Do An7

Mc lc Mc lc.........................................................................................1 Thut ng vit tt.....................................................................4 Li ni u..................................................................................7 Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor........................9 1.1.
Gii thiu mng cm bin khng dy ..............................9 1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng...............................................10 1.2.1. Mng Ad hoc khng dy...........................................10 1.2.2. Nn tng cng ngh................................................13 1.3. M t h thng...............................................................15 1.3.1. M t h thng tng qut........................................15 1.3.2. H thng WISENET ...................................................17 1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng........................................21 1.4.1. Lp ng dng.............................................................23
1.4.1.1. Giao thc qun l Sensor............................................23 1.4.1.2. Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu .......24 1.4.1.3 Giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu .........25
1.4.2 Lp giao vn ...............................................................25 1.4.3 Lp mng.....................................................................26 1.4.4. Lin kt lin mng......................................................27 1.4.5 Lp lin kt s liu .....................................................28
1.4.5.1 iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn ..............29 1.4.5.2 iu khin sa li........................................................29
1.4.6 Lp vt l....................................................................31 1.5. c im ca mng Wireless Sensor.............................32 1.5.1. Kch thc vt l nh v tiu th cng sut thp........32 1.5.2. Hot ng ng thi vi tp trung cao..............33 1.5.3. Kh nng lin kt vt l v phn cp iu khin hn ch......................................................................................33 1.5.4. Tnh a dng trong thit k v s dng.................33 1.5.5. Hot ng tin cy.....................................................34 1.6. ng dng ca mng Sensor.............................................34 1.6.1. ng dng trong qun s...........................................35 1.6.2. ng dng v mi trng ............................................36 1.6.3. ng dng trong y t..................................................38 1.6.4. ng dng trong gia nh ........................................39 1.6.5. Cc ng dng thng mi khc...................................39 Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor....................42 2.1. Tnh c th ca mng..................................................42 2.1.1. Hn ch phn cng...................................................42 2.1.2. Mi trng hot ng.................................................43 2.1.3. Mi trng truyn dn................................................44
Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT
2.2. S tiu th nng lng........................................................46 2.2.1. Nng lng cho nhim v cm bin............................47 2.2.2. Nng lng cho truyn thng......................................47 2.2.3. Nng lng cho x l....................................................48 2.3. Cc gii php tit kim nng lng....................................48 2.3.1. Gii php nh tuyn..............................................48
2.3.1.1. Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u v nng lng........49 2.3.1.2. Phng php nh tuyn s liu tp trung ...............51 2.3.1.3. Cc giao thc lp mng khc c xut cho mng Sensor...................................................................................... 52
2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn...............58

2.3.2.1. Yu cu vi giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) cho mng sensor...........................................................58 2.3.2.2. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng sensor..........................59 2.3.2.3. Cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng ..............62
2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut..........................................63

2.3.3.1 Thi gian tn ti..........................................................64 2.3.3.2 Pht hin ngun thp "Low Battery" .........................65 2.3.3.3. Cnh bo "Low Battery" .............................................66
2.3.4. Tn dng cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin...........67 Chng III : Phn mm m phng nng lng cho mng Wireless Sensor........................................................................................71 3.1. M hnh ho m phng..................................................71 3.1. M hnh ngun nng lng...............................................71 3.3. Thit k phn mm m phng mng Wireless Sensor. .72 3.3.1. Phn mm NS-2........................................................72 3.3.2. C s pht trin m phng mng Sensor trn nn NS2.......................................................................................... 76 3.3.3. Cc nh dng mi trong NS-2..................................77 3.3.4. Thay i trong NS-2................................................79 3.4. Thit lp m lp trnh m phng...................................81 3.4.1. Thit lp knh hin tng v knh d liu ................81 3.4.2. Thit lp mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon ............................................................................................82 3.4.3. Thit lp cc nt Phenomenon vi giao thc "nh tuyn" Phenom ..................................................................82 3.4.4. Thit lp tc v kiu xung ca Phenomenon.....83 3.4.5. nh hnh nt Sensor...............................................84 3.4.6. Thit lp cc nt Non-Sensor (im thu thp d liu, Gateway).....................................................................85 3.4.7. Gn kt cc tc nhn Sensor..................................86
2.3.1.1. T bo quang in...................................................69 2.3.1.2. Cc ngun nng lng khc...........................................70
3.4.8. Gn kt mt tc nhn UDP v ng dng Sensor cho mi nt ............................................................................... 86 3.4.9. Khi ng ng dng Sensor.....................................87 Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor..............................88 4.1. Mc nh m phng.......................................................88 4.2. Thc hin m phng.......................................................89 4.2.1. M chng trnh........................................................89 4.2.1. Phn tch kt qu...................................................90 4.2. Kt qu...........................................................................92 4.2.1. S tn hao nng lng................................................93 4.2.2. Tc gim nng lng khi tng s nt mng............95 4.2.3. Tc gim nng lng khi mt mng khng i ............................................................................................96 4.2. nh gi............................................................................97 Kt lun.....................................................................................98 Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................99
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

T vit tt ADC AODV API ARC ARQ BER CSMA DSDV DSR FDMA FEC GPS HTTP ISM band LEACH MAC MANET ME MECN MH NAM Ngha ting Anh Analogue/Digital converter Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance- Vector Application program inte rface Adaptive transmitssion rate control automatic repeat request Bit error rate Carrier sense multiple access Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Dynamic Source Routing Frequency division multiple access Forward error correction Global Possition System HyperText Tranffer Protocol Industrial, Scientific and Medical band Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy Medium access control Mobile ad hoc network Minimum energy Minimum energy communication network Minimum hop Network AniMator Ngha ting Vit B chuyn i tng t / s nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo yu cu tm thi H giao tip lp trnh ng dng iu khin tc truyn dn thch ng C ch sa li bng yu cu lp li t ng T l li bit a truy nhp theo cm bin lu lng nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch tun t Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s C ch sa li trc H thng nh v ton cu Giao thc truyn siu vn bn Di tn s dng cho cc ng dng cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc Phn cp cm thch ng vi nng lng thp iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn Mng di ng ad hoc (tm thi, khng c c s h tng) Nng lng tiu th cc tiu Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu S bc nhy cc tiu M t mng bng hnh nh
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NS-2 Otcl PA QoS REQ RERR RREP RREQ RS-232 SAR SMECN SMACS SMP SPIN Network Simulator version 2 Object-oriented tool command language Power available Quality of service Request message Route error packet Route reply packet Route request packet Serial Radio Link - 232 Sequential assignment routing Small minimum energy communication network Self Organizing MAC for Sensor network Sensor management protocol Sensor protocols for information via negotiation Sensor query and data dissemination protocol Structure Query Language Sensor query and tasking language Scalable Simulation Framework Task assignment and data advertisement protocol Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Time division multiple access Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm ng Phn mm m phng mng phin bn2 Ngn ng iu khin bng lnh hng i tng Mc nng lng hin ti Cht lng dch v Bn tin yu cu Gi bo li tuyn Gi p ng yu cu tuyn Gi yu cu tuyn Lin kt v tuyn ni tip theo chun RS-232 nh tuyn ch nh lin tc Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu loi nh Giao thc MAC t t chc cho mng sensor Giao thc qun l sensor Cc giao thc thng tin sensor thng qua tha thun Giao thc truy vn sensor v ph bin s liu Ngn ng truy vn theo cu trc Ngn ng truy vn v t nhim v sensor C cu m phng m rng Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu Giao thc iu khin truyn dn/giao thc Internet a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng tun t theo thi
SQDDP SQL SQTL SSF TADAP
TCP/IP TDMA TORA
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gian WINS Wireless Integrated Mng cc thit b cm bin network sensors tch hp thit b thu pht khng dy WISENET WIreless SEnsor NETwork H thng mng sensor khng dy WISENET WLAN Wireless local area Mng cc b khng dy network WSN Wireless sensor network Mng cm bin khng dy
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vi mch in t v vin thng c bit l trong lnh vc v tuyn em li nhiu ng dng mi, cho php chng ta c th d dng thu thp thng tin bt k iu kin v vng a l no. C nhiu phng php khc nhau cho php chng ta thu thp thng tin trong mng Wireless Sensor hin ang c dng ph bin trn th gii v ang dn xm nhp vo nc ta. C nhiu vn t ra cho mng Wireless Sensor nh vn nng lng, vn ng b sensor, vn m rng mng... Nng lng lun l yu t quan trng ca tt c cc loi mng. Vi mng Wireless Sensor do tnh c th ca mng l hn ch v phn cng v ng dng nhiu vng a l phc tp nn vn nng lng cng tr ln quan trng. Trc thc t ny, c s nh hng v ch dn ca Tin s inh Vn Dng, phng Nghin cu Pht trin Dch v mi v T ng ha, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in, em chn ti n: Vn nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor v nh gi bng m phng. Mc ch ca n ny l tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor, t a ra cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong mng v tn dng cc ngun nng lng sch trong t nhin. n gm 4 chng: 1 - Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor 2 - Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor 3 - Chng III : Phn mm m phng cho mng Wireless Sensor 4 - Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor Do cn hn ch v kin thc v nng lc nn n khng trnh khi thiu st. Mong c s gp ca thy c v bn b. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS. inh Vn Dng, phng Nghin cu Pht trin Dch v mi v T ng ha, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in, hng dn em v chuyn mn cng nh phng php lm vic em c th hon thnh n. Qua y, em cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy, cc c trong Khoa Vin Thng I, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh - Vin thng gip , to iu kin cho em hon thnh n ny.
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H Ni ngy 31 thng 10 nm 2005 Sinh vin Phan Vit Thi
n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor
Chng I : Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor 1.1. Gii thiu mng cm bin khng dy
Cc thit b cm bin (Sensor) c kt ni thnh mng, phi hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v vi quy m ln, c t nhiu hy vng nhm cch mng ha trong lnh vc thu thp thng tin bt k iu kin v vng a l no. Mng cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor Network) bao gm mt tp hp cc thit b cm bin s dng cc lin kt khng dy (v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc quang hc) phi hp thc hin cc nhim v cm bin phn tn v i tng mc tiu. Mng ny c th lin kt trc tip vi nt qun l ca gim st vin hay gin tip thng qua mt im thu (Sink) v mi trng mng cng cng nh Internet hay v tinh. Cc nt Sensor khng dy c th c trin khai cho cc mc ch chuyn dng nh gim st v an ninh; kim tra mi trng; to ra khng gian thng minh; kho st, chnh xc ha trong nng nghip; y t;... Li th ch yu ca chng l kh nng trin khai hu nh trong bt k loi hnh a l no k c cc mi trng nguy him khng th s dng mng Sensor c dy truyn thng c. Vic kt hp cc b cm bin thnh mng li ngy nay to ra nhiu kh nng mi cho con ngi. Cc b vi cm bin vi b x l gn trong v cc thit b v tuyn hon ton c th gn trong mt kch thc rt nh. Chng c th hot ng trong mt mi trng dy c vi kh nng x l tc cao. Do , vi mng cm bin khng dy ngy nay, ngi ta c th khm ph nhiu hin tng rt kh thy trc y. Ngy nay, cc mng cm bin khng dy c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh cc cu trc chng li a chn, nghin cu vi sinh vt bin, gim st vic chuyn ch cc cht gy nhim, kim tra h sinh thi v mi trng sinh vt phc tp...
1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng

Vic pht trin mng Wireless Sensor da trn cng ngh mng Ad hoc khng dy v c thc y bi hai yu t l nhu cu ng dng v cc tin b cng ngh. 1.2.1. Mng Ad hoc khng dy Mng Ad hoc khng dy l kiu mng khng c c s h tng nn tng, c trin khai cho cc mc ch s dng tm thi cn thit lp nhanh chng, thun tin nh tm kim v cu h, phc v lin lc cho cc thnh vin trong mt cuc hp,.v.v. Mng Ad hoc khng cn cc thnh phn c s h tng nh tng i, trm thu pht gc hay bt k mt trung tm iu khin no. Tt c cc nt di ng trong mng Ad hoc c lin kt ng vi nhau mt cch tu , khng c bt k s iu khin no t bn ngoi. Tt c cc nt ny u c th hot ng nh mt b nh tuyn nh kh nng tm v duy tr tuyn ti cc nt khc trong mng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad hoc c th chia thnh hai loi: - Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng: mi nt mng s duy tr v cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ti mi nt mng khc. - Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu: Vic nh tuyn ch c thc hin khi c yu cu chuyn gi, nh c ch tm ng. Hin nay c bn giao thc nh tuyn c s dng trong mng Ad hoc: a) nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch tun t Trong nh tuyn theo chui ch hng vi ch tun t (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector - DSDV), mi trm di ng u c mt bng nh tuyn trong ghi cc ch hin ti, s cc bc nhy n c ch v s th t c gn cho nt ch. S th t ny c s dng phn bit cc tuyn v nh vy trnh c s hnh thnh cc vng lp. Cc trm nh k gi bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc nt ln cn ca n. Mt trm cng gi bng nh tuyn nu mt thay i ng k trong bng so vi ln gi cp nht cui cng c pht hin. Nh vy, vic cp nht c thc hin c theo thi gian v theo s kin.
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Cc bng nh tuyn c th c gi cp nht theo hai cch: chuyn ton b (full dump) hay cp nht phn gia tng. Theo cch chuyn ton b, bng nh tuyn s c gi trn vn n cc nt ln cn v n c th bao gm nhiu gi tin. Ngc li, theo cch cp nht phn gia tng, ch nhng mc ghi mi ca bng nh tuyn so vi ln cp nht cui cng mi c gi i v phi va trong mt gi tin. Khi mng tng i n nh, cc gi cp nht phn gia tng c s dng trnh vic lu lng tng cao v vic chuyn ton b (full dump) t c s dng hn. Trong cc mng thay i nhanh, s lng cc gi cp nht phn gia tng c th tr ln rt ln nn vic chuyn ton b bng c thc hin thng xuyn hn. b) nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng tun t theo thi gian nh tuyn bng thut ton tm ng tun t theo thi gian (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm - TORA) l mt giao thc nh tuyn trn c s mt thut ton o lin kt (Link Reversal). N c thit k tm cc tuyn ng theo yu cu, cung cp nhiu tuyn ti mt ch, thit lp tuyn nhanh v gim ti mc ti thiu phn ph ti (overhead) bng thut ton khoanh vng chng li cc thay i v hnh trng mng c th sy ra. Vic ti u nh tuyn (tm ng ngn nht) c coi l th yu v vic nh tuyn vi cc ng di hn c s dng thng xuyn trnh phn ph ti khi tm ng mi. Hot ng ca giao thc TORA c hnh dung ging nh a nc chy dc xung qua mt mng cc ng ng v hng ti mt im ch. Cc ng ng m t cc lin kt gia cc nt mng, cc im ni cc ng ng ny m t cc nt mng v nc chy trong cc ng m t cc gi tin c nh tuyn hng ti ch. Mi nt c mt cao so vi ch c tnh ton bi giao thc nh tuyn v cao gim dn trn tuyn, nh vy c th chuyn gi tin mt cch tun t ti ch. c) Giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng im c bn ca giao thc nh tuyn ngun ng ( Dynamic Source Routing - DSR) l vic s dng nh tuyn ngun. Tc l, ni gi nhn bit c hon ton tuyn ng gm cc lin kt dn
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ti ch. Cc tuyn ng ny c lu trong b nh nh tuyn (Route Cache). Cc gi d liu mang theo thng tin nh tuyn ngun trong tiu gi. Khi mt nt trong mng Ad hoc mun gi mt gi tin ti mt ch m n cha nhn bit c tuyn ng, n s s dng mt tin trnh tm ng (Route Discovery) xc nh mt tuyn. Tin trnh tm ng s gi trn lan vo trong mng cc gi yu cu tuyn (Route Request-RREQ). Mi nt nhn c RREQ li tip tc qung b n, tr khi nt l nt ch hoc c mt tuyn ti ch c lu trong b nh nh tuyn. Cc nt ny tr li cc gi RREQ bng cc gi hi m nh tuyn (Route Reply-RREP). Cc gi ny c nh tuyn tr li ngun. Cc gi RREQ v RREP cng c nh tuyn theo ngun. Cc gi RREQ lp ln mt tuyn xuyn qua mng. Gi RREP nh tuyn tr li ngun bng cch i ngc tr li theo tuyn ng ny. Thng tin v tuyn c mang tr li bng gi RREP v c lu ti ngun s dng. Nu mt lin kt trn mt tuyn b s c, nt ngun c thng bo bng mt gi li (Route Error-RERR). Ngun s xo tuyn ny trong b nh nh tuyn v bt u mt tin trnh tm ng mi nu tuyn ny cn cn thit. Trong DSR khng cn mt c ch c bit no pht hin cc vng lp nh tuyn. d) nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo yu cu tm thi nh tuyn da vo chui ch hng theo yu cu tm thi (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance- Vector Routing - AODV) c im ging DSR l n cng tm cc ng c yu cu thng qua mt bng mt tin trnh tm ng tng t. Tuy nhin, AODV s dng mt c ch rt khc lu gi thng tin nh tuyn. N s dng cc bng nh tuyn truyn thng, mi mc l mt ch. y l im ngc li DSR (DSR c th lu gi nhiu mc cho mi ch). Khng c nh tuyn ngun, AODV da vo cc mc trong bng nh tuyn truyn mt RREP tr v ngun v sau ,c s dng nh tuyn cc gi s liu c ti ch. AODV s dng cc s th t c lu ti mi ch xc nh tnh mi ca thng tin nh tuyn v chng li cc vng lp nh tuyn. Tt c cc gi u mang theo cc s th t ny.
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Mt c im quan trng ca AODV l lu gi cc trng thi nh gi cn bn trong mi nt tn dng cc mc trong bng nh tuyn n. Mt mc trong bng nh tuyn c th b xo nu n khng c s dng trong thi gian gn. Giao thc DSDV l giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, cc giao thc DSR, TORA, AODV thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu. 1.2.2. Nn tng cng ngh Cc tin b trong cng ngh ch to cc thit b in t rt nh gi r vi cng sut thp v phn ha chc nng cao, cc bc tin trong cng ngh mng khng dy v trong lnh vc vi iu khin to ra tim nng to ln trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp d liu. Vic s dng cc b vi iu khin cng sut thp tch hp khi thu pht v tuyn v cc thit b cm bin tng t, s khc nhau cho php mt mng cc thit b cm bin khng dy hot ng bng ngun acquy c th thu thp d liu v mi trng trong phm vi ln. D liu ny c th c ti n mt my tnh v c lu trong c s d liu. Sau , c th c phn tch thng qua mt phn mm ng dng. Kt qu c th c truy xut trc tip hoc bi mt trnh duyt Web chun bt c u trn Internet. Cc mng Sensor ngy nay c nhng ci tin ng k so vi cc Sensor truyn thng theo hai hng: - Cc Sensor c th t xa hin tng tc l cc thng tin v hin tng c c nh nng lc cm bin v phn tch. Theo hng ny, yu cu cc Sensor ln s dng mt s k thut phc tp nhn bit c cc ch t cc tp m mi trng khong cch xa. - Nhiu Sensor ch yu ch hot ng cm bin c trin khai. V tr cc Sensor v hnh trng thng tin c tnh ton cn thn. Chng c lin kt thnh mt mng truyn thng tin v cc din bin ca hin tng c thm d ti cc nt trung tm, ni tip nhn v x l d liu. Mt mng Sensor bao gm mt s lng ln cc nt c trin khai dy c bn trong i tng cn thm d hoc rt gn n. V tr ca cc Sensor phi khng cn nh trc. iu ny cho php trin khai
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ngu nhin trong cc vng khng th tip cn hoc trong cc hot ng trnh s nguy him. iu ny cng c ngha l cc thut ton v giao thc phi c kh nng t t chc. Mt c trng na ca mng Sensor l kh nng cng tc ca cc Sensor. Cc Nt Sensor phi c b x l gn trong. Thay v chuyn cc d liu th n cc nt c nhim v x l, cc nt Sensor s s dng kh nng tnh ton ca n thc hin cc x l n gin v ch chuyn i cc d liu c yu cu v qua x l s b. Cc c im trn a n mt phm vi ng dng ln ca mng Sensor. Mt s lnh vc c ng dng l y t, qun s v an ninh. V d nh cc bc s s kim tra t xa cc d liu v sinh l bnh nhn. iu ny va thun tin cho bnh nhn va gip cc bc s hiu r hn v tnh trng bnh nhn. Mng Sensor cn c s dng pht hin cc tc nhn ha hc trong khng kh v nc. Chng gip ch ra kiu, s c li v v tr ca cc cht. V c bn, cc mng Sensor cung cp cho ngi s dng s hiu tt hn, thng minh hn v mi trng. Chng ta c th thy rng trong tng lai, cc mng wireles Sensor s l mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng, ging nh my tnh c nhn hin nay. Cc ng dng thc t ca mng Sensor yu cu phi s dng cng ngh mng Wireless Ad hoc. Mc d vy, c nhiu thut ton v giao thc c s dng cho cc mng Wireless Ad hoc truyn thng nhng chng khng ph hp lm vi cc c tnh v yu cu ng dng ca mng Sensor, minh ho im ny, s khc nhau gia mng Sensor v mng Wireless Ad hoc c c phc ho di y : S lng nt Sensor trong mng Sensor c th c yu cu Cc nt Sensor c trin khai vi mt ln hn. Cc nt Sensor thng gp trc trc Hnh trng mng Sensor thay i rt thng xuyn. Cc nt Sensor thng s dng m hnh thng tin qung b ngmc ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc mng Ad hoc.
c li cc mng Ad hoc s dng truyn thng im- im.
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Cc nt Sensor c hn ch v cng xut, kh nng tnh ton v Cc nt Sensor c th khng c nhn dng ton cc do s lng
b nh. nt Sensor ln. V mt s lng ln nt Sensor c trin khai dy c nn cc nt ln cn c th rt gn nhau. Do , truyn thng a lin kt (Multihop) c chn cng sut s dng thp hn so vi truyn thng n lin kt truyn thng (Single hop).Hn na, cng sut truyn dn c th gi mc thp, iu ny rt cn cho cc hot ng ngm. Truyn thng a lin kt cn c mt s hiu qu truyn tn hiu tt hn so vi truyn thng khong cch xa. Mt hn ch quan trng nht ca cc nt Sensor l yu cu phi ti thiu cng sut tiu th. Cc nt Sensor ch tch tr c ngun nng lng hn ch v khng c thay th. V vy, trong khi cc mng truyn thng lun t mc tiu cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) cao th cc giao thc trong mng Sensor phi ch trng n s bo tn ngun nng lng. Ngi s dng phi chn gia tui th ca mng vi hn ch v thng lng hay tr truyn dn ln.
1.3. M t h thng
1.3.1. M t h thng tng qut Cc nt Sensor c trin khai trong mt trng Sensor (Sensor field) c minh ha trn hnh 1.1. Mi nt Sensor c pht tn c kh nng thu thp thng s liu, nh tuyn s liu v b thu nhn (Sink) chuyn ti ngi dng (User) v nh tuyn cc bn tin mang theo lnh hay yu cu t nt Sink n cc nt Sensor. S liu c nh tuyn v pha b thu nhn (nt Sink) theo cu trc a lin kt khng c c s h tng nn tng (Multihop Infrastructureless Architecture), tc l khng c cc trm thu pht gc hay cc trung tm iu khin, nh trong hnh 1.1. B thu nhn c th lin lc trc tip vi trm iu hnh (Task Manager Node) ca ngi dng hoc gin tip thng qua Internet hay v tinh (Satellite).
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Hnh 1.1: M hnh trin khai cc nt Sensor Mt nt Sensor c to ln t bn thnh phn c bn l: b cm bin, b x l, b thu pht khng dy v ngun. Tu theo ng dng c th, nt Sensor cn c th c cc thnh phn b xung nh h thng tm v tr, b sinh nng lng v thit b di ng. Cc thnh phn trong mt nt Sensor c minh ho trn hnh 1.2. B cm bin thng thng gm hai n v thnh phn l thit b cm bin (Sensor) v b chuyn i tng t / s (ADC). Cc tn hiu tng t c c t cc Sensor trn c s cm bin cc hin tng c chuyn sang tn hiu s bng b chuyn i ADC, ri mi c a ti b x l. B x l, thng kt hp vi mt b nh nh, phn tch thng tin cm bin v qun l cc th tc cng tc vi cc nt khc phi hp thc hin nhim v. B thu pht m bo thng tin gia nt Sensor v mng bng kt ni khng dy, c th l v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc bng tn hiu quang. Mt thnh phn quan trng ca nt Sensor l b ngun. B ngun, c th l pin hoc acquy, cung cp nng lng cho nt Sensor v khng thay th c nn ngun nng lng ca nt thng l gii hn. B ngun c th c h tr bi cc thit b sinh nng lng, v d nh cc tm pin mt tri nh. Hu ht cc cng ngh nh tuyn trong mng Sensor v cc nhim v cm bin yu cu phi c s nhn bit v v tr vi chnh xc cao. Do , cc nt Sensor thng phi c h thng tm v tr. Cc thit b di ng i khi cng cn thit di chuyn
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cc nt Sensor theo yu cu m bo cc nhim v c phn cng.
H thng tm v tr B cm bin Sens ADC or B x l Thit b x l Thit b nh
Thit b di ng
B thu pht B sinh nng l ng
B ngun
Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn ca nt Sensor minh ho r hn v mng Sensor khng dy trong thc t, phn tip sau y s gii thiu mt h thng mng Sensor in hnh. l h thng WISENET. 1.3.2. H thng WISENET a) Gii thiu h thng WISENET WISENET (Wireless Sensor NETwork) l h thng thu nhn d liu v mi trng nh nh sng, nhit v m t mt mng gm cc thit b cm bin khng dy cng sut thp c gi l cc ht cm bin (Sensor motes). D liu ny c chuyn ti mt my ch v c lu trong mt c s d liu. Mt chng trnh Web s nhn d liu phn tch v hin th trn trnh duyt Web. Mi ht Sensor c tch hp bi mt vi iu khin, mt b thu pht v tuyn, cc phn t cm bin mi trng v ngun nui. Mt h iu hnh thi gian thc c gi l TinyOS (Tiny Operation System) c s dng ti thiu cng sut tiu th m vn cung cp kh nng iu ch cng sut cao v cho php cc hot ng tp trung ng thi. b) S h thng WISENET
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H thng WISENET gm hai h thng con chnh l phn tch s liu (Data Analysis Subsystem) v thu nhn s liu (Data Acquisition Subsystem), ba thnh phn chnh l trm ch (Server), trm ngi dng (Client) v mng cc ht Sensor (Sensor mote network).
Hnh 1.3; S h thng WISENET Cc h thng con chnh l: - H thng con phn tch s liu: H thng con ny ch gm phn mm . N da trn c s h tng Internet v Web hin ti (HTTP) truyn thng tin gia my tnh ch (Server) v my truy cp (Client). Nhim v ca h thng con ny l chn ly cc d liu mi trng thch hp cha c x l, c c nh h thng thu nhn d liu, phn tch v gi kt qu n ngi dng theo yu cu. - H thng thu nhn s liu: Mc ch ca h thng con ny thu thp s liu mi trng v lu tr trong c s d liu sau h thng phn tch s x l. H thng con bao gm mng cc Sensor c kt hp vi my tnh ch c ci t phn mm h thng (TinyOS Daemon). Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng bao gm: - Trm ngi dng (Client): Client l thnh phn cn thit nhng l thnh phn bn ngoi. C ngha l ch cn Client l bt c my tnh no c trnh duyt Web (Web browser) v c ni mng
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Internet. N ch ng vai tr l giao din ca ngi s dng i vi h thng phn tch s liu. N a ra yu cu s liu ca ngi s dng vi trm ch v thu ly cc s liu yu cu. Trm ch (Server): y l thnh phn then cht ca h thng, l mi lin lc gia hai h thng con thu nhn v phn tch s liu. V mt phn tch s liu n l mt my ch HTTP (HTTP Server) mang mt ng dng Web (Web program). Khi nhn c mt yu cu v trang Web, my ch HTTP gi ng dng Web ny nhn s liu t c s d liu (SQL Database), phn tch v a li trang theo yu cu n my tnh ngi dng (Client). V pha h thng thu nhn d liu, c mt trnh tin ch hot ng ngm (Daemon) c gi l wiseDB trao i thng tin d dng vi mng Sensor. WiseDB m nhn vic gi cc lnh qua lin kt ni tip R232 n cng giao tip (gateway mote) chuyn ti mng Sensor. N cng m nhn vic thu thp s liu t mng Sensor (cng thng qua gateway mote). S liu a n c x l rt t v c chuyn vo c s d liu. Nh vy, c s d liu SQL l cu ni gia hai h thng thu nhn v x l s liu. V c s d liu SQL lin lc thng qua TCP/IP nn ch trm ch HTTP v chng trnh Web cn phi c t trong cng mt t chc vt l. Trm ch HTTP, c s d liu SQL, wiseDB c th t trong cc t chc vt l khc nhau v kt ni thng qua Internet. Trnh t hot ng ca Server c tm tt nh sau: Clien t yu cu s liu vi cc i u kin Nhn s To liu t c trang s d Web vi liu, tu d theo rng liu buc ca c trm yu khch cu Hnh 1.4: Trnh t hot ng ca Server Kim tra cc tham s iu kin hp l. Gi trang Web n Clien t.
Mng cc ht Sensor: Mng cc Sensor l thnh phn trng tm ca h thng. Cc Sensor m nhn vic thu thp s liu mi trng v chuyn cc s liu ny n trm ch. N cn phi nhn cc lnh t trm ch, c th l yu cu v s liu hay ti chng trnh mi. C hai phn t thuc thnh phn ny. Th nht l cc ht thng thng
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(Standard mote). Cc ht ny c nhim thu thp cc thng tin cm bin t mi trng, bao gm nh sng, nhit , m v truyn cc s liu ny n gateway. Chng truyn thng tin qua lin kt v tuyn cng sut thp di tn ISM 900 MHz v m bo tt c cc gi u c a ti Gateway. Chng cn c phn cng hiu chnh v gim st cng sut ngun. Ht cng (Gateway mote) l phn t th hai ca mng Sensor motes. Mc ch chnh ca n l lin lc gia trm ch v mng Sensor qua lin kt v tuyn RS-232 v chuyn tt c cc gi s liu ti WiseDB. C hai phn t Standard mote v Gateway mote u c cng phn cng v phn mm, chng ch khc nhau v chc nng.
Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn trong ht Sensor gm: Cc thnh phn trong ht Sensor c minh ho trn hnh 1.5, bao gm: - Cc Sensor cm bin nh sng, m, nhit (Light, Humidity, Temp); cc LED trng thi. - Mch thu pht v tuyn, mch giao tip RS-232 (UARTS), cc b chuyn tng t-s (ADC), vi x l li 8051, b nh SRAM v FLASH (cha h iu hnh TinyOS, phn mm) c tch hp trn vi mch CC1010.
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- Phn mm h thng (drivers) giao tip RS-232 (ch trong gateway), b thu pht v tuyn v antent. -B ngun nui (gm acquy, mch gim st ngun). c) Cc tiu chun c p dng * Giao thc truyn siu vn bn (HTTP). * Ngn ng truy vn theo cu trc (SQL). * Lin kt v tuyn ni tip RS-232. * Lin kt ni tip vi iu khin (I2C). * Quy nh FCC (di tn cng nghip, khoa hc, y t ISM).
1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng

