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Mt cht Lch s v ch Hn

Cc nh nghin cu cho rng ch Hn xut hin vo khong th k 14 trc CN, tc cch nay khong 3400 nm. Ch tng hnh u tin c tm thy trn cc khc xng dng trong vic chim bc (bi ton) vo i Thng, Chu Trung Quc. Loi ch ny c gi l Gip Ct Vn jiagu wen . Hnh bn l mt minh ho li sm (tin on) c khc trn xng b. Vic nghin cu cc vn t ny c c tin hnh vo nhng nm 1900, nhng vn cn khong 4500 k hiu cha c gii m. Mt s ci cch v ch vit c tm thy qua cc dng c bng ng vo i nh Chu (th k th 11 trc CN), loi ch vit ny c gi tn l Kim Vn jin wen . Ch vit bt u c vit vi cng c l bt lng v mc vo khong th k 5 hoc 4 trc CN, ban u ngi ta vit trn g, thn tre hoc la. Vic vit trn la vn cn c dng ngay c khi c giy thay th cho cc phin tre, g. Nhu cu cho vic h thng ho ch vit t th k ny sang th k khc pht sinh ra hng lot cc dng thc mi thay th cho dng thc c. Kiu u tin l i Trin da zhuan (Big Seal) , c dng vo th k th 8 trc CN. Tiu Trin xiao zhuan (Small Seal) c to bi vng triu u tin Trung Quc, tc triu i Tn Thu Hong. N c thay th bi kiu L Th li shu (Administrative Style) , y l mt loi ch vit d s dng hn, thong hn m ra mt bc ngot cho vic pht trin ch Hn hin i. Xu hng ny c m ra vi Khi Th kai shu (Exemplar Style) (hnh bn tri), c sng ch vo i Hn. Tho Th cao shu (Cursive) cng c sng ch ra vo i Hn (khong th k th 1 CN).

Hnh sau minh ho s tin ho ca ch Kh c ngha l i - qu, t ch dng bi khc trn xng, n khc trn ng, ri Tiu Trin, L Th, Khi Th, Tho. Chng ta thy ch nguyn gc l hnh mt ngi i ra khi hang. Ch Hn hin nay da trn kiu ch Khi.

Ch Hn mt loi ch vit tng hnh


Ti sao ngi Trung Quc s dng ch tng hnh?
Ch vit Trung Quc n nay vn cha c Latin ho (s dng mu t ABC) nh mt s nc khc ng nhm gim thiu ti a s ch Hn phi dng. Ti sao ngi Trung Quc vn duy tr s dng h thng ch vit m bt buc h phi nh c hng ngn ch Hn? L do khng phi l h tn th lch s, truyn thng hay m thut. iu d hiu l do c th ca ch vit, cho n hin ti vn cha c h thng ch vit no thay th mt cch ton m. Trc ht, ch vit Trung Quc l ch biu ch khng phi l ch biu m (tc l vit da theo m). Ch Vit (quc ng) l mt th d v ch biu m. Trc y, chng ta chuyn t h thng ch vit Hn Nm sang Latin mt cch d dng. Khi c mt vn bn Latin ho ca ting ph thng Trung Quc th ngi ta ch c th phng on ngha ca chng m thi. Vn l ch i vi ting Trung Quc c, phn ln gm cc t n m tit, khi pht trin dn sang ting Trung Quc hin i th cc t a m tit ngy cng tr nn thng dng. Tuy nhin phn ln s t trong Hn ng hin i l song m tit, m 2 m tit dnh cho mt t l qu t c th hiu c ngha ca t. Do kh lng c th i ch tng hnh ca Trung Quc sang ch kiu ch biu m. Khi ngi ta ni chuyn bng ting bch thoi, cc tr ngi ny c gii quyt nh vo ng cnh v vic s dng 5 thanh m khc nhau, tuy nhin nu c mt m no ng n c th s d b hiu sai ngay. Ch tng hnh lm cho ngha t ng c r rng, khng th no b nhm ln c. l l do ti sao cc nc ln cn Trung Quc nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn vn cn s dng ch Hn. V d: 3 ch sau hon ton khc nhau (gia), (ng h), (trung thnh) nhng cng c vit di dng phin m l zhng. Do , nu ch s dng ch Latin ho, khi c ch zhong ta s khng bit l ch g trong ba ch nu trn.

