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Cc nh nghin cu cho rng ch Hn xut hin vo khong th k 14 trc CN, tc cch nay khong 3400 nm. Ch tng hnh u tin c tm thy trn cc khc xng dng trong vic chim bc (bi ton) vo i Thng, Chu Trung Quc. Loi ch ny c gi l Gip Ct Vn jiagu wen . Hnh bn l mt minh ho li sm (tin on) c khc trn xng b. Vic nghin cu cc vn t ny c c tin hnh vo nhng nm 1900, nhng vn cn khong 4500 k hiu cha c gii m. Mt s ci cch v ch vit c tm thy qua cc dng c bng ng vo i nh Chu (th k th 11 trc CN), loi ch vit ny c gi tn l Kim Vn jin wen . Ch vit bt u c vit vi cng c l bt lng v mc vo khong th k 5 hoc 4 trc CN, ban u ngi ta vit trn g, thn tre hoc la. Vic vit trn la vn cn c dng ngay c khi c giy thay th cho cc phin tre, g. Nhu cu cho vic h thng ho ch vit t th k ny sang th k khc pht sinh ra hng lot cc dng thc mi thay th cho dng thc c. Kiu u tin l i Trin da zhuan (Big Seal) , c dng vo th k th 8 trc CN. Tiu Trin xiao zhuan (Small Seal) c to bi vng triu u tin Trung Quc, tc triu i Tn Thu Hong. N c thay th bi kiu L Th li shu (Administrative Style) , y l mt loi ch vit d s dng hn, thong hn m ra mt bc ngot cho vic pht trin ch Hn hin i. Xu hng ny c m ra vi Khi Th kai shu (Exemplar Style) (hnh bn tri), c sng ch vo i Hn. Tho Th cao shu (Cursive) cng c sng ch ra vo i Hn (khong th k th 1 CN).
Hnh sau minh ho s tin ho ca ch Kh c ngha l i - qu, t ch dng bi khc trn xng, n khc trn ng, ri Tiu Trin, L Th, Khi Th, Tho. Chng ta thy ch nguyn gc l hnh mt ngi i ra khi hang. Ch Hn hin nay da trn kiu ch Khi.
Bn hy xem bng v d so sch gia cc h thng: Character Wade-Giles Pinyin chih hsien ts'ao zhi xian cao
C h thng khc tng t nh Wade Giles c s dng Php v h thng Ch m T Mu Chinese Phonetic Script ( zhuyin zimu), s dng nhng k t c bit. y chng ta ch s dng h thng Pinyin.
Ch phn th v gin th
Bn c th thy ch vit ca ngi Trung Quc i Loan khc bit so vi ch vit ca ngi Trung Quc lc a. L do l h vn gi ch vit truyn thng gi l ch Phn th ( fanti zi). lc a sau nhiu ln chnh ph thc hin vic ci cch ch vit l gim ti thiu s nt bt ca ch Hn gi l ch Gin th, n nay th s lng nt bt ca ch thng dng gim cn khng qu 10 nt. Xem v d sau: tr thnh tr thnh tr thnh gu (nc) m (nga) t (th) jint z).
Bi 1. Nt bt
T cc ch Hn trng rt phc tp, nu phn tch ra th ta c th thy chng c to thnh t nhng nt bt rt n gin. C 8 nt bt c bn, mi nt bt c mt tn ring v c vit theo mt qui nh cho tng nt. Vic hc nt bt rt quan trng, n gip bn vit ch Hn c nhanh chng v c th tm ra s lng nt bt tra t in Hn.
1. 6 nt c bn u tin:
[honh] nt ngang (vit t tri sang phi) nh trong ch y (mt) [nht]
[s]
[phit]
[mc]
[im]
[thiu]
3. Nt sau kt hp bi 2 nt n gp khc::
nh trong ch [s trip] nt s ng kt hp nt gp phi y (bc s) [y]
[s bnh cu]
nt ng kt hp vi bnh cu v mc
Nu em so snh cc ch Hn vi cc t trong nhng ngn ng s dng alphabet th cc nt bt i khi ging nh cc mu t. Hc tp nt bt l mu cht tin ti vic nh mt ch. Mt iu quan trng na l ch Hn khng nhng cn s chnh xc m cn cn s hi ho, cn i. Bn cn phi luyn nt bt nhiu ln (vi bt lng hoc khng c th s dng bt thng) quen dn vi chng.