Ngn xp giao thc c s dng trong b thu nhn (nt Sink) v tt c cc nt Sensor c minh ha trong hnh 1.6. Ngn xp giao thc ny phi hp cc tnh ton v nh tuyn v nng lng, kt hp s liu vi cc giao thc mng, truyn tin vi hiu qu v nng lng thng qua mi trng khng dy v tng cng s hp tc gia cc nt Sensor. Ngn xp giao thc bao gm lp ng dng (Application Layer), lp giao vn (Transport Layer), lp mng (Network Layer), lp lin kt s liu (Datalink Layer), lp vt l (Physical Layer), mt bng qun l nng lng (Power Management Plane), mt bng qun l di ng (Mobility Management Plane) v mt bng qun l nhim v (Task Management Plane).
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Hnh 1.6: Ngn xp giao thc mng Sensor Tu theo nhim v cm bin, cc kiu phn mm ng dng c th c xy dng v s dng trn lp ng dng. Lp giao vn gip duy tr dng s liu khi cc ng dng ca mng Sensor yu cu. Lp mng tp trung vo vic nh tuyn s liu c cung cp bi lp giao vn. Do mi trng c nhiu v cc nt Sensor c th di ng c, giao thc MAC phi c tnh ton v nng lng v ti thiu ha va chm trong vic pht qung b vi cc nt ln cn . Lp vt l s dng cc k thut iu ch, truyn v nhn cn thit n gin nhng mnh m. Thm vo , cc mt bng qun l nng lng, di ng v nhim v iu khin s phn phi nng lng, phi hp di chuyn v nhim v gia cc nt Sensor. Cc mt bng ny gip cho cc nt Sensor c th phi hp trong nhim v cm bin v gim c tng nng lng tiu th. Mt bng qun l nng lng qun l vic mt nt Sensor s dng nng lng ca n nh th no. V d, nt Sensor c th tt b phn nhn sau khi nhn mt bn tin t mt trong cc nt ln cn. iu ny c th trnh c vic nhn bn tin ti hai ln. Ngoi ra, khi mc nng lng ca nt Sensor thp, nt Sensor s thng bo ti tt c cc nt ln cn rng mc nng lng thp ca n thp nn n khng th tham gia vo vic nh tuyn cho cc bn tin. Nng lng cn li
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c d tr cho vic cm bin. Mt bng qun l di ng d tm v ghi li chuyn ng ca nt Sensor, v th mt tuyn ng hng ti nt user lun c duy tr v cc nt Sensor c th theo di c cc nt Sensor ln cn. Vi vic nhn bit c cc nt Sensor ln cn, nt Sensor c th cn bng gia nhim v v nng lng s dng. Mt bng qun l nhim v cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin cho mt vng c th. Khng phi tt c cc Sensor trong vng c yu cu thc nhim v cm nhn ti cng mt thi im. Kt qu l mt vi nt Sensor thc hin nhim v nhiu hn cc nt khc tu theo mc nng lng ca chng. Nhng mt qun l ny rt cn thit, nh vy, cc nt Sensor c th lm vic cng vi nhau c hiu qu v mt nng lng, c th nh tuyn s liu trong mt mng Sensor di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc nt Sensor. Nu khng, mi nt Sensor s ch lm vic mt cch n l. Xut pht quan im xem xt trong ton mng Sensor, s hiu qu hn nu cc nt Sensor c th hot ng hp tc vi nhau, nh th cng c th ko di tui th ca mng. 1.4.1. Lp ng dng Mc d nhiu lnh vc ng dng cho mng Sensor c vch r v c xut, cc giao thc lp ng dng cn tim tng cho mng Sensor vn cn l mt vng rng ln cha c khm ph. Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st ba giao thc lp ng dng quan trng l giao thc qun l Sensor (Sensor Management Protocol-SMP), giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu (Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol-TADAP), giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu (Sensor Query and Data Dissemination ProtocolSQDDP), rt cn thit cho mng Sensor trn c s nhng s c xut c lin quan ti nhng lp khc v cc lnh vc ng dng mng Sensor. Tt c cc giao thc lp ng dng ny u l nhng vn nghin cu c tnh m. 1.4.1.1. Giao thc qun l Sensor Vic thit k mt giao thc qun l lp ng dng c nhiu thun li. Mng Sensor c nhiu lnh vc ng dng khc nhau v vic truy nhp n cc Sensor thng qua cc mng nh Internet c nh hPhan Vit Thi, D2001VT
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ng trong mt s cc d n hin nay. Mt giao thc qun l lp ng dng lm cho phn cng v phn mm ca cc lp thp tr ln trong sut vi cc ng dng qun l mng Sensor. Tc l, vic s dng cc phn cng v phn mm no cho lp thp khng nh hng ti hot ng ca cc ng dng qun l mng Sensor. Cc nh qun tr h thng tc ng ti mng Sensor nh s dng SMP. Khng nh nhiu mng khc, mng Sensor bao gm cc nt khng c cc s nhn dng ID (IDentify ) ton cc v chng thng khng c c s h tng mng. V th SMP cn phi truy nhp ti cc nt bng cch s dng t tn thuc tnh c s v nh a ch v tr c s. SMP l mt giao thc qun l cung cp hot ng phn mm cn thit thc hin nhim v qun tr mng sau: - a ra cc quy tc lin quan ti vic tp hp s liu, t tn thuc tnh c s, tp hp cc nhm nt Sensor thnh cm. - Trao i s liu lin quan ti cc thut ton tm v tr - ng b thi gian cho cc nt Sensor - Di chuyn cc nt Sensor - Bt v tt cc nt Sensor - Truy vn cu hnh mng Sensor v trng thi nt, nh dng li cu hnh mng Sensor - Xc nhn, phn phi kho v bo mt trong truyn thng s liu 1.4.1.2. Giao thc phn nhim v v qung co s liu Mt hot ng quan trng khc trong mng Sensor l ph bin yu cu v s liu. Ngi s dng c th gi yu cu ny ti mt nt Sensor, ti mt mng con hoc ti ton mng. Yu cu ny c th l v mt thuc tnh no ca hin tng mc tiu hoc mt s kin ng quan tm. Sau , cc Sensor lin quan s gi cc s liu c yu cu ti ngi s dng. Mt phng php khc l qung co cc s liu c sn. Trong phng php ny, cc nt Sensor qung co cc s liu c sn cho ngi dng v truy vn ngi s dng v s liu m h
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quan tm ti . Mt giao thc lp ng dng cung cp cho ngi dng phn mm vi giao din cho vic truyn t yu cu h tr rt hiu qu cho cc hot ng ca lp thp hn, nh nh tuyn 1.4.1.3 Giao thc truy vn Sensor v ph bin s liu SQDDP cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng ng dng bao gm giao din truy vn, phn hi truy vn v thu thp phn hi gi ti. Cn lu rng hu ht cc truy vn khng c a ra cho tng nt ring. Thay vo , vic t tn thuc tnh c s v v tr c s c s dng nhiu hn. V d: v tr ca nhng nt m cm bin c nhit cao hn 70 F l mt truy vn thuc tnh c s. Tng t nh vy, nhit c ra bi nhng nt trong vng A l mt v d t tn v tr c s. Ngn ng truy vn v t nhim v Sensor (Sensor Query And Tasking Language-SQTL) l mt ng dng cung cp mt tp hp ln dch v. SQTL h tr ba loi s kin c nh ngha bng t kha receive, every and expire. T kha receive nh ngha cc s kin c to ra bi nt Sensor khi nt Sensor nhn c mt bn tin (Message); t kha Every nh ngha cc s kin xy ra nh k theo mt b nh thi gian (Timer), t kha Expire nh ngha cc s kin xy ra khi mt b nh thi gian khng cn hiu lc. Nu mt nt Sensor nhn c mt thng bo dnh cho n v bao gm mt on m lnh, nt Sensor s thc hin on lnh . Ngoi SQTL, cc loi SQDDP khc c th pht trin cho nhng ng dng khc nhau. Cc SQDDP c th c s dng duy nht cho tng ng dng. 1.4.2 Lp giao vn Lp giao vn cung cp cc dch v t chc lin lc u cui t cc nt Sensor c bo co cn chuyn ti nt thu nhn (Sink) v nt ngi s dng. Lp giao vn c bit cn thit khi h thng c k hoch truy nhp thng qua Internet hoc nhng mng bn ngoi khc. Giao thc TCP vi c ch ca s truyn dn cha ph hp vi c trng ca mi trng mng Sensor hin nay. Do , vic thit lp mt lin kt u cui t cc nt Sensor trc tip n nt qun l ca ngi s dng l khng hiu qu. Phng php phn tch TCP l cn
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thit mng Sensor tng tc vi cc mng khc v d nh Internet. Trong phng php ny, kt ni TCP c s dng lin lc gia nt qun l ca ngi s dng v nt thu nhn (Sink) v mt giao thc lp giao vn ph hp vi mi trng mng Sensor c s dng cho truyn thng gia nt thu nhn v cc nt Sensor. Kt qu l truyn thng gia nt ngi s dng v nt thu nhn c th s dng giao UDP hoc TCP thng qua Internet hoc qua v tinh. Mt khc, vic truyn thng gia nt thu nhn v cc nt Sensor ch s dng hon ton cc giao thc kiu nh UDP, bi v cc nt Sensor c b nh hn ch. Khng ging cc giao thc kiu nh TCP, cc phng php truyn thng u cui (end to end) trong mng Sensor khng a ch ton cc. Cc phng php ny da trn vic t tn thuc tnh c s ch ra im ch ca gi s liu. Cc nhn t nh tiu th nng lng, kh nng m rng v cc c trng nh nh tuyn tp trung s liu khin cho mng Sensor cn phi c nhng c ch khc trong lp giao vn. Yu cu ny nhn mnh s cn thit ca nhng loi giao thc mi lp giao vn. 1.4.3 Lp mng Cc nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng gn hoc ngay bn trong cc hin tng mc tiu nh trong hnh 1.1. Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy a bc ph hp gia nt Sensor v nt Sink l cn thit. K thut nh tuyn trong mng ad-hoc thng thng khng ph hp nhng yu cu ca mng Sensor. Lp mng ca mng Sensor c thit k theo nhng nguyn tc sau : - Hiu sut nng lng lun l yu t quan trng - Hu ht cc mng Sensor l s liu tp trung - Vic tp hp s liu ch c thc thi khi n khng cn tr hot ng hp tc ca cc nt Sensor . - Mt mng Sensor l tng phi nhn bit c vic nh a ch thuc tnh c s v v tr.
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1.4.4. Lin kt lin mng Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lp mng l cung cp s lin kt mng vi cc mng bn ngoi nh cc mng Sensor khc, cc h thng pht lnh v iu khin hay Internet. Trong mt m hnh mng, cc nt Sink c s dng nh mt cng (Gateway) n cc mng khc. Trong mt m hnh mng khc, mt ng trc c to ra bng vic kt ni cc nt Sink vi nhau v ng trc ny c truy nhp ti cc mng khc thng qua mt Gateway.
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Cc giao thc SMECN Trn
M t giao thc To mt lc con ca mng Sensor gm ng ME Qung b s liu ti tt c cc nt ln cn m khng quan tm n vic chng nhn n hay cha
Dy truyn SPIN SAR
Gi s liu ti mt nt ln cn c la chn ngu nhin Ch gi cc s liu ti cc nt Sensor nu chng c yu cu; c 3 loi bn tin : ADV, REQ v DATA To nhnh nhiu nhnh cy vi gc ca mi nhnh cy l mt bc ti nt ln cn t nt Sink; chn mt cy cho s liu nh tuyn tr li b nhn theo ti nguyn nng lng v vic o QoS b.
LEACH Truyn tin ng
To cc cm (Cluster) ti thiu ha tiu th nng lng Thit lp cc ch hng cho s liu t ngun ti nt
c nh h- Sink trong qu trnh ph bin s quan tm Bng 1.1: Tng quan v lp mng 1.4.5 Lp lin kt s liu Lp lin kt s liu chu trch nhim ghp knh cho cc dng s liu v tch khung s liu, iu khin truy nhp mi trng v sa li. N m bo s tin cy cho kt ni im -im (Point to Point) v im - a im (Point to Multipoint) trong mng truyn thng. Hai phn di s trnh by v chin lc truy nhp mi trng truyn dn v iu khin sa li cho mng Sensor.
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1.4.5.1 iu khin truy nhp mi trng truyn dn Giao thc MAC trong mng Sensor t t chc a bc khng dy (Wireless Multihop Self-organizing Sensor network) phi t c hai mc tiu. Th nht l phi to ra c s h tng mng. V hng nghn nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng Sensor nn giao thc MAC phi thit lp c nhng lin kt thng tin truyn s liu. Vic ny s lp ln c s h tng nn tng cn thit cho truyn thng khng dy a bc v to cho mng Sensor kh nng t t chc. Nhim v th hai l chia s ti cc nguyn thng tin mt cch hiu qu v cn bng gia cc nt Sensor. Cc giao thc MAC truyn thng c th c phn loi da trn cc c ch phn b ti nguyn. Bng 2.3 cung cp mt s phn tch cc u, nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca cc loi ny. Phn loi Ch nh ring hay phn b c nh Da trn nhu cu Tu thuc vo Hu ch i vi Lm tng ph (Overhead) nhu cu hay yu tc bin i ti cu ca ngi dng ng tin Truy nhp ngu nhin (da trn cnh tranh) Bng 1.2: Phn loi giao thc MAC 1.4.5.2 iu khin sa li Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lp lin kt s liu l iu khin sa li cho s liu truyn dn. Hai phng php iu khin sa li quan trng trong mng truyn thng l sa li trc (Forward
Kiu chia s ti nguyn Phn nh nh trc b c c
Phm vi ng dng Thch hp vi lu
Nhc im Khng hiu
xc lng lin tc v qu vi lu lng cung cp hn ch cao tr
v lu lng a ph- v tr do tin trnh ng k trc ti nguyn Khng hiu
Tranh dnh knh khi gi cn
Ph hp vi lu lng
chuyn cao
qu vi lu lng nhy cm vi tr
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Error Correction-FEC) v yu cu lp li t ng (Automatic Repeat Request-ARQ). Phng php ARQ cha c p dng trong mng Sensor mc d c nhiu dng ARQ c kh nng thch ng v hiu qu c p dng cho cc mng di ng khc. Kh nng ng dng ca phng php ARQ trong mng Sensor b hn ch do vic tng chi ph trc khi truyn dn v ph ti. Mt khc, phc tp trong m ho ca phng php FEC tng theo kh nng hiu chnh li. Xt v mt ny, vic s dng cc m n gin l gii php tt nht cho mng Sensor. Trong thit k ca phng php ny, vn quan trng l phi xem xt k lng c im ca knh v k thut m. Phn tip theo s trnh by ng lc ng dng v c s thit k th tc FEC theo yu cu ca mng Sensor. FEC: tin cy ca lin kt l tham s quan trng trong thit k bt k mt mng khng dy no, iu ny cng quan trng hn vi mng Sensor do tnh cht gay gt v khng n nh ca s ng knh trong cc ng dng khc nhau. Mt s cc ng dng nh gim st di ng v iu hnh my mc i hi chnh xc s liu cao. T s li bt (BER) l tham s quan trng nh gi tin cy ca lin kt. BER t l thun vi tc k hiu R s v t l nghch vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Es / N0) v mc cng xut pht Pout. Gi s mt phng php m ho vi t l R c s dng. Nu tc truyn k hiu s liu c gi khng i so vi trc khi m ho th tc truyn k hiu tng phi tng n Rs / R. Ngoi ra, nu cng sut truyn dn khng i th nng lng thu c trn mt k hiu gim n REs. BER o c u vo b gii m, BER ca tn hiu cha c x l, ln hn BER ca tn hiu sau gii m. iu ny c c nh b gii m bng cch khai thc phn d tha v cu trc ca b m hiu chnh mt s li ng truyn. Trong thc t, mt m sa li tt c nh gi qua mc gim BER v li chung. li m c nh gi bng cng sut pht thm vo cn thit trong trng hp khng dng m sa li t c cng BER ca tn hiu sau gii m. Vic truyn thng s liu mt cch tin cy c th c cung cp bng cch tng cng xut pht ra (Pout) hoc s dng c ch FEC ph hp. V mt nt Sensor c ngun nng lng gii hn nn vic tng
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cng sut pht l khng kh thi. Do , phi tp trung vo FEC v FEC c th gim ng k BER vi bt k gi tr Pout c cho. Tuy nhin, cng phi tnh n cng sut x l tng thm do m ho v gii m. Cng sut x l ny gy bt li do gii hn ngun nng lng ca cc nt Sensor. iu ny rt quan trng i vi mng Sensor mc d c th khng ng k vi cc mng khng dy khc. Nu cng xut x l pht sinh ny ln hn li m ho th c qu trnh ny l khng hiu qu v nng lng v h thng chng cn phi m ho sa li. Mt khc, FEC l rt quan trng vi mng Sensor nu tng cng sut m ho v gii m nh hn cng sut pht tit kim c. Gi thit mt knh c Fading Rayleigh chm khng chn lc tn s v s dng m ho son hiu chnh li. Cc phn tch a n kt lun rng nng lng tiu th trung bnh cho mt bit c ch tng hm m theo di hn ch ca m v khng ph thuc vo t l m. Ngoi ra, FEC thng khng hiu qu nu gii m bng mt vi x l v nghin cu ny gii thiu mt b gii m Viterbi chuyn dng gn trn bng mch. Cc k thut m n gin c th gii quyt vn hiu qu nng lng cho mng Sensor. 1.4.6 Lp vt l Lp vt l chu trch nhim la chn tn s, to tn s mang, tch sng, iu ch v m ho s liu. Vic to tn s v tch sng thuc phm vi thit k phn cng v b thu pht nn s khng c xem xt y. Cc phn tip theo s ch trng v cc hiu ng pht sng, hiu xut nng lng v cc phng php iu ch trong mng Sensor. Hin nhin l truyn thng v tuyn vi khong cch xa l rt tn km xt c v nng lng v phc tp ca hot ng. Trong khi thit k lp vt l cho mng Sensor, vic ti thiu ho nng lng c coi l rt quan trng, ngoi ra cn cc vn v suy hao, pht tn, vt cn, phn x, nhiu, cc hiu ng fading a ng. Thng thng, cng sut u ra ti thiu chuyn mt tn hiu qua mt khong cch d t l vi dn , trong 2 n < 4. S m n gn 4 vi antent tm thp v cc knh gn mt t in hnh trong mng
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Sensor. Nguyn nhn l do s trit tiu mt phn tn hiu bi tia phn x mt t. gii quyt vn ny, ngi thit k phi hiu r cc c tnh a dng c hu v khai thc chng mt cch trit . Vi d, truyn thng qua nhiu bc nhy trong mng Sensor c th vt qua mt cch hiu qu cc vt chn v cc hiu ng suy hao ng truyn nu mt nt mng ln. Tng t, trong khi suy hao ng truyn v dung lng knh hn ch tin cy ca s liu th nh ta c th s dng li tn s theo khng gian. Vic la chn phng thc iu ch tt l vn quyt nh i vi s tin cy trong truyn thng ca mng Sensor. Cc phng php iu ch c hai v c s M c so snh trong [36]. Trong khi mt phng php iu ch c s M c th gim c th gim thi gian truyn dn bng vic gi nhiu bit trn mt k hiu th n li lm tng phc tp ca mch in v tng cng sut v tuyn. Vi iu kin cng sut khi kch (c gii thiu trong phn 2.1.8) vt tri th phng php iu ch c s hai c hiu qu v nng lng hn. V th, phng php iu ch c s M ch c li vi cc h thng c cng sut khi kch thp. Thit b bng tn cc rng (Ultrawideband-UWB) hay v tuyn xung (Impulse Radio-IR) tng c s dng cho h thng radar xung bng tn gc v cc h thng o khong cch, gn y c ch trong cc ng dng thng tin c bit l cc mng khng dy trong nh. UWB truyn dn vi bng tn gc nn khng cn cc tn s mang hoc trung tn. Thng thng, iu ch v tr xung c s dng. u im chnh ca UWB l kh nng mau phc hi vi i vi hin tng pht a ng. Vic s dng cng sut truyn thng thp v thit k mch n gin lm cho UWB rt thch hp vi cc mng Sensor.
1.5. c im ca mng Wireless Sensor