Ch chuyn m (ch Latin ho)


Nh nu trn th chng l vic chuyn m l v b? Tht ra th n l mt phng php nhanh nht nh m ca ch Hn. y l cch m ngi phng Ty t ra h hc ting Trung Quc cho d hn. Ngi bn x Trung Quc c v "kh chu" i vi loi ch phin m ny nhng nhng ngi ngoi Trung Quc th c v thch n v s dng rt ph bin. Ngoi h Pinyin (m ph thng) ra, cn c mt h thng ch phin m khc na gi l Wade-Giles.

Bn hy xem bng v d so sch gia cc h thng: Character Wade-Giles Pinyin chih hsien ts'ao zhi xian cao

C h thng khc tng t nh Wade Giles c s dng Php v h thng Ch m T Mu Chinese Phonetic Script ( zhuyin zimu), s dng nhng k t c bit. y chng ta ch s dng h thng Pinyin.

Ch phn th v gin th
Bn c th thy ch vit ca ngi Trung Quc i Loan khc bit so vi ch vit ca ngi Trung Quc lc a. L do l h vn gi ch vit truyn thng gi l ch Phn th ( fanti zi). lc a sau nhiu ln chnh ph thc hin vic ci cch ch vit l gim ti thiu s nt bt ca ch Hn gi l ch Gin th, n nay th s lng nt bt ca ch thng dng gim cn khng qu 10 nt. Xem v d sau: tr thnh tr thnh tr thnh gu (nc) m (nga) t (th) jint z).

Trong cc bi hc sau chng ta ch hc ch Gin th (

Bi 1. Nt bt
T cc ch Hn trng rt phc tp, nu phn tch ra th ta c th thy chng c to thnh t nhng nt bt rt n gin. C 8 nt bt c bn, mi nt bt c mt tn ring v c vit theo mt qui nh cho tng nt. Vic hc nt bt rt quan trng, n gip bn vit ch Hn c nhanh chng v c th tm ra s lng nt bt tra t in Hn.

1. 6 nt c bn u tin:
[honh] nt ngang (vit t tri sang phi) nh trong ch y (mt) [nht]

[s]

nt ng (vit t trn xung di)

nh trong ch sh (mi) [thp]

[phit]

nt phy (vit t trn-tri xung phi-di)

nh trong ch b (tm) [bt]

[mc]

nt mc (vit t trn-tri xung phi-di)

nh trong ch r (vo) [nhp] nh trong ch li (su) [lc] nh trong ch

[im]

chm (vit t trn xung di-phi hoc tri)

[thiu]

nt ht (vit t di-tri ln trn-phi) b hoc b (nm) [b]

2. Hai loi nt cn li c nhiu bin th khc nhau. Ci th nht l mc vi 5 dng nh sau:


nh trong ch [honh cu] nt ngang mc z (ch) [t]

nh trong ch [s cu] nt ng mc xio (nh) [tiu]

nh trong ch [loan cu] nt cong vi mc gu (ch) [cu]

nh trong ch [tit cu] nt mc vi mc w (ti) [ng]

nh trong ch [bnh cu] nt cong i xng vi mc wng (qun) [vong]

3. Nt sau kt hp bi 2 nt n gp khc::
nh trong ch [s trip] nt s ng kt hp nt gp phi y (bc s) [y]

nh trong ch [honh trip] nt ngang kt hp nt gp ng ku (ming) [khu]

4. Cc nt bt kt hp khng theo chun c bn. Bao gm cc dng nt nh sau:

[s bnh cu]

nt ng kt hp vi bnh cu v mc

nh trong ch y (cng) [d]

nh trong ch [phit im] nt phy v tri kt thc bi chm n (n) [n]

nh trong ch [s trip trip cu] nt s vi 2 ln gp v mc m (nga) [m]

Nu em so snh cc ch Hn vi cc t trong nhng ngn ng s dng alphabet th cc nt bt i khi ging nh cc mu t. Hc tp nt bt l mu cht tin ti vic nh mt ch. Mt iu quan trng na l ch Hn khng nhng cn s chnh xc m cn cn s hi ho, cn i. Bn cn phi luyn nt bt nhiu ln (vi bt lng hoc khng c th s dng bt thng) quen dn vi chng.

