngun





12V
Ngun




5V
Bung
chy
Hng
khuch
tn
B
ha hi
gim
p
Van

cun
g

cp
Cm bin
lambda
Cng tc
LPG
PETROL
Hnh 2.11 S nguyn l iu chnh cung cp LPG
2.5.1. L thuyt iu khin t ng
2.5.1.1. Khi qut
H thng iu khin t ng l tp hp cc thnh phn vt l c mi lin quan
v tc ng qua li ln nhau ch huy, hiu chnh, iu khin h thng khc.
H thng iu khin t ng gm ba phn ch yu:
- Thit b iu khin (Controller);
- i tng iu khin (Object);
- Thit b o lng (Measuring Device).
a. Cc nguyn tc iu khin c bn
- iu khin sai lch: Thc hin so snh, san bng gi tr p ng ra v gi tr
tn hiu vo; nguyn tc ny ng dng mch iu khin c phn hi.

ng c
bc
Cm bin
v tr bm ga
Nhit
kh thi
KHI NGUN
Ngun





12V
Ngun




5V
Bung
chy
Hng
khuch
tn
B
ha hi
gim
p
Van

cun
g

cp
Van
&
gicl
khng
ti
Bnh
cha
LPG
KHI VI IU KHIN
Cm bin
lambda
Thng s
chun
Cng tc
LPG
PETROL
ng c
bc
- iu khin b ngu nhin: S dng cc thit b b tr nhiu gim nh
hng ca nhiu n p ng ca h.
- iu khin phi hp: L kt hp gia iu khin sai lch v b nhiu; h
thng iu khin theo nguyn tc ny ng dng rng ri hin nay.
- iu khin theo chng trnh s: Tn hiu ra bin i theo mt chng
trnh nh trc.
- iu khin thch nghi: Tn hiu u vo bin i ph hp yu cu ca tn
hiu u ra.
b. Cc h thng thng dng trong cc h thng iu khin c kh
- iu khin v tr: i vi chuyn ng thng l iu khin hnh trnh chiu
di dch chuyn ca c cu chp hnh cn chuyn ng quay l iu khin gc quay
ca c cu chp hnh hoc gc quay ca trc ng c.
- iu khin tc : i vi chuyn ng tnh tin l iu khin tc
chuyn ng thng, i vi chuyn ng quay l vn tc gc ca trc cng tc.
- iu khin theo ti trng: i vi cc thit b chuyn ng tnh tin l iu
khin lc, vi chuyn ng quay l moment xon thch ng vi ti tc dng ln c
cu chp hnh.
- Cc loi cm bin, thit b o lng:
o chuyn v di c th dng cm bin in tr nh Potentiometer, cm bin
quang hc hoc b quang in. Cc loi cm bin trn c th l cm bin tng t
hoc cm bin s, c th o trc tip hoc iu khin t xa.
- Cc loi thit b iu khin v i tng iu khin:
Thit b iu khin gm: B khuych i v lm u PID, Carte chuyn i s A/D,
D/A v my tnh iu khin.
- B phn chp hnh: gm: ng c bc, cc loi servo-motor, loi van
iu khin
- i tng iu khin:. c th l mt thit b, mt dy chuyn cng ngh
hoc mt nh my t ng.
2.5.1.2. Cc phng php m t h thng iu khin
a. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ca h vt l
Mi quan h gia cc i lng bin ng trong h thng vt l s c m t
bng cc phng trnh vi phn. Nu mi s hng trong phng trnh vi phn u l
ly tha bc 1 i vi cc bin ph thuc v o hm ca chng th phng trnh
l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh. Nu phng trnh vi phn c bt k mt s hng
no c bc ly tha cao hn 1, hoc tch hoc hm siu vit i vi cc bin ph
thuc v o hm ca chng th l phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn.
b.Bin i Laplace
Phng php bin i Laplace l c s ca mt phng php gii tch tm
p ng ca qu trnh qu v qu trnh xc lp. N chuyn cc phng trnh vi
phn tuyn tnh h s c nh thnh phng trnh i s. nh ngha bin i
Laplace, k hiu L[..] hoc L{..} l kt qu ca mt thut ton chuyn i i vi mt
hm thi gian f(t) cho ta mt hm F(s) ca bin phc s.
Trong :
. s j +
v

l cc s thc v
1 j
0
( ) [ ( )] . ( ).
x
st
F s Lf t e f t dt

(2.82)
Trong : f(t) : Hm thc v lin tc trong sut thi gian kho st (hm gc)
s : Bin ton t Laplace (hoc k hiu p);
F(s) : nh ca hm gc.
2.5.1.3. L thuyt h thng iu khin xung tuyn tnh
Hm truyn G(s) ca mt phn t hoc ca h thng iu khin tuyn tnh l t
s gia nh Laplace tn hiu ra vi nh Laplace tn hiu vo, vi iu kin ban u
trit tiu. Dng tng qut ca hm truyn l:
1
0 1 1 0
1
1 1 0
1
.
. . ... . ( )
( )
( ) . . ... .
.
n
i
n n i
i n n
m m m
j
m m
j
j
a s
a s a s a s a y s
G s
u s b s b s b s b
b s

+ + + +

+ + + +

(2.83)
Hoc y(s) = G(s) . u(s) + cc s hng
0 0
,
k k
u y
Khi iu kin ban u bng 0, tc l:
0 0
, 0
k k
u y
th: y(s) = G(s) . u(s)
Trong : G(s) : hm truyn;
u(s) : tn hiu vo;
y(s) : tn hiu ra.

Gi s ta c phng trnh Laplace ca mt h iu khin l:
2
. . ( ) . . ( ) . ( ) ( ) M s y s f s y s k y s r s + +
(2.84)
th hm truyn ca n l:

2
( ) 1
( )
( ) . .
y s
G s
r s M s f s k

+ +
(2.85)
a. S khi
S khi l phng php m t h thng iu khin t ng bng ha,
biu din cc mi quan h gia cc phn t hoc biu din cho cc phng trnh ton
hc c trng cho cc phn t .
Trong s khi gm:
- Cc vung biu th cc phn t ca h thng, ni ghp chng li din t
quan h gia u vo v u ra, to thnh mt khi. Nhiu khi ni tip nhau th tn
hiu ra ca khi ny l tn hiu vo ca khi kia. T l gia u ra v u vo ca h
gi l hm truyn ca h.
- im t ( k hiu bng vng trn) c nhiu u vo v mt u ra. im t
th hin thut ton cng hoc tr. Ti im t, u ra l tng i s ca cc u vo
E(s) = u(s) + F(s).
- im tn (k hiu bng chm en) l im m ti c mt u vo v nhiu
u ra,c cng mt i lng.
b. Graphe tn hiu
Graphe tn hiu th hin s truyn tn hiu
trong h iu khin t ng bng s . Graphe l
mt s gm cc nhnh v nt, mi nt ca
Graphe c biu din bng mt im v ghi tn mt i lng no trong h
thng iu khin. Nt gc l i lng vo, nt ngn l i lng ra ca mt khu
no . Mi nhnh ni nt gc v nt ngn c mi tn trn ghi gi tr hm truyn
F(s)
u(s) E(s)
tng ng vi mt khu. Hm truyn ca mt nhnh bng t s gia gi tr nt ngn
v gi tr nt gc.
2.5.1.4. c trng ng hc v ng lc hc ca h iu khin t ng
a. Tn hiu tc ng
C hai loi: tn hiu tin nh v tn hiu ngu nhin. Mi tn hiu tin nh
u c th phn thnh cc tn hiu n gin.
b. Phn ng ca h
Xt phn ng ca mt h tc dng bin i tn hiu ca h . Phn ng ca
mt h thay i khi c tn hiu vo thay i hoc cu trc v tham s ca h thay i.
Phn ng ca mt h khi tn hiu vo xc nh chnh l c tnh qu hay c tnh
thi gian ca h .
c. p ng tn s
p ng tn s l phn ng ca mt khu (hay ca h) trng thi xc lp
khi tn hiu vo bin i theo quy lut iu ha.
2.5.1.5. Tnh n nh ca h thng iu khin t ng
a. Khi nim v n nh
Mt h thng c gi l n nh nu qu trnh qu tt dn theo thi gian.
H thng bin n nh nu qu trnh qu khng i (dao ng khng tt dn).
b. iu kin n nh
iu kin cn thit h thng n nh l tt c cc h s ca phng trnh
c tnh phi dng.
- Tiu chun n nh Hurwitz
H thng iu chnh t ng c phng trnh c tnh (vi cc h s dng)
s n nh nu gi tr tt c cc nh thc Hurwitz dng.
nh thc Hurwitz ca phng trnh c dng:
0 . ... . .
1
1
1
+ + + +

n n
n n
o
a p a p a p a
n

2
1
...


1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
1
.
0
. 0
a a a
a a a a
a a a
a a
o
o
o
= a
1.
a
2
a
o
.a
3
> 0
iu kin n nh:
1
> 0;
2
> 0;
3
> 0;
n-1
> 0;[
- Tiu chun n nh Routh
H thng iu chnh t ng c phng trnh c tnh (vi cc h s dng)
s n nh nu tt c cc h s trong ct u tin ca bng Routh dng.
0 . ... . .
1
1
1
+ + + +

n n
n n
o
a p a p a p a
Bng Routh c vit nh sau:
. . .
. .
.
2 0
5 3 1
6 4 2 0
z
b b
a a a
a a a a
3 1
2 0
0
a a
a a
b
;
5 1
4 0
2
a a
a a
b
;
2 0
3 1
1
b b
a a
b
;
4 4
5 1
3
b b
a a
b
iu kin ca h thng a
0
, a
1
, b
0
, b
1
v z > 0
2.5.1.6. Phn tch cht lng ca h thng iu khin t ng
Cht lng ca h thng iu khin t ng c nh gi bi n nh,
nhy, chnh xc, tnh iu khin c, quan st c v p ng qu . Ty theo
mc ca tng h thng m c tnh cht lng c cc yu cu khc nhau.
a. p ng v sai s ca h thng ch xc lp
Sai lch tnh l sai lch sinh ra do tn hiu vo khng i sau khi qu trnh qu
kt thc. Cht lng ca h cng cao nu sai lch tnh cng b.
Yu cu v chnh xc v n nh ca h thng thng ngc nhau. Khi
tng h s khuch i th chnh xc c nng cao, nhng n nh gim th h
cng d mt n nh. Nn trong h thng iu khin cn phi gi quyt thch ng
quan h gia chnh xc v n nh.
2.5.2. L thuyt vi iu khin
2.5.2.1 Cu trc vi iu khin
Cu trc ca thit b vi iu khin nh sau:
.
KHI VI IU KHIN KHI CM BIN
KHI NGUN NUI
KHI KT NI
MY TNH
KHI
CHP HNH
b. Qu trnh qu
Ch tiu cht lng ca p ng qu c nghin cu qua h bc 2, khi tn
hiu vo l hm bc thang n v. Cc h c bc (cao hn 2) gn ng c th coi l bc
2 nu c mt cp nghim phc lin hp.
Giao tip
song song
Thit b
song song
Hnh 2.12 Cu trc vi iu khin.
2.5.2.2. Cc vi mch lin quan
B vi iu khin l mt loi mch tch hp trn mt chip c th lp trnh c
trong tp hp cc b vi x l dng iu khin hot ng ca mt h thng theo
chng trnh iu khin np sn bn trong chip. B vi iu khin c pht trin
t b vi x l v nhng nm 1970 cng ngh vi in t c hon thin da trn k
thut MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor). Mc tch hp ca cc linh kin bn dn
trong mt chip ngy cng cao.
S khi chung ca hu ht cc b vi iu khin gm CPU, b nh ROM
(EPROM) v RAM; mch giao tip ni tip mch giao tip song song, b nh thi
gian, h thng ngt vc BUS c tch hp trn cng mt chip.
2.5.2.3 Cu trc ca b vi iu khin AT89C51
- 4 kbyte ROM (c lp trnh cho AT89C51);
- 128 byte RAM;
- 4 cng I/0 8 bit;
- Hai b nh thi 16 bits;
- Giao tip ni tip 4KB khng gian b nh chng trnh ngoi;
- 64 KB khng gian b nh d liu ngoi;
- B x l lun l (thao tc trn cc bit n);
- 210 bit c a ch ha v b nhn / chia 4s.
Ccthanh
ghi khc
Port
ni tip
To
Dao
ng
Giao tip
song song
Thit b
song song
Hnh 2.13 S khi ca b vi iu khin.
Vi iu khin AT89C51/8931 thuc h MCS51 c cc c im sau :