1.5.1. Kch thc vt l nh v tiu th cng sut thp Trong bt k hng pht trin cng ngh no, kch thc v cng sut tiu th lun chi phi kh nng x l, lu tr v tng tc ca cc thit b c s. Vic thit k cc phn cng cho mng Sensor phi ch trng n gim kch c v cng sut tiu th vi yu cu nht nh
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v kh nng hot ng. Vic s dng phn mm phi to ra cc hiu qu b li cc hn ch ca phn cng. 1.5.2. Hot ng ng thi vi tp trung cao Phng thc hot ng chnh ca cc thit b trong mng Sensor l cm bin v vn chuyn cc dng thng tin vi khi lng x l thp, gm cc hot ng nhn mt lnh, dng, phn tch v p ng li. V d, thng tin cm bin c th c thu nhn ng thi bi cc Sensor, c thao tc v truyn ln mng. Hoc d liu c th c nt Sensor nhn t cc nt Sensor khc v c hng ti nh tuyn a lin kt hay lin kt cu. V dung lng b nh trong nh nn vic m mt khi lng ln d liu gia dng vo v dng ra l khng kh thi. Hn na, mi dng li to ra mt s lng ln cc s kin mc thp xen vo hot ng x l mc cao. Mt s hot ng x l mc cao s ko di trn nhiu s kin thi gian thc. Do , cc nt mng phi thc hin nhiu cng vic ng thi v cn phi c s tp trung x l cao . 1.5.3. Kh nng lin kt vt l v phn cp iu khin hn ch S lng cc b iu khin c lp, cc kh nng ca b iu khin, s tinh vi ca lin kt x l - lu tr - chuyn mch trong mng Sensor thp hn nhiu trong cc h thng thng thng. in hnh, b cm bin (Sensor ) hay b truyn ng (actuator) cung cp mt giao din n gin trc tip ti mt b vi iu khin chip n. Ngc li, cc h thng thng thng, vi cc hot ng x l phn tn, ng thi kt hp vi mt lot cc thit b trn nhiu mc iu khin c lin h bi mt cu trc bus phc tp. Cc hn ch v kch thc v cng sut, kh nng nh hnh vt l trn vi mch b gii hn c chiu hng cn h tr qun l dng ng thi, tp trung nh b x l kt hp. 1.5.4. Tnh a dng trong thit k v s dng Cc thit b Sensor c ni mng c khuynh hng dnh ring cho ng dng c th, tc l mi loi phn cng ch h tr ring cho ng dng ca n. V c mt phm vi ng dng Sensor rt rng nn cng c th c rt nhiu kiu thit b vt l khc nhau. Vi mi thit b
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ring, iu quan trng l phi d dng tp hp cc thnh phn phn mm c c ng dng t cc thnh phn phn cng. Nh vy, cc loi thit b ny cn mt s iu chnh phn mm mt mc no c c hiu qu s dng phn cng cao. Mi trng pht trin chung l cn thit cho php cc ng dng ring c th xy dng trn mt tp cc thit b m khng cn giao din phc tp. Ngoi ra, cng c th chuyn i gia phm vi phn cng vi phn mm trong kh nng cng ngh. 1.5.5. Hot ng tin cy Cc thit b c s lng ln, c trin khai trong phm vi rng vi mt ng dng c th. Vic p dng cc k thut m ha sa li truyn thng nhm tng tin cy ca cc n v ring l b gii hn bi kch thc v cng sut. Vic tng tin cy ca cc thit b l l iu ct yu. Thm vo , chng ta c th tng tin cy ca ng dng bng kh nng chp nhn v khc phc c s hng hc ca thit b n l. Nh vy, h thng hot ng trn tng nt n khng nhng mnh m m cn d dng pht trin cc ng dng phn tn tin cy.
1.6. ng dng ca mng Sensor

