Phuong Phap Tinh

1
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

KHOA KHOA HC C BN
------------------------------

BI GING
PHNG PHP TNH

HUNH HU DINH
Email: hhdinh19@gmail.com

TP H CH MINH 9/2012
2
Chng 1. PHNG TRNH I S V SIU VIT

Bi 1. M U

Trong mc ny, ta tm hiu nhng phng php gii mt s phng trnh i s v siu vit
dng: ( ) 0 f x = (*), vi ( ) f x l mt hm phi tuyn.
Phng trnh trn, tr mt vi trng hp c bit, c cng thc gii ng, cn ni chung
khng c cng thc gii ng (cc cng trnh ca nh Ton hc Abel khng nh iu ). kha
cnh khc, cc h s ca ( ) f x trong nhiu trng hp cng ch l cc s gn ng hoc nghim ca
( ) f x l mt biu thc rt phc tp, cho nn vn gii ng phng trnh (*) cng khng tht s
cn thit. Do , chng ta cn quan tm n nhng phng php gii gn ng, nht l nhng
phng php c th dng my tnh h tr.
gii gn ng phng trnh (*), ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
. Th nht l tch nghim, ngha l tm mt khong ( ) ; a b nh sao cho phng trnh (*) c
nghim duy nht ( ) * ; x a b .
. Th hai l chnh xc ha nghim gn ng n chnh xc cn thit.
C s tch nghim l nhng kt qu m bn c th bt gp bt k cun sch Gii tch no.
nh l 1.1.1. Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v
( )
( ) 0 f a f b < . Khi phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = tn ti t nht mt nghim trong khong ( ) ; a b .
nh l 1.1.2. Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v ( )
( ) 0 f a f b < , hn na, hm s ( ) f x c o
hm ( )
f x
lin tc trn on [ [ ; a b v ( )
f x
khng i du trn [ [ ; a b th nghim ni trn l duy
nht.

Hnh 1.1.1 Hnh 1.1.2

3
Cc hnh 1.1.1 v 1.1.2 cho ta mt cch nhn trc gic v tnh ng n ca nh l 1.1.2
Bc tch (li) nghim thng c tin hnh nh phng php chia i hoc phng php
th.
Nguyn tc thc hin phng php chia i nh sau:
Xc nh ( )
( ) 0 f a f b < , sau chia i on [ [ ; a b v gi [ [
1 1
; a b l mt trong hai na trn
sao cho ( ) ( )
1 1
0 f a f b < . Li chia i on [ [
1 1
; a b v gi [ [
2 2
; a b l mt trong hai on con m
( ) ( )
2 2
0 f a f b < ; qu trnh c th tip tc, (nu ti
i
a m ( ) 0
i
f a = hoc
i
b m ( ) 0
i
f b = th ta ni
gi tr l nghim ng ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = )
Nguyn tc ca phng php th nh sau: Nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l honh
giao im ca th hm s ( ) y f x = vi trc honh; hoc ta bin i ( ) 0 f x = v dng
( ) ( ) x x , . = . Khi nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l honh giao im ca hai th
( ) y x , = v ( ) y x . = . Sau y l mt s v d cho phng php th (c h tr bng Maple)
V d 1.1.1:
Xt phng trnh
3
10 0 x x = . Ta v th
hm s
3
10 y x x = theo hnh v di y
(hnh 1.1.3)
T hnh v ta nhn thy phng trnh trn c mt
khong li nghim l khong
( )
2, 2; 2, 4

Hnh 1.1.3

V d 1.1.2: Xt phng trnh ( )
2
cos x x = . Ta v
th ca hai hm s
2
y x = v ( ) cos y x = . T hnh v
ta nhn thy phng trnh ( )
2
cos x x = c hai khong li
nghim l ( ) 0;1 v ( ) 1; 0 .

Hnh 1.1.4
3
10 y x x =
2
y x =
( ) cos y x =
4
V d 1.1.3: Tm cc khong li nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
arct an 2 0 x x x = bng
phng php th
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
arct an 2 x x x =
Ta v th hai hm s
2
arct an 2 y x = (ng mu ) v
2
y x x = (ng mu
xanh). T hnh v ta tm c hai khong li nghim ca phng trnh l ( ) 1; 0, 5 v ( ) 1, 5;2 .

Hnh 1.1.5
Sau khi tch c nghim th cng vic tip theo l chnh xc ha nghim n chnh xc
cn thit. thc hin bc ny, ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau: phng php lp,
phng php dy cung, phng php tip tuyn, phng php Muller,Tt c phng php c
nu chng ta u c th lp trnh bng ngn ng Maple.

2
y x x =
2
arct an 2 y x =
5
Bi 2. PHNG PHP LP N

Xt phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = (1)
c khong li nghim l ( ) ; a b .
Ta bin i phng trnh (1) v dng tng ng:
( ) x x , = (2)
Vi xp x ban u
0
x thuc khong ( ) ; a b cho, ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh vo h thc:
( )
1
, 0
n n
x x n ,
= \ _ .
Nu dy
0,
n
n
x
=
c gii hn li m *
n
n
x x
= th * x chnh l nghim ng ca phng trnh

(2) v cng l nghim ca (1)
Tip theo, ta tm hiu mt s iu kin dy
0,
n
n
x
=
hi t.
nh l 1.2.1. Gi s hm s ( ) y x , = kh vi lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v vi mi [ [ ; x a b th
( )
[ [ ; x a b , . Khi , nu ta c
( )
1 x L ,
_ < vi mi [ [ ; x a b th dy s
0,
n
n
x
=
c xy
dng bi h thc ( )
1
, 0
n n
x x n ,
= \ _ hi t n nghim * x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c

cc c lng sai s
1 1
*
1
n n n
L
x x x x
L

_

1
1 1 0
*
1
n
n
L
x x x x
L

Ta m phng phng php lp bng hnh v nh sau

Hnh 1.2.1
Nhn xt 1.2.1: Phng php lp n c tnh cht t iu chnh, ngha l nu ti mt vi bc
tnh ton trung gian ta mc phi sai s th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
vn hi t n * x , tt nhin ch mt vi
bc sai v sai s mc phi khng vt ra ngoi on.
y x =
( ) y x , =
6
Ta m phng nhn xt ny bng hnh v nh sau