Bi 2. Th t nt bt.
Th t kt hp nt bt tun theo mt vi qui lut c nh (tuy nhin cng c trng hp ngoi l). Bn phi hc qui lut ny, n s gip ch bn rt nhiu trong vic nh ch Hn. N cng c ngha quan trng trong trng hp bn cn phi tm ra nt bt u tin ca ch, trng hp ny chng ti s ni n sau.
hu (i) [ho]
s (bn) [t]
yu (trng) [nguyt]
Nhng:
Ch Hn
Ch Hn
Nhng:
Qui lut chung l: Trn trc Di sau, Tri trc Phi sau. Qui lut ny rt d nh, n c p dng ngay c cho nhng ngi Ty hc ch Hn. Cc trng hp khc cn c cc bi tp c th. Ngay t u bn phi hc cch vit c bn cho tht chnh xc nu khng sau ny bn s lun mc phi nhng li vit ch v rt kh sa cha.
Bi 3. B th - phn 1.
Gii thiu Tt c cc ch Hn u cha thnh t gi l "b th". Hc b th gip cc bn c th phn loi ch Hn, lm cho vic nh mt ch s d dng hn. B th hin din trong mt ch c khi biu hin c ngha ca ton b ch . Thng thng th ngha ca mt ch t nhiu lin quan n ngha ca b th. Cc thnh phn khng thuc b th ca ch thng lin quan n vic biu m, hoc ngc li. #1 BNG B th #2 U #3 NGN #4 AO #5 NHN
Ch gc
-nc
Ngha V d
Bijng Bc Kinh
shu hu ni chuyn [thuyt thoi] qng wn cho hi [thnh vn] yyn ngn ng [ng ngn]
doli ti [o lai] jinbng chui kim [kim bnh] yukn in hng thng [nguyt san]
xix ngh ngi [hu tc] fjng kinh Pht [pht kinh] xinn Tin n
bngdng hungd ng lnh [bng hong ng] x gun thi quen [tp qun] xunmio huyn diu
#1 B bng c cng tn l "hai chm thu"; n thng xut hin trong nhng ch lin quan n nc hay s lnh lo. V tr ca n bn tri ca ch. #2 B u lun nm trn ch.
#3 B ngn thng nm bn tri ch. Xut hin trong nhng ch c lin quan n li ni. #4 Dng nguyn gc ca b ao cng l mt b; thng th n nm bn di, xem ch "phn" bn di. Ch "tranh" l dng th 3 ca b ao (= tc l ). (Tn Hoa T in ca Bc Kinh xp tranh vo b ao, t in T V ca i Loan xp n vo b quyt. Ch phn th ca n thuc b tro.)
fn
chia ra [phn]
zhng ginh nhau [tranh] #5 B th th nm l "nhn ng", n lun nm bn tri ca ch. Ch nhn gc ca n cng dng nh mt b th, trong trng hp ny th n lun nm bn trn ch, v d nh ch "chng" bn di.
Bi 4. B th - phn 2.
#6 NH B th
#7 THU
#8 TM
#9 NGHIM
#10 MIN
-mi che
tiyng mt tri [thi dng] Kt hp xind gii hn [hn ] duzhng trng nhm [i trng]
#6 B th "nh" c th ng bn tri hoc bn phi ch. #7 B th ny gi l "ba chm thu", tng trng cho nc chy v ng bn tri ch. Ch gc ca n cng l mt b th, trong v d sau b th ng bn di ch, tuy nhin v tr ny khng c nh. quan dng sui [tuyn]
#10 B th ny c gi l "ci mi che" n lun nm bn trn ch. Ch c cha b min lun c ngha lin qua n cn nh.
Bi 5. B th - phn 3.