Mng Sensor c th gm cc kiu cm bin khc nhau nh ng t, t trng vi tc ly mu thp, nhit , hnh nh, hng ngoi, m thanh v d v tuyn (radar) qua c th kim tra c rt nhiu tnh cht ca mi trng xung quanh nh : Nhit m S di chuyn ca xe c Cc trng thi chp nhong p sut Thnh phn t trng Mc tp m Cc thnh phn hin din hay vng mt ca i tng.
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Cc mc ng sut ca cc i tng tip xc vi nhau. Cc c tnh tc thi nh tc , phng hng v kch thc ca
mt i tng Cc nt Sensor c th c s dng thm d lin tc, pht hin s kin, nhn dng s kin, cm bin v v tr hoc iu khin. tng v vi cm bin v kt ni v tuyn gia cc nt mng ha hn nhiu lnh vc ng dng mi. C th phn loi cc ng dng theo lnh vc qun s, y t, mi trng, gia nh v cc ng dng thng mi khc. C th m rng s phn chia ny vi nhiu loi khc nh thm d khng gian, x l ha hc, gim ri ro. 1.6.1. ng dng trong qun s Cc mng Wireless Sensor l mt phn khng th thiu trong cc ng dng qun s ngy nay vi cc h thng mnh lnh, iu khin, thu thp tin tc tnh bo truyn thng, tnh ton, theo di k tnh nghi, trinh st v tm mc tiu. Cc c tnh trin khai nhanh chng, t t chc v kh nng chu ng li ca cc mng Sensor cho thy y l mt cng ngh y trin vng trong lnh vc qun s. V cc mng Sensor da trn c s trin khai dy c vi cc nt gi r v ch dng mt ln, vic b ch ph hu mt s nt khng nh hng ti hot ng chung nh cc Sensor truyn thng nn chng tip cn chin trng tt hn. Mt s ng dng ca mng Sensor l : kim tra lc lng, trang b, n dc, gim st chin trng, trinh st vng v lc lng ch, tm mc tiu, nh gi thit hi trn nh, trinh st v pht hin cc v kh ha hc - sinh hc - ht nhn (NCB). - Kim tra lc lng, trang b, n dc: Cc lnh o v ch huy c th kim tra thng xuyn tnh trng ca qun i, iu kin v kh nng sn sng chin u ca cc trang b, n dc trong mt chin trng bng vic s dng cc mng Sensor. Mi ngi lnh, xe c, trang b u c gn mt Sensor thng bo trng thi. Cc thng bo ny c tp hp ti mt nt thu d liu (Sink nt ) v c gi ti ngi ch huy. Cc s liu ny c th c hng ti cc cp cao hn trong phn cp ch huy cng vi cc s liu t cc n v khc ti mi cp.
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- Theo di chin trng : Ti cc vng quan trng, cc tuyn tip cn, cc con ng v eo bin, cc mng Sensor c th c trin khai nhanh chng theo di hot ng ca i phng mt cch r rng, b mt. Khi bn cng tc c chun b, cc mng Sensor c th c trin khai bt c lc no theo di i phng. - Trinh st vng v lc lng i phng: Khi cc mng Sensor c trin khai ti cc vng chin lc, cc thng tin tnh bo c gi tr, chi tit v kp thi c th c thu thp trong mt vi pht trc khi b i phng ngn chn. - Tm mc tiu: Cc mng Sensor c th c kt hp cht ch vi cc h thng hng o trong cc qun trang thng minh. - nh gi thit hi ca trn nh: Ngay trc hoc sau khi tn cng, cc mng Sensor c th c trin khai trong vng mc tiu tp hp cc s liu nh gi thit hi trong trn nh. - Trinh st v pht hin cc v kh ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn: Trong cc cuc chin tranh sinh hc v ha hc, vic pht hin chnh xc v kp thi cc tc nhn l iu rt quan trng. Cc mng Sensor c trin khai trong vng chim ng v c s dng nh cc h thng cnh bo v kh sinh ha c th cung cp cho qun i cc thng tin v cc tc nhn c th gy nguy him, thng vong. Cc mng Sensor cn c dng gim st chi tit sau khi cc tn cng sinh, ha v ht nhn c pht hin. Ngi ta c th c c s trinh st v v kh ht nhn m khng phi a cc i trinh st vo vng bc x nguy him ca. 1.6.2. ng dng v mi trng Mt s cc ng dng v mi trng ca mng Sensor bao gm theo di s di chuyn ca cc loi chim, loi th nh, cn trng; kim tra cc iu kin mi trng nh hng ti ma mng v vt nui; tnh trng nc ti; cc cng c v m cho vic gim st mt t phm vi rng v thm him cc hnh tinh; pht hin ha hc, sinh hc; tnh ton trong nng nghip; kim tra mi trng khng kh,t trng, bin; pht hin chy rng; nghin cu kh tng v a l; pht hin
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l lt; v bn sinh hc phc tp ca mi trng v nghin cu nhim mi trng. - Pht hin chy rng : V cc nt Sensor c th trin khai dy c, t do cc v tr cn thit nn chng c th cung cp tin tc chnh xc v ngun gc pht la trc khi chng pht tn rng khng kim sot c. Hng nghn nt Sensor c th c trin khai v tch hp nh cc h thng quang v cc tn s v tuyn. Ngoi ra, cc nt Sensor cn c trang b cc phng php thu nng lng, v d nh dng pin mt tri, cc Sensor c th t duy tr trong nhiu thng thm ch nhiu nm. Cc nt Sensor s cng tc vi cc nt khc phn tn s cm bin v chng li cc tr ngi nh cc cnh cy, khi lm cn tr tm nhn ca cc Sensor. - V bn sinh hc phc tp ca mi trng: Vic lp bn sinh hc ca mi trng i hi phi tip cn mt cch tinh vi kt hp cc thng tin qua cc trc khng gian v thi gian. Cc tin b k thut trong lnh vc cm bin t xa v thu thp d liu t ng cho php phn gii khng gian, quang ph v thi gian cao ti mt n v din tch. Da vo cng ngh hin nay, cc nt Sensor c th c kt ni Internet, iu ny cho php ngi s dng t xa c th iu khin, kim tra v theo di cc thnh phn sinh hc trong mi trng. Mc d cc h thng cm bin v tinh v trn my bay rt hu ch cho vic theo di tnh a dng sinh hc v m nhng chng khng tinh vi tip cn cc thnh phn sinh hc c kch c nh. Do cn thit phi s dng mng Sensor theo di chi tit cc thnh phn sinh hc mt cch y . - Pht hin l lt: mt v d v ng dng pht hin l lt l h thng ALERT c trin khai ti M. Nhiu kiu Sensor c trin khai trong h thng ALERT l cc cm bin v lng ma, mc nc v thi tit. Cc Sensor ny cung cp thng tin cho h thng c s d liu trung tm. Cc d liu ny c tnh ton, phn tch a ra d bo v tnh hnh nguy c l lt.
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- Cc tnh ton cho nng nghip: mt s cc h tr trong nng nghip l kim tra, tnh ton kp thi mc mm bnh trong nc ung, mc xi mn t v mc nhim. 1.6.3. ng dng trong y t Mt s ng dng trong y t ca mng Sensor l cung cp kh nng giao tip cho ngi khuyt tt; kim tra tnh trng ca bnh nhn; chn on; qun l dc phm trong bnh vin; kim tra s di chuyn v cc c ch sinh hc bn trong ca cn trng v cc loi sinh vt nh khc; kim tra t xa cc s liu v sinh l con ngi; gim st, kim tra cc bc s v bnh nhn bn trong bnh vin. - Kim tra t xa cc s liu v sinh l con ngi: Cc s liu v sinh l thu thp c bng cc mng Sensor c th c lu tr trong thi gian di v c th c s dng kho st y hc. Mng Sensor cn c s dng kim tra v pht hin tnh trng ca ngi cao tui nh s t qu. Cc nt Sensor nh ny cho php cc i tng c th di chuyn t do trong phm vi rng v cc bc s c th pht hin cc triu chng c nh ngha trc mt cch d dng. Cc mng Sensor ny to thun li hn cho cc bnh nhn so vi vic n cc trung tm iu tr. Mt nhm c tn l Health Smart Home c t chc ti khoa y hc ca Grenoble France nh gi, cng nhn tnh kh thi ca cc h thng ny. - Gim st v kim tra cc bc s v bnh nhn bn trong bnh vin: Mi bnh nhn c cc nt Sensor nh v nh c gn vi h. Mi nt Sensor c mt nhim v ring. V d, mt nt c th theo di nhp tim, trong khi mt nt khc theo di huyt p. Cc bc s cng c th mang theo cc nt Sensor cc bc s khc bit c v tr ca h trong bnh vin. - Qun l dc phm trong bnh vin: Cc bnh nhn c gn cc nt Sensor c th nhn bit cc d ng thuc v cc dc phm cn thit. Nh vy, c th gim ti a cc sai st trong vic k n thuc v s dng thuc ca bnh nhn.
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1.6.4. ng dng trong gia nh - T ng ha trong gia nh: Vi cc tin b k thut hin nay, cc nt Sensor v cc b iu khin thng minh c th c gn trong cc thit b gia nh nh my ht bi, l vi sng, t lnh, ... Cc nt ny c th tng tc vi cc nt khc v mng bn ngoi thng qua Internet hoc v tinh. Nh vy, ngi s dng c th gim st, iu khin cc thit b gia nh t xa mt cch d dng. - Mi trng thng minh: mi trng thng minh c thit k c th gm hai khi khc nhau l phn con ngi (human- centered) v phn k thut (technology centered ) (G.D. Abowd, J.P.G. Sterbenz, Final report on the interagency workshop on research issues for smart environments, IEEE Personal Communications (October 2000). Trong phn con ngi, mi trng thng minh phi p ng cc yu cu ca ngi s dng thng qua giao tip vo/ra. V phn k thut, cc k thut phn cng, cc gii php mng v cc dch v phn sn (middleware) c pht trin. Cc nt Sensor c th c gn vo cc dng v thit b gia nh v chng c th thng tin vi cc nt khc v trm ch cn phng (room Server). Cc room Server cng c th lin lc vi nhau trao i cc cng vic cn phi lm hoc cn c h tr nh vic in n, qut nh v fax. Cc room Server v cc nt Sensor kt hp vi cc thit b trong gia nh tr thnh mt h thng thch nghi vi kh nng t t chc v t iu chnh trn c s cc trng iu khin. 1.6.5. Cc ng dng thng mi khc Cc ng dng thng mi c th c k n l : kim tra s mt mi c th; xy dng cc bn phm o; qun l s kim k; kim tra cht lng sn phm; xy dng cc khng gian lm vic thng minh; iu khin mi trng trong cc to nh cng s; cc robot iu khin v ch o trong cc mi trng ch to t ng; chi tng tc; cc bo tng thng minh; nh my iu khin t ng; kim tra cc vng nguy him; kin trc thng minh vi cc nt Sensor gn trong; cc my chn on; vn ti; kim tra v pht hin v trm xe; gim st xe c; ...
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- iu khin mi trng trong cc to nh cng s: cc trng thi khng kh v nhit ca hu ht cc cng s c iu khin c t mt trung tm. Bi vy, nhit trong mt cn phng c th c thay i trong mt phm vi nh, ni ny c th c nhit m hn mt ni khc v ch c mt b iu khin trong mt cn phng m dng khng kh chy t mt h thng trung tm li khng c phn b ng u. Mt h thng mng Wireless Sensor phn tn c th c thit lp iu khin khng kh v nhit ti cc phn khc nhau ca cn phng. K thut phn tn ny gim c rt nhiu chi ph nng lng cho iu ho khng kh v gim ng k lng carbon sinh ra. - Bo tng tng tc thng minh: trong tng lai, tr em c th tng tc vi cc i tng trong bo tng hiu hn v chng. Cc i tng ny c th phn ng li cc va chm hay li ni. Ngoi ra, tr em cn c th tham gia vo cc th nghim nguyn nhn - kt qu theo thi gian thc hc tp v khoa hc v mi trng. Thm vo , cc mng Wireless Sensor c th cung cp th t v s nh v bn trong bo tng. Mt v d l bo tng thm him San Francisco Exploratorium, trng by kt hp s o lng s liu v cc th nghim nguyn nhn kt qu. - Pht hin trm cp xe hi: Cc nt Sensor c th c trin khai pht hin v nhn ra k trm trong vng a l v thng bo cho ch nhn thng qua Internet. - Qun l s kim k: mi th trong kho c c th gn mt Sensor. Ngi s dng c th tm thy chnh xc v tr ca ca i tng v kim k s lng ca cc i tng cng loi. Nu ngi s dng mun thm mt s kim k mi th phi lin lc vi cc nt Sensor thch hp. Qua c th gim st v nh v cc i tng trong bn k bt c lc no. - Gim st v theo di xe c: c hai phng php gim st v theo di xe c. Th nht, ng i ca xe c xc nh trong cc cm v c chuyn ti trm gc, th hai l cc s liu cha qua x l t cc nt Sensor c chuyn ti trm gc, ti y chng c phn tch xc nh v tr cc xe.
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n tt nghip i hc Chng II. Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor
Chng II : Nng lng trong mng Wireless Sensor 2.1. Tnh c th ca mng
2.1.1. Hn ch phn cng Tt c cc thnh phn ca nt Sensor phi t va vo trong mt khi. Thng thng kch c c yu cu nh hn 1 centimet khi, i khi, phi nh c th treo trn khng trung. Ngoi cc yu cu v kch c, khi lng, vic thit k cc nt Sensor cn b hn ch bi cc yu cu nghim ngt khc l : + Cng sut tiu th phi v cng thp + Hot ng trong mt th tch cao + Gi thnh sn xut thp v c th b b qua m khng nh hng ti ton mng + C th t ng t chc, qun tr v hot ng khng cn can thip + Thch nghi c vi mi trng. V cc nt Sensor thng khng tip cn c nn thi gian tn ti ca mt mng Sensor ph thuc vo tui th ngun nng lng ca nt. Nng lng cng l ti nguyn him do b ngun c kch c gii hn. V d, tng nng lng d tr trong mt ht Sensor thng minh l 1J. Trong mng Sensor tch hp v tuyn (WINS), dng in trung bnh cung cp phi nh hn 30 A m bo thi gian sng di. Cc nt WINS c cung cp nng lng t pin lithium (Li) tiu chun hnh ng xu (ng knh 2.5 cm dy 1cm). Ngoi ra, c th tng thi gian sng ca mng bng cch tm ly nng lng t mi trng. Cc pin mt tri l mt v d. B thu pht ca cc nt Sensor c th l cc thit b quang th ng hoc tch cc hoc cc thit b v tuyn (RF). Truyn thng tn s v tuyn yu cu iu ch, b lc thng di, gii iu ch v ghp knh lm cho chng tr ln t v phc tp. Ngoi ra, suy hao ng truyn tn hiu gia hai nt Sensor t l theo lu tha bc bn ca khong cch do cc nt Sensor s dng antent ng hng. Tuy nhin, truyn thng v tuyn c quan tm trong hu ht
cc d n nghin cu v cc gi tin truyn trong mng Sensor c kch thc nh , tc s liu thp (thng nh hn 1 Hz) v kh nng s dng li tn s cao do khong cch truyn thng ngn. Cc c im ny to ra cho thy h s s dng h thng v tuyn l thp. Tuy nhin, vic thit k cc mch v truyn c hiu qu v nng lng v h s s dng thp vn cn l mt thch thc cng ngh. Cc k thut v tuyn thng mi hin nay vn khng c nh mong mun v chng cn tiu th nhiu nng lng. Mc d c cc b x l cng sut tnh ton cao vi kich thc nh nhng hin ti chng vn cha c ph bin. V d, mt vi ht thng minh (smart dust mote) nguyn bn l mt b vi iu khin 4 MHz Atmel AVR 8535 vi 8 Kb b nh tc cao, 512 byte RAM v 512 byte EEPROM (ROM lp trnh bng in). H iu hnh TinyOS c s dng trong b x l ny, vi 3500 byte khng gian cha m OS v 4500 byte khng gian c sn. B x l ca mt nt Sensor nguyn bn khc, gi l AMPS (-Adaptive Multi-domain Power aware Sensors-Vi cm bin nhn bit nng lng a min thch ng), c mt vi x l 59 206 MHz SA 1110 s dng h iu hnh a nhim -OS. Hu ht cc nhim v cm bin yu cu c mt s hiu bit v v tr. V cc nt Sensor thng c trin khai ngu nhin v hot ng t ng, nn chng cn phi c mt h thng tm ng. H thng ny cng c yu cu bi nhiu giao thc nh tuyn. Thng thng, cc nt Sensor cn c trang b h thng nh v ton cu GPS c chnh xc nh hn 5m. Nh vy, chng c th t ng tm v tr thch hp v c kh nng nh v chnh xc cc hin tng ch. 2.1.2. Mi trng hot ng Cc nt Sensor c trin khai dy c rt gn hoc trc tip bn trong hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng hot ng t ng ti cc vng cch xa. Chng c th lm vic trong cc mi trng sau: + Trong cc phn tip gip
+ Bn trong cc b phn ln + y bin + Bn trong cc hin tng phc tp + Trn mt bin, trong mt thu li + Cc vng nhim sinh ho + Cc vng chin s + Cc ngi nh hay to nh ln + Cc nh kho ln + Gn vo cc con th + Gn vo xe c + Trong cc ng ng hay dng sng theo dng chy Nh vy, cc nt Sensor phi lm vic vi cc iu kin rt kh khn: di p sut cao di y bin; cc mi trng khc nghit nh vng chin s hay cc ng nt; di sc nng hay lnh; trong cc mi trng tp m ln. Vi mi loai phi c mt k hoch thit k thch hp. 2.1.3. Mi trng truyn dn Trong mt mng Sensor a lin kt, cc nt mng thng tin vi nhau qua mi trng khng dy. Cc lin kt ny c th l sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hay cc tn hiu quang. Vic chn mi trng thng tin lin quan n yu cu nhim v ca mng v chng phi m bo cc quy nh quc t v thng tin trong khng gian c th hot ng c mi ni. Lin kt v tuyn s dng cc di tn cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc (Industrial, Scientific and Medical-ISM). Cc di tn ny c thng tin t do trong hu ht cc nc. Bng phn phi tn s quc t nm trong khon S5 trong quy nh tn s ch ra mt s di tn dnh cho cc ng dng ISM (Bng 2.1).
Di tn
Tn s trung tm
Bng 2.1. Cc di tn dnh cho cc ng dng ISM Mt s cc di tn ny c s dng cho cc h thng in thoi cm tay v mng ni b khng dy (Wireless LAN). Cc mng Sensor s dng b thu pht kch c nh, gi r v cng sut tiu th cc thp. Do cc hn ch v phn cng v s cn bng gia hiu qu antent v cng sut tiu th gii hn nn phi la chn sng mang thuc di tn rt cao (UHF). Cc b thu pht s dng di tn 433 MHz ISM chu u v 915 MHz Bc M. Thun li chnh ca cc di tn ISM l s dng t do, ph rng v thng dng. Chng khng vt khi cc tiu chun ring, do c th ph hp vi cc k hoch tit kim nng lng. Mt khc, cn c cc hn ch khc nh gii hn cng sut v nhiu gy hi t cc ng dng trin khai do cc di tn ISM khng c qun l. Mt kiu truyn thng khc trong mng Sensor l s dng hng ngoi. Thng tin hng ngoi c s dng t do v c kh nng chng nhiu t cc thit b in. Cc b thu pht hng ngoi c gi thnh r v d ch to. Ngy nay, cc my tnh xch tay, my tnh cm tay v in thoi di ng u c cng giao tip hng ngoi. Tr ngi chnh ca vic s dng hng ngoi l yu cu phi c mt ng nhn thng gia ni gi v ni nhn. iu nay lm cho hng ngoi kh c s dng trong trng hp mng Sensor. Mt hng pht trin ng quan tm l cc vi ht thng minh (smart dust mote), mt h thng cm bin, tnh ton v thng tin t ng, s dng mi trng truyn dn quang hc. C hai phng php truyn
thng tin: th nht l truyn thng th ng s dng mt my phn chiu c dng tam din ch nht (Corner-cube-retroreflector (CCR)); th hai l truyn thng tch cc s dng cc diode lazer v cc gng chuyn ng. Hin nay cc diode lazer ti ni pht c gn trn bng mch, c th chuyn ng li chm sng vo chnh xc ni nhn. Cc ng dng c bit i hi mi trng truyn dn phc tp hn. V d, vi cc ng dng di bin th mi trng truyn dn l mi trng nc. Do phi s dng bc x bc sng di i xuyn trong nc. Vi cc vng kh hu khc nghit hay cc vng chin s, th phi vt qua c cc sai li v nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, cc antent ca Sensor thp hn v c cng sut bc x nh hn cc thit b v tuyn khc. Do ,mi trng truyn thng phi c h tr bng cc phng thc iu ch v m ho chng li ph hp vi c im tng loi knh truyn.
2.2. S tiu th nng lng

Nt Wireless Sensor l mt thit b in rt nh nn ch c trang b ngun nng lng hn ch (<0.5Ah, 1.2V). Trong hu ht cc ng dng, vic tip thm nng lng l khng thc hin c. Cho nn, thi gian tn ti ca nt Sensor ph thuc ch yu vo tui th ca ngun nng lng. Trong mng Sensor a lin kt, mi nt ng hai vai tr l im khi u s liu v nh tuyn s liu. S trc trc ca vi nt c th l nguyn nhn quan trng ca vic thay i hnh trng mng, phi nh tuyn li gi tin v phi t chc li mng. Do , vic bo tn ngun nng lng v qun l ngun nng lng l rt quan trng. Do cc nguyn nhn ny m nhiu nh nghin cu tp trung vo vic thit k cc thut ton v giao thc nhn bit, tnh ton nng lng cho mng Sensor. Trong cc mng a lin kt v di ng khc, vic tiu th nng lng l mt vn quan trng trong thit k song khng phi vn chnh v ngun nng lng c th c ngi s dng thay th. iu quan trng hn l vn cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS). Tuy nhin, trong cc mng Sensor, hiu qu nng lng l mt vn v cng quan trng v n nh hng trc tip ti tui th ca mng. Cc
giao thc ring cho tng ng dng c thit k c c s cn bng thch hp gia cc vn v tr v thng lng vi hiu qu nng lng. Nhim v chnh ca mt nt Sensor trong trng Sensor l theo di cc s kin, x l nhanh s liu cc b v truyn thng s liu. Cng sut tiu th bi ba thnh phn chnh: cm bin, truyn thng v x l s liu. 2.2.1. Nng lng cho nhim v cm bin Nng lng tiu th ca b cm bin v cc thnh phn ca n c th thay i tu theo ng dng c th. Vic cm bin ri rc s tiu th cng sut nh hn so vi vic theo di cc hin tng mt cch lin tc. phc tp ca nhim v quan st hin tng ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic xc nh mc nng lng tiu hao. Cc mc tp m bin cao l nguyn nhn lm tng phc tp trong vic quan st hin tng ca cc Sensor. Do , lm tng cng sut tiu th cho nhim v cm bin. 2.2.2. Nng lng cho truyn thng Trong ba thnh phn nu trn trong mt nt Sensor, phn truyn thng s liu tiu th nng lng nhiu nht, bao gm c pht v thu s liu. c im truyn thng trong mng Sensor l phm vi ngn v cng sut bc x thp (~ 0 dbm), chi ph nng lng cho vic pht v thu l gn nh nhau. Trong mch thu pht, cc b trn, cc b tng hp tn s, cc b dao ng iu khin bng in p, cc vng kho pha (PLL) v cc b khuch i cng sut tiu th cng sut ng k. iu quan trng l tnh ton ny khng ch quan tm n cng sut tch cc m cn xem xt n tiu th cng sut khi pht trong mch thu pht. Thi gian khi pht ln ti hng trm micro giy lm cng sut khi pht tr ln ng k. Gi tr cao ca thi gian khi pht c cho l do thi gian kho ca vng kho pha (PLL). Khi kch c gi tin truyn gim nh th cng sut khi pht s chim u th so vi cng sut tch cc. Kt qu l vic chuyn trng thi (thu, pht) gia ON va OFF khng hiu qu v s tiu th mt khi lng in nng ln mi ln chuyn trng thi v ON.
Cng sut v tuyn tiu th c tnh nh sau: Pc = NT [ PT ( Ton + Tst ) + Pout ( Ton )] + NR [ PR (Ron + Rst ) ] Trong , PT/R l cng sut tiu th bi b pht/b thu; Pout l cng sut u ra ca b pht; T/Ron l khong thi gian pht/thu trng thi ON; T/Rst l khong thi gian khi pht ti mch pht/thu; NT/R l s ln mch pht/thu chuyn mch sang ON trong mt n v thi gian, ph thuc vo nhim v v phng thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng. Ton c th vit li bng L/R , trong , L l kch thc gi, R l tc s liu. Vi tin b k thut hin nay, cc b thu pht v tuyn thng c PT v PR khong 20 dbm v Pout gn 0 dbm. Gi tr mc tiu ca Pc khong 20 dbm. 2.2.3. Nng lng cho x l Nng lng tiu th cho x l s liu nh hn nhiu so vi nng lng dnh cho truyn thng s liu. Do nh hng ca fading v do s suy gim ng truyn theo lu tha bc bn nn cng sut tiu th ca b thu pht ln khi khong cch truyn thng tng. Trong khi , b x l thng khng phc tp v tc khng cao nn tiu th cng sut nh. Mt nt Sensor phi c kh nng tnh ton v tng tc vi mi trng xung quanh. Gii hn v chi ph v kch thc dn n s la chn cng ngh bn dn oxit kim loi (CMOS) cho b vi x l. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny li b hn ch v hiu qu nng lng. Ngoi ra, trong nt Sensor cn c cc mch m ho v gii m, cc mch tch hp cc ng dng c bit. Khi thit k cc giao thc v thut ton cho mng, phi tnh ton cc nh hng n cng sut tiu th ca cc thnh phn ny.
2.3. Cc gii php tit kim nng lng