Hnh 1.2.2
Nhn xt 1.2.2: Mt tnh cht c bit ca phng php lp l c th nh gi ngay t u s
bc lp m ta cn phi lm c c chnh xc theo yu cu. Tht vy, t biu thc
0 1
*
1
n
n
L
x x x x
L
_

nu ta mun c nghim gn ng vi sai s th ta s dng li bc lp th n sao cho:
0 1
1
n
L
x x
L
_

T y ta c nh gi cho n
( )
1 0
1
ln
ln
L
x x
n
L
l
l
l
_
l
l
l
l
l

k hiu
l c ch phn nguyn trn ca s c. V d 2, 6 3; 4,1 5; 2,1 2 l l l = = =
l l l
.
Nhn xt 1.2.3: Trn y ta nhc n vic chuyn t (*) sang dng tng ng (**) sao cho
iu kin ( )
[ [ 1, ; x L x a b , _ < \ c tha mn. V vn ny c my nhn xt sau:
. Gi s ( )
0 m f x M
< _ _ (vi trng hp ( )

0 M f x m
_ _ < ta lm tng t). .

. Ta c th chuyn t (*) sang dng tng ng sau:
( ) ( ) x x f x x A , = = vi
1
M
A = (***)
. Ta thy rng
( ) ( )
( )
[ [ 1 1 1 1, ;
f x m
x f x x a b
M M
, A

= = _ < \
. Do php lp c xy dng trn (***) s hi t n nghim cn tm.
( ) y x , =
y x =
7
Tm tt thut ton tm nghim gn ng phng trnh (1) vi khong li nghim ( ) ; a b
bng phng php lp
Bc 1: Bin i phng trnh (1) v dng ( ) x x , = vi
( )
1 x L ,
_ < vi mi [ [ ; x a b .
Bc 2: Xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
thng qua cc h thc
. [ [
0
; x a b (thng thng ta ly
0
x l trung im ca on [ [ ; a b )
. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 2 1 3 2 1
; ; ;...;
n n
x x x x x x x x , , , ,
= = = =
Bc 3: nh gi sai s nghim gn ng da vo cng thc
1 1
*
1
n n n
L
x x x x
L

_
.
V d 1.2.1: Gii phng trnh ( ) l n 1 10 0 x x = bng phng php lp (lp bn bc,
nh gi sai s bc 4), bit phng trnh c khong li nghim l ( ) 13;14
Gii
Bin i phng trnh cho v dng
( ) ln 1 10 x x =
t ( ) ( ) ln 1 10 x x , = . Ta thy rng
( )
[ [
1 1
12;13
1 13
x L x
x
,
= _ = \

Chn
0
12, 5 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc
( ) ( )
1
ln 1 10, 0
n n n
x x x n ,
= = \ _
T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
12, 602690
12.610268
12.610824
12.610865
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c

6
4 4 3
* 3.10
1
L
x x x x
L
_ =

V d 1.2.2: Gii phng trnh 3 0
x
x e = bng phng php lp vi sai s ca nghim gn
ng khng vt qu
4
10
bit khong li nghim l

1
;1
2
1

( )

Gii
Bin i phng trnh v dng
3
x
e
x =
t
( )
3
x
e
x , = . Ta thy rng
( )
0, 906094
3 3
x
e e
x L ,
= _ = =
8
Chn
0
0, 75 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc ( )
1
3
n
x
n n
e
x x ,
= = .
T h thc trn ta c

1
2
19
20
0, 705667
0, 675065
...
0, 619079
0, 619072
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
20
x . Ta c

5 4
20 20 19
* 6, 6.10 10
1
L
x x x x
L

_ = <

Vy ta ly
20
* 0, 619072 x x ~ = .
V d 1.2.3: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
2 cos2 2 0 x x x = bng phng php lp (lp 3 bc,
nh gi sai s bc 3) bit khong li nghim l ( ) 3, 4; 4 .
Gii
Vic tm hm ( ) x , ca bi ton ny kh kh khn. y ta s p dng cc kt qu trong mc
nhn xt 1.2.3
t
( )
( )
2
2 cos2 2 f x x x x =
Ta c ( ) ( ) 2cos2 4 sin2 2 2 f x x x x x = . Ta s tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm
s ( )
y f x
= . C nhiu phng php tm cc gi tr ny, y ta dng phng php th vi s

h tr ca Maple

Da vo th trn ta nhn c ( ) M f x m _ _ vi ( ) 4 20,120732 M f = = v
( ) 3, 4 6, 941147 m f

= =
Ta bin i phng trnh cho v dng
9

( )
2
2 cos2 2
20,120731
x x x
x x

=
t ( )
( )
2
2 cos2 2
20,120731
x x x
x x ,

= . Ta c
( )
( ) 6, 941147
1 1 0, 655025
20,120732 20,120732
f x
x L ,

= _ = =
Chn
0
3, 7 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc
( )
( )
2
1
2 cos2 2
20,120732
n n n
n n n
x x x
x x x ,

= =
T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
3, 717656
3, 721257
3, 721950
x
x
x
=
=
=

Ta nh gi nghim gn ng
3
x . Ta c

3 3 2
* 0, 001316
1
L
x x x x
L
_ =

tm max v min ca hm s ( ) f x ta cn thm mt phng php na l nh gi tnh n
iu ca hm s ( ) y f x = . Tht vy, ta c
( )
8sin2 8 cos2 2 f x x x x
=
Nhn xt rng
3
3, 4 ; ; 4 ;
8 4 8

l l
l l
l l
l l
. T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( ) 8sin2 8 cos2 2 8sin 6,8 32cos 8 2 1, 296906 0 f x x x x
= _ = <
Vy hm s ( )
y f x
= l hm n iu gim. Bc tip theo ta lm ging nh cch trn.