Bi 2. Th t nt bt.
Th t kt hp nt bt tun theo mt vi qui lut c nh (tuy nhin cng c trng hp ngoi l). Bn phi hc qui lut ny, n s gip ch bn rt nhiu trong vic nh ch Hn. N cng c ngha quan trng trong trng hp bn cn phi tm ra nt bt u tin ca ch, trng hp ny chng ti s ni n sau.

1. Trn trc, di sau.


Ch Hn sn (ba) [tam] Ch Hn tin (tri) [thin] Cch vit nh sau: Cch vit nh sau:

2. Tri trc phi sau.


Ch Hn mn (ca) [mn] Ch Hn Cch vit nh sau: Cch vit nh sau:

hu (i) [ho]

3. Ngoi trc, trong sau.


Ch Hn Ch Hn Cch vit nh sau: Cch vit nh sau:
Nt ngang c vit sau cng ("vo nh ri mi ng ca")

s (bn) [t]

yu (trng) [nguyt]

Nhng:

Khi khng c nt bao ph trn u ca ch Hn th nt c bao phi c vit trc:

Ch Hn

zh (y, ny) [gi]

Cch vit nh sau:

4. Nt ng gia vit trc nt ng hai bn hoc di.


Ch Hn shu (nc) [thu] Cch vit nh sau:

Ch Hn

shn (ni) [sn]

Cch vit nh sau:

Nhng:

Nu nt ng xuyn qua cc nt khc th nt ng gia phi c vit sau:

Ch Hn zhng (gia) [trung]

Cch vit nh sau:

Qui lut chung l: Trn trc Di sau, Tri trc Phi sau. Qui lut ny rt d nh, n c p dng ngay c cho nhng ngi Ty hc ch Hn. Cc trng hp khc cn c cc bi tp c th. Ngay t u bn phi hc cch vit c bn cho tht chnh xc nu khng sau ny bn s lun mc phi nhng li vit ch v rt kh sa cha.

Bi 3. B th - phn 1.
Gii thiu Tt c cc ch Hn u cha thnh t gi l "b th". Hc b th gip cc bn c th phn loi ch Hn, lm cho vic nh mt ch s d dng hn. B th hin din trong mt ch c khi biu hin c ngha ca ton b ch . Thng thng th ngha ca mt ch t nhiu lin quan n ngha ca b th. Cc thnh phn khng thuc b th ca ch thng lin quan n vic biu m, hoc ngc li. #1 BNG B th #2 U #3 NGN #4 AO #5 NHN

Ch gc

-nc

--li ni dao ngi

Ngha V d

lng lnh [lnh] bng bng [bng] x thc tp [tp] Kt hp

jng th [kinh] d vua [] xun mu en [huyn]

shu ni [thuyt] qng thnh y ng

do n [o] jin gm [kim] kn in [san]

xi ngh ngi [hu] f Pht xin Tin

lngyn nc lnh [lnh m]

Bijng Bc Kinh

shu hu ni chuyn [thuyt thoi] qng wn cho hi [thnh vn] yyn ngn ng [ng ngn]

doli ti [o lai] jinbng chui kim [kim bnh] yukn in hng thng [nguyt san]

xix ngh ngi [hu tc] fjng kinh Pht [pht kinh] xinn Tin n

bngdng hungd ng lnh [bng hong ng] x gun thi quen [tp qun] xunmio huyn diu

#1 B bng c cng tn l "hai chm thu"; n thng xut hin trong nhng ch lin quan n nc hay s lnh lo. V tr ca n bn tri ca ch. #2 B u lun nm trn ch.

#3 B ngn thng nm bn tri ch. Xut hin trong nhng ch c lin quan n li ni. #4 Dng nguyn gc ca b ao cng l mt b; thng th n nm bn di, xem ch "phn" bn di. Ch "tranh" l dng th 3 ca b ao (= tc l ). (Tn Hoa T in ca Bc Kinh xp tranh vo b ao, t in T V ca i Loan xp n vo b quyt. Ch phn th ca n thuc b tro.)

fn

chia ra [phn]

zhng ginh nhau [tranh] #5 B th th nm l "nhn ng", n lun nm bn tri ca ch. Ch nhn gc ca n cng dng nh mt b th, trong trng hp ny th n lun nm bn trn ch, v d nh ch "chng" bn di.

zhng ng ngi [chng]

Bi 4. B th - phn 2.