#11 MN B th
#12 SC
#13 TH
#14 THO
#15 I
Ch gc Ngha ca i t
-c ln
dfng a phng dngt thp n [ng thp] qiangbi bc tng [tng bch]
cosh ch vit tho [tho th] xuhu bng tuyt [tuyt hoa] pingguo tri to [bnh qu]
#14 B Tho dng ny lun nm trn ch. Ch c ch b Tho lin quan n "cy c"
Bi 6. B th - phn 4.
#16 TH B th
#17 KHU
#18 VI
#19 SN
#20 XCH
-bao quanh ni
-bc tri
jiohn ku la [khiu hm] tnc thn t tngzhng ngi nghe [thnh chng]
#17 Thng th b Khu khng ng bn tri ch. Xem cc v d sau: mng sh tn [danh] lch s [s]
yu ni cao [nhc]
Bi 7. B th - phn 5.
#21 THI B th
#22 THC
#23 CU
#24 N
#25 T
fn cm [phn,phn]
gu ch [cu] mo mo [miu]
i [ng]
zh heo [tr]
gup (ting chi th) [cu th] mojio mo ku [miu khiu] zhru tht heo [tr nhc]
s cht i [ng t]
#24 B ny cng c khi nm bn di ch: q v [th] #25 Khng phi lc no b T cng bn tri ch, xt v d sau: xio hiu
Bi 8. B th - phn 6.
#26 M
#27 MCH
#28 HO
#29 PHNG
#30 H
B th
V d
Kt hp
ji(ji) fng gii phng lyu i du lch [l du] mnz dn tc [dn tc]
x bo [t bo]
di zho [i chiu]
#26 B M c khi bn di ch c khi bn tri ch, xem v d sau: m mng chi [m]
#28 Ch gc ca b Ho cng l mt b, nm bn tri ch, xem v d sau: dng n [ng] yn khi [yn]
Bi 9. B th - phn 7.
#31 K B th
#32 NGC
#33 MC
#34 XA
#35 NHT
ln bnh xe [lun]
lnm rng cy [lm mc] sngsh cy thng [tng th] tohu hoa o [o hoa]
d qi tri t [a cu]
sn ling qch wnshng ba chic xe hi chiu ti [vn [tam lng kh xa] thng]
zhu ci bn [trc] #35 B Nht khng phi lc no cng bn tri ch: xng ngi sao [tinh]
Bi 10. B th - phn 8.
#36 BI
#37 KIN
#38 NGU
B th
-i chm, ui theo
trng - tht
sh
nhn [th] ju nhn bit [gic]
gndn can m pngyu bng hu hutu bp chn (dm bng) [ho thi]
Bi 11. B th - phn 9.
#41 KHIM B th
#42 NCH
#43 Y
#44 THCH
#45 MC
Ch gc Ngha thiu n
-bnh o qun mt
V d
shzh giy nhm [sa ch] yngzu ch ngi cng [ngnh to] bl xanh thm [bch lc]
#46 IN B th
#47 KIM
#48 HO
#49 IU
#50 DNG
dzhn tim [ chm] qinbo bp tin [tin bao] hugu ci lu [ho oa] schn ca ring [t sn] fnzhng phn chng loi [phn chng] chnqi Xun Thu
mj g mi [mu k] wy con qu [ nha] yrng lng vt [p nhung] yngshng dng sinh xinm khm phc [tin m] qnzhng qun chng
#51 M B th
#52 CHU
#53 TRNG
#54 TRC
#55 V
f n tn, ba [ph]
jin
Tu chin (hm)
minfn bt m [din phn] Kt hp cco go xay [th tho] bitng ng ct [bch ng]
wnz con mui [vn t] fngm mt ong [phong mt] hdi bm bm [h ip]
ynf nt nhc [m ph] qinb bt ch [duyn bt] jinzh kin trc ch png(png) cnh chim dang rng [x bng]
#56 TC B th
#57 V
#58 NG
#59 CT
#60 QU
poxi giy chy b [bo hi] Kt hp lbio mc ng [l tiu] tiozo b cht [khiu to]
hig hi ct