EA\ RST PSEN ALE


Ccthanh
ghi khc
Port
ni tip
To
Dao
ng
29 PSEN\
30 ALE
31 EA\
RST
Bus d liu, a ch, iu khin
ECU
Timers
iu khin
ngt
Giao tip
ni tip
Giao tip
song song
RAM
ROM
Thit b
ni tip
Thit b
song song
Hnh 2.13 S khi ca b vi iu khin.
Ngt ngoi
Ngun
ng h ngoi
ng h ni
T
1
*
T
2
*
INT\1
INT\0

TIMER2
TIMER1
PORT ni tip

a-. Cu trc bn trong ca AT 89C51:
Phn chnh ca vi iu khin AT89C51 l b x l trung tm gm:
- Thanh ghi tch ly A;
- Thanh ghi tch ly ph B, dng cho php nhn v php chia;
- n v logic hc (ALU : Arithmetic Logical Unit );
- T trng thi chng trnh (PSW : Progam Status Word);
- Bn bng thanh ghi;
- Con tr ngn xp;
- B nh chng trnh, b gii m lnh, b iu khin thi gian v logic.
Trong vi iu khin AT89C51 / 8031 c hai thnh phn quan trng: B nh
(b nh Ram v b nh Rom) dng lu d liu v m lnh. Cc thanh ghi dng
lu thng tin trong qu trnh x l. Khi mch iu chnh lm vic n lm thay i ni
dung ca cc thanh ghi.
P
0
P
1
P
2
P
3
EA\ RST PSEN ALE


Ccthanh
ghi khc
Ram
128 byte
Rom
4K-89C51
OK-8031
Timer1
Timer2
iu khin
ngt
iu khin
bus
CPU
Port
ni tip
Cc port I\O
To
Dao
ng
29 PSEN\
30 ALE
31 EA\
RST
TXD
*
RXD
*
Hnh 2.14 S khi AT89C51.
b-.Chc nng cc chn ca vi iu khin:
Vi iu khin AT89C51 (32/ 40 chn) c chc nng nh cc cng I/O, trong
24 chn c s dng mc ch kp. Mi chn ny l mt ng iu khin ca
Bus a ch hay Bus d liu hoc giao tip vi cc thit b n bit (cng tc, LED,
transistor)
- Port 0 l cng c 2 chc nng giao tip vi b chuyn i DAC iu khin
vic nhn, x l v truyn d liu ca cm bin oxy t cc chn t 32 39 n cc
chn ca 10 17 (port 3) ca MC AT89C51.

Hnh 2.15 S cc chn ca vi iu khin AT89C51.
- Port 1 l cng I/O c 2 chc nng giao tip vi DAC iu khin vic nhn,
x l v truyn d liu ca cm bin v tr bm ga t cc chn t 1 8 n cc
chn ca 10 17 (port 3) ca MC89C51.
12MHz
40
17 RD\
16 WR\
15 T1
14 T0
13 INT1
12 INT0
11 TXD
10 RXD
P0.7 32 AD7
P0.6 33 AD6
P0.5 34 AD5
P0.4 35 AD4
P0.3 36 AD3
P0.2 37 AD2
P0.1 38 AD1
P0.0 39 AD0
P1.7 28 A15
P1.6 27 A14
P1.5 26 A13
P1.4 25 A12
P1.3 24 A11
P1.2 23 A10
P1.1 21 A9
P1.0 20 A8
P2.7 8
P2.6 7
P2.5 6
P2.4 5
P2.3 4
P2.2 3
P2.1 2
P2.0 1
29 PSEN\
30 ALE
31 EA\
RST
Vss
20
30p
30p
FF
19 XTAL1 Vc
18 XTAL2
- Port 2 l cng c cng dng kp c chc nng x l v truyn d liu n b
m 74HCT244 giao tip vi mch dn ng ng c bc ti cc chn 21 28 ca
MC 89C51.
- Port 3 l cng c cng dng kp c chc giao tip vi b chuyn i DAC
iu khin vic nhn, x l v truyn d liu ca cm bin oxy cm bin v tr bm
ga, ngt v ghi d liu theo tn hiu ngoi ti cc chn 10 17 ca MC 89C51.
- RST (Reset)
Chn 9 l ng reset ca AT89C51. Khi tn hiu ny c a ln mc cao
(trong t nht 2 chu k my), cc thanh ghi trong AT89C51 c a vo nhng gi
tr thch hp khi ng h thng. Vi iu khin AT89C51 c mt b dao ng
thng c ni vi thch anh gia hai chn 18 v 19. Tn s thch anh thng l
12MHz.
- POWER:
Vi iu khin AT89C51 hot ng ngun n + 5V (V
c
) c ni vo chn 40 v V
ss
(GND) c ni vo chn 20.
2.5.2.4 T chc b nh ca b vi iu khin
AT89C51 c b nh theo cu trc Harvard: b nh c nhng vng ring bit
cho chng trnh v d liu.
- RAM a ch ha tng bit :
AT89C51 cha 210 bit c a ch ha, trong 128 bit l cc a ch byte
20H n 2FH v phn cn li trong cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit. C 128 bit
c a ch ha a dng cc byte 20H n 2FH.
- Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit SFR:
Cc thanh ghi ni ca AT89C51 c truy xut ngm nh bi b lnh trong
m lnh. Hu ht 128 a ch t 80H n FFH ch c 21 a ch SFR l c nh
ngha. a s cc SFR c truy xut dng a ch trc tip v mt vi SFR c th
c a ch ha bit hoc byte.
- Lnh reset
AT89C51 c reset bng cch gi chn RST mc cao t nht trong 2 chu k
my v tr n v mc thp. RST c kch khi cp in dng mt mch R-C.
Quan trng nht l thanh ghi m chng trnh, n c t li 0000H.
Hnh 2.16 Mch reset h thng.
Reset
+5V
8.2K
S1
100
10uF
Khi RST tr li mc thp, vic thi hnh chng trnh lun bt u a ch
u tin trong b nh trong chng trnh. Ni dung ca RAM trn chip khng b thay
i bi lnh reset.
- B nh thi (timer)
Timer l mt chui cc flip-flop chia i tn s ni tip vi nhau, chng nhn
tn hiu vo lm ngun xung nhp. Ng ra ca tn s cui lm ngun xung nhp cho
flip-flop bo trn ca timer. Gi tr nh phn trong cc flip-flop ca timer c th xem
nh s m s xung nhp (hoc cc s kin) t khi khi ng timer.
Vi iu khin AT89C51 c 2 timer 16 bit, mi timer c bn cch lm vic.
Cng dng ca timer l nh khong thi gian, m s kin, to tc baud cho
cng ni tip trong AT89C51.
- Hot ng ngt.
Ngt l hot ng ngng tm thi mt chng trnh ny thc hin mt
chng trnh khc. Cc ngt c mt vai tr quan trng trong thit k v kh nng hot
ng ca vi iu khin. Chng trnh gii quyt ngt khi c yu cu c gi l
chng trnh phc v ngt (ISR : Interrupt Service Reutine).
Tm li, nghin cu qu trnh chy ca hn hp nhin liu LPG-khng kh,
cc ch cn thit cung cp nhin liu LPG ch hot ng ca ng c nh
la cng bc, ti chn v tnh ton ba ch c trng l ch khng ti, ti
trung bnh v ton ti. Trn c s l thuyt iu khin t ng v vi iu khin,
m bo vic cung cp nhin liu vi thnh phn hn hp LPG - khng kh ph
hp tha mn qu trnh chy l tng ( 1), mt vi iu khin AT89C51 c chn
l hp l. Thit b vi iu khin ny hot ng da trn thng tin ca tn hiu xung t
cc cm bin v tr bm ga, cm bin oxy, cm bin tc ng c. Vi cc s liu
tnh ton ny s l c s cho chng ta thit k hng khuch tn, van cung cp nhin
liu LPG chnh, van khng ti, ci to b ha hi-gim p v mt mch in t dng
chip vi iu khin ca b iu chnh s t ng cung cp lng nhin liu LPG.
Chng 3- THIT K V TNH TON
Nghin cu tnh ton cc kch thc c bn v chn la cc kt cu hp l
ca tng cm chi tit trong b iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la
cng bc, gm cc phn sau:
- Thit k hng khuch tn;
- Ci to b ha hi - gim p;
- Thit k van v gicleur nhin liu LPG khng ti;
- Thit k van chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG;
- Thit k mch iu chnh in t cung cp nhin liu LPG.
-
H thng cung cp nhin liu LPG iu khin bng in t s dng trong
ti ny:
Hnh 3.1 S h thng cung cp nhin liu LPG iu khin in t.
1: Van in t; 2: b ha hi - gim p; 3: Van cung cp chnh LPG;
4: Hng khuch tn; 5: Khng kh vo; 6: Cnh bm ga; 7: ng
ng np vo cylinder; 8: Gicleur khng ti; 9: Van khng ti; 10: Nc
ra; 11: Nc vo; 12: Bnh cha LPG; 13:Van in t v p k.
3.1. THIT K HNG KHUCH TN (B HO TRN LPG - KHNG KH)
Hng khuch tn (Venturi throat) l b phn thng gp nht trn t s dng
phn phi s lng nhin liu, iu khin thnh phn ha kh vo cc cylinder
gip nhin liu phun ti tt v ha trn u nhin liu vi khng kh trn ng ng
np. Hng khuch tn l ni c tit din lu thng nh nht s lm lc cn tng v
dng kh vo bung chy b hn
ch, lm tng tiu hao nhin liu
ca ng c. Do vy, mun t yu
cu tiu tn t nhin liu, t thng
xuyn hot ng ti nh phi chp
nhn mt mt mt phn cng sut
bng cch dng ng ng np c
tit din nh [40, tr. 112]. Khi
lng ca dng kh ti hng ty
thuc vo p sut kh tri, chn
khng ca hng, h s np, nhit
...[55, tr. 283].
Hnh 3.2 Hng khuch tn dng LPG. H
Hnh 3.4 B ha hi - gim p (kt cu ca thn v nh ghi sau ci to).
V tr
ci to

Bung

gim

p
( ) 2
1
/ 1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
. 2
.
. .

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

p
p
p
p
RT
p A C
m
T T
T pr
a
(3.1)
Nh tnh cht khuch tn tt ca nhin liu th kh LPG trong khng kh m
hng khuch tn ny c duy tr kh ph bin trn cc ng c t trong truyn
thng s dng nhin liu LPG. Do vy, nhin liu LPG cung cp cho ng c thc
nghim DAEWOO A16 DMS cn lp hng khuch tn trn ng ng np, t trc
v tr bm ga v sau bu lc gi l hp l.
3.1.1. Tnh ton kch thc hng khuch tn
ng knh nh nht ca hng khuch tn ty thuc vo lu lng v tc
thc t ca khng kh qua hng. Khi lng ring ca khng kh
k
= 1,119 [kg/m
3
]
[14], [21].
Lu lng khng kh qua hng
[ ]
1,119
0, 7182.4.0,3995. .5800 0, 06207 /
2.60
k
G kg s (3.2)
chn khng ti hng:
2
2
.
. . . .
2 2.60
k v
h
hkn h
D ni
p S
d

1
_
1

1
,
]
[N/m
2
] ; (3.3)

2
3
1,119 79 5800.4 0, 7182
. 81, 5.10 . . .
2 24 2.60 0, 95
h
p

1
_

1
,
]
= 9725,24 [N/m
2
]
Tc khng kh thc t qua hng:
2.
.
h
k h
k
p
v

[m/s]; (H s tc cho hng

h
= 0,85) (3.4)

2.9725, 24
0, 85.
1,119
k
v
= 125,25 [m/s]
ng knh chnh xc ca hng khuch tn:
4. 4.0, 06207
. . .125, 25.1,119
k
h
k k
G
d
v

[mm] = 23,746[mm] (3.5)
thun tin, chn ng knh ca hng khuch tn: d
h
= 24 [mm] 2
Hnh 3.4 B ha hi - gim p (kt cu ca thn v nh ghi sau ci to).
V tr
ci to
Bung

ha hi

Bung

gim

p
Bnh cha
LPG

Van
in t
Van
2
Van
1
Hng
Khuch
tn
Hnh 3.3 Cc kch thc c bn ca hng khuch tn dng LPG.
3.1.2. Tnh ton ng knh l cp chnh nhin liu LPG
ch ton ti, lu lng kh LPG cn thit cho ng c:
0, 06207.3600
1.15, 5335
LPG tt
G


=14,961 [kg/h] (3.6)
Tc dng kh LPG qua ng:
v
LPG-tt
=
LPG
LPG h
LPG
h g P

. . .
. 2

(3.7)
t ng nm ngang h = h - h
o
= 0.
H s tc ca gicleur
LPG
= 0,85.
Do
LPG
h
LPG tt LPG
P
v

.
. 2
= 0,85.
9725, 24
2.
2,1075
= 96,068 [m/s]
Tit din l cung cp LPG ng ng chnh:
LPG LPG
LPG
tt LPG
v
G
f