2.3.1. Gii php nh tuyn Vic nh tuyn trong mng sensor cng nh trong cc mng khc c thc hin ti lp mng.
Cc nt Sensor c phn b dy c trong mt trng gn hoc ngay bn trong cc hin tng mc tiu nh trong hnh 1.1. Giao thc nh tuyn khng dy a bc ph hp gia nt Sensor v nt Sink l cn thit. K thut nh tuyn trong mng ad-hoc thng thng khng ph hp nhng yu cu ca mng Sensor. Lp mng ca mng Sensor c thit k theo nhng nguyn tc sau : - Hiu sut nng lng lun l yu t quan trng - Hu ht cc mng Sensor l s liu tp trung - Vic tp hp s liu ch c thc thi khi n khng cn tr hot ng hp tc ca cc nt Sensor . - Mt mng Sensor l tng phi nhn bit c vic nh a ch thuc tnh c s v v tr. 2.3.1.1. Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u v nng lng Cc phng php c s dng chn tuyn ng c hiu sut nng lng cao c minh ho trn hnh 2.1.
Hnh2.1: Hiu qu nng lng trong nh tuyn Trong , T l nt ngun cm bin hin tng mc tiu. N c bn ng c th lin lc vi b thu nhn (Sink) nh sau : . ng 1 : Sink - A - B - T, tng PA = 4 , tng =3
. ng 2 : Sink - A - B - C - T , tng PA = 6 , tng = 6 . ng 3 : Sink - D - T , tng PA = 3 , tng = 4 . ng 4 : Sink - E - F - T , tng PA = 5 , tng = 6 Vi PA l mc nng lng hin ti ca ngun nui ti nt (Available Power) v i l nng lng cn thit truyn mt gi s liu qua kt ni lin quan. Theo cc tiu ch khc nhau, c bn phng php chn ng c hiu qu cao nht v nng lng. 1) ng tng mc nng lng ngun nui hin ti (PA:power available) cc i: l ng c tng cc mc nng lng ngun nui hin ti ca cc nt lin quan ln nht. PA tng c tnh bng tng cc PA ca mi nt dc theo ng. Theo phng php ny, ng 2 c la chn. Tuy nhin, ng 2 li bao gm nhng nt trong ng 1 v mt nt m rng. V th, d c PA tng cao hn nhng n khng phi l ng c hiu sut nng lng cao nht. Nh vy, nhng ng nhn c t vic m rng cc ng c th kt ni Sensor ti Sink s khng c tnh. Loi tr ng 2, ng 4 l ng c hiu sut nng lng cao nht khi s dng phng php PA ti a. 2) ng nng lng cc tiu (ME: minimum energy): ng m nng lng tiu th cc tiu khi truyn mt gi s liu gia nt Sink v nt Sensor c gi l ng ME. Nh vy ng ME l ng c tng cc nh nht. Trong v d ny, ng 1 l ng ME. 3) ng c s bc nhy cc tiu (MH: minimum hop): l ng c s lin kt t nt Sensor ngun ti nt Sink l nh nht. ng 3 trong v d ny l ng c hiu sut cao nht theo tiu ch ny. Lu rng phng php ME s chn ra ng tng t nh phng php MH khi nng lng tiu th cho vic truyn mt gi tin tt c cc lin kt u nh nhau, tc l tt c mi lin kt u bng nhau. V th, khi cc nt pht qung b vi cng mc nng lng m khng c bt k s iu khin nng lng no, MH l tng ng vi ME. 4) ng c PA cc tiu ln nht (Maximum minimum PA nt): l ng m dc theo n, PA cc tiu ln hn cc PA cc tiu ca cc ng khc. Theo tiu ch ny, ng 3 l ng c hiu sut nng lng cc i v ng 1 l ng c hiu sut ln th hai. Phng php ny
ngn nga vic s dng cc nt Sensor c PA thp sm trong khi c th s dng cc nt khc c PA cao hn. Nh th c th trnh c hin tng mt s nt b cn ngun nng lng sm lm nh hng n hot ng ton mng. 2.3.1.2. Phng php nh tuyn s liu tp trung Mt vn quan trng khc ca lp mng l nh tuyn c th da trn vic tp trung s liu. Trong nh tuyn s liu tp trung, vic ph bin cc yu cu (cc ni dung c quan tm) c thc hin nhm phn nhim v cm bin ti cc nt Sensor. C hai phng php c s dng ph bin yu cu l: nt Sink ph bin ni dung c quan tm ti cc nt Sensor cn thit v cc nt Sensor pht qung b mt qung co cho s liu c sn v i mt yu cu t cc nt Sink c nhu cu v cc s liu ny. nh tuyn s liu tp trung yu cu phi t tn thuc tnh c s. Nguyn nhn cn phi t tn thuc tnh c s l ngi s dng thng quan tm ti truy vn thuc tnh ca hin tng hn l truy vn ti mt nt ring l. V d, nhng khu vc ni nhit vt qu 70 F l mt truy vn c s dng thng xuyn hn l nhit c c bi mt nt no . Vic t tn thuc tnh c s c s dng truy vn v cc thuc tnh ca hin tng. Vi vic t tn thuc tnh c s, cc phng thc pht qung b, pht n mt nhm theo thuc tnh c s (attribute-based multicasting), pht theo a l (geo-casting), pht bt k ( any-casting ) tr ln quan trng i vi mng Sensor . Tp hp s liu l mt k thut c s dng gii quyt nhng vn trng lp v chng cho trong nh tuyn s liu tp trung. Trong k thut ny, mt mng Sensor c m t vi cu trc cy pht a im o ngc (reverse multicast tree) nh trong hnh 2.2.
Hnh 2.2: V d v tp hp s liu B thu nhn (Sink) yu cu cc nt Sensor bo co v trng thi xung quanh hin tng. S liu t nhiu nt Sensor c tp hp li khi chng ti cng mt nt trn ng n nt Sink nu chng cng ch v mt thuc tnh ca hin tng. Trong v d trn, nt Sensor E tp hp s liu t cc nt Sensor A v B. Trong khi , nt Sensor F tp hp s liu t cc nt Sensor C v D. Vic tp hp s liu c th c hiu nh l mt nhm cc phng php t ng kt hp s liu ti t nhiu nt Sensor thnh mt tp thng tin c ngha. V mt ny, vic tp hp s liu c xem nh l hp nht s liu. Ngoi ra, s cn trng l rt cn thit khi tp hp s liu bi cc c trng ca s liu, nh v tr ca nhng nt Sensor bo co, khng cho php c b st. Nhng c trng nh vy c th rt cn thit cho mt ng dng no . 2.3.1.3. Cc giao thc lp mng khc c xut cho mng Sensor a) Mng truyn thng vi nng lng cc tiu loi nh ( SMECN : Small Minimum Energy Communication Network ): giao thc MECN c pht trin tnh ton mt mng con c hiu sut nng lng cao trong mt mng truyn thng nht nh. Mt thut ton mi c gi l SMECN c xut cng nhm cung cp mt mng con nh vy. Mng con, tc l mt lc con, c cu trc bi SMECN nh hn mng con c cu trc bi MECN nu vng pht qung b l hnh trn vi cng sut nht nh. Lc con G ca lc G, m t mng Sensor, ti thiu nng lng s dng vi cc iu kin sau: s cnh trong lc con G nh hn trong lc G gm tt c nt
trong G, nu hai nt u v v c kt ni trong G , chng cng c kt ni trong G; nng lng cn thit truyn s liu t nt u tt c cc nt ln cn trong lc con G nh hn nng lng cn thit truyn s liu ti tt c cc nt ln cn trong G. SMECN cng tun theo c tnh ME m MECN s dng cu trc nn mng con. c tnh ME l c tn ti mt ng ME trong lc con G gia u v v vi mi cp (u,v) c kt ni trong G. Cng sut cn thit truyn s liu gia u v v tnh nh sau: p(u,v) = td(u,v)n , vi t l mt hng s, d(u,v) l khong cch gia u v v v n 2 l hm m suy gim bi truyn dn v tuyn. Ngoi ra, cng sut cn thit nhn s liu l c . V p(u,v) tng ln theo lu tha n (n 2) ca khong cch gia u v v, cng sut chuyn tip s liu c th nh hn cng sut truyn dn s liu trc tip gia nt u v v. ng dn gia u (tc l u0) v v ( v d uk) c c trng bi r , vi r = ( u0, u1,..,uk) trong lc con G = (V,E) l mt dy c th t ca cc nt nh cp (ui, ui+1) thuc E . Ngoi ra, di ca r l k . Tng cng sut tiu th gia cc nt u0 v uk l:
Vi p(ui,ui+1) l cng sut cn thit truyn dn s liu gia nt ui v ui+1; v c l cng sut cn thit nhn s liu. Tuyn ng r l mt ng ME t u0 ti uk nu C(r) C(r) vi mi ng r gia nt u0 v uk trong G. Nh vy, mt lc con c c tnh ME nu vi tt c cc cp (u,v) thuc V, c tn ti mt ng r trong G l mt ng ME gia u v v trong G. b) Giao thc trn (Flooding): thut trn l mt k thut c c th cng c s dng nh tuyn trong mng Sensor. Trong thut trn, mi nt ang nhn mt gi s liu hoc mt gi iu khin lp li n bng cch pht qung b, tr khi gi ny t c s bc nhy cc i cho php hoc gi ti ch. Thut trn l mt k thut phn ng v n khng cn duy tr kin trc mng t tin v thut ton tm ng phc tp. Tuy nhin, n c mt vi hn ch nh :
+ S trng lp (Implosion): trng lp l mt trng thi m cc bn sao ca gi tin c gi ti cng mt nt. V d, nu mt nt Sensor A c N nt Sensor ln cn m cng l nhng nt ln cn ca nt Sensor B, nt Sensor B nhn N bn sao ca bn tin c gi i bi nt Sensor A. + S chng ln (Overlap): nu hai nt chia s cng mt vng quan st, c hai nt c th cm nhn cng mt kch thch ti cng mt thi im. Kt qu l cc nt ln cn nhn c cc bn tin sao li. + S m ti nguyn (Resource Blindness): giao thc trn khng a vo bo co cc ti nguyn nng lng hin ti. Mt giao thc nhn bit c ti nguyn nng lng phi a vo bo co mc nng lng ca cc nt ti mi thi im . c) Giao thc dy truyn (Gossiping): vi giao thc dy truyn, cc nt khng pht qung b m gi i nhng gi ti ti mt nt ln cn c chn ngu nhin. Mt nt Sensor la chn ngu nhin mt trong cc nt ln cn gi s liu. Khi nt ln cn nhn c s liu, n li la chn ngu nhin mt nt Sensor khc. Mc d phng php ny trnh c vn trng lp (Implosion) do ch c mt bn sao ca bn tin ti mt nt bt k, nhng n phi mt mt thi gian kh di truyn bn tin ti tt c cc nt Sensor. d) Cc giao thc thng tin Sensor thng qua tha thun (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation-SPIN): mt h cc giao thc c kh nng thch ng c gi l SPIN c thit k khc phc nhc im ca giao thc trn (Flooding) c in bng tha thun v kh nng thch ng ti nguyn. H giao thc SPIN c thit k da trn hai tng c bn: 1) Cc nt Sensor hot ng hiu qu hn v c th bo tn nng lng bng cch ch gi cc s liu m t v s liu cm bin thay v gi ton b s liu; 2) Cc nt Sensor phi gim st s thay i trong ti nguyn nng lng ca chng. SPIN c ba kiu bn tin l ADV (qung co), REQ (yu cu) v DATA (s liu). Trc khi gi bn tin DATA, Sensor pht qung b mt bn tin ADV gm mt bn m t (meta-data) ca DATA ch ra trong bc 1 trn hnh 2.3. Nu mt nt Sensor ln cn quan tm n s liu ny, n s gi mt bn tin REQ v s liu v bn tin DATA s c gi
ti nt Sensor ny nh cc bc 2 v 3 trn hnh 2.3. Nt Sensor ny li lp li tin trnh trn nh ch ra bc 4, 5, 6. Kt qu l tt c cc nt Sensor trong ton mng Sensor c nhu cu v s liu ny s nhn c bn sao ca s liu.
Hnh2.3: Giao thc SPIN Lu rng SPIN da trn nh tuyn s liu tp trung trong cc nt Sensor pht qung b mt qung co i vi s liu c sn v i mt yu cu t cc nt Sink c nhu cu.
e) nh tuyn ch nh lin tc (Sequential Assignment RoutingSAR): mt tp hp cc cc thut ton thc hin cc hot ng t chc, qun tr v qun l di ng trong mng Sensor c xut. MAC t t chc cho mng Sensor (Self Organizing MAC for Sensor network-SMACS) l mt giao thc phn tn cho php mt nhm cc nt Sensor c th pht hin ra cc nt ln cn ca chng v thit lp cc tin trnh truyn / nhn m khng cn ti h thng qun l trung tm. Thut ton nghe trm v ghi li (Eavesdrop And RegisterEAR) c thit k h tr kt ni lin mch ca cc nt di ng. Thut ton EAR da trn nhng bn tin mi (Invitation) v da trn vic ghi li cc nt tnh ca cc nt di ng. Thut ton SAR to nn nhiu nhnh cy, trong , gc ca mi nhnh cy l mt bc nhy gia nt ln cn v nt Sink. Mi nhnh cy pht trin ra pha
ngoi t nt Sink v trnh cc nt c cht lng dch v (QoS) qu thp (tc l thng lng thp / tr cao) v d tr nng lng qu t. Kt thc th tc ny, phn ln cc nt thuc v cc nhnh cy ny. iu ny cho php nt Sensor c th la chn mt cy chuyn thng tin ca n v Sink. C hai tham s c gn vi mi ng dn (nhnh cy) tr v Sink: + Kh nng v nng lng: kh nng nng lng c nh gi bng s lng gi m nt Sensor c th gi nu nt Sensor s dng duy nht ng ny. + o QoS b : Vic o c QoS b cng cao c ngha l QoS thc t cng thp. Thut ton SAR la chn ng da trn cc kh nng v nng lng v vic o QoS cng thm ca mi ng v mc u tin ca gi. Kt qu l mi nt Sensor s la chn c ng n nh tuyn cho s liu v Sink. Ngoi ra, hai thut ton khc c gi l tuyn chn mt ngi chin thng (single winner election) v tuyn chn nhiu ngi chin thng (multiwinner election) iu khin vic bo hiu cn thit v cc nhim v chuyn giao s liu trong x l thng tin hp tc ni b . f) Phn cp cm thch ng vi nng lng thp (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy- LEACH ): LEACH l mt giao thc lp cm c s (Clustering - Based) nhm ti thiu s suy hao nng lng trong mng Sensor. Mc ch ca LEACH l chn ngu nhin cc nt Sensor nh cc u cm (cluster-head), v th s suy hao nng lng ln trong truyn thng vi cc trm gc c tri ra ti tt c cc nt Sensor trong mng Sensor. Hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh hai giai on l giai on thit lp v giai on n nh. Khong thi gian ca giai on n nh di hn so vi khong thi gian ca giai on thit lp gim thiu ph ti (overhead). Trong giai on thit lp, mt nt Sensor chn mt s ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu s ngu nhin ny nh hn ngng T(n), nt Sensor ny l mt u cm. T(n) c tnh nh sau :
trong cc trng hp khc Vi P l phn trm mong mun tr thnh mt u cm; r l chu k hin ti v G l tp cc nt khng c chn lm u cm trong 1/P chu k cui. Sau khi u cm c la chn, cc u cm s thng bo ti tt c cc nt Sensor trong mng rng chng l cc u cm mi. Khi cc nt Sensor nhn c thng bo ny, chng xc nh cm m chng mun gia nhp da trn mnh tn hiu ca thng bo t cc u cm ti cc nt Sensor. Cc nt Sensor bo co cho u cm thch hp rng chng s l mt thnh vin ca mt cm. Sau , u cm ch nh thi im m cc nt Sensor c th gi s liu da trn phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). Trong giai on n nh, cc nt Sensor s cm bin v truyn s liu ti u cm. u cm cng tp hp s liu t cc nt trong cm ca chng trc khi gi nhng s liu ny ti trm gc. Sau mt khong thi gian n nh no , mng vo li bt u giai on thit lp v vo chu k mi trong vic la chn nhng u cm. g) Phng thc truyn tin c nh hng (Directed Diffusion): trong m hnh ph bin s liu c truyn theo nh hng, nt Sink gi yu cu m t v nhim v (Task Description) ti tt c cc nt Sensor nh ch ra trong hnh 2.4(a). Cc m t nhim v c t tn bng vic gn cc cp gi tr thuc tnh m t nhim v. Mi nt Sensor sau lu tr mc yu cu (Interest Entry) trong cc (Cache) nh ca n. Mc yu cu bao gm mt trng nhn thi gian v cc trng ch hng (Gradient field). Khi yu cu ca Sink c truyn xuyn qua mng, cc ch hng (Gradient) t ngun tr v nt nhn c thit lp nh trong hnh 2.4(b). Khi ngun c s liu theo yu cu, ngun s gi s liu dc theo cc ch hng nh trong hnh 2.4(c). Vic truyn pht, tp hp s liu v yu cu c xc nh mt cch cc b. Ngoi ra, b nhn phi lm mi li v tng cng cc yu cu khi n bt u nhn s liu t ngun. Ch phng thc
truyn tin c nh hng da trn nh tuyn s liu tp trung trong , b nhn qung b yu cu.
Hnh 2.4: V d v truyn tin nh hng: (a) Pht yu cu, (b) Thit lp nh hng, (c) gi s liu. 2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn Cc gii php truy nhp mi trng c thc hin trong lp lin kt s liu. 2.3.2.1. Yu cu vi giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) cho mng sensor Yu cu i vi giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor l phi c chin lc bo tn ngun nng lng, qun l di ng v khc phc c nhng sai hng. Mc d nhiu giao thc truy nhp mi trng truyn dn c xut cho MANET, vic thit k mt giao thc MAC hiu qu vi kiu mng Sensor vn l mt vn ng. V th, c hai kiu phn b c nh (Fixed Allocation) v truy nhp ngu nhin (Random Access) trong truy nhp mi trng truyn dn c xut. Phng php iu khin truy nhp mi trng theo yu cu (Demand - Based) c th khng ph hp cho mng Sensor do ph ti (Overhead) v tr thit lp kt ni ln. Vic bo tn ngun nng lng c th t c bng vic s dng cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng v dng gii hn thi gian trong cc bn tin bo nhn. V cc thit b v tuyn phi c tt i trong sut thi gian ri vic tit kim ngun nng lng nn giao thc MAC phi c ci bin t TDMA. Vic truy nhp knh trn c s cnh tranh
(Contention-Based Channel Access) c coi l khng thch hp do nhng yu cu ca chng v iu khin knh truyn ti mi thi im. iu ny phi c ch , tuy nhin, truy nhp mi trng truyn dn ngu nhin cng c th h tr vic bo tn ngun nng lng, nh trong tiu chun IEEE 802.11 cho WLAN (mng ni b din rng), bng vic tt thit b v tuyn theo trng thi ca vector nh v li (Net Allocation Vector). Cc phng php iu khin tc thch ng v s ln lng nghe c nh (Constant Listening Times) cng c th gip t c hiu sut nng lng cao trong phng thc truy nhp ngu nhin cho mng Sensor. Cc phn tip theo s trnh by mt s giao thc MAC c xut cho mng Sensor. 2.3.2.2. Cc giao thc MAC cho mng sensor a) SMACS v thut ton EAR : giao thc SMACS (Self-oganization MAC for Sensor network) hon thnh vic khi ng mng v t chc lin kt lp (Network Start-up and Link-layer Organization) cn thut ton EAR cho php kt ni lin mch (Seamless Connection) gia cc nt di ng trong mng Sensor. SMACS l mt giao thc xy dng c s h tng phn tn cho php cc nt c th pht hin ra cc nt ln cn ca chng v thit lp cc tin trnh truyn / nhn cho thng tin m khng cn ti bt k nt ch (master nt) ton cc hay cc b no. Trong giao thc ny, cc giai on pht hin nt ln cn v ch nh knh c kt hp trong thi gian cc nt lng nghe cc nt ln cn, chng c th to ra mt kt ni mng. Mt kt ni truyn thng bao gm mt cp khe thi gian hot ng ti mt tn s c nh c chn ngu nhin (hoc chui nhy tn). y l mt s la chn c th thc hin trong mng Sensor v bng thng c php s dng ln hn nhiu tc truyn s liu ti a cho cc nt Sensor. Phng php ny trnh c s bt buc phi ng b trn din rng mc d vic truyn thng gia cc nt ln cn trong mng con vn phi c ng b thi gian. Vic bo tn ngun nng lng l nh s dng tin trnh bo thc ngu nhin trong giai on kt ni v nh tt thit b v tuyn trong cc khe thi gian ri.
Giao thc EAR m bo cung cp dch v thng trc cho cc nt di ng trong c hai iu kin di ng v c nh. y, cc nt di ng m nhn ton b vic iu khin mt qu trnh kt ni v cng nh quyt nh khi no b kt ni, do ti thiu ha phn ph ti ca bn tin. EAR l trong sut i vi SMACS SMACS hot ng cho n khi a c cc nt di ng vo trong mng. Trong m hnh ny, mi nt di ng bt k u c mt s cc nt tnh trong vng ln cn ca n. Mt hn ch ca phng php ch nh khe thi gian ny l kh nng cc thnh vin thuc v cc mng con khc nhau c th khng bao gi c kt ni. b) Truy nhp mi trng da trn CSMA: Cc phng php da trn CSMA (a truy nhp theo cm bin lu lng) truyn thng l khng thch hp v chng u hot ng ch yu vi lu lng phn b ngu nhin v c xu hng h tr cc dng im - im c lp. Ngc li, giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor phi c kh nng h tr bin i lu lng tun hon v c tnh tng quan cao. Bt k phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn CSMA no cng c hai thnh phn quan trng l c ch lng nghe v phng php lm gim cng sut (Backoff). Theo kt qu m phng cc khong thi gian lng nghe c nh c hiu qu v nng lng v s a vo tr ngu nhin cung cp mt phng php mnh m chng li cc va chm lp. Ca s c nh v phng php gim cng sut theo hm m nh phn c xut duy tr tnh cng bng cn xng trong mng. Mt s thay i pha ti mc ng dng c thc hin vt qua bt k mt hiu ng bt gi no. Hiu qu nng lng c th hin nng lng tiu th trn mt n v thng tin hon thnh. Mt phng php iu khin tc truyn dn thch ng (Adaptive transmitssion Rate Control-ARC) t c s cng bng trong truy nhp mi trngtruyn dn bng vic cn bng cc tc khi u v thng lng qua tuyn cng c xem xt. iu ny m bo rng cc nt gn cc im truy nhp hn th khng c u tin hn cc nt su trong mng. ARC iu khin tc khi u s liu ca mt nt cung cp thng lng qua tuyn cho truyn dn. Mt c ch bo hiu tin b c s dng thng bo cho cc nt gim tc khi u s liu ca chng. ARC s dng
mt phng php tng tuyn tnh v gim bi (Linear Increase and Multiplicative Decrease). Trong khi s tng tuyn tnh dn ti s cnh tranh knh mnh m hn th s gim bi iu khin khi truy nhp ng truyn tht bi. V vic mt lu lng qua tuyn c hi hn nn lu lng qua tuyn c u tin hn lu lng khi u. Cc tnh ton ca phng php ny lm cho hiu sut nng lng tng ln nhiu hn phng tho thun v thng bo bng v tuyn. ARC cng c gng gim vn v cc nt n trong mng a bc bng s iu chnh thng xuyn tc truyn dn v thc hin cc thay i pha cc dng tun hon t xy ra va chm lp i lp li. c) MAC trn c s lai ghp TDMA/ FDMA: phng php MAC theo iu khin trung tm ny c gii thiu trong ti liu [nghin cu v hot ng ca cc Sensor nhn bit c nng lng thch ng]. Trong , nghin cu chi tit hiu qu in t ca lp vt l khng l tng trn thit k giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor. H thng c to ln bi cc nt Sensor b hn ch nng lng lin lc vi mt trm gc n, gn v c cp ngun nng lng cao (< 10 m). C th l ng dng iu khin my ca mng Sensor vi nhng yu cu nghim ngt v tr s liu v phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn lai ghp TDMA - FDMA c s dng. Trong khi phng php TDMA thun ty dnh ring bng thng cho mt nt Sensor n l th phng php FDMA thun ty ch cp bng thng tn hiu ti thiu cho mi nt. Mc d thc t l phng php TDMA thun ty ti thiu c tr truyn thng song khng c s dng nhiu do cc chi ph cho ng b thi gian kt hp. Mt cng thc nhn c t nghin cu trong [36] tm ra s knh ti u s tiu th nng lng h thng l thp nht. iu ny dn n vic phng php lai ghp TDMA-FDMA c s dng. S knh ti u c tm ra ph thuc vo t l tiu th nng lng gia my pht v my thu. Nu my pht tiu th nhiu nng lng hn, phng php TDMA s c coi trng hn, trong khi phng php truy nhp s cng nghing v pha FDMA khi my thu tiu th nng lng cng nhiu.
Giao thc SMACS v EAR
Kiu truy nhp knh Ch cp ti khe s nh
Cc c trng mng Sensor Khai thc bng
Bo tn ngun nng lng Kch hot ngu trong khi thit lp v tt thit b v tuyn trong khi ri
thi thng ln so vi nhin c chia Ti u s lng
gian c nh tc s liu tn nh Lai ghp TDMAFDMA Da trn CSMA Phn thi gian Truy c tranh s nhp theo tn s v knh tiu th Chuyn pha
Ti thiu nng l-
ti ng h thng trn
thiu nng lng c s phn cng S dng thi gian nghe c t nh
ngu nhin trn ng dng v tr lng cnh trc truyn dn
hiu qu nng lng
Bng 2.2: Tm tt cc giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor hiu hn v cc c im ni bt v hiu qu ca cc giao thc MAC cho mng Sensor, bng 2.2 s a ra mt s im tng quan v so snh cc giao thc ny. Ct cc c trng mng Sensor nhm minh ha nhng c im mi v quan trng ca mng Sensor cho php p dng cc giao thc. ng thi bng 2.2 cng trnh by s bin i khc bit t cc phng php MAC truyn thng khng th p dng cho mng Sensor v vic cc giao thc mi ny t c hiu sut nng lng nh th no . 2.3.2.3. Cc ch hot ng tit kim nng lng Bt k phng php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn no c s dng cho mng Sensor u phi h tr cc kiu hot ng tit kim nng lng cho nt Sensor. Vi d r rng nht ca vic bo tn ngun nng lng l tt b thu pht khi n khng c yu cu. Mc d, phng php tit kim nng lng ny dng nh cung cp s tng thm nng lng nhng mt im quan trng khng c php b qua l cc nt Sensor lin lc bng cc gi s liu ngn. Cc gi cng ngn th nng lng khi kch cng ni tri. Trong thc t, nu chng ta tt thit b v tuyn mt cch my mc trong thi gian khe ri, chng
ta c th lm cho nng lng tiu th nhiu hn khi thit b ny c bt. Kt qu l hot ng trong mt ch tit kim nng lng ch t hiu sut nng lng cao nu thi gian c s dng ch ln hn vi mt gii hn no . C mt s ch c ch nh vy p dng cho nt Sensor khng dy, tu thuc vo s lng trng thi ca vi x l, b nh, b bin i A/D v b thu pht. Mi ch ny c th c m t bng s tiu th nng lng ca n v nng lng chuyn trng thi t v ti ch . Mt phng php qun l nng lng ng cho mng Sensor khng dy nghin cu v nm ch tit kim nng lng v vic chuyn tip gia cc ch . Thi gian gii hn ti thiu cho mi ch ph thuc vo thi gian chuyn tip v yu cu v tiu th nng lng ca ring tng ch . 2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut Gi thnh thp v s tiu th nng lng thp l nhng vn ca mng cm bin khng dy, n ht sc quan trng trong vic thit k h thng cung cp ngun trong mt node cm bin . Vn qun l cng sut c kt hp cng cc node mng cm bin, da trn s cung cp v tiu th: Khi c mt s cung cp nng lng, node phi tiu th n tc thp nht c th. Vn tr nn phc tp, bi cu trc nng lng c cung cp bi ngun s cp th him khi ti u cho nhn v truyn s liu. Hn na, cng sut kh dng t ngun v s tiu th trong vic truyn nhn d liu khc nhau mi thi im , vic truyn nhn d liu phi c cung cp hp l ti tt c thi gian m bo vn hnh ng. C rt nhiu cc ngun cng sut khc nhau v cc thit b c bin ng ln, do khng c mt h thng cung cp cng sut ring l no c ti u cho cc node mng cm bin khng dy. Thay vo thit k h thng cn ph hp gia ngun cng sut vi mch np d liu. Khi cc ngun in( nh l PIN ) hoc cc ngun khc cng s hn ch v nng lng c s dng th h thng phi c thit k vn hnh vi s tiu th cng sut nh nht c th. Do s ti da chu k sng ca node. Khi cng ngh ngun sch (energy-scavenging) c s dng, s m rng thi gian tn ti ca nt mng. Nu mt thi im no cng sut ngun ln hn gi tr c yu cu th mt vi th tc v iu kin ngun s yu cu ngun nng lng th cp. Tt nhin, gi thnh v hiu qu ca h thng lu tr th cp phi bao gm trong vic thit k node mng. S thit k bt k h thng cung cp cng sut no u bt u cng s la chn ngun cng sut. cp trong s la chn mt ngun cng sut bao gm: kh dng, gi ban u v gi
vn hnh, thi gian gia cc dch v, kh nng chu ng bn trong, in p kh dng, kch thc v mi quan tm ti sinh thi hc. Mt s la chn cc ngun cng sut in thu gn c cp cho cc ng dng ngun thp. R rng, kh nng lm vic ca ngun cng sut l iu quan trng u tin. Tuy nhin ta phi xt n s tng quan gia kh nng lm vic vi gi thnh ca ngun. c bit l vi ngun mt chiu. y l loi ngun c gi thnh tng i thp v hin ang c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Thi gian gia cc ln bo dng cng ht sc quan trng c bit i vi mt mng ln. Vic la chn mt qui tc tt c p dng chia khong thi gian trung bnh gia cc ln bo dng mi node l ht sc quan trng duy tr mng. Qui tc ny l tiu im ca cc thit k trn quan im ca ngi s dng. in tr trong ca ngun l ht sc quan trng, bi dng in chy trong cc node mng cm bin l kh nh. Hn na, Cc cm bin thng trng thi ngh trong khong thi gian di sau mt chu k hot ng dng cao. Ngun vi in tr trong cao c th p ng nhu cu dng in trung bnh ca node mng v cc cm bin cng cc hoat ng, nhng khng p ng c dng nh cao. Ngun cng sut phi c kh nng cung cp dng cao cn thit m khng c hin tng ri in p ngoi. Vic ri in p c th gy ra vic khi ng li b vi x l, mt d liu, hoc cc tc ng c hi khc. Cc ngun cng vi in tr trong cao cn phi c iu ho, thng thng vic iu di dng mt t in hoc mt ngun mt chiu in tr trong thp lm trung gian h tr cho cc dng nh, hn na chng cng c kh nng cung cp dng trung bnh d dng. Cc ngun c in tr trong tng theo thi gian s c thi gian sng khng ph thuc vo s d tr nng lng ca chng m ph thuc vo s mt kh nng h tr dng nh yu cu. 2.3.3.1 Thi gian tn ti Tiu chun u tin trong thit k linh kin ngun mt chiu l s gii hn thi gian sng, iu ny quyt nh ti vic ngun mt chiu c thay th hoc np li. Cc t bo s cp th khng th np li v s tiu tn ng k trong vic vn hnh nu c s dng trong mt mng ln. Cc t bo th cp th c th c np li trnh phi mua cc ngun mi trong cc iu hnh thng thng; Tuy nhin chng c mt nng lng thp hn cc t bo s cp, do vi hai t bo cng kch thc vic np li t bo th cp phi thng xuyn hn vic thay th cc t bo s cp.
2.3.3.2 Pht hin ngun thp "Low Battery" Bi mi ngun c mt thi gian tn ti gii hn, trnh node hng khi vn hnh, phi c ch th khi ngun mt chiu gn ht thi gian sng, khi ta c th thay th chng. Mi loi ngun c mt cch biu hin khc nhau khi sp kt thc chu k sng, v vy nguyn l xc nh nng lng cn li ca ngun phi ph hp vi cht ho hc cu thnh ln ngun. Vic xc nh r thi gian tn ti cn li khng ch l chc nng ca ngun m cn l chc nng ca ti trng (the load). Ni ng ra, ti trng s xc nh im kt thc thi gian sng ca ngun, bi vic xc nh thi im m ngun khng cung cp nng lng cn cho ti trng. Thng thng l khng cung cp in p tiu chun, Ti trng cng xc nh dng in ti in p ny c m bo, dng in cho bi cc node mng cm bin th rt bt n cng dng nh kh cao gin on vi cc chu k kh di ca s tiu th dng thp. Tuy nhin hin trng dng ny khng lm gim thi gian sng ca ngun. Do mch pht hin ngun thp (low battery) l ht sc quan trng gim st vic vt ngng tm thi. Mt cch thc hin iu ny l ch kch hot mch pht hin ngun thp sau chu k dng nh cao khi in p ngun c gi tr thp nht. Mch pht hin ngun thp c vn hnh nh tng u ca th tc "gim m"(warm down), chng c s dng lm cc node mng t ch tch cc sang ch ngh. Mt u im ca cch tip cn ny l ch mt cng sut nh c s dng cho mch pht hin.D nh nhng n cng l ng k khi so snh vi cng sut trung bnh tiu th bi node mng. Mt u im khc l in p ngun s n nh hn iu ny dn ti s vn hnh tin cy hn ca vic cnh bo ngun thp nng cao thi gian sng ca ngun, t l dng trung bnh trn dng nh c lm gim cui thi gian sng ca ngun dng nh c gim. iu ny c thc hin bng cch xen k cc hot ng ca mch ngun cao chng khng hot ng ng thi. Bng cch lm gim ti dng nh trn ngun, ngay lp tc in p ri dc in tr trong ca ngun c th c gim khi in p cc s ln hn ngng ngun thp(low battery) Mch pht hin ngun thp rt quan trng trong vic xc nh mt ngng chnh xc. Mt node mng cm bin c th c thi gian sng ca ngun l 1 nm. Nu qu thi gian ny, in p cc ca n di 0.5v, v nu cho rng in p ri l tuyn tnh theo thi gian th in p s st khong 1,37mV/ngy, tng ng vi
10mV/tun.Mt sai s ngng dng (ngng ln hn gi tr yu cu) s trc tip lm gim gian sng ca node mng do s cnh bo ngun thp trc khi n thc s cn thit. Mt sai s ngng m (ngng thp hn gi tr yu cu) s lm tng thi gian sng ca node mng. Hin tng tr trong mch pht hin ngun thp cng rt quan trng. Mt in p ri t hn 10nV/tun l s thay i rt chm, c bit l vi cng ngh SoC(low-cost system-on-a-chip). Tuy nhin in p ngun chu nh hng ca mt lng nhiu ng k gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn trong mch s. Nhiu ny gy ra hin tng sai lch trong cnh bo ngun thp(Low battery) khi in p ngun gn vi gi tr ngng. Do in p ri l rt chm nn hin tng sai lch ny c th duy tr nhiu hn mt tun. Mt gii php a ra l cht cnh bo ngun thp ti ln u tin vt ngng th khng c mong i. iu ny khng ch lm gim tui th ca ngun m cn khng xc nh c chnh xc cc tc ng gy ra bi nhiu. Mt gii php gii quyt vn ny l s dng hin tng tr trong mch pht hin ngun thp(low battery). Hin tng tr ny c th ly t nht 2 khun dng: continuous-time hoc sampled hystrsis. 2.3.3.3. Cnh bo "Low Battery" C nhiu tn hiu cnh bo ngun c to ra, n phi trc tip tc ng ti ngi s dng qun l cc hot ng ca ngun. Cc biu tng quen thuc v tn hiu cnh bo ngun thp(low battery) c thy trn camera, cell phone v cc PDA c th c s dng trong cc ng dng nh nguyn l my tnh c nhn khng dy(wrireless PC) ni m ngi s dng ch thy cc tn hiu cnh bo. Ch rng ngi s dng c th gp nhiu vn cc node mng khng c hin th v nhng ni kh qun l. Thng th bc in cnh bo c gi lun phin thng qua mng cm bin ti mt node ang chy cc tin ch trng thi mng. Mt tin ch trng thi mng l mt cng ni m ngi s dng c th qun l trng thi ca mng. Ph thuc vo cc ng dng, tin ch trng thi mng c th l: M x l nn chy trn mt node mng Mt x l ang chy trn phn chuyn dng ca phn cng(nh l Laptop hoc PDA) c nh k truy nhp vo mng. Mt x l ang chy ti cng node mng(nu c), y ngi s dng c th truy cp cc tin ch thng qua mng Internet.
Trong nhiu cc ng dng, tin ch trng thi mng l vn then cht quyt nh ti thnh cng ca vic thit k mng. Mc d
mng c th t t chc v t vn hnh nhng ngi s dng mt mng ln vn phi chc chn mng m bo cc chc nng ca n; Hn na trong nhiu cc ng dng c bit trong trng hp khn cp trng thi mng phi hu dng . Nu cnh bo ngun thp c gi thng qua chnh mng cm bin, th node mng phi c thit k chc nng thu pht l chc nng sau cng trong cc iu khin. Cn cc chc nng khc ca node nh s vn hnh Sensor, Actuators v giao din ngi s dng phi chp nhn s dng ngun thp m bo cho chc nng truyn nhn c thc hin v tn hiu cnh bo ngun thp c gi Cc nguyn l thit k node mng cm bin node c kh nng iu ho ngun thp: - Node mng ch gi bc in "thay i trng thi" n ti v tr trung tm ch khi no cnh bo ngun thp c thit lp. Nguyn l ny ti u ho mo u lu lng mng nhng cng cung cp mt thng tin ti thiu. - Node mng c th gi bc in "cp nht trng thi mng" mt cch nh k ti gc mng. Mc d nguyn l ny lm di bc in vn hnh mng nhng n cung cp thng tin quan trng ti ngi s dng. - Nu mng khng h tr bc in "cp nht trng thi mng", node c th chia s thng tin trng thi ngun ti tt c cc node ln cn. Node ny c th tr li cc truy vn lin quan ti trng thi ca n nu n c th thc hin c iu ny. Khi ngun ca n hng cc node ln cn s thng bo cho mng l do node hng. 2.3.4. Tn dng cc ngun nng lng trong t nhin Trong nhiu trng hp, vic ly nng lng trc tip t mi trng c th m bo cho vic vn hnh cc node mng cm bin. Nng lng ny ngi ta gi l nng lng sch v thut ng "energy scavenging" bao gm quang nng, ng nng v cc ngun nng lng khc. Cc node mng tn dng nng lng sch c gi l "live off the land" thay th cho ngun nng lng s dng bi chnh n. Nu c thit k hp l cc node mng s dng nng lng sch c th rt nh bi chng khng cn mang theo ngun cha nng lng. Ngun nng lng c ly t mi trng c bin ng rt ln v chng c th c ngt trong qu trnh hot ng. Thng thng vic ngt ngun s c d on trc, nh l vic thay i chu k ca thit b chuyn
ng. Trong trng hp khc vic ngt ngun l do s c, do d bo thng k thng c s dng. Xc sut ngun ngng hot ng l rt ln bi v cng sut t mi trng cho vn hnh khng th m bo tt c thi gian. Do ngi thit k phi chn mt mc tin cy dc trn cc kiu ngun nng lng sch khc nhau v thit k node mng ph hp vi yu cu. V d, vic nh gi h thng nng lng mt tri phi cp n hiu ng gii hn thi gian chiu sng. Vic thit k phi h tr cho s vn hnh ban m hay nhng lc khng c nh sng. Hn na vic thit k cng phi ch n v tr ca cc min vng khc nhau, bi v thi tit kh hu v thi gian chiu sng ca mt tri cc vng khc nhau l khc nhau. Do ngi thit k phi m bo mt mc tin cy da trn da trn kh dng ca mt tri v tr thit k. Mt c im chung ca hu ht cc ngun nng lng sch l cng sut trung bnh thp ch khong 1mW hoc thp hn. Mc d cng sut trung bnh cn cho node mng cm bin c th thp hn cng sut trung bnh ca ngun nng lng sch nhng cng sut nh cn cho node mng th lun ln hn cng sut tc thi nh nht cung cp bi ngun. p ng yu cu cng sut nh ny v h tr s bin ng u ra ca cc ngun nng lng sch. Hu ht cc ngun nng lng sch phi c mch iu ho cng sut. Mch iu ho cng sut t gia ngun cng sut v ti m bo ph hp gia dng v in p ti u ra ca n thch hp vi yu cu ca ti. ng thi phi ph hp dng v ti yu cu ti u vo ca ngun. Hu ht cc mch iu ho cng sut yu cu mt phn t lu tr nng lng th cp, thng thng l ngun th cp hoc t in. V bn cht ngun nng lng sch l nhng dng chy nh np cho thit b lu tr th cp t y nng lng c chuyn ti node mng. Ngun nng lng th cp c mt nng lng ln hn so vi t in, do chng c th cng sut nh cao hn trong chu k di hn. Tuy nhin chng cng c tc np li cao hn nn lm tng s tiu th cng sut trung bnh. Tu thuc vo s chn la cng ngh, qu trnh chuyn i in p c th c thc hin trc hoc thit b lu tr th cp, hoc sau thit b ny hoc l c trc v sau hoc l khng. Mt nhn t c cp trong sut qu trnh thit k h thng cung cp nng lng sch l cch thc thc hin bt v tt ngun. Ti thi im bt, thit b lu tr th cp c th ang c np v vy mch iu ho cng sut s khng th cung cp cho ti cho ti thi im cui ca qu trnh np. y l mt kh khn bi v mch
iu ho cng sut khng c hoc khng u ra trong sut thi gian ny, mch iu khin pht hin ra iu kin khi ng v gim st trng thi np ca thit b lu tr th cp v cui cng kt ni ti ti u ra ca mnh iu ho cng sut. Ngun cng sut sch c th c c tnh bin ng ln v vy vic thit k cc mch iu khin gp phi thch thc ln. Hn na, chng cn phi m bo cung cp nng lng cho node mng hot ng ngay c khi ngun nng lng sch tm thi gin on. Mch khi ng phi khng gy nh hng ti chc nng iu ho node cho ti khi vic iu ho c pht hin. chc nng tt ngun ca h thng c th c thc hin trong khi nng lng vn kh dng trong thit b lu tr th cp. Nu nng lng sch c s dng trc tip cho vic vn hnh khi mt mt ngun nh c th c thc hin cung cp mch iu khin. 2.3.1.1. T bo quang in Hin nay hu ht cc cng ngh ngun sch s dng cc t bo quang in thu nng lng mt tri. Cc t bo ny c t ti v tr c th thu c nhiu nng lng mt tri nht v c s dng ti cc node mng m ngun chnh v ngun s cp khng kh thi, cc v tr ny thng l cc vng xa. Cng sut in c ly ra t cc t bo quang in tng ng vi din tch ca t bo v mt chiu sng ca mt tri. in p cc ca t bo ging vi in p ca diode bn dn v c cng kh ln. Trong khi dng ra ph thuc trc tip vo cng chiu sng. Dng ra ca cc t bo quang in tng khi nhit tng. Hin ti c rt nhiu loi t bo quang in khc nhau v hu ht l cc t bo silicon. Chng c gi hp l v kh nng cm nhn nh sng bc sng gn 800nm. C 3 loi t bo silicon thng c s dng: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, v amorphous. Cc t bo monocrystalline c hiu sut rt cao (khong 15%) v c gi cao nht. T bo amorphous c hiu sut thp nht (khong 6%) v cng c gi r nht. Cn li l cc t bo polycrystalline c hiu sut khong 14%. Do cc node mng cm bin yu cu cng sut thp do cc t bo amorphous c s dng nhiu nht. Do mt cng sut chiu sng ca mt tri ti b mt tri t khong 100mW/cm2 nn ch cn 4cm2 t bo amorphous c hiu sut 6% c th sn sut khong 25mW (nu c chiu sng hon ton ) tng ng vi dng in 50mA. in p mch h Voc ca t bo Si khong 0,5V. c kt hp vi in p chun cng nghip cho mch tch hp. Do c t bo phi c
t ni tip tng in p ra. in p ra l tng i n nh so vi s bin ng ca cng chiu sng. Tuy nhin trong vi ng dng cc t bo quang in khng c s dng vi s iu chnh ln. Trong hu ht cc trng hp vic iu ho cng sut phi c s dng cung cp dng trong khong thi gian m cc t bo quang in b che ti v khng th to ra dng mnh cung cp cho ti. Vic thit k mch iu ho cng sut phi ch ti cc nhn t nh hng ti t bo quang in. Mt v d v mng cm bin khng dy s dng cc t bo quang in l chng trnh vi ht thng minh ( Smart Dust ) ti trng i hc California. Cc vi ht trong h thng c kt ni vi nhau bi ng quang thay cho truyn dn v tuyn. V kt ni c thc hin bi si quang nn vic yu cu thm cc thit b chiu sng nn chng l khng cn thit. 2.3.1.2. Cc ngun nng lng khc Cc ngun nng lng khc gm ng nng, c nngHin ti cc loi ngun ny cha c sut cho mng sensor. Tuy vy chng c nghin cu v hng pht trin cho cc d n tng lai.
Chng III : Phn mm m phng nng lng cho mng Wireless Sensor 3.1. M hnh ho m phng
Trn c s phn tch bi ton m phng v xc nh r mc tiu v k hoch, vic m hnh ho m phng nhm tru tng ho h thng thc bng m hnh khi nim, mt tp cc quan h ton hc v logic lin quan n cc thnh phn v cu trc ca h thng. Vic xy dng m hnh l cc k quan trng. M hnh c xy dng cng chi tit v tng qut th m phng cng gn thc t. Ngoi ra, tnh hiu qu v kh nng m rng, tc l c th s dng lm nn pht trin thm, ca m hnh cng rt c quan tm. Ngoi ra, v vic xy dng mt m hnh chi tit, tng qut cho ton h thng l rt kh thc hin nn thng vic m hnh ho s tp trung vo cc vn cn quan tm trong h thng, cc phn khc ch cn m bo mc chnh xc trong cc nh hng ca chng ti h thng.
3.1. M hnh ngun nng lng