10
Bi 3. PHNG PHP NEWTON (PHNG PHP TIP TUYN)

Trong mc ny, ta xt li phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Gi s rng ta tm c mt khong li nghim ca phng trnh trn l khong ( ) ; a b , ng
thi ( ) ( ) , f x f x lin tc v khng i du trn on [ [ ; a b . Khi , vi
0
x l xp x ban u c
chn, ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
theo cng thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x
= \ _
.
Ta c th chng minh c, vi mt s iu kin thch hp phng php Newton hi t,
chng hn vi iu kin sau
nh l 1.3.1. Nu phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c ( ) ; a b l khong li nghim, ng thi
( ) ( ) , f x f x lin tc v khng i u trn on [ [ ; a b , vi [ [
0
; x a b sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x

(
0
x ,c gi l im Fourier, thng c chn l mt trong hai u mt a hoc b). Khi dy

0,
n
n
x
=
xy dng nh trn hi t n nghim * x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c c lng
( )
2
1 1
*
2
n n n
M
x x x x
m

_
vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x x a b
< _ \
( )
[ [ , ; f x M x a b _ \
Nhn xt 1.3.1: V mt hnh hc, xc nh phn t
1 n
x

, xut pht t im nm trn th
hm s ( ) y f x = c honh
n
x , ta k tip tuyn vi ng cong. Honh giao im ca tip
tuyn vi trc honh s l
1 n
x

.

Hnh 1.3.1
Tm tt thut ton tm nghim gn ng phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = vi khong li nghim
( ) ; a b bng phng php tip tuyn
0
A
1
A
2
A
( ) y f x =
11
Bc 1: Chng t ( ) ( )
, f x f x
khng i du trn ( ) ; a b .
Bc 2: Xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau
. Nu ( ) ( ) . 0 f a f a th chn
0
x a = , ngc li chn
0
x b =
. Cc s hng cn li xc nh bi h thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x
= \ _

Bc 3: nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng da vo cng thc

2
1 1
*
2
n n n
M
x x x x
m

_
vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x x a b
< _ \
( )
[ [ , ; f x M x a b
_ \
Thng thng ta ly
[ [
( )
[ [
( )
; ;
min ; max
x a b x a b
m f x M f x

= =
V d 1.3.1: Dng phng php Newton gii phng trnh
3
2 10 0 x x = vi chnh xc
10
10
, bit khong li nghim l ( ) 2; 3 .

Gii
t ( )
3
2 10 f x x x = . Khi ta c:

( )
[ [
( )
[ [
2
3 2 0, 2; 3
6 0 , 2; 3
f x x x
f x x x
= \
= \

Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 f f

< nn ta chn
0
3 x = .
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau:
( )
( )
3
1 2
2 10
, 0
3 2
n n n
n n n
n n
f x x x
x x x n
f x x

= = \ _

T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
2, 560000
2, 466164
2, 462053
2, 462045
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

Tip theo ta nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c

2
4 4 3
*
2
M
x x x x
m
_
vi
12

[ [
( )
[ [
[ [
( )
[ [
2
2;3 2;3
2;3 2;3
mi n min 3 2 10
max max 6 18
x x
x x
m f x x
M f x x

= = =
= = =

Vy
12 10
4
* 7, 2.10 10 x x

_ <
Ta ly
4
* 2, 462045 x x ~ =
V d 1.3.2: Gi s bn vay mt ngi bn 100 (triu VND) vi tha thun l s tr cho anh
ta trong 5 nm, mi nm mt ln, cc khon tin 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 . Li sut R ca dng tin t ny
l nghim thc (duy nht) ca phng trnh

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
100
1 1 1 1 1 R R R R R
=

(1)
Bit phng trnh (1) c khong li nghim l ( ) 0;1 , gii phng trnh bng phng php
Newton (lp 7 bc, nh gi sai s bc 7).
Gii
t 1 x R = , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

( )
2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2
21 22 23 24 25
100
100 21 22 23 24 25 0 2
x x x x x
x x x x x
=
= =

Phng trnh (2) c khong li nghim l ( ) 1; 2 . Gi ( ) f x l v tri ca phng trnh (2). Ta c

( )
( )
( )
4 3 2
3 2
2
500 84 66 46 24
2000 252 132 46
6000 504 132
f x x x x x
f x x x x
f x x x
=
=
=

Ta thy rng ( )
6000 504 2 132 4860 0 f x
=
Vy ( ) f x l mt hm tng trn [ [ 1; 2 . Ta suy ra
( )
3 2
2000 1 252 1 132 46 1570 0 f x _ =
T y ta cng khng nh ( )
f x
l mt hm tng trn [ [ 1; 2 . Do
( )
500 84 66 46 24 280 0 f x
_ =
Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 f f

< nn ta chn
0
2 x =
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( )
( )
5 4 3 2
1 4 3 2
100 21 22 23 24 25
, 0
500 84 66 46 24
n n n n n n
n n n
n n n n n
f x x x x x x
x x x n
f x x x x x

= = \ _

T y ta tnh c

1
1, 636874 x =
13

2
3
4
5
6
7
1, 364560
1, 178500
1, 078697
1, 049367
1, 047044
1, 047030
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
=

Ta nh gi sai s nghim gn ng
7
x . Ta c

2
7 7 6
*
2
M
x x x x
m
_
vi

[ [
( )
( )
[ [
( ) ( )
1;2
1;2
max 2 14682
mi n 1 280
x
x
M f x f
m f x f

= = =
= = =

Vy
9
7
* 5, 2.10 x x

_ .
Ta ly
7
1 1, 047030 0, 047030 R x R ~ = = ~
V d 1.3.3: Xy dng mt thut ton tnh gn ng s a , vi sai s ty cho trc,
trong a khng l bnh phng ca mt s hu t no.
Gii
Ta xy dng thut ton cho trng hp 2 a = , trng hp tng qut lm tng t.
Ta thy 2 l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh
2
2 0 x =
Phng trnh trn c khong li nghim l ( ) 1; 2 cha nghim 2.

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 0, 1; 2
2 0, 1; 2
f x x x
f x x
= \
= \

Ta c ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 f f

< nn ta chn
0
2 x = .
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
n n n
n n n
n n n
f x x x
x x x
f x x x

= = =

T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
1, 500000
1, 416667
1, 414216
1, 414214
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

14
Ta nh gi sai s nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c
2
12
4 4 3
* 2.10
2
M
x x x x
m
_ =
Nhn xt 1.3.2: Theo nh l 1.3.1, xp x ban u [ [
0
; x a b phi tha mn ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x

th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
xy dng theo h thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x
= \ _
s hi t v nghim ng * x .
C l chng ta cng s t hi nu ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x
< th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
l hi t hay phn k. Cu tr
li l dy
0,
n
n
x
=
c th hi t hoc phn k. Chng ta xem hai hnh v minh ha sau

Hnh 1.3.2 Hnh 1.3.3
Hnh 1.3.2 cho ta bit dy
0,
n
n
x
=
phn k, trong kh dy
0,
n
n
x
=
trong hnh 1.3.3 l
hi t.