#6 NH B th

#7 THU

#8 TM

#9 NGHIM

#10 MIN

Ch gc Ngha tai nc tim rng

-mi che

yng mt tri [dng] V d xin gii hn [hn] du nhm, i [i]

ji tu [ru] yu du [du] sh ct [sa]

gui l [qui] hu tic nui [hi] kui gp [khoi]

mio miu th [miu] chung ging [sng] tng to n [nh]

gng cung in [cung] k khch bo qu gi [bu]

tiyng mt tri [thi dng] Kt hp xind gii hn [hn ] duzhng trng nhm [i trng]

biji ru trng [bch tu] yuhu tranh sn du [du ho] dush u sa

qiguai k qui [k qui] huhn hi hn kuil sung sng [khoi lc]

smio ni th t [t miu] chungdn tm ra ging [sng an] jitng gia nh

hunggng hong cung kq khch kh lingbao linh bu

#6 B th "nh" c th ng bn tri hoc bn phi ch. #7 B th ny gi l "ba chm thu", tng trng cho nc chy v ng bn tri ch. Ch gc ca n cng l mt b th, trong v d sau b th ng bn di ch, tuy nhin v tr ny khng c nh. quan dng sui [tuyn]

#8 Ch gc ca b tm cng l mt b, n lun ng bn di ch, xem v d sau: s ngh [t]

#10 B th ny c gi l "ci mi che" n lun nm bn trn ch. Ch c cha b min lun c ngha lin qua n cn nh.

Bi 5. B th - phn 3.

#11 MN B th

#12 SC

#13 TH

#14 THO

#15 I

Ch gc Ngha ca i t

-c ln

jin khong trng [gian] V d wn hi [vn] xin nhn h [nhn]

jn i vo [tin] yun xa [vin] m ngu lm [m]

d t ai [a] t thp th [thp] qiang bc tng [tng]

co c [tho] hu bng hoa [hoa] ping to [bnh]

ti to ln [thi] ku khoa trng [khoa] mi p [m]

shjin thi gian Kt hp wnt vn xinhu tn gu [nhn thoi]

jnb tin b yunz tn b [vin tc] mxn m tn

dfng a phng dngt thp n [ng thp] qiangbi bc tng [tng bch]

cosh ch vit tho [tho th] xuhu bng tuyt [tuyt hoa] pingguo tri to [bnh qu]

titi b [thi thi] kuku ni khoc [khoa khu] mil m l

#12 Ch gc ca b Sc cng l mt b th. Xem v d sau: cho vt qu [siu]

#13 Ch gc ca b Th cng l mt b th. Thng th n ng di ch: chn bi [trn] zu ngi [to]

#14 B Tho dng ny lun nm trn ch. Ch c ch b Tho lin quan n "cy c"

Bi 6. B th - phn 4.

#16 TH B th

#17 KHU

#18 VI

#19 SN

#20 XCH

Ch gc Ngha tay ming

-bao quanh ni

-bc tri

d nh [] V d zhu bu,qup [tro] t nng ln []

jio gi [khiu] tn ta thn [thn] tng nghe [thnh]

gu nc [quc] t v [] qun vng [khuyn]

do hn o [o] lng dy ni [lnh] fng nh [phong]

hng i [hnh] hn rt [ngn] d c

dki m ra [ khai] Kt hp zhuzh bt [tro tr] tgo cao

jiohn ku la [khiu hm] tnc thn t tngzhng ngi nghe [thnh chng]

guj quc t dt a qunz vng trn [khuyn t]

doy o [o t] shnlng dy ni [sn lnh] shnfng nh ni [sn phong]

ynhng ngn hng hn du rt nhiu [ngn a] dod o c

#16 Ch gc ca b Th cng l mt b th. N thng nm bn di hoc bn tri ch: n nm [n] bi ly [bi]

#17 Thng th b Khu khng ng bn tri ch. Xem cc v d sau: mng sh tn [danh] lch s [s]

#19 B Sn c th ng trn hoc di ch: su nm [tu]

yu ni cao [nhc]

Bi 7. B th - phn 5.