M hnh ngun c xy dng trn c ch khu tr nng lng. Mt nt Sensor c ba thnh phn tiu th nng lng chnh l thit b cm bin, thit b thu pht v tuyn v b x l vi cc c ch tiu th nng lng khc nhau. Cc thnh phn ny li c th hot ng cc trng thi khc nhau vi tc tiu th nng lng khc nhau. M hnh ngun nng lng cung cp kh nng m phng trng thi ngun nng lng ca nt. Ban u, mi nt Sensor c nh cu hnh vi mt khi nng lng xc nh. Mi khi nt Sensor thc hin mt hnh ng nh nhn mt tn hiu cm bin, thu hoc pht cc gi tin v tuyn, x l tn hiu, ngun nng lng d tr ca nt s b khu tr theo cng sut c nh ngha trc cho tng thnh phn. Khi nt Sensor khng c hnh ng no, nng lng s c khu tr theo cng sut ri (Idle power). Vi cc mng Sensor hin nay, nht l vi cc mng khng c kh nng tm ngun nng lng bn ngoi, v d nh s dng cc tm pin
mt tri th tui th ca ngun nng lng l yu t quyt nh thi gian tn ti ca mng. Do , cc thut ton v giao thc c s dng cho mng Sensor u phi ch n hiu qu s dng ngun nng lng. Vi vic m hnh ho ngun nng lng cho nt Sensor, mi trng m phng cung cp kh nng kho st hiu qu s dng ngun nng lng ca cc thut ton, cc giao thc v cc cch t chc, trin khai nt khc nhau c p dng cho mng Sensor. M hnh ny cn cung cp mt s c ch khu tr ngun trong thc t c kim chng bng thc nghim
3.3. Thit k phn mm m phng mng Wireless Sensor