( ) y f x =
( ) y f x =
15
Chng 2. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

Bi 1. PHNG PHP LP N

2.1.1. Chun trong
k
R v ( )
k
M R
nh ngha
Trc ht ta tm hiu li cc k hiu
k
R v ( )
k
M R
1
2
1 2
: , ,...,
...
k
k
k
x
x
x x x x
x
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
R R
( )
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
: , , 1,
... ... ... ...
...
k
k
k i j
k k kk
a a a
a a a
M A a i j k
a a a
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
= = \ =
! !

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
R R
Trong
k
R ngi ta thng xt hai chun quen thuc sau
1
1
1
max
i
i k
k
i
i
x x
x x
_ _
=
=
=
_

Vi ma trn vung
( )
( )
i j k
k
A a M = R ta s c cc chun tng ng
1
1
1
1
1
max
max
k
i j
i k
j
k
i j
j k
i
A a
A a
_ _
=
_ _
=
=
=
_
_

Tnh cht
Trong phn ny ta ch a ra nhng tnh cht cho chun
, i vi chun
1
ta c cc tnh
cht tng t.
Sau y ta nu mt s tnh cht c bn ca chun
(trong
k
R v ( )
k
M R )
1. 0,
k
x x
_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

k
x =
R
.
2. , ,
k
x x x c c c

= \ \ R R.
3. , ,
k
x y x y x y

_ \ R .
4. ( ) 0,
k
A A M
_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

k
A = .
5. ( ) , ,
k
A A A M c c c

= \ \ R R.
16
6. ( ) , ,
k
A B A B A B M

_ \ R .
7. ( ) , ,
k
AB A B A B M

_ \ R
8. ( ) , ,
k
k
Ax A x A M x

_ \ \ R R
2.1.2. Phng php lp n
Xt h phng trnh Ax b = (*)
gii h phng trnh Ax b = bng phng php lp n, ta bin i h phng trnh v
dng x Bx g = (2.1.1)
Sau vi
( ) 0 k
x R , ta thit lp dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( ) ( ) 1
, 0
n n
x Bx g n
= \ _ (2.1.2)
Vi mt s iu kin v ma trn B , dy s hi t n nghim ng * x ca h (*). Phng
php lp xc nh theo h thc (2.1.2) gii h phng trnh (*) c gi l phng php lp n
(phng php Jacobi).
Sau y ta xt mt s iu kin ca ma trn B dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
hi t n nghim ng * x
ca h (*).
nh l 2.1.1. Nu 1 B
< th vi mi
( ) 0 k
x R , dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
xc nh bi (2.1.1) hi t
n nghim duy nht * x ca h (*), hn na ta c cc c lng
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 * 1
1
n n n
B
x x x x
B

( ) ( ) ( ) * 1 0
1
n
n
B
x x x x
B

Nhn xt 2.1.1: Trong nh l 2.1.1 nu ta thay chun
bng chun
1
th kt qu vn
khng thay i
Vn a h phng trnh (*) v dng (2.1.1) vi ma trn B tha mn iu kin 1 B
< (
hoc
1
1 B < ) l khng tm thng. Ni chung, vi mi ma trn A c th phi c mt k thut
tng ng km theo. Kt qu di y cho ta vi trng hp in hnh.
nh l 2.1.2. Gi s ma trn
( )
i j
k
A a = tha mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:
a.
1
, 1,
k
i j i i
i j
j
a a i k
=
=
< \ =
_

b.
1
, 1,
k
i j j j
j i
i
a a j k
=
=
< \ =
_

17
Khi lun c th a v h phng trnh (1) v dng (2) vi iu kin 1 B
< (vi iu
kin a.) hoc
1
1 B < (vi iu kin b.)
Chng minh
Trng hp 1: iu kin a. c tha.
Ta vit li h (*) dng:
1
, 1,
k
i i i i j j i
i j
j
a x a x b i k
=
=
= =
_

Do ta c
1
, 1,
k
i j
i
i j
i j i i i i
j
a
b
x x i k
a a
=
=
1

= =

( )
_

Ta suy ra
1
12 1
11
11 11
21 2
2
22 22
22
1 2
0
0
,
0
k
k
k k
k
kk kk
kk
b
a a
a
a a
a a
b
a a
a B g
a a
b
a a
a
1
1

= =

( )
( )

T iu kin a. ta rt ra kt lun
1
1
max 1
k
i j
i k
i j i i
j
a
B
a
_ _
=
=
= <
_

Trng hp 2: iu kin b. c tha.
Ta vit li phng trnh (*) di dng
1
, 1,
k
i i i i j j i
i j
j
a x a x b i k
=
=
= =
_

t , 1,
i i i i
z a x i k = = th c h
1
, 1,
k
i j
i j i
i j i i
j
a
z z b i k
a
=
=
1

= =

( )
_

Vy ta nhn c h phng trnh z Bz g = , :
18
12 1
22
1
21 2
2
11
1 2
11 22
0
0
,
0
k
kk
k
kk
k
k k
a a
a a
b
a a
b
a a
B g
b
a a
a a
1

= =

( )

( )

T iu kin b., ta c:
1
1
1
max 1
k
i j
j k
j i i i
i
a
B
a
_ _
=
=
= <
_
.
Nhn xt 2.1.2:
Nu ( )
1 2
* *, *,..., *
k
z z z z = l nghim ca h z Bz g = th
1 2
11 22
* * *
* , ,...,
k
kk
z z z
x
a a a
1

=

( )
l
nghim ca h phng trnh (*).
V d 2.1.1: Cho h phng trnh
5 7
10 12
20 22
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

a. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp n vi yu cu sai s khng qu
3
5.10
.
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
6
10