#21 THI B th

#22 THC

#23 CU

#24 N

#25 T

Ch gc Ngha xc cht thc n ch n b a nh

wi ui [v] V d j [c] zhn ko di [trin]

fn cm [phn,phn]

gu ch [cu] mo mo [miu]

ni sa [ni] f n b [ph] g c d [c]

sn chu [tn] g c n [c] hi a nh [hi]

i [ng]

zh heo [tr]

wisu theo ui [v tu] Kt hp jmn c dn fzhn pht trin

fndin khch sn [phn im]

gup (ting chi th) [cu th] mojio mo ku [miu khiu] zhru tht heo [tr nhc]

ninai ngoi [ni ni] frn phu nhn gning c nng

Sn Zhngshn Tn Trung Sn gr tr m ci [c nhi] hiz con [hi t]

s cht i [ng t]

#23 Ch gc ca b Cu cng l mt b th, xt v d sau: k khc [khc]

#24 B ny cng c khi nm bn di ch: q v [th] #25 Khng phi lc no b T cng bn tri ch, xt v d sau: xio hiu

Bi 8. B th - phn 6.

#26 M

#27 MCH

#28 HO

#29 PHNG

#30 H

B th

Ch gc Ngha nga t la la vung ca 1 cnh, nh ca

V d

q thc nga [khu] tu lc []]

hng mu [hng] zh giy [ch] x nh nht [t]

li mnh bo [lit] r nng [nhit] zho chiu ri [chiu]

fng th ra [phng] l i chi xa [l] z b tc [tc]

fng cn phng [phng] pin phng dt [bin]

Kt hp

qzh ui i [khu trc] tubi lng lc [ bi]

kuhong son mi [khu hng]

mngli mnh lit rno no nhit [nhit no]

ji(ji) fng gii phng lyu i du lch [l du] mnz dn tc [dn tc]

bo zh t bo,bo ch [bo ch]

fngz thu phng[phng t] pindn n gnh [bin m]

x bo [t bo]

di zho [i chiu]

#26 B M c khi bn di ch c khi bn tri ch, xem v d sau: m mng chi [m]

#28 Ch gc ca b Ho cng l mt b, nm bn tri ch, xem v d sau: dng n [ng] yn khi [yn]

#29 B ny cng c lc nm bn di ch: png cnh [bng]

Bi 9. B th - phn 7.

#31 K B th

#32 NGC

#33 MC

#34 XA

#35 NHT

Ch gc Ngha thn t, t r ngc cy xe mt tri, ngy

l nghi l [l] V d shn thn thnh [thn] z t tin [t]

wng vua [vng] zh ht chu [chu] qi hnh cu [cu]

ln rng cy [lm] sng tng, thng [tng] to cy o [o]

ln bnh xe [lun]

sh thi gian [thi] mng sng [minh] wn chiu [vn]

zhun(zhun) quay [chuyn] ling c xe [lng]

lmo l php [l mo] Kt hp shnhu thn thoi zgu t quc

wnggu vng quc zhnzh trn chu

lnm rng cy [lm mc] sngsh cy thng [tng th] tohu hoa o [o hoa]

gungln vng ho quang [quang lun] zhunhu chuyn ho

xiosh gi [tiu thi] mngbi r rng [minh bch]

d qi tri t [a cu]

sn ling qch wnshng ba chic xe hi chiu ti [vn [tam lng kh xa] thng]

#31 Ch gc ca b ny cng l mt b, v tr bn di ch: jn (jn) cm cn [cm]

#33 B Mc c khi cng ng trn ch: l cy mn [l]

zhu ci bn [trc] #35 B Nht khng phi lc no cng bn tri ch: xng ngi sao [tinh]

chn ma xun [xun]

Bi 10. B th - phn 8.

#36 BI

#37 KIN

#38 NGU

#39 TRUY (TUY, TR)

#40 NGUYT, NHC

B th

Ch gc Ngha v s thy tru

-i chm, ui theo

trng - tht

f gnh vc [ph] V d yun thnh vin [vin] ci tin ti [ti]

gun xem [quan]

sh
nhn [th] ju nhn bit [gic]

w /con vt [vt] m chn nui [mc] t (t) c bit [c]

shu nhn [thu] d k ch [ch]

gn gan [can] png bn [bng]

jio (jio) tu dy [gio] i [thi]

fz ph trch Kt hp fwyun phc v vin cizhng ti chnh

gunnin quan nim

dngw ng vt mchng tri chn nui [mc trng] tdin c im

shuhu thu hoch ddu k ch [ch i] dojio o gio

gndn can m pngyu bng hu hutu bp chn (dm bng) [ho thi]

q sh [k th] gnju cm gic

Bi 11. B th - phn 9.