=
LPG
LPG
h
LPG
LPG
P
G

. . 2 .
= 2,05266.10
7
[m
2
]
ng knh l cung cp LPG ng ng chnh:
d
LPG-tt
=

c
f . 4
=
7
4.2, 05266.10
3,14

= 5,1123.10
- 3
[m] 5 [mm] (3.8)
3.2. CI TO B HA HI - GIM P 2
Hnh 3.4 B ha hi - gim p (kt cu ca thn v nh ghi sau ci to).
V tr
ci to
Bung

ha hi

Bung

gim

p
n
g
dn
kh
LPG
ci
to
Bnh cha
LPG

Van
in t
Van
2
Van
1
Hng
Khuch
tn
Khi ng c t trong khi ng ch khng ti, cn cung cp nhin liu
kh LPG vo sau hng khuch tn. B ha hi - gim p l b ph kin c nhimv
chuyn pha nhin liu LPG t trng thi lng sang trng thi kh nu c cp mt
ngun nhit (thng dng ngun nhit nc lm mt ng c c nhit khong 55
85[
0
C]). Cu to b ha hi - gim p c bung ha hi, bung gim p v hai van
mng cao su (van 1 ng nhin liu LPG t bnh cha LPG trng thi lng n
bung gim p, van 2 ng nhin liu kh LPG thng vi ng ng dn kh LPG
(ng knh 18[mm]) vo bung chy ng c. Sau khi ha hi nhin liu LPG
c gim p sut xung gn bng p sut kh tri th nhin liu ny s ha hi hon
ton. y van mng 2 thng ng, kh LPG khng thot qua ng dn kh. Lc
ng c hot ng do s chnh p trn ng np, van mng 2 m, kh LPG i vo
hng khuch tn. Nh vy, khi ng c chun b khi ng nhin liu LPG khng
th n ng np.
khc phc tnh trng ny m khng nh hng kt cu nguyn thy ca b
ha hi - gim p, chng ti ci to nh sau:
- Gia cng lp thm mt u ni trch nhin liu kh LPG bung gim p ti
u ng cng ngh trn thn b ha hi a nhin liu kh LPG qua gicleur
khng ti vo ng np.
Hnh 3.5 S nguyn l hot ng b ha hi - gim p
- Lp van cung cp khng ti (t ch to dng thn van
n p c sn) vo ng khng ti iu khin vic cung cp
nhin liu kh LPG khng ti vo hng khuch tn.
3.3. THIT K VAN CUNG CP KHNG TI
3.3.1. Tnh ton kch thc gicleur cp nhin liu LPG ch khng ti
ch khng ti, chn khng sau hng khuch tn v lu lng
dng nhin liu kh LPG qua gicleur (theo kt qu ca mc 2.4.4)
2
2
2 0
0
0
.
. . . . [ / ]
2 2.60
k v
h
h
D ni
p S N m
d

1
_
1

1
,
]

= 67.732,179 [N/m
2
]
Van khng ti Gicleur khng ti
Bnh cha
LPG

Van
in t
Bung
ha hi
Bung
gim p
Van
2
Van
1
Hng
Khuch
tn
B ha hi - gim p

Hnh 3.6 o nhin liu LPG khng ti.
86
4
0
4
6
M
9
x
1
M
9
x
1
1
2
3
4
5
Hnh 3.7 Kt cu van n p.
1: Thn van; 2: Np; 3: L xo ko;
4: Mng; 5: c chnh cng l xo.
0
0
0
.
k
nl
o
G
G
L

[kg/s] = 1,08.10
- 4
[m
3
/s] = 0,822 [kg/h]
Do , tc dng kh LPG qua gicleur khng ti:
v
LPG- 0
=
LPG
LPG h
LPG
h g P

. . .
. 2

(3.9)
t ng nm ngang h = h - h
o
= 0. H s tc ca gicleur
LPG
= 0,85
Tit din gicleur cung cp LPG khng ti:

LPG LPG
LPG
LPG
v
G
f

0
0
0

=
LPG
LPG
h
LPG
LPG
P
G

. . 2 .
0

= 5,027.10
-7
[m
2
] (3.10)
ng knh gicleur ch khng ti:

o LPG
LPG
f
d

. 4
0
=
1 4 , 3
0 2 7 1 0 , 5 . 4
7
= 0,00079 [m] 0,8 [mm]
3.3.2. Kch thc ng knh gicleur khng ti o bng thc nghim
ch khng ti, chng ti ln lt thay i ng knh tit din gicleur
khng ti t 0,5 1,2 [mm]. Dng lu lng k o lu lng LPG tng trng hp,
theo di ng c n lc hot ng n nh nht v t gi tr lu lng nhin liu
LPG thp nht. Kt qu t c lu lng G
LPG-0
= 6,5 [lit/ph] ng knh tit
din gicleur 0,8 [mm].
3.3.3. Ch to van cung cp khng ti
ch khng ti, cn cung
cp nhin liu kh LPG vo sau hng
khuch tn. Nhin liu kh LPG
chuyn qua mt gicleur ng knh
0,8 [mm] cn ng kn khi ng c
khng lm vic. Do chng ti ch
to van cung cp khng ti trn c s
thn van n p (thit b dng bp nu
LPG loi gia nh).
Kt cu ca van n p (nh
hnh 3.6) c u im cc chi tit u
nm trong bung khng gian di
mng cao su nn kn ca van rt
tt. Tuy nhin, c cu n by v l
xo treo mng cao su ng m cung
cp nhin liu lm cho vic iu
chnh cng l xo khng d dng
v tho lp sa cha rt kh khn...
Xut pht t yu cu cung cp
nhin liu khng ti ca ng c
thc nghim v nguyn l lm vic
ca qu trnh ht nhin liu khi ng
c hot ng, van n p cn khc
phc cc nhc im bng cch
chuyn ng np nguyn thy ca van
thnh ng cp nhin liu. Trm
ng cp nhin liu nguyn thy v
gia cng ng cp nhin liu mi
ti trc ca thn van t pha di.
3.4. THIT K VAN CHNH CUNG CP NHIN LIU LPG
3.4.1. Khi nim
Thit b cung cp lu cht dng kh c hai loi van tit lu v van cnh bm.
H s cn ca chng ph thuc vo cu to v hnh dng bn trong ca cc van.
Chiu di kt cu ca mt s loi van khng thay i t l thun vi kch thc mt
thot ca chng. Hin nay, c nhiu loi van c ch to sn trng by bn trn
th trng. Tuy nhin, loi van dng cung cp nhin liu LPG ph hp cc c
im trong ti nghin cu ny th cha tm thy.
+ V mt kt cu:
Van cung cp c cc loi sau: Van ON/OFF iu khin bng in t; Van tit
lu dng a; Van dng cnh bm; Van chn khng; Van tit lu dng cn
+ V phng din iu khin:
Van c iu khin bng c kh; Van c iu khin bng chnh lch
p sut chn khng; Van c iu khin t ng bng in t
Hnh 3.8 Cu to bn trong ca van khng ti

Hnh 3.9 nh van khng ti thc nghim
Qua tm hiu nguyn l, kt cu, c im cc loi van, xt thy loi van tit
lu dng cn hnh cn c iu khin bng in t s dng cung cp nhin liu
LPG cho ng c t l ph hp
nht.
3.4.2. Van cung cp chnh
Van cung cp chnh chn
thit k l loi van dng cn hot
ng tit lu nhin liu nh ng c
bc iu chnh bng mch vi
iu khin. ng c DAEWOO
A16 DMS nguyn thy dng h
thng nhin liu phun xng in t,
do vic s dng van tit lu
ny c phi hp chp hnh
cng ng c bc cung cp
nhin liu LPG hp l vo bung
chy di s kim sot ca cc
cm bin, va thun tin ch to
trong nc; ng thi, pht huy c tc dng ca cc cm bin trang b trn ng c
thc nghim ny. Nhin liu LPG t b ha hi - gim p c ho hi tt vi p
sut khng i. Khi ng c bc hot ng, cht van chuyn ng tnh tin theo
phng trc ca ng c. Yu cu tnh ton thit k van c hnh dng hp l lu
lng nhin liu LPG qua van l phng trnh tuyn tnh theo khong dch chuyn
xung ca ng c bc.
3.4.2.1.Tit din lu thng ca kh LPG qua van cung cp chnh
Lu lng nhin liu LPG cung cp cho ng c thc nghim ch ton ti,
chn khng ti hng khuch tn v tc dng kh LPG qua van: (theo kt qu a
mc 2.4.4 v 3.1.1)

0, 06207.3600
1.15, 5335
LPG tt
G


= 14,961 [kg/h]
chn khng ti hng:

2
3
1,119 79 5800.4 0, 7182
. 81, 5.10 . . .
2 24 2.60 0, 95
h
p

1
_

1
, ]
= 9725,24 [N/m
2
]
Tc khng kh thc t qua hng:

2.9725, 24
0, 85.
1,119
k
v
= 125,25 [m/s]
ng knh l cung cp LPG ng ng chnh:
d
LPG-tt
=

c
f . 4
=
14 , 3
10 . 00996 , 2 . 4
7
= 5 [mm]
Tn tht ca dng kh LPG khi i vo van cung cp LPG ti mt ct 11 v 2-2
(Dng chy t m):
g
v
h c
. 2
.
2
1
1
'

;
2
2
1
1
1

,
_

f
f
= 0,6 (3.11)
Hnh 3.10 Van cung cp chnh
Tn tht nng lng ca dng kh LPG khi i vo van cung cp, va chm mt cn
ca cht ng c bc (biu thc Bah) [24, tr.115]:

g
v
h
c
. 2
. "
2
2
2

;
2
2
2
) 4 , 0 (
15 , 0
6 , 0
) (
15 , 0
6 , 0 + +
Do
h

= 1,538 (3.12)
Dng kh nhin liu LPG chuyn hng ngot ( = 90
0
) t ngt, tn tht ca dng
kh nhin liu LPG (tit din ng trn):
g
v
h
c
. 2
. " '
2
3
3

;
) (
3
f
= 1,10 (3.13)
Hnh 3.11 Kt cu van cung cp LPG chnh.
Tn tht ca dng kh LPG i ra van cung cp LPG ti mt ct 33 v 44
(Dng chy t thu):
g
v
h
c
. 2
. " "
2
4
4

;

,
_

2
1
4
1 . 5 , 0
f
f

= 0,39 (3.14)
Kch thc on ng kt ni gia cc cm ca van cung cp LPG v vi hng
khuch tn u b nn tn tht dc ng khng ng k.
Phng trnh Bernoullie ti hai mt ct 1-1, 22 c dng:
12
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1 1
1
2
.
. 2
.
.
w
LPG LPG
h
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
z + + + + +

(3.15)
V z
1
= z
2
,
1
=
2
.
Do
12
.
2
2
1
2
2
.
w
LPG
h g
v v
P
+

(3.16)
Tng t ti hai mt ct 3 3, 4 4
34
.
2
2
3
2
4
.
'
w
LPG
h g
v v
P
+

(3.17)
Ngoi ra, tit din lu thng f
1
ca nhin liu LPG i vo van cn tu thuc
vo nhn b mt gia cng, cu to bn trong ca van, tng t c im ca bm
Bosch [40, tr.375], do din tch tit din ng dn kh LPG vo van cung cp chnh:
f
1
. f
LPG tt
; chn = 0,34 ( = 0,15 2,5) [24]
f
LPG tt
: din tch tit din l cp chnh LPG vo hng khuch tn.
Tng tn tht nng lng ca nhin liu LPG t khi vo van cung cp cho n
khi ra khi van vo hng khuch tn nh nhau (v
1
= v
4
)):

0,6 + 1,538 + 1,10 + 0,39 +0,34 = 3,968

Din tch tit din ng dn kh LPG vo van chn
f
1
3,968. .
4
005 , 0
2
= 7,8.10
-5
[m
2
]
ng knh ca ng dn kh vo van tit lu:
5
1
4. 4.7,8.10
d = = 0, 00996[ ]
f
m

10 [mm]
S thay i mt phn t
LPG
ca nhin liu LPG trc v sau cht van
rt b, do phng trnh lin tc i vi dng chy kh LPG:
v
1.
f
1 =
v
2.
F
2
suy ra
1
2 2
1
.
f
F v
v

Tit din lu thng ca van cung cp:
( )
1 1
2
' .
d d
h
f
h
+

(3.18)
Mt khc sin '. h e ; cos . ' h h ;
e d d
h
. 2
1
+
Nn tit din lu thng ca nhin liu kh LPG i qua van chnh l din tch
xung quanh hnh cn ct:
( )
2
cos . sin . cos . . h d h f
h x
+
(3.19)
Ngoi ra, hnh trnh ca cht van cng ln th tit din lu thng cng ln;
nhng n khng th ln hn tit din hng van.
3.4.2.2. dch chuyn ca cht van cung cp LPG chnh
Khi lng ring ca nhin liu kh LPG
LPG
= 2,1075 [kg/m
3
].
Hnh 3.12 Mt ct van cn cung cp LPG chnh
S VNG QUAY NG C - H S NP
- LU LNG LPG - CHN KHNG SAU BM GA
-TIT DIN CA VAN CUNG CP
THEO TN HIU CM BIN BM GA (TPS)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volts
n (vg/ph)
hsonap
Ph (N/m2)
GLPG (g/s)
fLPG (mm2)
GLPG
Ph
GLPG
RPM (n)
fLPG
Hnh 3.13 Bin thin lu lng, h s
np, chn khng sau bm ga.
Gi x [mm] : khong dch chuyn ca cht van theo phng trc x.
f
x
[m
2
] : tit din lu thng hnh cn ct ca nhin liu kh LPG.