Gii
a. H phng trnh ny tha mn iu kin a. trong nh l 2.3.2 . Ta a h v dng:
0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 4
0,1 0 0,1 1, 2
0, 05 0, 05 0 1,1
x x y z
y x y z
z x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ta thy
0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 4
0,1 0 0,1 , 1, 2
0, 05 0, 05 0 1,1
B g
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

Ta xt iu kin hi t
0, 4 1 B
= <
19
t
( ) 0
1, 4
1, 2
1,1
x g
1

= =

( )
. Xt dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c thit lp nh sau
( ) ( ) 1
, 0
n n
x Bx g n
= \ _ .
T y ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
0, 940000 1, 016000 0, 997100 1, 000680
0, 950000 ; 1, 009000 ; 0, 997850 ; 1, 000415
0, 970000 1, 005500 0, 998750 1, 000253
x x x x
1 1 1 1

= = = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ta nh gi sai s nghim
( ) 4
x . Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 4 3 3
* 0, 002387 5.10
1
B
x x x x
B
_ = <

Vy ta ly
( ) 4
1, 000680
1, 000415
1, 000253
x x
1

~ =

( )

b. Gi n l s bc lp nh nht tha
( ) 6
* 10
n
x x

_
p dng cng thc c lng sai s ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0
*
1
n
n
B
x x x x
B

Ta xt bt ng thc

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 6
6
1 0
10
1
1 10
ln
15
l n
n
B
x x
B
B
x x
n
B

l l
l l
l l
l l
l
l
= _ =
l
l
l
l
l

20
Bi 2. PHNG PHP SEIDEL

Trong mc ny ta tip tc nghin cu cch gii gn ng h phng trnh Ax b = (*).
Gi s (*) c a v dng x Bx g = (2.2.1).
Gi s rng c cc xp x
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x th lc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
n n n n
k
x x x x

= c
xc nh bi:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1
, 2,
k
n n
j j
j
i k
n n n
i i j j i j j i
j j i
x b x g
x b x b x g i k

= =
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1
1
+
_
_ _
(2.2.2)
Dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c xy dng theo thut ton trn c gi l dy xp x xy dng theo thut
ton Seidel (hoc phng php Seidel). Ta s xem xt iu kin ca ma trn B dy trn hi t v
nghim duy nht * x ca h phng trnh (*).
nh l 2.4.1. Nu
1
1
max 1
k
i j
i k
j
B b
_ _
=
1

= <

( )
_
th dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
hi t n nghim duy nht
* x ca h phng trnh (*), ng thi ta c c lng sai s

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 * 1
1
n n n
U
x x x x
B

vi mi 0 n _ v
11 12 1
22 2
...
0 ...
... ... ... ...
0 0 ...
k
k
kk
b b b
b b
U
b
1

( )

Vn a h phng trnh (*) v dng (2.2.1) vi ma trn B tha mn iu kin 1 B
<
ta xem xt trong phng php lp n. y, ta s nhc li kt qu ny.
nh l 2.4.2. Gi s ma trn
( )
i j
k
A a = tha mn iu kin
1
, 1,
k
i j i i
i j
j
a a i k
=
=
< \ =
_
. Khi
lun c th a c h (*) v dng (2.2.1) vi iu kin 1 B
< v 0, 1,
i i
b i k = = .
V d 2.2.1: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng phng php Seidel qua ba bc (nh gi
sai s bc ba)
0,1 0,1 1, 2
0, 1 0,1 1, 2
0, 1 0,1 1, 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii
Ta a h v dng
21
0 0,1 0, 1 1, 2
0,1 0 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0, 1 0 1, 2
x x y z
y x y z
z x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

T y ta c
0 0,1 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0 0,1 , 1, 2
0,1 0,1 0 1, 2
B g
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

Ta xt iu kin hi t
0, 2 1 B
= <
t
( ) 0
0
0
0
x
1

=

( )
. Xt dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c thit lp nh sau

1
1 1
1 1 1
0,1 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0, 1 1, 2
0,1 0,1 1, 2
n n n
n n n
n n n
x y z
y x z
z x y

'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

trong
( )
, 0
n
n
n
n
x
x y n
z
1

= \ _

( )
.
T ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
1, 200000 0, 994800 0, 999649 0, 999995
1, 080000 ; 1, 003320 ; 1, 000016 ; 0, 999997
0, 972000 1, 000188 1, 000033 1, 000001
x x x x
1 1 1 1

= = = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ta nh gi sai s ca
( ) 4
x . Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 4 3
0, 2
* .0, 000301 0, 000075
1 1 0, 2
U
x x x x
B
_ = =

trong
0 0,1 0,1
0 0 0,1
0 0 0
U
1

( )
.

22
Chng 3. A THC NI SUY V PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT

Bi 1. M U

Thng thng, mt hm s c hai cch biu din. Dng th nht bng biu thc gii tch vi
cc kt hp khc nhau ca hm s cp. Dng th hai th hm s c cho nh mt bng s. Ta ch
n dng th hai. Gi s ta c hm mt bin ( ) y f x = m ( ) f x khng th cho di dng biu thc
gii tch, nhng bng cch no khc ta c th nhn c cc gi tr ca y ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca
x (chng hn bng o c hay quan trc hoc ghi chp thng k) v ta lp c bng s dng

