Vibration Reduction and Control

Guidelines and Methods Balancing, Isolation and Damping

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 1

Vibration Reduction and Control

The avoidance, reduction and control of vibration would be easier if one is to understands why vibrations occur in the first instance. Lets have some basic understanding of vibrations.

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

Understanding Vibrations
Equation of Motion Vibration Amplitude
.

Ma + cv + kx = F cos pt

X =

[(1 r )

F/k + (2r )
2

2 2

1/ 2

Force Frequency ratio Natural Frequency

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

F r wn

= Mp2e = p / wn = e (k/M)
3

Vibration Reduction

Understanding Vibrations
X =

[(1 r )

F/k + (2r )
2

2 2

1/ 2

Vibration amplitude X depends on F/k (Force divided by stiffness) which is in fact the static deflection, and The inverse (divided by) a dynamic amplification term The amplification term depends on the frequency ratio (speed of rotation divided by the natural frequency) and damping.

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

Understanding Vibrations
Lesson 1 Vibration increases if the force increases. Lesson 2 Force depends on speed of rotation (w) squared, and the mass eccentricity (e); i.e. the unbalance of the rotor.
If the Speed is increased by 3 times, the Force (and vibration) increases by 9 times (without even considering the dynamic amplification factor) If the unbalance increases (e increases), the Force and Vibration increases.

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

Understanding Vibrations
X =

[(1 r )

F/k + (2r )
2

2 2

1/ 2

Lesson 3: Amplification of vibration amplitude X occurs if The frequency ratio r (speed of rotation divided by the natural frequency) approaches 1 ; i.e when the speed of rotation approaches the natural frequency. This is the resonance. The severity of amplification is partly governed by damping.

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

Other points to consider.

There are also other sources of forces that could occur: Faults such as eccentric rotors, pulleys, gears, and nonconcentric assembly of components result in unbalance. Misalignment of rotor assemblies result in high pre-loading of the rotors. Looseness results in increased mobility, and increased vibration response. Overloading, pre-loading and other faults resulting in damaged bearings, gears, etc. that results in further vibrations. Mechanical and electrical faults shall be rectified to reduce the forces induced in the system, and consequently to eliminate the source of vibrations.

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

Vibration Avoidance and Reduction

1. Vibration problems can be avoided by not operating at speeds near the natural frequencies of the system. As a rule do not operate within 20% of a critical speed. 2. Vibrations can be reduced by operating at lower speeds. 3. Vibrations can be reduced by ensuring the lowest possible unbalance, and if the vibrations is due to unbalance undertake rotor balancing. 4. Vibrations can be reduced by eliminating the sources of vibration forcing (unbalance, misalignment, etc.)
Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 8

Vibration Avoidance and Reduction

5. If it is still necessary to operate at a speed thats near a systems natural frequency, redesign the system to shift the natural frequency away from the operating speeds (de-tuning). 6. If the above is not possible, consider the use of tuned mass dampers (dynamic absorbers). 7. Increase system damping to reduce the vibration response. 8. Reduce the vibration transmission to the structure (or sensitive machine) with vibration isolators.
Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 9

Vibration Control
Let us now consider the following control measures: Avoiding Resonance Balancing Vibration Isolation Damping Dynamic Absorbers
Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 10

Natural Frequency & Resonance

Avoid this zone

wn = e (k/M) k = 48 E I L3

Avoid operating within 20% of a natural frequency Increase stiffness or reduce mass to increase the natural frequency. Reduce spans between supports or bearings. Decrease stiffness or increase mass to reduce natural frequency. Increase spans between supports or bearings.
Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 11

Balancing Single Plane

Balance correction weights on one plane

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

12

Balancing: Two Planes

Balance correction weights on two planes

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

13

Balance Grade : Example

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

14

Vibration Isolation
Understanding Forced Vibration Consider Forced Harmonic Vibration with Damping

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

15

Forced Harmonic Vibration with Damping

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

16

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

17

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

18

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

19

Support Motion

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

20

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

21

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

22

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

23

Vibration Transmission and Isolation

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

24

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

25

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

26

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

27

Transmission without Damping

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

28

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

29

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

30

Vibration Isolators

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

31

Region of Isolation

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

32

Vibration Isolation

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

33

Vibration Isolation

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

34

Single Degree Freedom Model

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

35

Single Degree Freedom Model

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

36

Transmission and Vibration Reduction Equations - 1 Degree Freedom

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

37

Vibration Reduction vs Static Deflection

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

38

Example of Isolation

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

39

Use of Inertia Blocks

Inertia Block

Force = Mass x Acceleration

For a given force, if Mass increase Acceleration (vibration) decrease.
Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Vibration Reduction 40

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

41

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

42

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

43

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

44

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

45

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

46

Damping

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

47

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

48

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

49

Two Degree Freedom Model

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

50

Dynamic Absorbers

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

51

Dynamic Absorbers

Institute Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Vibration Reduction

52