LPG
: H s lu lng
LPG
= 0,87
v
LPG
: Tc dng kh LPG qua van

G
LPG
: Lu lng LPG cung cp vo ng c:
G
LPG
=
LPG

LPG
v
LPG
.f
x
(3.20)

L : Tng hnh trnh ca cht van.
sin . x h
x

cos . sin . cos . x h e
x

cos . sin . . 2 . 2 x D e D d
x

2 sin . x D
Tit din lu thng ca kh LPG qua khe h c dng hnh cn ct:
( )
x
x
x
h
d D
f .
2
.
.
+
(3.21)
( )

sin . . 2 sin . 2
2
.
x x D f
x

(3.22)
dch chuyn ca cht van cung cp LPG (c iu khin bng ng c
bc) theo phng ca trc x l hm theo f
x
:
( )


2 sin . sin .
. 2 sin . sin . . 2 sin . . sin . .
2
x
f D D
x
+

(3.23)
Vy dch chuyn ca cht van cung cp LPG ph thuc vo in p tn
hiu ca cm bin v tr bm ga c dng:
x = - 0,0381.V +1,5425.V + 1,2298 (3.24)
C T N H B C C A N G C V T N H I U C M B I N B M G A
y = - 0 . 0 3 8 1 x
2
+ 1 . 5 4 2 5 x + 1 . 2 2 9 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5
[ V o l t s ]
[ m m ]
t n h i u i n p b m g a m m P o l y . ( t n h i u i n p b m g a m m )
Hnh 3.14 Quan h dch chuyn cht van cn v tn hiu bm ga.
Hnh 3.15 Van cung cp LPG chnh v hng khuch tn.
3.5 THIT K MCH IU KHIN CUNG CP NHIN LIU LPG
3.5.1 Yu cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca mch iu khin cung cp LPG
3.5.1.1 Yu cu
Mch iu khin cung cp nhin liu LPG hot ng tha mn cc yu cu:
- iu khin kp thi van tit lu (dng cht cn) lm thay i tit din lu
thng ca dng kh LPG bng ng c bc theo chng trnh lp sn.
- Giao tip cc thit b v nhn c thng s hot ng ca ng c t cc
cm bin.
- X l mi thng tin v qu trnh chy nhin liu LPG thng qua nng
oxygen trong kh thi ca ng c c bin php iu chnh lu lng nhin liu
LPG cung cp vo hng khuch tn thch hp.
- Kch thc nh gn, thun tin tho lp iu chnh thay th trn t.
3.5.1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch iu khin cung cp LPG
- Nhin liu LPG cung cp vo bung chy ng c qua hng khuch tn nh
van cung cp chnh dng cht cn. Vic cung cp nhin liu ny ph thuc vo ch
lm vic v qu trnh chy ca ng c (hnh 2.11)
- Khi khi ng, thay i v tr bn p ga, mch iu khin nhn tn hiu ca
cm bin bm ga, x l v to xung truyn ti
ng c bc lm cho cht van di chuyn theo.
- Lc ng c hot ng, do tnh cht vt l
ca hng khuch tn, chn khng ti hng thay
i ph thuc s bin thin ca tc ng c v
m bm ga. Khi tng chn khng hng
hoc tng lu lng khng kh qua hng, mt
khng kh gim dn trong khi khi lng ring
nhin liu khng thay i nn lm cho ha kh m
dn [40, tr.330] dn n nhin liu khng chy kit
thi ra ngoi v tng tiu hao nhin liu.
Gi s trn th (xem hnh 3.14), c phn
thnh ba min: min I ( < 0,9); min II (0,9
1,05) v min III ( 1,05). Nu t l khng kh-
nhin liu ra ngoi min II th mch iu khin t
chi khng tip nhn thng tin ca cm bin v tr bm ga v lc y s dch chuyn
cht van tit lu ph thuc gi tr thay i ca tn hiu cm bin oxy. Nu t l ny
nm trong min II, mch iu khin cht van dch chuyn theo tn hiu ca cm bin
v tr bm ga.
- Cm bin nhit kh thi h tr qu trnh nung nng cm bin oxy.
- in p hot ng ca mch vi iu khin l 5[V] v 12[V] c cp t c
quy 12/65 [V/Ah] dng chung vi ng c thc nghim v cc thit b th nghim.
3.5.2 Cc cm bin iu khin cung cp LPG
3.5.2.1 Cm bin v tr bm ga (TPS)
Cm bin v tr bm ga l mt chit p phn nh mc ti ca ng c. Khi
bm ga ng, in p tn hiu thp v bm ga m ln in p tn hiu cao. in p
tn hiu s thay i theo v tr bm ga. Thc nghim:
- Khi bm ga ng hon ton, in p tn hiu: 0,64[V].
- Khi bm ga m hon ton,
in p tn hiu: 4,85[V] ; [46,
tr.106]
Thng tin c bn ca cc tn
hiu ca cm bin bm ga cho v
trng thi chy khng ti v yu cu
ca ngi li nhm nh gi m
Hnh 3. 16 Cc min gii hn
ca h s d lng khng kh.
(I): 0,9; (II): 0,9<<1,05;
(III): >1,05
BIN THIN BC CA NG C V TN HIU CM BIN BM GA
y = -0.0381x
2
+ 1.5425x + 1.2298
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
[Volts]
[mm]
Hnh 3.17 Bin thin in p tn hiu v
gc m % bm ga.
ca hn hp nhin liu, gim nhin liu khi gim tc, tnh n nh v cc hiu chnh
gc nh la sm.
3.5.2.2 Cm bin tc ng c (CPS)
Hnh 3.18 Cm bin tc ng c
Cm bin tc ng c c lp u ra ca trc khuu ng c, to tn
hiu NE nhm xc nh gc quay trc khuu v thi im nh la so vi im cht
trn (CT) ca tng cylinder. Tn hiu NE bin thin theo phng trnh sau:
V
E
=Asin(n t) sin( - )
Vi: : gc quay trc khyu (shaft angle);
: gi tr dng in (current value).
Phm vi ca in p tn hiu cm bin tc ng c (0 36[V]) ln hn rt
nhiu so vi in p hot ng ca mch iu khin, do cn mt mch cm ng
in t chuyn in p ny thnh in p cm ng phm vi (0 5[V]).
3.5.2.3 Cm bin oxy (O
2
S)
Cm bin oxy o nng oxygen trong kh thi c lp
v tr gn cc soupape trong ng ng thi duy tr nhit ti
thiu 360
0
C. N cung cp thng tin hi tip t s khng kh/nhin
liu v thng xuyn hiu chnh t s khng kh/nhin liu l
tng trong qu trnh ng c hot ng.
3 Cm bin oxy trn t thng c hai loi: cm bin ZrO
2,
cm bin TiO, v cm bin ZrO
2
(Zirconium dioxide) c dng
ph bin hn. ti ny chn cm bin Zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2
)
l loi hai cp dy thc nghim:
* Hai dy mu en 1 v 2 cho in tr nung nng;
* Dy mu lc ni mass cho tn hiu ca cm bin;
Hnh 3.20
Cm bin oxy
Hnh 3.19 Mch cm ng in t tn hiu cm bin tc ng c .
* Dy mu vng l dy tn hiu (0 1000[mV]).
Cm bin Zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2
) cha phn t ZrO
2
xp lp gia hai in
cc platin l thit b in ha so snh hm lng oxygen trong dng kh thi vi
oxygen mu trong khng kh xung quanh. Cm bin ny hot ng tng t pin in,
cc in cc l cc dng (+) v m (-) cn ZrO
2
l cht in phn.
Cm bin ny ch to ra tn hiu chnh xc khi nhit kh thi t c nhit
vn hnh ti thiu l 360
0
C.
Ti in cc platium, phn ng in xy ra:


+
2
2
2 4 O e O (3.26)
Ion oxygen to thnh trong v ngoi in cc, trung ha v to 1 in p U
S
tng ng vi t l p sut cc b ph hp vi phng trnh Nernst:
'
2
' '
2
4
.
PO
PO
Ln
F
T R
U
s

(3.27)
Vi: R : hng s cht kh;
F : hng s Faraday;
T : nhit tuyt i;
PO
2
': p sut cc b ca oxygen trong kh thi;
PO
2
": p sut cc b ca oxygen trong khng kh tiu chun.
S xut hin in p gia hai b mt ch xut hin khi c s chnh lch v t l
kh xy gia hai b mt. Quan h gia in p vi t s gia xy ca khng kh tiu
chun v in p xy ca kh thi l quan h hm logarith [52].
c tnh cm bin lambda th hin hnh 3.17
- Khi 1,1 in p trn hai cc U
s
0,2[V]
- Khi 0,9 in p trn hai cc U
s
0,8[V].
Khi t l ha kh l tng ( = 1) th in p tn hiu xp x 450[mV] theo
cng thc Nerst. Sc in ng cm bin oxy sinh ra:

1
]
1

kk
kt
P
P
Ln
ZF
RT
E
02
02
(3.28)
Trong :R: hng s
T: nhit in cc bng platin;
F- hng s Faraday;
Z- in tch ca Zr =4;
P
02kt
: p sut cc b ca oxygen trong
kh thi;
P
02kk
: p sut cc b ca oxygen trong
khng kh.
Ngoi vic h tr t chc qu trnh
chy hiu qu, t s khng kh/nhin liu
chun cn gip tit kim nhin liu. Hn hp
ngho l cn thit khi vn hnh chy khng
ti v ti nng. Tuy nhin, mt s trng hp i hi t l khng kh/nhin liu m
hn, do mch iu chnh b qua tn hiu cm bin oxy (khng hiu chnh t s
khng kh/nhin liu); lc y, c gi l vn hnh theo vng h [48].
- T s khng kh / nhin liu m:
Hnh 3.21 c tnh in p ca cm
bin Oxy.
Nu nng oxygen cc trong so vi cc ngoi khc r rt s l t s khng
kh/nhin liu m, cc in t chy t phn t ZrO
2
n cc c nng oxygen cao.
Trong cc iu kin vn hnh m, cc trong (+) tip xc vi nng xy cao hn
cc ngoi (-). iu ny to ra hiu in th, c o bng mch so snh trong mch
iu chnh.
- T s khng kh/nhin liu nht:
T s ny l nht, hm lng oxygen trong kh thi tng r rt, do c hai cc
u tip xc vi nng oxygen cao, s c s cn bng in t gia hai cc do
khng c hiu in th gia chng.
Cm bin ZrO
2
gi tn hiu digital n mch iu chnh. Nu in p cm bin
cao hn 500 [mV]) th tn hiu ra b so snh s cao. Nu in p cm bin thp
di 500 [mV], tn hiu ra b so s thp.
- Vn hnh vng kn v vng h:
+ Vn hnh vng h
Vn hnh vng h thc hin khi mch iu chnh khng hiu chnh t s
khng kh/nhin liu da trn thng tin cm bin oxy v b qua thng tin ny k c
khi cm bin oxy pht hin hn hp qa m hoc qa nht. Trong vn hnh vng
h, h s hiu chnh l 1.0
* Vn hnh vng h l cn thit trong cc iu kin sau:
- Khi khi ng ng c.
- Khi vn hnh ti trung bnh n ti nng.
- Khi tng tc v gim tc.
Khi vn hnh vng h, mch iu chnh t chi tn hiu t cm bin oxy m
cung cp nhin liu da vo tn hiu cm bin v tr bm ga.
+ Vn hnh vng kn
Vn hnh vng kn c thc hin khi mch iu chnh vic cung cp LPG
theo tn hiu cm bin oxy da trn t s khng kh/nhin liu.
Cm bin oxy kim tra nng oxygen trong dng kh thi v gi in p tn
hiu n mch iu chnh xc nh t s khng kh/nhin liu l m hn hay nht
hn gi tr l thuyt.
-Nu in p tn hiu 500 [miliVolt] th t s ny m hn gi tr l thuyt
v mch iu chnh s gim th tch nhin liu LPG hiu chnh.
-Nu in p tn hiu 500 [miliVolt] t s khng kh/nhin liu nht hn gi
tr l thuyt, mch iu chnh s tng th tch nhin liu LPG.
Hnh 3.22 S iu khin vng kn ca cm bin oxy.
3.5.3 Khi chp hnh
Khi chp hnh gm ng c bc, van cung cp chnh, van khng ti, hng
khuch tn.
3.5.3.1. ng c bc
ng c bc hot ng di tc dng ca cc xung ri rc, k tip nhau. Khi
mt xung in p t vo cun dy phn ng ca ng c bc th rotor ca ng c
s quay mt gc nht nh, nu cc xung in p t vo cun dy phn ng lin tc
th rotor s quay lin tc. V tr trc ca ng c bc c xc nh bng s lng
xung. ng c bc c tn s tip nhn c t 100Hz n10kHz. Bc ca ng
c cng nh th chnh xc trong iu khin cng cao. Bc ca ng c ph thuc
vo s cun dy phn ng, s cc ca stator, s rng ca rotor v phng php iu
khin bc. Chiu quay ca ng c bc ph thuc vo th t cp xung iu khin
vo cun dy phn ng.
BINTHIN BC CA NG C V TN HIUCM BIN BM GA
y = -0.0381x
2
+ 1.5425x + 1.2298
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
[Volts]
[mm]
Hnh 3.20 Quan h gia bc ng c
(STM) vi in p tn hiu cm bin bm ga.
a. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ng c
bc
Y
CHAY TOI VTBD 157 XUNG
157157XUNG157XUNG
XXXXXXXUXUNG
HESO =
TL.THONG SO BAN DAU
START=?
ng
c bc c 2 stator v 1 rotor. Stator c
12 rng v rotor c 8 rng. Stator c ba b
dy pha (A, B, C). Nu dng in cung
cp c bt chuyn t dy A sang dy B th tnh trng kch thch ca vstator thay
i t NA SA sang NB SB. Lc ht in t c to ra gia rng stator c t
ho bi cun dy pha B v rng rotor gn nht, v th rotor quay 15
0
cng chiu kim
ng h. Cc rotor gn vo cc nam chm t c phn cc theo hng ca kiu
trc.
3.5.3.3. c im k thut
- Bc ca ng c l 15
0
ng vi khong dch chuyn ca cht 0,04[mm]
- Hnh trnh ca ng c l 204 bc, ng vi cht dch chuyn 8,5[mm]
- C bc dch chuyn b, chnh xc cao.
- Cu to n gin, Tc ng nhanh.
- Khng tch lu sai s khi tng bc.
- Momen quay ng b ln bo m sai s nh nht
N.
5.
5
C
h