x 0
x
1
x
. n
x
y
0
y
1
y
. n
y

Ta lun c th nh s li cho thch hp nn c th vit
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < . Cc im
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x c gi l cc mc.
Mt vn thc tin thng ny sinh l nu c ta c hm s dng bng th bng cch no ta
c th xc nh gi tr ca y ti mt gi tr x no khng trng vi mt gi tr no trong cc gi tr
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x . Thut ton tm gi tr y nh vy c gi l php ni suy (nu ( )
0
;
n
x x x ) hoc ngoi
suy (nu [ [
0
;
n
x x x y ). V vy c th gi php ni suy l php chn hay php lin tc ha cc gi tr
ca hm s cho di dng bng ti cc gi tr ca bin s khng trng vi cc mc.
Trn y chng ta ni v php ni suy v ngoi suy cho hm mt bin s. Mt cch hon ton
tng t, ta c th m rng cho hm s nhiu bin, ngha l ta c th ni suy hoc ngoi suy i vi
bng nhiu chiu, chng hn vi nht ca cht lng theo hai bin p sut v nhit .
Chng ta khng ch cn tnh gi tr ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc gi tr trung gian ca bin s
m i khi cn phi tnh o hm ca hm s ( ) f x bc bt k no hoc tnh tch phn ca n
trn mt khong xc nh. Nhng php phn tch nh vy gip chng ta pht hin ra cc qui lut tng
qut chi phi mi quan h ca cc yu t tham gia xc nh mt qu trnh hay hin tng vt l.
Mt ng dng khc ca php ni suy l xp x mt hm cho trc bng mt hm s khc
nhm mc ch n gin ha cch tnh gi tr ca hm cho. Ta hnh dung trng hp sau: trong
mt thut ton no ta phi tnh nhiu ln gi tr ca mt hm s vi mt biu thc rt phc tp
nhiu gi tr khc nhau ca bin s. tit kim thi gian tnh ton nhng vn m bo chnh xc
t ra, ta s ch ng chia min bin i ca bin s bng 1 n mc k c cc im bin v tin
hnh tnh cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc mc c c mt bng s. Khi tnh gi tr ca
hm cho ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca bin s ta s s dng php ni suy vi s php tnh t hn
nhiu ln so vi cch tnh trc tip m chnh xc vn m bo.
23
Trn y chng ta ni n hai ng dng ch yu ca php ni suy v ngoi suy. Trong trng
hp th nht th hm s c cho dng ri rc ha v khng bit biu thc gii tch ca n, cn
trong trng hp th hai th hm c cho dng gii tch nhng rt phc tp cho vic tnh ton nn
ta phi ri rc ha n trc khi dung php ni suy. Sau y chng ta s i vo mt s php ni suy
thng dng

24
Bi 2. A THC NI SUY LAGRANGE

a thc l mt lp hm p, c o hm mi bc, cch tnh gi tr ca n cng nh tnh
o hm, tch phn rt n gin. Ngoi ra, cc cng trnh ca nh ton hc Weirstrass cho thy, nu
hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ [ ; a b th vi mi s dng ty c th tm c mt a thc ( ) P x
bc n (ph thuc vo ) sao cho ( ) ( )
[ [ , ; f x P x x a b < \ .
Nhng l do trn l c s tt ngi ta chn a thc lm hm xp x ca php ni suy. nh
l Weirstrass cng cho thy, bc a thc cng cao th chnh xc ca xp x cng tng. Tuy nhin,
vi ngha ng dng thc t th iu khng phi l nh vy, v a thc bc cao cng mt rt nhiu
thi gian tnh ton.
3.2.1. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc bt k
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = ,
ta s tin hnh xy dng mt a thc ( )
n
L x tha mn hai iu kin sau
( )
( ) ( )
deg
, 0,
n
n i i i
L x n
L x f x y i n
' _
1
1
1
!
1
= = \ =
1
1+
(3.2.1)
Trc tin ta xt a thc ph
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
... ...
, 0,
... ...
i i n
i
i i i i i i i n
x x x x x x x x x x
x i n
x x x x x x x x x x
.

= \ =

Ta suy ra c ( ) deg
i
x n . = v
( )
0, ,
1, .
i j i j
i j
x
i j
. c
= '
1
1
= =
!
= 1
1
+

t ( ) ( )
0
n
n i i
i
L x y x .
=
=
_
. Ta thy ( )
n
L x tha c hai iu kin trong (3.2.1).
a thc ( )
n
L x xy dng nh trn c gi l a thc ni suy Lagrange.

Hnh 3.2.1
( ) y f x =
( )
n
y L x =
25
Tip theo, ta chng t rng s tn ti ca a thc ( )
n
L x l duy nht. Gi s cn c a thc
( ) Q x tha mn cc iu kin ca bi ton. t ( ) ( ) ( )
n
x L x Q x , = , ta suy ra ( ) deg x n , _ v
( ) 0, 0,
i
x i n , = = . iu ny chng t ( ) x , l mt a thc c bc nh hn n ng thi c t
nht 1 n nghim, ta suy ra ( ) 0 x , = hay
( ) ( )
n
L x Q x = (pcm).
th ca cc a thc ( )
i
x . (trng hp 4 n = v , 0, 4
i
x i i = = )

Hnh 3.2.2
V d 3.2.1: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x
0 1 2 4
y
1 0 2 1

a. Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng trn.
b. Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 f .
Gii
a. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 2
1 2 4 0 2 4
1. 0.
0 1 0 2 0 4 1 0 1 2 1 4
0 1 4 0 1 2
2. 1.
2 0 2 1 2 4 4 0 4 1 4 2
1
7 39 44 12 .
12
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
. . . . =

=

=

b. p dng kt qu cu a ta c
26

( ) ( )
3
7
3 3
2
f L ~ =
V d 3.2.2: Xt hm s ( )
1
si n
x
t
f x dt
t
=
]
. Bng s sau y cho ta bit c gi tr ca hm
s ( ) y f x = ti nhng im c bit

x 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
y
0 0,161964 0,310144 0,443097

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) f x cho bi bng trn.
b. Tnh gn ng ( ) ( ) 1, 3 ; 1, 5 f f .
Gii
a. Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
1, 2 1, 4 1, 6 .0 1 1, 4 1, 6 0,161964
1 1, 2 1 1, 4 1 1, 6 1, 2 1 1, 2 1, 4 1, 2 1, 6
1 1, 2 1, 6 0, 310144 1 1, 2 1, 4 0, 443097
1, 4 1 1, 4 1, 2 1, 4 1, 6 1, 6 1 1, 6 1, 2 1, 6 1, 4
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
. . . . =

=

b. T kt qu cu a ta suy ra

( )
( )
1, 3 0.237867
1, 5 0.378614
f
f
=
=

c lng sai s
By gi ta cn nh gi sai s ca php ni suy theo Lagrange gi tr x bt k.
Xt hiu s ( ) ( )
n
f x L x
t
( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1
...
n
x x x x x x x = v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
z f z L z k z = vi
( ) ( )
( )
n
f x L x
k
x
=
Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
... 0
n
x x x = = = = . p dng lin tip nh l Roll, ta chng t
c tn ti t nht mt im ( ) ; a b c sao cho
( )
( )
1
0
n
c
= . Suy ra
( )
( )
( )
1
1 !
n
f
k
n
c
. T y ta nhn
c h thc ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1 !
n
n
f
f x L x x
n
c
. Do
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_
trong
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x
=
27
V d 3.2.3: Cho hm s ( ) sin 2 y x = c bng gi tr
x
1
8