#41 KHIM B th

#42 NCH

#43 Y

#44 THCH

#45 MC

Ch gc Ngha thiu n

-bnh o qun mt

c th bc [th] hun vui mng [hoan] kun khon tin [khon]

bng bnh j bnh tt [tt] tng au nhc [ng]

b v, hn [b] xi tay o [t] k ci kh [kh]

sh ct [sa] yng cng [ngnh] b ngc bch, xanh bic [bch]

mi lng my [my] yn con mt [nhn] shu gic ng [th]

V d

cx th t Kt hp hunyng hoanh nghnh fkun tr tin [ph khon]

shngbng sinh bnh jk chu kh [tt kh] tutng au u [u ng]

bchng bi thng [b thng] lngxi lnh t

shzh giy nhm [sa ch] yngzu ch ngi cng [ngnh to] bl xanh thm [bch lc]

mimo lng my [mi mao] ynjng mt knh [nhn knh]

nefik qun lt [ni kh]

xingshu bun ng [tng thy]

Bi 12. B th - phn 10.

#46 IN B th

#47 KIM

#48 HO

#49 IU

#50 DNG

Ch gc Ngha cnh ng vng la chim d

din in V d bi chun b [b] li li [lu]

zhn kim [chm] qin tin gu ci ni [oa]

s ring [t] zhng (zhng) loi [chng] qi ma thu [thu]

j con g [k] y con qu [nha] y con vt [p]

yng nui nng [dng] xin thch [tin] qn m ng [qun]

dinhu in thoi Kt hp zhnbi chun b

dzhn tim [ chm] qinbo bp tin [tin bao] hugu ci lu [ho oa] schn ca ring [t sn] fnzhng phn chng loi [phn chng] chnqi Xun Thu

mj g mi [mu k] wy con qu [ nha] yrng lng vt [p nhung] yngshng dng sinh xinm khm phc [tin m] qnzhng qun chng

lixushng du hc sinh [lu hc sinh]

Bi 13. B th - phn 11.

#51 M B th

#52 CHU

#53 TRNG

#54 TRC

#55 V

Ch gc Ngha go thuyn cn trng tre lng v

fn phn V d c to, th [th] tng ng

hng xung, thuyn [hng]

wn mui [vn] fng ong [phong] di bm bm [ip]

f n tn, ba [ph]

ch cnh chim [s] wng

jin
Tu chin (hm)

b ng cy vit [bt] zh xy [trc]

fan thanh thot [phin]

minfn bt m [din phn] Kt hp cco go xay [th tho] bitng ng ct [bch ng]

hngkng hng khng

wnz con mui [vn t] fngm mt ong [phong mt] hdi bm bm [h ip]

ynf nt nhc [m ph] qinb bt ch [duyn bt] jinzh kin trc ch png(png) cnh chim dang rng [x bng]

bngjin chin thuyn [binh hm]

Bi 14. B th - phn 12.

#56 TC B th

#57 V

#58 NG

#59 CT

#60 QU

Ch gc Ngha chn ma c xng qu

po chy [bo] V d l ng i [l] tio nhy [khiu]

xu tuyt li sm [li] x nhu cu [nhu]

l n, chm [l] xin ti,ngon [tin] c su [ngc]

hi xng [hi] su tu (xng) [tu] d s, u lu [c]

ku ng u,u s [khi] hn linh hn [hn] m con ma [ma]

poxi giy chy b [bo hi] Kt hp lbio mc ng [l tiu] tiozo b cht [khiu to]

xixu tuyt ri [h tuyt] litng sm vang [li nh]

L Xn L Tn (tn:nhanh) xinhu hng ti [tin ho]

hig hi ct

kushu trm ng u [khi th]

jsu tu sng [tch hnp tu] hn phch dlu u lu [c lu] ml ma lc

y xyo cn dng [nhu c su [ngc ng] yu]

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