n
g
tr
n
h
m
c
h
i
u
ch
n
h
cu
n
g
c
p
n
hi
n
li
u
L
P
G
(

c
n
u
tr
o
n
g
p
h

l
c

)
Y
CHAY TOI VTBD 157 XUNG
157157XUNG157XUNG
XXXXXXXUXUNG
HESO =
TL.THONG SO BAN DAU
START=?
DCH CHUYN CHT STM THEO TN HIU O2S
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Tn hiu O2S[V]
D

c
h

c
h
u
y

n

c
h

t

S
T
M

[
m
m
]
STM x [mm]
1
y = x/0.45 - 1
y = x/0.45 -1.2222
Nht
m
Hnh 3.24 Bin thin dch chuyn cht
cn theo tn hiu cm bin Oxy.
7
5
4
3
1
6
2
8
9
Hnh 3.23 Cu to ng c bc
DC THEO HAM OXY
DC THEO HAM BG
N.
5.
5
C
h

n
g
tr
n
h
m
c
h
i
u
ch
n
h
cu
n
g
c
p
n
hi
n
li
u
L
P
G
(

c
n
u
tr
o
n
g
p
h

l
c

)
Y
N
Y
Y
DC THEO HAM BG
DELAY =
3P
SP 40H
N
P20EEH
P0 FFH
P1 FF H
CHAY LUI 200 XUNG
CHAY TOI VTBD 157 XUNG
157157XUNG157XUNG
XXXXXXXUXUNG
CALL CB OXY
HESO =
CALL CBBG
TL.THONG SO BAN DAU
CALL CBTD DC
MAIN
START=?
3.5.5 Chng trnh mch iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG
(c nu trong ph lc)
3.5.4 Lu thut ton
7
5
4
3
1
6
2
8
9

Hnh 3.25 Mch vi iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG.
1: Cc in tr; 2:B giao tip ng c bc 3: Mch cng sut L297; 4: B
chuyn i tn hiu vt l sang xung k thut s cm bin oxy ; 5: Reset ; 6: Vi iu
khin AT89C51 ; 7:B chuyn i tn hiu vt l sang xung k thut s cm bin v
tr bm ga; 8: B ngun 12[V] v [5]; 9: B m;10: Linh kin thch anh;
11: Mch cng sut L298; 12: T ha hc; 13: Gc ni ng c bc.
N.
5.
5
C
h

n
g
tr
n
h
m
c
h
i
u
ch
n
h
cu
n
g
c
p
n
hi
n
li
u
L
P
G
(

c
n
u
tr
o
n
g
p
h

l
c

)
7
5
4
3
1
6
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
Chng 4- NGHIN CU THC NGHIM
Xy dng thc nghim nh gi cc s liu thu c ca ng c thc nghim s
dng b iu chnh in t cung cp LPG. B ny dng van tit lu cht cn c
iu khin bng mch vi iu khin 89C51, b ha hi - gim p, van khng ti v
hng khuch tn. Kt qu o c s so snh vi s liu ca ng c thc nghim
dng nhin liu xng cng ch hot ng. Qu trnh th nghim ti c thc
hin ti phng Th nghim ng c v t, Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc
Nng.
4.1. XY DNG M HNH THC NGHIM
4.1.1. M hnh thc nghim
Hnh 4.1 M hnh thc nghim ti phng th nghim ng c v t, i hc
Nng.
1: B iu chnh cung cp LPG; 2: AVL_THA100 iu khin bm ga; 3:
APA_204/8 o cng sut 4: AVL_442 o lu lng kh LPG; 5: PUMA iu khin
trung tm; 6: DiGas_4000 o nng kh thi; 7: AVL_ Sensyflow P Mass Flow
Meter for Air (o lu lng khng kh np); 8: ng c th nghim DAEWOO A16
DMS; 9: H thng lm mt cm bin.
ng c thc nghim DAEWOO A16 DMS c lin kt bng trc ni pha sau
bng th APA 204/8 vi sai lch ca tm trc khyu ng c v tm mt bch ca
APA l 1[mm]. Cc thit b khc c ni trc tip vi ng c v thc hin theo
tng chc nng ring nh: AVL THA 100 (iu khin v tr bm ga theo % ti),
AVL 442 (o lu lng nhin liu kh LPG cung cp cho ng c), AVL553 (iu
ha nhit nc lm mt), AVL554 (iu ha nhit du bi trn), AVL DiGas
4000 (o nng thnh phn kh thi), Sensyflow P Mass Flow Meter for Air (o lu
lng khng kh np)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
4.1.2. i tng thc nghim


3
2
7 5
8
10 1
6 4
9
Hnh 4.2 B iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc.
1: Cng tc chuyn LPG-Xng; 2:Mch vi iu khin; 3: Van khng ti; 4: Gicleur
khng ti; 5: Lu lng k o LPG khng ti; 6: Van tit lu cung cp LPG chnh; 7:
ng c bc; 8: Hng khuch tn; 9 B ha hi; 10: Mch cm ng in t.
4.1.2.1. ng c thc nghim
ng c thc nghim l ng c DAEWOO A16 DMS 4 k, 4 xilanh thng
hng, thng s k thut c bn (nu bng 2.1 v 2.2.)
4.1.2.2. Nhin liu thc nghim
a. Nhin liu xng A92
Nhin liu xng A92 c phn t lng 115 [kg/kmol], khi lng ring
0,75[kg/dm], p sut hi bo ha 15C l 0,095[kg/cm] v c tnh nh bng 2.2
T bn cha AVL 733 rt vo bnh o lng (cc o); khi nhin liu, van
in y ng li. Cm bin in dung ghi nhn s dch chuyn c hc ca cn cn
to ra tn hiu. Tn hiu cm bin in dung truyn v b x l bo lng nhin liu
tiu th v nhin liu cung cp cho ng c thc nghim.
b. Nhin liu LPG lng (50% C
3
H
8
+ 50% C
4
H
10
)
Thng s k thut (ph lc 01) do Petrolimex khu vc min Trung cung cp.
ng c s dng c nhin liu ny trc khi cung cp vo hng khuch tn,
ti thc nghim dng mt b gim p-ha hi (ci to trch nhin liu kh LPG cho
mch khng ti t bung ha hi) do Korea sn xut, mt van khng ti (ci to s
dng thn van n p) v b cng tc chuyn i nhin liu cung cp gia xng -
LPG.
4.1.3. Gii thiu thit b thc nghim
4.1.3.1. Thit b bng th APA 204 a. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b APA 204/8
o cng sut v moment ca
ng c thc nghim, va
c kh nng khi ng, to
ti cho ng c va l bng
th cng sut kiu ng lc
hc c iu khin bng
phn mm EMCON. Bng
th cng sut hot ng
hai ch :
- My pht khi cn mang ti
cho ng c.
- ng c khi cn ko r
ng c.
b. Thng s k thut c bn:
* Cng sut cc i Nemax
*Moment xon cc i Memax
*S vng quay cc i nmax
: 220 [kW]
: 934 [Nm]
: 8.000 [v/ph]
4.1.3.2.Thit b AVL THA 100
a. Phm vi ng dng
Hnh 4.3 Thit b bng th APA 204/8/0943
v b iu chnh in t cung cp LPG.
Thit b AVL THA 100 gip xy
dng cc ng c tnh ca ng c thc
nghim nh vic thay i v tr bm ga
ng c theo s iu khin ca ngi vn
hnh hoc chy t ng theo chng trnh
ci t sn. Cc v tr tay ga c xc
nh theo tng gi tr % ti. Thit b ny
c lp c nh trn bng th v pha b
iu chnh tay ga v c dch chuyn tay
ga bng mt ng c bc do h thng
Puma iu khin.


Hnh 4.4 Thit b AVL THA100
v b iu chnh in t cp LPG.
b.Thng s k thut
* ng c bc:
- Hnh trnh lm vic: 110 [mm]
- Lc ko n nh : 110 [Nm]
- Tc mt bc : 0,5 [m/s]
- Nhit lm vic : - 30

50[
0
C]
* Hp in iu khin:
- Nhit lm vic : 5 50[
0
C]
- Cng sut : 2 [kVA]
- Tn hiu iu khin : 24
[VDC/10mA]
- Sai s o : t 0,05 [mm]
4.1.3.3.Thit b AVL 733S
a.
Phm vi ng dng v
Thit b AVL 733S l thit b o tiu hao nhin liu v iu ha nhit nhin
liu th lng. B gim chn lm tng chnh xc ca php o v cm bin in
dung ghi nhn s dch chuyn c hc ca cn cn, s dch chuyn ny lm thay i
gi tr in dung ca cm bin. Tn hiu cm bin in dung a v b x l tnh
ton lng nhin liu tiu th cung cp cho ng c thc nghim.
b. Thng s k thut
- p sut nhin liu ti a: 0,8 [bar]
- Phm vi o: 0 80[ kg/h]
- Hiu chnh nhit : 10 70[
0
C]
- Mc cp nhin liu nh nht:25 [kg/h]
- Mc cp nhin liu bnh thng: 150
[kg/h]
- Mc cp nhin liu ti a : 400 [kg/h]
- sai lch kt qu o: 0,1%
- in p iu khin: 240.5[VDC]
- Dng in iu khin: 1,6[A]
4.1.3.4. Thit b AVL 553
a. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b AVL553 l thit b cung cp v iu ha nhit nc lm mt cho ng c
c iu khin nh h thng Puma. Thu nhn cc gi tr v nhit v p sut ca
ng nc cp cho ng c.
b. Thng s k thut
- Mi cht lm vic: nc
- Cng sut lm vic : 200 [kW]
- Lu lng lm vic : 15 [m
3
/h]
- Nhit dng nc vo : 5 30[
0
C]
- Nhit lm vic : 5 85[
0
C]
- p sut lm vic cc i: 6 [bar]
- Cng sut gia nhit : 18 [kW]
- Nhit dung dch lm mt :0 20[
0
C]
- Lu lng lm vic: 1,5 2[m3/h]
- in p vo : 2 x 400 [VAC],100[A]
Hnh 4.5 Thit b AVL 553 cung cp v iu ha nhit nc lm mt.