Trong thit k phn mm (cn c gi l chuyn i m hnh), m hnh m phng c pht trin bng mt ngn ng lp trnh no . Trong n ny, vic m phng mng Sensor c thc hin trn phn mm m phng mng NS-2 m rng cho mi trng mng Sensor. Do , phn tip theo s trnh by v phn mm NS-2 v phn m rng NRLSensorsim trn NS-2 cho m phng mng Sensor 3.3.1. Phn mm NS-2 a) Gii thiu NS-2 NS-2 ( Network Simulator phin bn 2) l chng trnh m phng mng theo phng php m phng cc s kin ri rc. NS-2 h tr m phng mng c dy v khng dy, TCP, UDP , cc giao thc truyn thng im-a im v nh tuyn khc,.v.v. NS-2 c vit bng C++ v ngn ng hng i tng Tcl (Otcl: object-oriented tool command language). NS-2 c mt lch s kh di, bt ngun t cc phn mm REAL ca UCB (1989) v NEST ca Colombia (1992). n nm 1995, NS-2 c pht trin trong d n VINT (Virtual InterNet Testbed hay nn kim th Internet o). VINT l d n hp tc gia AT&T Reseach, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ETH TIK, Xerox PARC, UCB-Berkeley v USC/ISI. Hin nay, Ns ang tip tc c pht trin trong cc d n SAMAN v CONSER, cng vi s hp tc ca nhiu nh nghin cu v
ACIRI. Nhng t chc ng gp ng k vo NS-2 l UCB Daeledus, UMU Monarch v Sun MicroSystems. So vi cc phn mm m phng mng khc, NS-2 c nhng u th sau: - NS-2 c m ngun m min ph. - NS-2 c kin trc m, to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng - NS-2 c pht trin t cc phn mm ni ting trn th gii nh REAL, NEST nn n c nhng im mnh v khc phc c nhng yu im ca cc phn mm ny - NS-2 h tr cc tnh nng c bn ca mng IP, t c th pht trin thm cc phn t mng. - NS-2 c cu trc modul, rt thun tin cho vic nghin cu tm hiu v pht trin. Nhn t pha ngi s dng , NS-2 l chng trnh bin dch m Otcl c lin kt ti th vin C++ . Cc i tng c s nh tcp, CBR,..c xy dng trong C++. u vo NS-2 l tp m lnh Otcl , u ra l cc tp tin m phng tin trnh theo yu cu c th hin trong tp lnh Otcl. NS-2
Tp lnh Otcl ( m ngun )
Chng trnh bin dch Otcl Cc th vin C++
Kt qu m phng
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc chng trnh NS-2 Kt qu m phng c th quan st bng hnh nh m t trc quan vi ng dng Nam ( the Network Animator ), bng th (s dng Xgraph) hoc c th c x l bng cc tp lnh tu chn. Vi cu trc ny, vic s dng NS-2 tr ln n gin hn nhiu so vi s dng trc tip C++ nhng vn c c nhng tnh nng ca C++.
Vi nhng c im trn, NS-2 thc s l mt cng c phn mm hu ch cho vic hc tp, nghin cu mng thng tin, gip cho vic thc hnh mng tr ln hiu qu hn. b) C ch hot ng ca phn mm NS-2 Hot ng ca NS-2 c chia thnh hai phn l phn d liu (c xy dng trong C++) v phn iu khin (c xy dng trong Otcl). gim thi gian x l gi v s kin, thi biu s kin v cc i tng thnh phn mng c bn trong phn s liu c vit v bin dch bng C++. Cc i tng c bin dch ny c to sn v c lin kt ti Otcl qua b thng dch Otcl. Mi i tng C++ ny c iu khin v c thit lp cc tham s thng qua mt i tng iu khin tng ng trong Otcl. Cc i tng C++ khng cn iu khin hoc ch hot ng ni ti trong phn C++ th khng cn lin kt n Otcl. Tng t, cng c mt s i tng (khng nm trong phn d liu) c th hot ng hon ton ch trong Otcl. Cc i tng iu khin trong Otcl c nh x 1-1 ti cc i tng cn iu khin trong C++. Nh vy, cu trc phn cp cc i tng ny trong hai phn C++ v Otcl l tng t nhau. Quan h gia C++ v Otcl c minh ha trn hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.2: Tnh i ngu gia C++ v Otcl Hnh 3.3 ch ra kin trc NS-2. Trong kin trc ny, ngi s dng (khng phi ngi pht trin NS-2) v tr gc di bn tri. D liu u vo l tp lnh Otcl c phn tch bi lp Tcl. Vic thit lp v chy m phng trong Tcl s dng cc i tng trong th vin Otcl. Thi biu cc s kin v hu ht cc thnh phn mng hot ng trong C++ v c lin kt ti Otcl. Vic ny c thc hin bi lp tclcl.
Chng trnh NS-2 c nhiu phin bn chy trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau v vi cc yu cu ci t khc nhau. Trong n ny, phin bn ns-allinone-2.27, chy trn Windows trong mi trng Cygwin/X c s dng tm hiu mt s cc tnh cht ca mng Wireless Sensor. Cygwin/X cung cp mt giao din chng trnh ng dng (API) ging nh h iu hnh UNIX trn khun dng Windows do NS-2 khng chy trc tip trn Windows. Thi biu cc s kin tclcl Otcl Tcl 8.0 Hnh 3.3: Kin trc tng quan ca NS-2 Mi trng ns - 2 l cng c ht sc linh hot trong vic nghin cu cc c tnh ca mng cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor network) v n c sn cc m hnh cho mng ad-hoc khng dy, c rng buc v nng lng. Trong ns - 2, mt mng Sensor c th c xc nh vi nhiu t hp cc c tnh nh thc t. Mi trng mng di ng trong ns - 2, cung cp s h tr ln nhau gia cc giao thc nh hnh 3.12
NS-2 Cc thn h phn mn g
Lp vt l Cc kiu pht v Lp tuyn vi mng Lp lin suy gim Lp ng Lp giao kt s bc 4 : dng vn liu trong DSDV khng CBR TCP DSR 802.11 gian t FTP UDP TORA TDMA do, mt Telnet AODV SMAC t hai OLSR tia, bng ph. Antent li n. Hnh 3.4: Cc giao thc c h tr trong NS-2 m phng mng khng dy Vi c s ny, ta ch cn thm vo NS-2 mt s i tng v thuc tnh m phng mng Sensor. 3.3.2. C s pht trin m phng mng Sensor trn nn NS-2 C s duy nht cn thiu trong NS-2 cho m phng mng Sensor l vic nh ngha mt "Phenomenon" (hin tng). V d nh cht ho hc, m thanh,... cc i tng ny c th di chuyn v kch hot cc Sensor gn qua mt knh nh phm cht khng kh hay rung ng mt t. Khi mt Sensor pht hin tn hiu t mt hin tng trong knh ny, Sensor s phn ng tu theo ng dng c nh ngha bi ngi s dng NS-2. Cc ng dng ny s quy nh vic Sensor lm g khi pht hin ra hin tng mc tiu. V d, Sensor c th nh k gi thng bo n mt s im thu thp s liu nu n cn tip tc pht hin thy hin tng, hoc c th lm mt s vic phc tp hn nh cng tc vi cc Sensor ln cn c c thng tin c th chi tit hn v hin tng trc khi cnh bo ngi gim st v mt hin tng gi nh. Mi mng Sensor c mt ng dng duy nht nh gim st ng t, mi trng, Phn m rng NS-2 cung cp cc kh nng trnh din cc ng dng Sensor. Vi cc ng dng ny, chng ta c th nghin cu hot ng ca c s h tng
mng di cc iu kin khc nhau. C s ca vic xy dng m hnh mng Sensor trong NS-2 c minh ho trong hnh 3.5.
Hnh 3.5: C s xy dng m hnh mng Sensor s dng NS-2 M hnh trnh din ca cc hin tng trong NS-2 c xc nh vi cc gi qung b c chuyn qua mt knh c ch nh. Phm vi nh hng ca hin tng l tp hp cc nt c th nhn c cc gi Phenom qung b trn knh ny. M hnh ny s tun theo qung b bt c kiu pht v truyn no (khng gian t do, mt t 2 tia hay bng ph, bao gm c cc cu hnh nt hin tng. Cc kiu pht ny ph sng theo dng gn trn nhng cc hnh dng khc cng c th c c bng cch thay i phm vi ca cc gi Phenon v di chuyn mt cch thch hp mt tp cc nt hin tng pht cng kiu. Vic pht qung b cc gi Phenom c hon thnh nh "giao thc nh tuyn Phenom", qung b cc gi Phenom vi tc xung xc nh. Khi mt gi Phenom c nhn bi mt nt trn knh Phenomenon (knh hin tng), mt thng bo v s kin ny s c chuyn n ng dng Sensor ca nt . 3.3.3. Cc nh dng mi trong NS-2 Gi s c cc nt hin tng (Phenomenon) kch hot cc nt Sensor, lu lng cc nt Sensor to ra mi khi pht hin thy hin tng ph thuc vo chc nng ca mng. V d, cc mng thit k hiu chnh ch bng hiu ng nng lng s to ra nhiu lu lng Sensor n Sensor hn mng thit k cung cp cho gim st vin cc d liu cha qua x l. Chc nng ny ph thuc vo ng dng ca Sensor v ph thuc vo c tnh lu lng kt hp vi mng c m phng. i tng v chc nng c nh ngha trong cc file sau: - Phenom / Phenom.cc, h: Cha giao thc nh tuyn Phenom s dng cho vic pht tn hiu t cc hin tng. N bao gm cc
tham s cho tc xung v kiu hin tng (Bi cabon, ng t mnh, ng t nh, ting n hay loi chung). Cc kiu ny c t tn nhn dng cc ngun hin tng trong file trace (u ra m phng). Tc xung l tham s duy nht iu khin vic pht tn hiu t mt hin tng.
Hnh 3.6: Hnh nh m t mng Sensor (c ly t ng dng NAM trong NS-2) vi 25 trm Sensor c trin khai theo hnh li trn din vung, 20 nt Phenomenon (m t m my kh gas-hin tng cn cm bin) di ng v mt trm thu thp s liu ( gc trn bn phi). Cc nt sm mu (mu ) l cc nt ang cm bin c hin tng, cc nt nht mu (mu xanh l cy) l cc nt khng quan st thy hin tng. Cc vng trn to m t vicpht sng tn hiu ca cc nt.Cckhi nh mu en biu th cc gi tin trong mng. - Senso nets-NRL / Senso agent.cc, h: nh ngha cc agent Sensor, cc agent l im cui, ni cc gi thuc lp mng c to ra v phn tch, x l . Cc nt Sensor s dng mt tc nhn Sensor lin kt n knh Phenomenon tip nhn cc gi tin Phenom v s dng mt tc nhn TCP hay UDP lin kt n
knh ca mng v tuyn to cc gi tin c gi i t ng dng Sensor. Cc tc nhn Sensor hot ng nh mt ng dn, qua cc gi tn Phenom c nhn v x l bi cc ng dng Sensor. Cc tc nhn Sensor khng thc s quan tm n ni dung ca gi Phenom, n ch n gin nh du cc gi nhn c v chuyn n ng dng Sensor. Agent ny c nh ngha trong Sensor agent.cc. - Sensornets-NRL / Sensorapp.cc, h : ng dng Sensor c nh ngha trong file ny tn dng mu nt v to ra cc thng bo Sensor ch ra nt tng ng pht hin ra hin tng ( 4 bin mi trng c th c s dng l: SILENT_PHENOMENON, DISABLE_COLORS, MESG_SIZE v TRANSMIT_FREQ). C th, khi nt ang nhn gi Phenom, ng dng ny thay i mu nt thnh , kch thot mt bin ton cc "alarm" v gi mt thng bo Sensor (MESG_SIZE byte) n nt sink (nt thu thp s liu) ca kt ni UDP, TCP sau mi chu k l TRANSMIT_FREQ giy. Khi mt nt khng nhn c mt Phenom packet trong thi gian ch (SILENT_PHENOMENON giy), th mu nt tr v mu xanh l cy. Nu mu nt c yu cu biu th mc nng lng thay v trng thi cnh bo Sensor th ng dng b tt vi vic t DISABLE_COLOR. - Sensornets-NRL / Phenom_packet.h: File ny nh ngha cu trc gi Phenom. C 5 kiu hin tng (CO, HEAVY - GEO, LIGHT GEO, SOUND, and TEST - PHENOMENON) tng ng vi cacbon monoxide (cht carbon monoxide CO), Heavy Seismic actyvity (ng t mnh), Light Seismic activy (ng t nh), Audible Sound (m thanh), sime Phenomenon (kiu chung). Cc kiu ny c th c s dng m phng vi nhiu nt hin tng v c th d dng nhn ra v phn bit vi cc hin tng khc m nt Sensor pht hin, bng cch nhn vo file trace. 3.3.4. Thay i trong NS-2 Hnh 3.7 ra s cy NS - 2 m rng m phng mng Sensor vi cc b sung (nhnh bn phi) v hiu chnh (nhnh bn tri). Cc chnh sa trong NS-2 c thc hin trong cc file sau :
- Trace / cmu-trace.cc, h: Lp CMUTrace c s dng in cc phn quan trng ca mt gi vo file trace. V phn m rng s dng kiu gi mi cho cc hin tng nn cn phi nh dng gi tng ng trong file ny. - Tcl / lib / ns-lib.tcl: Thnh phn ny trnh by v cu hnh nt c ch ra trong tp lnh NS-2. Phn m rng s dng kiu nt mi (cc nt Sensor v Phenomenon). V th, thm vo mt s im vo chc nng nh cu hnh nt (node-configure) ph hp vi cc kiu ny.
NS-2.27/
Hnh 3.7: S b sung v chnh sa NS-2 - Tcl / lib / ns-mobilenode.tcl: Trong NS-2, dung lng sn c cho vic lp mng khng dy a knh c s dng pht cc loi tn hiu hin tng khc nhau. Bng vic s dng knh ring cho cc hin tng, ta c th m phng mi trng vt l ring cho tng loi hin tng nh trong thc t. Nh vy, cc nt Sensor cn 2 giao din: mt vi knh 802.11 v mt vi knh Phenom. Kh nng a giao din ("Multi - homed") c b xung trong ns-mobilnode.tcl. - Common / packet-h: Mi gi trong ns -2 c lin kt vi mt kiu ring tu thuc vo giao thc tng ng nh TCP, ARP, AODV, FTP, .v.v..V giao thc pht tn hiu hin tng l mi nn phi nh ngha kiu gi tng ng trong file tiu packet.h. - Mac/ Wireless-phy.cc: ns -2 c gm m hnh nng lng cho cc nt khng dy c s dng nghin cu li ch ca cc k thut duy tr nng lng khc nhau. Nh vic ngh hot ng hay tn dng cc mt mng ti u. M hnh ny gm cc c tnh ch ra cc yu cu cng sut ca cc gi pht v nhn hay trng thi ri trong thi gian mng khng hot ng tch cc. Vic cm bin hin tng l mt qu trnh c th tiu th nng lng ti mt tc khc, nn y l vn quan trng cn xem xt. Trong mac / Wirelessphy.cc cung cp kh nng ch ra cng sut tiu th ca cc nt trong khi cm bin cc hin tng. Mt s sa i khc c thc hin mac / mac.cc, tcl / lib / nsnamsupp.tcl v queue / priqueue.cc. Mt s sa cha trong th tc nh mu nt, b sung kiu gi Phenom vo t chc NS-2 c thc hin n gin ho giao din n knh Phenomenon trn nt Sensor.
3.4. Thit lp m lp trnh m phng

3.4.1. Thit lp knh hin tng v knh d liu Cc nt Phenomenon s pht trn mt knh khc vi cc nt Sensor trnh s tranh chp ti lp vt l. Mi nt Phenomenon cn nh cu hnh trn cng mt knh ngay c khi chng pht t cc kiu
hin tng khc nhau. Lnh sau thit lp knh v tuyn v knh ca cc hin tng (Knh Phenomenon): set chan 1 [new $val(chan)] set chan 2 [new $val(chan)] 3.4.2. Thit lp mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon Chn mt lp MAC s dng cho vic pht Phenomenom qua knh Phenomenon. Vic s dng 802.11 l khng thch hp v knh Phenomena l knh t nhin nn n pht m khng cn iu khin tc nghn v tranh chp. Cc lnh sau thit lp cc th tc iu khin truy nhp mi trng v tuyn v mi trng Phenomenon: set val(mac) Mac/802 11 set val(PHENOMmac) Mac 3.4.3. Thit lp cc nt Phenomenon vi giao thc "nh tuyn" Phenom S dng nt-config ging nh cc nt di ng nhng ch r giao thc nh tuyn Phenom, cc hin tng c pht i theo cc phng thc c nh ngha trong Phenom / Phenom.cc. Ngoi ra phi nh hnh knh v lp MAC trc khi ch ra vic qung b Phenomenon. Mt v d thit lp cu hnh nt Phenomenon mu nh sau: $ns node-config \ -adhocRouting PHENOM \ -Channel $chan 1 \ -llType LL \ -macType $val(PHENOMmac) \ -ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \ -ifqLen 50 \ -antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \ -phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \ -topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \ -routerTrace ON \ -macTrace ON \ -movementTrace ON \ -propType Propagation/TwoRayGround 3.4.4. Thit lp tc v kiu xung ca Phenomenon Hai tham s s dng thay i tu bin Phenomena c ch ra a. Pulserate Float. - Ploat phi l mt s thc - M t tn s mt nt Phenomenon qung b tn hiu ca n. - Mc nh l mt ln pht trn 1 giy b. Phenomenon Pattern - Pattern: kiu hin tng, phi l mt trong cc t kho sau: CO, HEAVE-GEO, LIGHT-GEO, SOUND, TEST-PHENOMENON tng ng vi oxit carbon CO, ng t nng, ng t nh, ting ng v mt s kiu hin tng chung khc. - Tu chn ny c s dng ch yu cho vic m phng cc hin tng bi nt (nhiu nt hin tng kt hp) nn d dng phn bit vic nt Sensor ang cm bin hin tng no bng vic nhn vo trace file. - Mc nh TEST-PHENOMENON Sau y, minh ho vic t tham s pht tn hiu t Carbon Oxit 10 ln/s [$node (0) set ragent ] \ pulserate .1 ; [$node (0) set ragent ] \ Phenomenon CO ;
3.4.5. nh hnh nt Sensor Nt Sensor phi c nh hnh vi thuc tnh Phenom chanell v thuc tnh Wireless Channel. Knh Phenom Channel phi cng loi vi knh m ta n nh cho Phenomenon. Knh cn li c s dng truyn cc bo co ca Sensor. Cu hnh nt Sensor cn phi ch ra mt giao thc MAC cho knh Phenomenon v mt giao thc MAC (nh MAC/802-11) cho knh chia s vi cc nt khng dy khc. iu ny c thc hin vi cc thuc tnh Phenom mactype v mactype. Phenom mactype phi cng kiu vi MAC ca cc nt Phenom v Mactype phi cng kiu vi MAC ca cc nt khc cng tham gia mng IP. Cc lnh sau minh ha v d nh hnh cho mt nt Sensor : $ns node-config \ -adhocRouting $val(rp) \ -Channel $chan 2 \ -macType $val(mac) \ -PHENOMChannel $chan 1 \ -PHENOMmacType $val(PHENOMmac) Nu mun, mt nt Sensor c th c nh hnh vi mt khi nng lng nht nh s c khu tr t ngun d tr ca nt mi ln nhn mt tn hiu Phenomenon qung b hay pht v nhn cc gi tin bo co. thit lp tnh cht ny, phi thm cc tham s trong phn node-configure ca nt Sensor. -energyModel EnergyModel \ -rxPower 0.175 \ -txPower 0.175 \ -sensePower 0.00000175; \ -idlePower 0.0 \ -initialEnergy 0.5 Trong :
- rx Power.175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic nhn mt gi kch thc bt k. - tx Power 175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic pht mt gi kch thc bt k - Sensor Power .000 00175 ch ra 1.75W tiu th khi nhn 1 gi qung b Phenom. - Inctial Energy 5 ch ra tng nng lng d tr l 5J. Ch : M hnh nng lng trong NS-2 s dng mu sc minh ho. trnh nhm ln trong m t nam vic nh mu nt trong ng dng hnh nh Sensor s b tt vi nh ngha DISABLE_COLOR trong Sensorapp.cc. Trong b xung DISABLE_COLOR, mt s tham s nt Sensor khc cng c c ch ra trong Sensorapp.cc. SILENT_PHENOMENON: l khong thi gian (s) yn lng cn thit Sensor i vo trng thi tt cnh bo. V d: # define SILENT_PHENOMENON .2 - MESG_SIZE 256: l kch c (byte) ca bn trn chuyn ti Gateway hay im thu thp d liu hoc cc nt thu d liu khc c lin lc vi nt Sensor (qua UDP, TCP ). V d: # define MESG_SIZE 256 - TRANSMIT_FREQ l tn s m mt nt Sensor c kch hot bi cc gi Phenom) s chuyn mt bn tin n nt thu s liu. Sau mi khong thi gian TRANSMIT_FREQ, nt Sensor pht i mt thng bo (MESG_S1ZE byte) n Gateway v trong mi khong ny, nt Sensor c th nhn c mt hay nhiu gi PHENOM. V d: # define TRANSMIT_FREQ 0.1 3.4.6. Thit lp cc nt Non-Sensor (im thu thp d liu, Gateway) Cc nt khng phi Sensor hay Phenomenon nt khng c nh hnh vi mt knh Phenom Channel v chng ch c giao din duy nht n mng MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network - mng di ng s
dng giao thc nh tuyn Ad hoc) c thc hin vi thuc tnh Phenom Channel "off". V d: $ns node-config \ -adhocRouting $val(rp) \ -Channel $chan 2 \ -PHENOMChannel "off" 3.4.7. Gn kt cc tc nhn Sensor Lnh ny to ra mt tc nhn Sensor cho mi nt Sensor v gn kt tc nhn ny vi nt tng ng. Ngoi ra, phi ch ra rng tt c cc gi tin n t knh Phenome u c nhn bi Sensor Agent.V d: set Sensor ($i) [new \ Agent/SensorAgent] $ns attach-agent $node ($i) \ $Sensor ($i) [$node ($i) set ll (1)] \ up-target $Sensor ($i) 3.4.8. Gn kt mt tc nhn UDP v ng dng Sensor cho mi nt Vic cc nt Sensor phn ng th no khi chng pht hin ra hin tng mc tiu c nh ngha trong ng dng Sensor. V d nh chng s thng bo thng tin v hin tng ti im thu thp d liu qua UDP. Th d sau minh ho vic thit lp ng dng Sensor: set src ($i) [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-agent $node ($i) \ $src ($i) $ns connect $src ($i) $sink set app ($i) [new \ Application/SensorApp] $app ($i) attach-agent $src ($i)
3.4.9. Khi ng ng dng Sensor Nt Sensor c th nhn cc gi Phenom ngay khi Sensor Agent c gn ti nt. Nhng nt ch c phn ng khi ng dng Sensor c gn kt v khi ng. $ns at 5.0 "$app ($i) start \ $Sensor ($i)"
n tt nghip i hc Chng IV. M phng mng Wireless Sensor
Chng IV: M phng mng Wireless Sensor 4.1. Mc nh m phng