1
6

1
4

1
2

y
0,247404 0,327195 0,479426 0,841471

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) f x .
b. Tnh gn ng
2
si n
7
1

( )
, nh gi sai s kt qu va tm c.
Gii
a. Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0,247404 0,327195
6 4 2 8 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 6 8 4 8 2 6 8 6 4 6 2
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
. . . . =
1 1 1 1 1 1

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
=
1 1 1 1 1

( )( )( ) ( )( )(
1 1 1 1 1 1
0,479426 0,841471
8 6 2 8 6 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 8 4 6 4 2 2 8 2 6 2 4
x x x x x x
1

)
1 1 1 1 1 1

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )


3
2 1 1
sin 0.281848
7 7 7
f L
1 1 1
= ~ =

( ) ( ) ( )

Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn. Ta c

3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 7 4! 7 8 7 6 7 4 7 2
M
f L
1 1 1 1 1 1
_

( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )

vi
( )
( ) ( )
4
1 1 1 1
; ;
8 2 8 2
max max 16sin 2 13, 841471
x x
M f x x
l l
l l
l l
l l
= = =
Ta suy ra

6
3
1 1
9.10
7 7
f L

1 1
_

( ) ( )

3.2.2. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u
By gi ta thm gi thit l cc mc
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x cch u trong [ [ ; a b , tc l

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
;
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x hi i n
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= \ =
1
1+

28
Ta thc hin php i bin
0
x x ht = . Khi ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
1
1 ... 1 1 ... .
! !
1 ... 1 1 ... 1
! ! !
n i
i i
n i n i i
n
t x th t t t i t i t n
i n i
t t t n t t t n C
t i i n i n t i
.
= =

= =

T ta thu c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
1 ...
1
!
i n n
n i
n
n i i i n
i i
t t t n C
L x y t y N t
n t i

= =

= = =
_ _
(3.2.2)
x 1 2 3 4
y
1 5 21 55
a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ca hm s ( ) f x .
b. Tnh ( ) 3, 5 f .
Gii
a. Theo cng thc (3.2.2), bng cch i bin
0
1 x x ht t = = ta c

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3
3
3
3 3
0
1 2 3
1
6
1 2 3 5 2 3
6 2
21 1 3 55 1 2
2 6
i
i
i
i
t t t t C
L x N t y
t i
t t t t t t
t t t t t t
=

= =

=

_

b. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3, 5 3, 5 2, 5 35, 375 f L N ~ = = .
c lng sai s
Theo phn c lng sai s ca a thc ni suy Lagrange ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_
vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x
= .
Ti y ta t
0
x x ht = . Khi

( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 1
... 1 ...
n
n
x x x x x x x h t t t n

= =
T y ta c h thc
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 ...
1 !
n
n
Mh
f x L x t t t n
n
vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x
= .
V d 3.2.5: Xt hm s ( )
2
0
x
t
y f x e dt = =
]
. Bng sau y cho ta bit mt vi gi tr ca hm
s ti mt s mc c bit
29
x
0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
y
0,255307 0,544987 0,917916 1,462652

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ca hm s ( ) f x cho bi bng trn
b. Tnh ( ) 0, 7 f , nh gi sai s kt qu trn.
Gii
a. i bin 0, 25 0, 25 x t = . Khi ta c

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3
3
3
3 3
0
1 2 3
1
6
1 2 3 0, 255307 2 3 0, 544987
6 2
1 3 0, 917916 1 2 1, 462652
2 6
i
i
i
i
t t t t C
L x N t y
t i
t t t t t t
t t t t t t
=

= =

=

_

( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 0.832419 f L N ~ = =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
4
3
0, 25
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 1, 8 1 1, 8 2 1, 8 3
4!
M
f L _
vi
[ [
( )
( )
[ [
( )
2
4 4 2
0,25;1 0,25;1
max max 16 48 12 206, 589419
x
x x
M f x e x x

= = =
Ta suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
4
3
0, 25
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 1, 8 1 1, 8 2 1, 8 3 0, 011621
4!
M
f L _ = .

30
Bi 3. A THC NI SUY NEWTON

3.3.1. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k
3.3.1.1. T sai phn
nh ngha
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = .
T s
1
1
i i
i i
y y
x x
c gi l t sai phn cp 1 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc mc
1
,
i i
x x

vi
0, 1 i n = v c k hiu l [ [
1
;
i i
f x x

T s
[ [ [ [
1 2 1
2
; ;
i i i i
i i
f x x f x x
x x

c gi l t sai phn cp 2 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc
mc
1 2
, ,
i i i
x x x

vi 0, 2 i n = v c k hiu l [ [
1 2
; ;
i i i
f x x x

.
Tng qut, t s
[ [ [ [
1 2 2 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
i i i k i i i k
i k i
f x x x f x x x
x x

c gi l t sai phn cp k ca
hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc mc
1
, ,...,
i i i k
x x x

vi 0, i n k = v c k hiu l [ [
1
; ;...;
i i i k
f x x x

.
Ta qui c cc gi tr , 0,
i
y i n = l cc t sai phn cp 0.
x
1 2 3 4
y
0 5 22 57

Tnh cc t sai phn ca hm s ( ) y f x = da vo cc mc bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng
x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3
1 0
5
2 5 6
17 1
3 22 9
35
4 57

T bng trn ta c th suy ra [ [ [ [
0 1 1 2 3
; 5; ; ; 9 f x x f x x x = =
31
Tnh cht
T sai phn cp 1 n ca a thc bc n l ng nht khng.
Chng minh
Gi s ( ) P x l a thc c bc n v [ [
0,
;
i
i n
x a b
=
l 1 n s thc i mt khc nhau, ta s
chng minh rng [ [
0 1
; ; ;...; 0
n
P x x x x = vi [ [
0,
; \
i
i n
x a b x
=
.
Ta c [ [
( )
( )
0
0
0
;
P x P x
P x x
x x
l mt a thc c bc 1 n .
T ta c [ [
[ [ [ [
0 0 1
0 1
1
; ;
; ;
P x x P x x
P x x x
x x
l mt a thc bc 2 n .
Bng php qui np ta chng t c [ [
[ [ [ [
0 1 0 1
0 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
; ; ;...;
k k
k
k
P x x x P x x x
P x x x x
x x
l
mt a thc c bc 1 n k . Ta suy ra [ [
0 1 1
; ; ;...;
n
P x x x x

l mt a thc bc 0 hay l mt hng s
vi [ [
0,
; \
i
i n
x a b x
=
\ , t
[ [
[ [ [ [
0 1 0 1
0 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
; ; ;...; 0
n n
n
n
P x x x P x x x
P x x x x
x x

= =
.