4.1.3.5.Thit b AVL 554
a. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b AVL-554 cung cp v
iu ho nhit du bi trn cho
ng c thc nghim khi o cng sut,
tiu hao nhin liu, tui th ca ng
Hnh 4.6 Thit b AVL 554.
c, theo di s bin thin nhit ca du bi trn trong qu trnh thc nghim cng
nh ci t nhit theo mun.
b. Thng s k thut
* H thng nc lm mt:
- Mi cht lm vic: nc
- Cng sut: 200 [kW]
- Lu lng lm vic: 2,5 [m/h]
- Nhit dng nc: 5 30 [
0
C]
- Nhit ln nht ca nc: 70 [
0
C]
- p sut ca dng nc: 2 [bar]
-p sut ln nht ca h thng: [6 bar]
* H thng cp du bi trn:
- Mi cht lm vic: du bi trn
- Gii hn nhit lm vic: 20150
[
0
C]
- Gii hn nhit ci t: 70 140 [
0
C]
- Lu lng lm vic: 15 20 [lit/min]
- Cng sut gia nhit: 6 [kW]
- in p vo: 3 x 400 [VAC] 50/60
[Hz]
- p sut kh nn van: 3,5 10 [bar]
4.1.3.6.Thit b Sensyflow P Therm Mass Flow Meter for Air
a. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b Sensy flow P Therm
Mass Flow Meter for Air o lu
lng kh np, theo di s bin
thin ca lu lng kh np
trong qu trnh lm vic v kho
st qu trnh np ca ng c thc nghim.
b. Thng s k thut.
Thit b o lu lng kh np s dng
loi DN-80 c thang o t 0 720[kg/h]
4.1.3.7. Thit b AVL 442
a. Thng s k thut
- Gii hn o t 1,5 1200 [lt/ph].
- Gii hn ng o t 6 300 [lt/ph].
b. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b AVL 442 o lt kh ccte, dng
o lu lng nhin liu kh LPG; v thit
b AVL 733S ch o nhin liu lng khng o
c nhin liu kh LPG.
Hnh 4.7 Thit b Sensyflow P Meter for Air.
Hnh 4.8 Thit b AVL 442
o lu lng kh LPG.
Hnh 4.9 Thit b AVL Digas 4000
o nng thnh phn kh thi.
4.1.3.7.Thit b AVL DiGas 4000
a. Phm vi ng dng
Thit b AVL DiGas 4000 o nng thnh phn kh thi c kh nng xc nh
hm lng cc cht c trong kh thi CO
2
, CO, HC, O
2
, NO
x
nh s dng cc cm
bin O
2
, cm bin NO
x
v thit b o quang hc; ng thi, cho bit c tc ng
c v nhit du bi trn ng c. Thit b Digas 4000 c chnh xc v phm vi
o nng cc cht nhim tin cy. Tuy nhin, cn thay mi cc li lc: lc nc,
lc than v lc tp cht trc khi tin hnh o c thc nghim.
Thng s Phm vi o chnh xc
CO 0 10 [% V] 0,01 [% V]
CO
2
0 20 [% V] 0.1 [% V]
HC 0 20.000 [ppm V] 1 [ppm V]
NOx 0 4.000 [ppm V] 1 [ppm V]
O
2
0 25 [% V] 0,01 [% V]
Tc ng c 250 8.000 [v/ph] 10 [v/ph]
Nhit du bi trn 0 120 [
0
C] 1 [
0
C]
Hnh 4.10 Cu to ca thit b AVL Digas 4000.
4.1.3.8.H thng iu khin v
x l trn my tnh (EMCON v
PUMA)
H thng PUMA dng kt ni,
iu chnh cc thng s ca cm bin lp
trn bng th, thu nhn cc tn hiu iu
khin x l v tnh ton cc thng s
v cng sut v moment ca ng c.
Hnh 4.11 Mn hnh my EMCON.
y l h thng khi ng v dng ton b thit b th nghim theo s iu
khin ca k thut vin.
EMCON l phn mm
c ci t trn my
tnh trung tm dng
iu khin thit b cng
sut APA 100 nh ci t
cc thng s lm vic ca
tng thit b, thit lp cc
ch ti theo chng
trnh t ng hoc bn t
ng ca bng th, thit
lp cc chng trnh
kim tra ng c, ghi nhn cc s o, lu tr cc d liu o v x l s liu cc
kt qu o.
4.2. O CC CH TIU KINH T, K THUT KHI DNG LPG V DNG XNG
4.2.1. Ni dung v cc ch thc nghim
- Ni dung thc nghim:
* o tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c;
* o h s Lambda;
* o cng sut v moment xon ca ng c;
* o nng thnh phn kh thi.
Hnh 4.12 H thng iu khin Puma.
- Cc ch thc nghim ng c dng nhin liu xng v LPG iu chnh bng tay
v iu khin t ng bn v tr bm ga:
* 10% thc hin tc ng c 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000 [v/ph];
* 25%:1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500, 2750, 3000 [v/ph];
* 50%:2000, 2250, 2500, 2750, 3000, 3250, 3500, 3750, 4000 [v/ph];
* 75%:2250, 2500, 2750, 3000, 3250, 3500, 3750, 4000, 4250 [v/ph].
4.2.2. Trnh t th nghim
- Cung cp nhin liu, cho ng c thc nghim khi ng v chy hm nng khong
vi pht trc khi tin hnh o c thu nhn c cc kt qu chnh xc.
- Chy chng trnh th nghim bng tay Manual trng thi Monitor.
- Reset lin tc bng phm Reset trn bn iu khin cho n khi trn pano xut hin
dng ch System OK.
- Chuyn sang ch Idle control on ri nhn phm S c th s dng hai nm
xoay trn pano iu chnh tc ng c v ch ti (% alpha) hp l.
- C nh gi tr alpha theo yu cu v thay i tc tun t theo cc ch mc
4.2.1 nh sau:
* Chn chng trnh th nghim, chnh sa khai bo cc thng s tc , thi
gian tng tc ca bng th (Ramptime Dyno) 10[s], thi gian tng tc ca ng c
(Ramptime Engine) 10[s], thi gian o (Steptime) l 30[s].
* Nhp phm Active Demvals F7, h thng s t ng chy ng gi tr ci t.
* Chn cc bc tng t nh ln trc v nhn vo phm F8 thc hin qu
trnh o.
Cc s liu o c trong thc nghim v cng sut Ne [kW], moment xon Me [Nm],
sut tiu hao nhin liu ge [g/kW.h], nng cc cht thi CO
2
[%V]
,
CO [%V]
,
HC
[ppmV], NO
x
[ppmV] c th hin cc ph lc 4.1; 4.2; 4.3; 4.4.
4.2.3. o c cng sut ng c, sut tiu hao nhin liu ng c, nng
cc cht thi ca ng c
Cc s liu o c trong thc nghim v cng sut, moment xon, sut tiu
hao nhin liu, nng cc cht thi c th hin cc ph lc 4.1; 4.2; 4.3; 4.4.
4.3. XY DNG NG C TNH NG C
c tnh tc ca ng c l th biu din quan h cng sut c ch,
moment xon c ch, sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch... theo cc gi tr tc ng c
khi gi ng c cc mc v tr % bm ga khng i. Trn c s d liu thu thp
c trong qu trnh thc nghim mc 4.2, dng Microsoft Office Excel to cc
c tnh ng c thc nghim dng LPG v xng.
Chng 5- SO SNH CC KT QU THC NGHIM
5.1. NH GI KT QU THC NGHIM
5.1.1. Kt qu o cng sut v moment
Trong chng nghin cu thc nghim, chng ti kho st ba b cung cp nhin
liu: b iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG t ng (gi tt l b A), b iu chnh
nhin liu LPG bng tay (gi l b M) v dng nhin liu xng (gi l b X). Nhin
liu kh LPG c nhit bay hi thp hn xng, ha trn vi khng kh hon chnh,
d dng v tt hn so vi nhin liu lng xng trn ng np, nn tc chy ca
LPG cao hn v ph thuc vo tc ca ng c.
Cng sut v moment ca ng c thc nghim khi dng LPG v xng bn
ch ti 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% vi ba b cung cp nhin liu A, M v X c th
hin hnh 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4.
Al pha 10%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
n [v/ph]
Ne [kW]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Me [N.m]
Nex [kW] NeLM [kW] NeLA [kW]
Mex [Nm] MeLA [Nm] MeLM [Nm]
Hnh 5.1 Bin thin Ne[kW] v Me[N.m]
theo n [v/ph], khi t = 10%.
Alpha 25%
0
10
20
30
40
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
Ne[kW]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Nex [kW] NeLM [kW] NeLA [kW]
Mex [Nm] MeLM [Nm] MeLA [Nm]
Hnh 5.2 Bin thin Ne[kW] v
Me[N.m] theo n [v/ph], khi t = 25%.
cc ch v tr bm ga khi tc ng c nh hn 3250 [v/ph] v ln hn
1750 [v/ph] th cng sut c ch t gi tr cc i khi dng xng v nhin liu LPG.
Khi th nghim hng khuch tn, dng ng knh nh nht ca hng d
h
=
22,5 [mm], ng c ch hot ng n nh ti 50% v tc ng c n [v/ph] v
tc ng c n 3000 [v/ph]; d
h
= 24[mm], ng c hot ng c mi ch ti
v tc ng c c th ln ti n = 6000[v/ph].
Trong qu trnh thc nghim c i lc moment t ngt gim thm ch t gi
tr m, lc y phi ngng hot ng. ng c tnh moment lc ny bin thin cong
lm v bn di (tc n = 1250 [v/ph]; 25% , n = 2750 [v/ph]; 50% v n = 2500
[v/ph]; 75% ). Khi tc ng c n 1750 [v/ph] ( 10% bm ga) v tc ng c
n = 3800 [v/ph] ( 25% bm ga) th cng sut v moment ca LPG cao hn xng.
v tr 25%, 50%, 75% bm ga hnh dng ng c tnh tng t tnh ton l thuyt.
Alpha 50%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
n [v/ph]
Ne [ kW]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
M e [ N.m]
Nex [kW] NeLM [kW] NeLA [kW]
Mex [Nm] MeLA [Nm] MeLM [Nm]
Hnh 5.3. Bin thin Ne[kW] v
Me[N.m] theo n [v/ph], khi t = 50%.
A lpha 75%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
15 00 2 000 2 50 0 30 00 35 0 0 400 0 45 0 0
n [v/ph]
Ne [k W]
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
Me [N.m]
Nex [kW] NeLM [kW] NeLA [kW]
Mex [Nm] MeLM [Nm] MeLA [Nm]
Hnh 5.4. Bin thin Ne[kW] v
Me[N.m] theo n [v/ph], khi t = 75%.
Tc ng c khi cng sut t gi tr cc i thng ln hn v tr cc tr
ca ng moment xon trong cc trng hp.
c tnh cng sut - moment ca nhin liu LPG thp hn xng v c tnh
cng sut moment ca nhin liu dng mch cung cp A thp hn dng b iu
chnh M. (Cc s liu thc nghim xem bng ph lc 3.3)
5.1.2 Kt qu o tiu hao nhin liu
Thng s chnh nh gi tnh kinh t v ch hot ng ca ng c l sut
tiu hao nhin liu c ch. Trong cc trng hp, sut tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c
ng bin theo s vng quay trc khuu v gi tr cc tiu ca th g
e
dch chuyn
dn v pha bn phi khi tng ti. Gi tr tc ng c t tiu hao nhin liu cc
tiu ca b cung cp (A) thp nht, tip n b (M) v b (X).(n = 1250[v/ph] ng
vi 10% ti, n = 2250[v/ph] ng vi 25% ti, n = 2500[v/ph] ng vi 50% ti v n =
2750[v/ph] ng vi 75% ti).
ch ti 10%, tiu hao nhin liu ng c ca b (A) c dc b nht.
Khi dng hng khuch tn LPG h s np gim, nu ha kh c iu chnh theo
thnh phn tit kim nhin liu th khi hiu sut ch th i tng, lm tng h s v
cht lng chy tt hn. Trng hp ng c c h thng lm m th khi m gn
ht bm ga s lm ha kh m ln, cng sut ng c tng nhanh nhng li tng
sut tiu hao nhin liu ge.
1 0 %
0
20 0
40 0
60 0
80 0
100 0
120 0
140 0
1000 1200 1400 160 0 1800 2000 2 200
n [v/ p h ]
g e [g / kW . h ]
ge X NG [g/ kW.h] ge LPG MA NUA L [ g/kW.h] ge LPG A UTO [g/kW.h]
Hnh 5.5 Quan h ge = f(n)khi t = 10%
2 5 %
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ p h]
ge [g/ kW . h]
geX NG [g/kW. h] ge LPG MA NUA L [g/kW.h] ge LPG A UTO [g/kW.h]
Hnh 5.6Quan h ge =f(n)khi t = 25%.
Bin thin tiu hao nhin liu c chiu hng gim dn (t 1000 [v/ph] n
1250 [v/ph] 10% v tr bm ga; t 1000 [v/ph] n 3000 [v/ph] 25% v tr bm
ga; t 1000 [v/ph] n 1750 [v/ph] 50% v tr bm ga ; t 1000 [v/ph] n 2250
[v/ph] 75% v tr bm ga. Sau ng c tnh tiu hao nhin liu ca nhin liu
xng v nhin liu LPG chnh bng tay tip tc tng dn theo tc ng c n khi
bm ga m hon ton.
Trong khi ng c dng b iu chnh (A), ng c tnh tiu hao nhin liu
bin thin tng c h s gc b (n = 2250 2750 [v/ph] v tr 75%) hoc ng c
tnh gn nh mt ng thng song song vi trc honh (n = 30004250 [v/ph] v
tr 25%) hoc ng c tnh tng dn (n = 2500 v tr 75%) t gi tr ln nht ti
n = 2600 [v/ph] v gim dn n khi bm ga m hon ton. Sut tiu hao nhin liu
ph thuc vo cng sut ng c, hiu sut c ch, lu lng nhin liu theo n v
thi gian, nhit tr thp ca tng loi nhin liu.
Khi ng nh bm ga, tr lc dng kh trn ng np tng, lm tng h s
kh st, thay i iu kin cng tc ca ng c, thay i cng sut, nh hng n
tnh kinh t ca ng c v sut tiu hao nhin liu thay i theo.
th bin thin sut tiu hao nhin liu l ng cong c tip tuyn i qua gc
ta . Hnh chiu im tip xc ny xung trc honh thng trng vi tr s vng
quay trc khuu ng vi gi tr cng sut cc i. Ti im tip xc ny t s ge/Ne
t gi tr cc tiu hoc tch s pe.e t cc i [40, tr. 427]. Sut tiu hao nhin liu
nh nht ge xut hin v tr ti tng ng vi gi tr cc i ca hiu sut c ch e.
Thc nghim cho thy gemin s xut hin gn v tr c h s d lng khng kh
ln nht [40, tr. 427]. ng ni cc im c gemin l ng c tnh ngoi khi iu
chnh h thng nhin liu t ti thnh phn tit kim nht.
5 0 %
2 0 0
2 2 5
2 5 0
2 7 5
3 0 0
3 2 5
3 5 0
3 7 5
4 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0
n [ v / p h ]
g e [ g / k W . h ]
g e X N G [ g / k W . h ] g e L PG M A N U A L [ g / k W . h ] g e L P G A U T O [ g / k W . h ]
Hnh 5.7 Quan h ge =f(n) khi t = 50%
7 5 %
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
4 5 0
2 5 0 0 2 7 5 0 3 0 0 0 3 2 5 0 3 5 0 0 3 7 5 0 4 0 0 0
n [ v / p h ]
g e [ g / k W . h ]
g e X NG [ g / kW . h ]g e L PG MA NUA L [ g / k W . h ] g e L PG A U TO [ g / k W . h ]
Hnh 5.8 Quan h ge = f(n) khi t =
75%
Nhn chung, trong mi ch ti, khi ng c dng b iu chnh (A) th
th tiu hao nhin liu bin thin tim cn vi trc honh nht.
5.1.3. Kt qu thc nghim h s d lng khng kh
H s d lng khng kh dao ng lin tc. i vi xng, khi tc n =
1000 [v/ph] h s ln hn 1 v gim dn theo tc n lc tc n 1500 [v/ph]
th h s nh hn 1.
10%
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
n [v/ph]
Alpha
LPG A LPG M XNG
Hnh 5.9 Quan h =f(n) khi t = 10%.
25%
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
Alpha
LPG A LPG M XNG
Hnh 5.10Quan h = f(n),khit = 25%
i vi nhin liu LPG iu khin bng tay, h s d lng khng kh gim
dn t 1,45 n 1,25. cn khi dng b iu chnh cung cp LPG, h s d lng
khng kh dao ng trong khong 1 1,05. Khi ng c khi ng ban u nhin
liu c lm m, h s 0,8 tc nh hn n = 1400 [v/ph] nhm to iu
kin cho nhin liu c phn b u v x ti trong dng kh np. Bin thin h s
ca ca b iu chnh (A) din ra theo ng gy khc. iu ny c th gii thch
nh sau: khi ng c khi ng, hot ng ca mch iu chnh cung cp t ng
(A) nhn tn hiu ca cm bin v tr bm ga v iu khin cht van tit lu cn
cung cp nhin liu thch ng vi yu cu nhin liu cn cp. Do s dao ng ca
cht van cn ny lm cho h s d lng khng kh bin thin khng n nh. Tuy
nhin, ch ti 50% v 75% th dao ng ny khng din ra v bin thin ca h
s d lng khng kh gn song song vi trc honh.
50%
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
Alpha
LPG A LPG M XNG
Hnh 5.11Quan h =f(n) khi t = 50%
75%
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
Alpha
LPG A LPG M XNG
Hnh 5.12Quan h = f(n) khi t = 75%
5.1.4. Kt qu o nng kh thi
5.1.4.1.Nng CO trong kh thi
Kh CO sinh ra do qu trnh chy khng hon ton ca hn hp giu. Kh CO
rt nguy him, n khng ch s dch chuyn ca hng cu trong mu, khin cc b
phn ca c th thiu oxygen gy ra t vong. Nng CO ph thuc rt mnh vo
thnh phn hn hp c bit l h s d lng khng kh. ch non ti iu kin
chy ca hn hp khng thun li lm cho cc vng chy khng hon ton cc b
dn n kh CO c nhiu trong kh thi ng c. Nng CO pht sinh cng nhiu
i vi ng c hot ng ch ti thp.
Khi dng b iu chnh cung cp (A) th nng ca CO thp hn khi dng iu
khin bng tay (M). Trng hp v tr bm ga 50% v 75% nng kh CO trn
ng thi dng b iu chnh thp hn ng c dng xng (X). Nng kh CO
ca ng c dng b iu chnh cung cp LPG thp hn so vi ng c iu chnh
bng tay trong trng hp 10%.
Cc trng hp khc nng kh CO ca ng c dng b iu chnh (A) u
nh hn c lc dng xng v dng nhin liu LPG bng tay. Tnh nng kh NOx
trn ng thi ca ng c thc nghim khi dng b iu chnh cung cp LPG u
thp hn khi ng c dng nhin liu xng hay khi ng c dng nhin liu LPG
iu chnh bng tay trong cc trng hp = 10%; 25%; 50%; 75%.
10%
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
n [ v/ph]
CO [%V ]
X NG [%V ] LPG MA NUA L [%V ] LPG A UTO [%V ]
Hnh 5.13. So snh nng CO
trn ng thi, khi = 10%.
25%
0. 5
1
1. 5
2
2. 5
3
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ ph]
CO [%V]
X NG [%V ] LPG MA NUA L [%V ] LPG A UTO [%V ]
Hnh 5.14. So snh nng CO
trn ng thi, khi = 25%.
Nng kh CO cn ph thuc vo thnh phn nhin liu (carbon trong nhin
liu). Nng CO tng khi thnh phn carbon tng. Trng hp ng c nh la
tr, qu trnh chy ko di trn ng thi, iu kin chy xu i, tng kh nng chy
khng hon ton lm tng nng CO. Khi thc nghim ch ti 25% khi tng
tc ng c n = 2000[v/ph] v n = 3250[v/ph] ng c c ting n pht ra do hin
tng b la hay chy tr trn ng thi, lm cho cc gi tr ca chng khng n
nh.
50%
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000
n [v/ph]
CO [%V]
XNG [%V] LPG M [%V] LPG A [%V]
Hnh 5.15. So snh nng CO
trn ng thi, khi = 50%.
75%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4250
n [v/ph]
CO [%V]
X NG [%V] LPG M [%V ] LPG A [%V ]
Hnh 5.16. So snh nng CO
trn ng thi, khi = 75%.
5.1.4.2. Nng HC trong kh thi
10%
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
n [v/ph]
HC[ppmV]
XNG [ppmV] LPG MANUAL [ppmV] LPG AUTO [ppmV]
Hnh 5.17. So snh nng HC
trn ng thi, khi = 10%.
25%
150
200
250
300
350
400
1000 2000 3000 4000
n [v/ph]
HC[ppmV]
XNG [ppmV] LPG MANUAL [ppmV] LPG AUTO [ppmV]
Hnh 5.18. So snh nng HC
trn ng thi, khi = 25%.
Kh hydrocarbon (HC) sinh ra do chy khng hon ton, mt phn b phn
hn hp nm ngoi khu vc lan trn mng la hay do s khng ng nht hn hp
hoc s dp tt mng la khu vc gn thnh cylinder u lm pht sinh nng
HC. Nng HC trong kh thi khi dng nhin liu LPG vi b cung cp (A) gim
so vi khi s dng xng. Nng HC tng nhiu nht tc n = 2000 [v/ph] ng
vi ti 10%. v n = 4250[v/ph] ng vi ti 75%.
Nng HC tng nhanh theo m c ca nhin liu-khng kh.
5 0 %
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
2 0 0 02 2 5 0 2 5 0 02 7 5 0 3 0 0 03 2 5 03 5 0 0 3 7 5 04 0 0 0
n [ v / p h ]
H C [ p p m V ]
X NG [ p p mV ] L PG MA NUA L [ p p mV ] L PG A UTO [ p p mV ]
Hnh 5.19. So snh nng HC
trn ng thi, khi = 50%.
75%
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
2500 3000 3500 4000
n [v/ ph]
HC[ppmV]
X NG [ppmV ] LPG MA NUA L [ppmV ] LPG A UTO [ppmV ]
Hnh 5.20. So snh nng HC
trn ng thi, khi = 75%.
5.1.4.3. Nng NOx trong kh thi
Kh NOx hnh thnh do s kt hp gia O
2
v N
2
nhit cao. Nng
NOx khi ng c s dng xng c lc tng n gi tr 1200 ppm nh ti tc n =
2500 [v/ph] ti 50% v n = 3000[v/ph] ti 75%. Nng NOx pht thi tng khi
nhit chy tng v nng Oxygen tng. Kh NOx ch yu sinh ra do qu trnh
chy khng hon ton. Trong kh NOx th lng kh NO ln nht.
1 0 %
20
40
60
80
100
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
n [v/ ph]
NOx [ppm V]
X NG [ppmV ] LPG MA NUA L [ppmV ] LPG A UTO [ppmV ]
Hnh 5.21. So snh nng NOx
trn ng thi, khi = 10%.
25%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
n [v/ph]
NOx [ppmV]
X NG [ppmV ] LPG MA NUA L [ppmV ] LPG A UTO [ppmV ]