Mc ch ca phn m phng ny l xem xt mi quan h gia hot ng ca node mng vi nng lng d tr ca n. Ban u, mi nt Sensor c nh cu hnh vi mt khi nng lng xc nh. Mi khi nt Sensor thc hin mt hnh ng nh nhn mt tn hiu cm bin, thu hoc pht cc gi tin v tuyn, x l tn hiu, ngun nng lng d tr ca nt s b khu tr theo cng sut c nh ngha trc cho tng thnh phn. Khi nt Sensor khng c hnh ng no, nng lng s c khu tr theo cng sut ri (Idle power). M phng ny c thc hin vi cc mng Sensor c trin khai theo hnh li vung, trong bn hnh vung. Khong cch gia cc nt sensor l d, khong cch v tuyn d 2 mt nt c kh nng pht cho 8 nt ln cn. Khong nh hng ca nt Phenomenom (hin tng mc tiu) l d 2 . Kch bn trin khai trng Sensor c minh ho trong hnh 4.1.
Hnh 4.1: Kch bn trin khai trng Sensor trong m phng Kiu hin tng mc tiu c chn l kh Carbon Monoxit (CO) c biu din bng mt nt Phenomenon n di chuyn mt cch ngu nhin trong trng Sensor. S lng im thu thp s liu (Sink) l 1, c t trn bin ca trng Sensor.
Thang nng lng s dng trong cu hnh node (trong phn nodeconfigure): - rx Power.175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic nhn mt gi kch thc bt k. - tx Power 175 ch ra 175mW tiu th cho vic pht mt gi kch thc bt k - Sensor Power .000 00175 ch ra 1.75W tiu th khi nhn 1 gi qung b Phenom. - Inctial Energy 0.5 ch ra tng nng lng d tr l 0.5J (hay 0.5 W/s).
4.2. Thc hin m phng

4.2.1. M chng trnh Cc tu chn v mi trng mng c khai bo nh sau:
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel
;# Kiu knh ;# Kiu giao tip mng ;# Kiu MAC ;# Kiu MAC Phenomenon ;# Kiu hng i ;# Kiu lp lin kt s liu ;# Kiu antent ;# S gi cc i trong hng ;# Tng s nt Sensor v Sink ;# Giao thc nh tuyn ;# Chiu di bn (m) ;# Chiu rng bn (m)
set val(prop) set val(netif) set val(mac) set val(ifq) set val(ll) set val(ant) set val(ifqlen) i set val(nn) set val(rp) set val(x) set val(y)
set val(engmodel) set val(txPower) set val(rxPower) set val(sensePower) set val(idlePower)
Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# Kiu pht v tuyn Phy/WirelessPhy Mac/802_11 Queue/DropTail/PriQueue LL Antenna/OmniAntenna 50 26 AODV 451 451
EnergyModel 0.175 0.175 0.00000175; 0.0 ;# Cng sut truyn (mW) ;# Cng sut nhn (mW) ;# Cng sut cm bin (mW) ;# Cng sut khu tr ri (mW)
set val(PHENOMmac) Mac

set val(initeng) 0.5 ;# Nng lng ban u (J)
Mt on chng trnh chnh:

# Main Program # ====================================================================== # Khoi tao bien toan cuc set ns_ [new Simulator] set tracefd [open phenom11.tr w] $ns_ trace-all $tracefd set namtrace [open phenom11.nam w] $ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
Trong chng trnh chnh nh ngha tn File s liu u ra (Trace, NAM) v thit lp kiu knh, giao thc, nt. Thit lp to cho cc nt v khai bo cc s kin xy ra trong thi gian m phng. Sau khi c m u vo c lu trong file phenom.tcl ta bt u chy m phng bng lnh: nam phenom trong ca s X. Sau khi chy xong ta c th quan st hnh nh bng ng dng NAM trong ns-2. 4.2.1. Phn tch kt qu Vic tnh ton kt qu da trn vic phn tch file Trace. File Trace c nh dng gm cc trng c bn: [s kin] [thi gian] [s th t nt] [mc Trace] ---- [s th t gi] [kiu gi] [kch thc gi][a ch Mac][nng lng cn li] [kiu hin tng]. Cc s kin trong trng s kin gm r (nhn gi), s (gi gi), D (mt gi), f (chuyn tip gi); trng thi gian ch ra thi im xy ra s kin; trng mc Trace ch ra s kin ny thuc phm vi (mc ) m phng no (tc nhn (nh udp), lp lin kt s liu (MAC) hay mc vt l, ....). Vi yu cu tnh ton trong trng hp ny, ta ch cn quan tm ti 4 trng u tin v trng nng lng.
r 1.026254208 _7_ RTR --- 0 AODV 48 [0 ffffffff ------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] r 1.026254343 _4_ RTR --- 0 AODV 48 [0 ffffffff ------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] r 1.026254343 _2_ RTR --- 0 AODV 48 [0 ffffffff ------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] r 1.026254346 _14_ RTR --- 0 AODV 48 [0 ffffffff ------- [8:255 -1:255 30 0] [0x2 1 1 [26 0] [8 4]] 8 800] [energy (REQUEST) 8 800] [energy (REQUEST) 8 800] [energy (REQUEST) 8 800] [energy (REQUEST) 0.499860] 0.499860] 0.499860] 0.499860]
Da vo file Trace ny chng ta c th thy r nng lng ca node mng s gim theo thi gian mi khi node mng nhn, gi d liu hoc cm bin hin tng. Vic phn tch file trace uc thc hin qua hai bc: - Tch file trace: Ta s tch ra cc trng cn thit cho vic tnh ton kt qu - Tnh kt qu: Da vo cc trng tch trn, ta s dng cc trng ny tnh ra kt qu cn thit. Sau y l cc bc tin hnh c th: 1) Tnh s tiu hao nng lng ca cc node mng - Dng lnh sau trong ca s cygwinX tch ly cc s kin ti mt node(trong trng hp ny la node1) nh nhn, gi gi, trng thi gian v mc nng lng tng ng ti thi im . $ cat energy.tr | grep "_1_" | awk ' { printf ("%c\t%f\t%s\t%s\t%s\t %f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7, $14)} ' >energy_node1.txt Sau lnh ny ta s tch ra c s liu nm file energy_node1.txt gm 6 trng. Di y l mt on file energy_node1.txt:

s s s r r D 1.068626 1.069666 1.070016 1.071847 1.071872 1.071978 _1_ _1_ _1_ _1_ _1_ _1_ MAC RTR MAC MAC RTR MAC AODV AODV AODV AODV AODV AODV 0.493780 0.493640 0.493640 0.493360 0.493360 0.493220
-Sau khi c c file energy_node1.txt ta s dng lnh sau tnh nng lng cn mi khi node gi hoc nhn mt gi d liu: $ cat energy_node1.txt awk ' { dif=old2-$2; if(dif>0) printf ("%c\t
%f\t%f\n", $1, $2, dif)} ' >energy_node1_down.txt Sau lnh ny ta s tnh c s nng lng c th mi khi node1 nhn hoc gi d liu. Cc s liu ny c ghi vo file nlgiam_node1.txt Mt on trong file energy_node1_down.txt
r r s r r s 1.027420 1.028410 1.029232 1.035203 1.036073 1.036579 0.000280 0.000140 0.000140 0.000840 0.000140 0.000140
Tng t ta lm nh vy vi cc node khc v d vi node 2 ta dng lnh $ cat energy.tr | grep "_2_" | awk ' { printf ("%c\t%f\t%s\t%s\t%s\t %f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4, $7, $14)} ' >energy_node2.txt V lnh: $ cat energy_node2.txt awk ' { dif=old2-$2; if(dif>0) printf ("%c\t%f\t%f\n", $1, $2, dif)} ' >nlgiam_node2.txt 2)Tnh tc gim nng lng T cc file energy_node.txt ta c th tnh c tc gim nng lng ca mi node v tng nng lng cho vic gi d liu v tng nng lng cho vic nhn d liu. - Tc gim nng lng = Tng nng lng tiu tn/ thi gian kho st
4.2. Kt qu
Kt qu c biu din bng cc bng v th tng ng.
4.2.1. S tn hao nng lng Ta xt mt mng sensor gm 25 nt c b tr u trong mt din tch c kch thc 651x651(m2). Khi mt mng l 60nut/1km2. S th t nt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Nng lng nhn d liu
0.019285 0.065298 0.056915 0.160718 0.139551 0.038426 0.109089 0.130553 0.074877 0.15393 0.047487 0.137623 0.074405 0.189775 0.164631 0.217707 0.201076 0.133041 0.215369 0.220979 0.193351 0.163264 0.21931 0.146921 0.040937
Nng lng gi d liu

0.046183 0.033406 0.05568 0.02309 0.02305 0.046769 0.040506 0.021261 0.027988 0.023981 0.03308 0.034856 0.037263 0.028786 0.01053 0.00711 0.031669 0.020647 0.01945 0.02205 0.022085 0.003814 0.028433 0.020228 0.003478
Tn hao nng lng do mt gi

0.003525 0.01526 0.002437 0.004672 0.00042 0.001325 0.018258 0.010534 0.013917 0.005717 0.000406 0.022823 0.005593 0.010324 0.006003 0.005957 0.010278 0.010764 0.016523 0.00547
Nng lng cm bin

0.09376 0.112968 0.113328 0.026297 0.019622 0.108743 0.074516 0.071392 0.117594 0.038833 0.152266 0.049413 0.119159 0.017346 0.041165
Tng nng lng tiu tn

0.162753 0.226932 0.22836 0.214777 0.182643 0.195263 0.242369 0.23374 0.234376 0.222461 0.233239 0.244715 0.23642 0.246231 0.222329 0.230774 0.258545 0.197835 0.260309 0.248908 0.215436 0.243181 0.252493 0.191128 0.047118
0
0.015522 0.033383 0.008967 0.000409
0
0.076103 0.002297 0.002425 0.002703
0 0
0.002453 0.021554
Bng 4.2: Suy hao nng lng ca cc nt sensor
Kho st s tiu tn nng lng ca cc nt sensor

0.3
0.25
Nng lng tiu tn (j)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
S th t nt
Nng lng nhn d liu Nng lng hao ph do mt gi Tng nng lng tiu tn Nng lng gi d liu Nng lng cm bin
Hnh 4.2: th suy hao nng lng ca cc nt sensor
4.2.2. Tc gim nng lng khi tng s nt mng Trong phn ny ta s kho st tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca cc nt mng khi s nt sensor thay i cn kch thc mng c nh 651x651(m2). S nt Cng sut Sensor truyn gia cc nt (w)
15 25 37 58 79 150 240 410 585 715 900 1200 1400 1612 0.3187 0.1 0.04 0.01919 0.006 0.00166 0.0006 0.000174 0.0000778 0.0000572 0.0000285 0.0000154 0.000012 0.0000074
Nng lng tiu tn trung bnh (j)

0.8018702188 0.2826000000 0.1183298067 0.0438586242 0.0090531975 0.0006454619 0.0000530490 0.0000086468 0.0000018869 0.0000009930 0.0000002816 0.0000000685 0.0000000146 0.0000000206
Tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng(j/s)

0.080187021876 0.028260000000 0.011832980669 0.004385862420 0.000905319748 0.000064546188 0.000005304904 0.000000864676 0.000000188685 0.000000099299 0.000000028160 0.000000006845 0.000000001462 0.000000002061
Bng 4.3: Tc gim nng lng
Kho st tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng

0.09 0.08 0.07 Tc gim (j/s) 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Tc gim nng lng
S nt Sensor
Hnh 4.3: th tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng
4.2.3. Tc gim nng lng khi mt mng khng i Trong phn ny ta s thay i s lng nt sensor trong mng ng thi cng thay i din tch kho st m bo mt mng l 60sensor/1km2. S nt Sensor
15 25 37 58 79 150 240 410 585 715 900 1200 1400
Nng lng tiu tn trung bnh(j)

0.2826 0.285502 0.285502 0.317106 0.123958 0.115942 0.112774 0.083108 0.071784 0.098671 0.541801 0.138967 0.293757
Tc gim (j/s)
0.02826 0.02855 0.02855 0.031711 0.012396 0.011594 0.011277 0.008311 0.007178 0.009867 0.05418 0.013897 0.029376
Bng 4.4: Tc gim nng lng trung bnh ca mng
Kho st tc gim nng lng ca mng

0.06
Tc gim nng lng
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 200 400 600 800

S nt Sensor
Tc gim (j/s)
1000
1200
1400
1600
Hnh 4.4: Tc gim nng lng
4.2. nh gi
Qua kt qu m phng trn, ta thy vi mt mng c nh nng lng cho vic nhn d liu chim t l ln nht, tip n l nng lng cho vic cm bin d liu v nng lng cho vic gi d liu chim t l thp nht. Mt nt sensor trong mng cng nh hng rt nhiu ti vic tiu th nng lng ca cc nt mng mt cng cao th tc gim nng lng ca cc nt sensor cng gim. iu ny c gii thch l do cng sut pht ca cc nt sensor gim. Do khi thit k mng chng ta phi ht sc ch ti mt nt mng. Khi mt mng c gi c nh th s nt sensor li l yu t nh hng ti tc tiu th nng lng ca cc nt sensor. C 3 khong chnh khi tng s nt sensor s nh hng mnh ti tc tiu th nng lng ca cc nut sensor. - Khong th nht: Di 100 nt, tc tiu th nng lng trung bnh ca cc nt khong 0.28j/s y l mt tc gim trung bnh. - Khong th hai: T 100 n 700 nt, tc gim nng lng ca mng n nh mc thp khong 0.1j/s. - Khong th ba: T 700 nt tr nn, khi ny tc gim nng lng ca cc nt mng tng t bin. Qua y ta thy khi xy dng mng trong khong th hai l m bo tit kim nng lng nht. Tuy nhin trong trng hp cn trin khai trong mt phm vi ln th ta ln chn s nt sensor ln hn 1200 nt m bo tit kim v nng lng.
Kt lun
Cc mng Sensor vi gi thnh thp, c kh nng trin khai trong nhiu iu kin a l kh hu phc tp, c bit l cc kh nng x l cng tc v chu c cc h hng s c em li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp thng tin. iu ny mng li nhiu li ch thit thc cho cuc sng, cho sn xut v cho khoa hc. Trong tng lai, mng Sensor c th s l mt phng tin cn thit v thng dng nh my tnh c nhn v in thoi di ng hin nay. Trong tng lai mng sensor hon ton c th c p dng nc ta, do vic nghin cu tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti mng l ht sc cn thit. n t c kt qu: Khi qut tng quan v mng sensor cng nh cc ng dng ca n. Nu r vai tr nng lng trong mng sensor v cc bin php tit kim nng lng. Gii thiu phn mm m phng mng sensor, v cc thit lp c s ban u cho vic m phng mng, trong c vic thit lp cu hnh ngun nng lng cho nt mng. Tin hnh m phng mng, t rt ra quy lut gim nng lng ca cc nt mng. Vn cn quan tm: - Cc cng ngh nn tng pht trin mng sensor - Cc vn v ng b Sensor, cc thut ton nh v, cc thut ton cng tc Sensor. - Kh nng m rng ca mng. Hin ti mng sensor c trin khai rng, tuy nhin chng vn ang tip tc c nghin cu. Do vic nm bt cc cng ngh mi v cc gii php pht trin mng l ht sc cn thit.
Ti liu tham kho

1. Anna Hc (University of Hawait at Manoa, Honolulu, USA), Wireless Sensor Network Designs, Nh sut bn Jonh Wiley and Sons. 2. Edgar H. Callaway, Wireless Sensor Network Architectures and Protocol, Nh sut bn CRC. 3. inh Vn Dng (Vin khoa hc k thut bu in), Sensor Network Intallation Guide, Bn Pdf. 4. The Network Simulator - ns-2. <http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/> 5. The ns Manual. <http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/nsdocumentation.Html> 6. NRLs Sensor Network Extension to ns-2. <http://nrlsensorsim.pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/> 7. NS-2 by Example <http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/> 8. Ian Downard, SIMULATING SENSOR NETWORKS IN NS-2, Naval Research Laboratory Code 5523, 4555 Overlook Ave, Washington DC, 20375-5337 http://nrlsensorsim.pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/ 9. Q.Hao, D.J.Holding, Y.Peng, K.J.Blow (Aston university), "Energy Efficiency Design Challenge in Sensor Network: A survey".

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2.3.2. Gii php truy nhp mi trng truyn dn...............58

2.3.3. Qun l ngun cng sut..........................................63

2.3.1.1. T bo quang in...................................................69 2.3.1.2. Cc ngun nng lng khc...........................................70

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

SQDDP SQL SQTL SSF TADAP

TCP/IP TDMA TORA

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

1.2. Nn tng pht trin mng

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

c li cc mng Ad hoc s dng truyn thng im- im.

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

cc nt Sensor theo yu cu m bo cc nhim v c phn cng.

H thng tm v tr B cm bin Sens ADC or B x l Thit b x l Thit b nh

B thu pht B sinh nng l ng

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

1.4. Tng quan v kin trc mng

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Cc giao thc SMECN Trn

Dy truyn SPIN SAR

LEACH Truyn tin ng

Phan Vit Thi, D2001VT

n tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v mng Wireless Sensor

Kiu chia s ti nguyn Phn nh nh trc b c c

Phm vi ng dng Thch hp vi lu

Nhc im Khng hiu

xc lng lin tc v qu vi lu lng cung cp hn ch cao tr

v lu lng a ph- v tr do tin trnh ng k trc ti nguyn Khng hiu

Tranh dnh knh khi gi cn