Hnh 5.22. So snh nng NOx
trn ng thi, khi = 25%.
Khi ng c hot ng tc t n = 2500[v/ph] n 3250 [v/ph] th nng
pht thi NOx ln nht.
Qua thc nghim cho thy nhim trong kh thi ca ng c dng nhin liu
LPG gim i ng k so ng c ny dng xng. Mt phn do thnh phn carbon
trong nhin liu LPG thp hn xng, vic ha trn ca nhin liu ny vi khng kh
u hn tt hn.
50%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
n [v/ph]
NOx [ppmV]
X NG [ppmV ] LPG MA NUA L [ppmV ] LPG A UTO [ppmV ]
Hnh 5.23. So snh nng NOx
trn ng thi, khi = 50%.
7 5 %
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 00 0
1 20 0
1 40 0
2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 40 0 0 4 5 0 0
n [v / p h ]
N O x [ p p m V ]
X NG [ p pmV ] L PG MA NUA L [ p p mV ]L PG A UTO [ p p mV ]
Hnh 5.24. So snh nng NOx
trn ng thi, khi = 75%.
Nng HC trong kh thi rt thp v nhin liu LPG bay hi d dng khng
c hin tng bm trn thnh ng np, t bm trn thnh bung chy v hin tng
nhin liu LPG hp th du bi trn rt b.
5.1.5. Bin thin p sut
Hn hp LPG - khng kh c
chun b hon chnh hn hn hp xng
- khng kh nn tc chy ca n cao
hn. Khi dng nhin liu LPG, bin
thin p sut trong cylinder ca ng
c ng vi cc gc nh la khc nhau
c thit lp nh cm bin p sut v
cm bin tc ng c (hnh 5.25,
5.26, 5.27). Khi gc nh la tng th
ng cong p sut cng dch v pha
bn tri. Vi tc ng c n =
1000[v/ph], gc nh la sm ti u khong 12 13 gc quay trc khuu. Khi gc
nh la 12 hay 13, din tch th cng u gim. Thng thng ng c nh
la cng bc dng LPG c gc nh la sm ti u l 25 40 [14, tr.168-170].
Bin thin p sut gia l thuyt v thc nghim trong trng hp ng c lm vic
vi hn hp rt ngho = 0,35, lu lng nhin liu LPG np vo ng c l G
LPG
=
0,714[kg/h] vi tc ng c n = 1000[v/ph]. p sut cc i ca ng c gim
xung cn khong 2,2 [MN/m
2
] (hnh 5.25).
BIN THIN P SUT TRONG BUNG CHY
( = 0,45 V = 40)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Gc quay trc khuu ()

p

s
u

t

(
b
a
r
)
ng l thuyt
ng thc nghim
Hnh 5.26 Quan h p sut trong bung
chy v gc quay trc khuu s = 400.
BIN THIN P SUT THEO THNH PHN
HN HP CHY NG NHT (n = 1010 vg/ph)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
-100 -50 0 50 100
Gc quay trc khuu ()

p

s
u

t

(
b
a
r
)
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,5
Hnh 5.27 Quan h p sut trong bung
chy v thnh phn hn hp.
Bin thin p sut gia l thuyt v thc nghim trong trng hp lu lng
LPG np vo ng c l G
LPG
= 0,762 [kg/h] ch tc ng c n = 986 [v/ph]
BIN THIN P SUT TRONG BUNG CHY
( = 0,35 V = 35)
0
5
10
15
20
25
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Gc quay trc khuu ()

p

s
u

t

(
b
a
r
)
ng l thuyt
ng thc nghim
Hnh 5.25 Quan h p sut trong bung
chy vi hn hp rt ngho = 0,35
vi m c ca hn hp = 0,45. Nh vy thi k chy tr thc t ko di hn
gi tr trong tnh ton nn xy ra s khc bit gia thc nghim v l thuyt khi bt
u qu trnh chy. Nhng giai on sau kt qu tnh ton ca qu trnh chy ph hp
vi thc nghim (hnh 5.26).
Hnh 5.27 biu din nh hng ca thnh phn hn hp n ng cong p
sut trong bung chy s dng hn hp nhin liu ng nht LPG - khng kh c
m c = 0,7; 0,9; 1,1; 1,3; 1.5 vi gc nh la sm
s
= 30. Trng hp ny,
ng cong p sut ng vi = 1,1 t gi tr cc i cao nht trong cng iu kin
ca qu trnh chy [20], [33].
Tm li, cng sut c ch ca ng c dng LPG t gi tr cc i khi hn
hp hi giu nhin liu v kt qu ny cho php chng ta ngh n thnh phn hn
hp nhin liu LPG l mt trong cc yu t quan trng nh hng ln n qu trnh
chy ca ng c.
iu ny ph hp vi tnh ton l thuyt. Vic cung cp nhin liu LPG ph
bin nht hin nay l dng hng khuch tn ht nhin liu LPG. Khi tc ng c
cng ln, do chuyn ng ca piston tng nn chn khng ti hng sau bm ga
cng ln, do ht nhin liu vo bung chy cng nhiu v tiu hao nhin liu s
tng nhanh. Trng hp ng c s dng b iu chnh cung cp (A), khi chn
khng ca hng khuch tn cng ln, nhin liu c ht vo cng nhiu vic t
chy nhin liu LPG khng trit nn nhin liu LPG theo ng thi ra ngoi.
Cm bin oxy lp t ti ng thi s pht tn hiu thiu oxygen cho mch vi iu
khin. Lc y mch s iu khin ng c bc hm van cn hn ch vic cung cp
LPG cho ng c n khi no h s d lng khng kh tr v min ln cn gi tr 1
th van cn mi lm vic tr li.
4.2. PHN TCH HOT NG CA B IU CHNH CUNG CP LPG
B iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc gm nm b
phn trong mch iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG c s dng chip
AT89C51, cc b chuyn i Analog Digital, b giao tip L297 v cc linh kin
in t lin quan iu khin t ng cung cp nhin liu LPG. Nh cm bin oxy,
b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG kim sot c hm lng oxygen trong kh
thi v lun lun iu tit lng nhin liu LPG t qu trnh chy l tng (h s d
lng khng kh bng 1).
Tm li,
B iu chnh cung cp nhin liu LPG thc nghim trong iu kin mi
trng bnh thng trn ng c nh la cng bc DAEWOO A16 DMS ti
Phng Th nghim ng c v t, Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng
thu c cc kt qu mong mun.
Khi hot ng cc ch khc nhau, ng c thc nghim thc thi c
nhiu chc nng ca ng c hn khi dng b iu chnh ny. Cc kt qu o c v
h s , cng sut, moment, sut tiu hao nhin liu v nng thnh phn kh thi
khi ng c dng mch iu chnh u tha mn cc tiu chun kh thi ca phng
tin giao thng ng b.
KT LUN V KIN NGH
1. KT LUN
*1. B iu chnh cung cp t ng LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc l
b ph kin hon chnh hot ng n nh trn cc ng c t con.
*2. Khi gia cng thay i ng knh hng, ng knh l cp nhin liu LPG
ca van cung cp theo kch thc tng ng, b iu chnh t ng s dng c vi
t cng sut khc nhau.
*3. B iu chnh t ng dng c vi t ti khi lp trnh thay i hm
truyn cung cp LPG .
Kt qu thc nghim cho thy:
*4. B iu chnh cung cp LPG tit kim nhin liu khc phc c tnh
trng tha nhin liu khi tc ng c ln (hin tng vt l lm m nhin liu
LPG do chn khng hng khuch tn tng nhanh). Tiu hao nhin liu ca ng
c dng b iu chnh t ng gim 20,9% so vi dng b iu chnh bng tay.
*5. Kh nng ca b iu chnh cung cp LPG iu khin cung cp nhin liu
LPG rt mn (0,04mm/bc) v khc phc c tnh trng cung cp nhin liu bc
thang ca phng php lm m ba cp ca mch IC v van solenoid trc y.
*6. Mc d cng sut ca ng c dng b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG
thp hn so vi dng dng xng 14,6% nhng nng kh thi CO gim 43,7%, HC
gim 40,4%, NOx gim 50,8%,
*7. Vic gia cng ch to n gin, lp rp thun tin v gi thnh gim 63%
so vi dng mch IC v 144% so vi phun LPG vo hng khuch tn .
*8. Kt qu thc nghim khng sai khc so vi tnh ton l thuyt.
*9. ng c dng b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG tha mn tiu chun
kh thi i vi phng tin giao thng c gii ng b quy nh trong Quyt nh
Q 249/2005/Q-TTG ngy 10 - 10 - 2005 ca Th tng chnh ph.
2. XU HNG NGHIN CU
- Nghin cu thit k b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG cho ng c nh
la cng bc khi thay i gc nh la sm
- Nghin cu thit k b iu chnh cung cp LPG cho ng c nh la
cng bc khi s dng tt c cc cm bin cn thit trn t th h mi.
3. KIN NGH
- ngh vi cc c quan nh nc c chnh sch khuyn khch h tr
ch t chuyn i s dng nhin liu kh du m ha lng LPG thay th nhin liu
truyn thng nhm gip mi trng sng xanh sch hn.
- Lp nhiu trm cung cp nhin liu LPG ti cc trm xng du to iu
kin np nhin liu LPG cho t s dng nhin liu ny thun tin hn.
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
*Ting Vit:
1. Trng Ngc Anh (2007), Vi iu khin, NXB. HSPKT thnh ph H Ch Minh.
2. Nguyn Bn, Hong Ngc ng (1999), Nhit k thut, NXB. Gio dc, Qung Nam.
3. Vn Th Bng, Vy Hu Thnh, Nguyn nh Hng (2007), Hng dn n mn
hc ng c t trong, NXB. HQG thnh ph H Ch Minh.
4. H Tn Chun, Nguyn c Ph, Trn Vn T, Nguyn Tt Tin (2000), Kt cu v
tnh ton ng c t trong, NXB. H&THCN, H Ni.
5. Nguyn Tng Cng, Phan Quc Thng (2004), Cu trc lp trnh h vi iu khin
8051, NXB. KHKT, H Ni.
6. Dng Vit Dng (2000), Th nghim ng c, Ti liu hng dn vn hnh thit b
AVL, Trung tm th nghim ng c v t, i hc Nng.
7. Dng Vit Dng (2000), Quy trnh vn hnh h thng cc trang thit b phng th
nghim ng c..., Ti liu hng dn vn hnh thit b AVL, Trung tm th
nghim ng c v t, i hc Nng.
8. Dng Vit Dng (2003), Gp phn nghin cu h thng nhin liu LPG cho ng c
nh la cng bc, Lun n Tin s K thut, i hc Nng.
9. Dng Vit Dng (2004), Hng dn tnh ton chu trnh nhit ng c, gio trnh
ging dy, trng i hc bch khoa, i hc Nng.
10. L Vn Doanh, Phm Thng Hn, Nguyn Vn Ha, V Thch Sn, o Vn Tn
(2005), Cc b cm bin k thut o lng & iu khin, NXB. KH&KT, H Ni.
11. Phm L Dn, ng Quc Ph (2000), C s k thut Nhit, NXB. Gio dc, H Ty.
12. Bi Vn Ga, Phm Xun Mai, Trn Vn Nam, Trn Thanh Hi Tng (1997), M
hnh ha qu trnh chy trong ng c t trong, NXB. Gio dc, Nng.
13. Bi Vn Ga, Vn Th Bng, Trn Vn Nam, Trn Thanh Hi Tng (1999), t v
nhim mi trng, NXB. Gio dc, Nng.
14. Bi Vn Ga (2002), Qu trnh chy trong ng c t trong, NXB. KH&KT, H Ni.
15. Bi Vn Ga, Trn Vn Nam, H Tn Quyn, L Vn Ty (2005), Phn mm tnh
ton h thng cung cp kh du m ha lng LPG cho ng c nh la cng bc,
K yu hi ngh khoa hc k nim 30 nm thnh lp Trng HBK, i hc
Nng.
16. G.I Samol, I.I Goldblam (2004), Ti liu t Gas (Dch t ting Nga), Cng ty c kh
QUYT NH GIAO TI LUN VN (bn sao)
PH LC
MC LC
Trang ph ba....
Li cam oan.................................................................................................................
Li cm n....................................................................................................................
Mc lc.
Danh mc cc k hiu...
Danh mc cc hnh v...
Danh mc cc bng...
M U ......................................................................................................... 1
I/ L DO CHN TI ............................................................................................................. 1
II/ MC CH NGHIN CU ................................................................................................... 3
III/ I TNG NGHIN CU ............................................................................................... 3
IV/ PHNG PHP V THIT B NGHIN CU .................................................................. 3
V/ CU TRC LUN VN ........................................................................................................ 4
Chng 1- TNG QUAN ............................................................................................. 5
1.1. NHIN LIU SCH XU HNG GIM THIU NHIM MI TRNG ........5
1.2. TNH HNH S DNG NHIN LIU LPG CHO NG C T TRONG ..............14
1.3. CC PHNG PHP CP NHIN LIU LPG ...............................................................16
1.4. PHM VI, NI DUNG V MC TIU NGHIN CU...................................................18
Chng 2- C S L THUYT ........................................................................... 19
2.1. C IM QU TRNH CHY CA NHIN LIU LPG.............................................19
2.2. C S TNH TON QU TRNH CHY HN HP LPG KHNG KH....................21
2.3. TNH TON NHIT NG C THC NGHIM...........................................................22
2.4. CC CH CP NHIN LIU CN THIT CHO NG C THC NGHIM
....................................................................................................................................................27
2.5. IU KHIN T NG V VI IU KHIN................................................................35
Chng 3- THIT K V TNH TON ................................................................... 49
3.1. THIT K HNG KHUCH TN (B HO TRN LPG - KHNG KH)....................50
3.2. CI TO B HA HI - GIM P.................................................................................52
3.3. THIT K VAN CUNG CP KHNG TI .....................................................................53
3.4. THIT K VAN CHNH CUNG CP NHIN LIU LPG................................................55
3.5 THIT K MCH IU KHIN CUNG CP NHIN LIU LPG....................................60
Chng 4- NGHIN CU THC NGHIM ............................................................. 69
4.1. XY DNG M HNH THC NGHIM ........................................................................70
4.2. O CC CH TIU KINH T, K THUT KHI DNG LPG V DNG XNG..........78
4.3. XY DNG NG C TNH NG C..................................................................80
Chng 5- SO SNH CC KT QU THC NGHIM ........................................ 80
5.1. NH GI KT QU THC NGHIM .......................................................................... 80
4.2. PHN TCH HOT NG CA B IU CHNH CUNG CP LPG ........................... 90
KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................................. 91
*9. ng c dng b iu chnh t ng cung cp LPG tha mn tiu chun kh thi i vi
phng tin giao thng c gii ng b quy nh trong Quyt nh Q 249/2005/Q-TTG
ngy 10 - 10 - 2005 ca Th tng chnh ph. .......................................................................... 92
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................... 94
QUYT NH GIAO TI LUN VN (bn sao) .............................................. 95
PH LC .................................................................................................................... 96
MC LC ................................................................................................................... 97