3.3.1.2. Biu thc a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = .
Gi ( )
n
L x l a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = vi cc mc , 0,
i
x i n = . Khi
, ta thy [ [ [ [ [ [
0 0 1 0
; , ; ; ,..., ; ;...;
n n n n
L x x L x x x L x x x l cc t sai phn ca ( )
n
L x ti x . Theo nh
ngha ta c
[ [
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
0 0
;
n n n
n
L x L x L x y
L x x
x x x x

= =

Ta suy ra
( )
[ [( )
0 0 0
;
n
L x y L x x x x =
Mt khc [ [
[ [ [ [
0 0 1
0 1
1
; ;
; ;
n n
n
L x x L x x
L x x x
x x
. T rt ra
[ [ [ [ [ [( )
0 0 1 0 1 1
; ; ; ;
n n n
L x x L x x L x x x x x =
Do
( )
[ [( ) [ [( )( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
; ; ;
n n n
L x y L x x x x L x x x x x x x =
Bng cch lp lun tng t ta c
32
[ [ [ [ [ [( )
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
; ; ;...; ; ;...; ; ; ;...;
n i n i n i i
L x x x x L x x x L x x x x x x
=
Theo tnh cht ca t sai phn ta c
[ [
0 1
; ; ;...; 0
n n
L x x x x =
T rt ra
( )
[ [( ) [ [( )( )
[ [( )( ) ( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 1 2 0 1 1
; ; ; ...
; ; ;...; ...
n n n
n n n
L x y L x x x x L x x x x x x x
L x x x x x x x x x x

=

rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = , ta suy ra
[ [ [ [
0 1 2 0 1 2
; ; ;...; ; ; ;...; , 1,
n k k
L x x x x f x x x x k n = =
V th ta c th vit li a thc ( )
n
L x nh sau:
( )
( ) [ [( ) [ [( )( )
[ [( )( ) ( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 1 2 0 1 1
; ; ; ...
; ; ;...; ...
n
n n
L x f x f x x x x f x x x x x x x
f x x x x x x x x x x

=

(3.3.1)
a thc ( )
n
L x cho bi (3.3.1) c gi l a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k.
V d 3.3.2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng:
x
0 1 2 4
y
0 1 8 64

Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng t sai phn
x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3
0 0
1
1 1 3
7 1
2 8 7
28
4 64

T y ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn l
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
3
3
0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 2 L x x x x x x x x = = .
V d 3.3.3: Xt hm s ( )
y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
-5 2 5 10 30
33
Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s trn v tnh gn ng ( ) 2, 5 f .
Gii
Ta lp bng t sai phn

x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3 TSP4
0 -5
7
1 2 -2
3 1
2 5 1 0,2917
5 2,16667
3 10 7,5
20
4 30

T y ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn l
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
4
5 7 2 1 1 2
0, 2917 1 2 3
L x x x x x x x
x x x x
=

c lng sai s
Da vo kt qu va tm c ta thy a thc ni suy Lagrange v a thc ni suy Newton ch
khc nhau v cch thc xy dng, cn biu thc cui cng th nh nhau nn ta c th ly phn c
lng sai s ca a thc ni suy Lagrange cho a thc ni suy Newton. Tc y ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_
trong
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x
=
3.3.2. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc cch u
By gi ta thm gi thit l cc mc
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x cch u trong [ [ ; a b , tc l

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
;
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x hi i n
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= \ =
1
1+

3.3.2.1. Sai phn
nh ngha
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = \ = .
34
Hiu s
1 i i
y y
c gi l sai phn cp 1 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi 0, 1 i n =
v c k hiu l
i
y ^ .
Hiu s
1 i i
y y
^ ^ c gi l sai phn cp 2 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi
0, 2 i n = v c k hiu l
2
i
y ^ .
Tng qut, hiu s
1 1
1
k k
i i
y y

^ ^ c gi l sai phn cp k ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi 0, i n k = v c k hiu l
k
i
y ^ .
V d 3.3.4: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
1 -2 9 70 241

Tnh cc sai phn ca hm s ( ) y f x =
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn

y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
1
-3
-2 14
11 36
9 50 24
61 60
70 110
171
241

Tnh cht
( )
1
0
n
P x
^ = nu ( ) P x l mt a thc bc n .
Chng minh
Chng ta lp lun tng t nh trong tnh cht ca t sai phn, xin dnh cho bn c.
3.3.2.2. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc cch u
a thc ni suy u bng (dng tin): Gi s
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < v
1 i i
x x h
= vi
mi 0, 1 i n = . Ta tm a thc ni suy ( )
n
L x dng:
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1 0 2 0 1
0 1 1
...
...
n
n n
L x a a x x a x x x x
a x x x x x x

=

35
Cho x ln lt bng
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x v ch rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = ta thu c cc
h thc
0 0 0
0 0 1
, ,..., ,...,
! !
i n
i n i n
y y y
a y a a a
h i h n h
^ ^ ^
= = = = . T ta c
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0 0 1 2
0
0 1 1
...
2!
...
!
n
n
n n
y y
L x y x x x x x x
h h
y
x x x x x x
n h

^ ^
=
^

Nu i bin
0
x x th = th ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0
0
1 ...
1! 2!
1 ... 1
!
n n
n
y y
N t L x th y t t t
y
t t t n
n
^ ^
= =
^

V d 3.3.5: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
4 8 13 16 20
Hy tm a thc ni suy Newton u bng ca hm s cho bi bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn

y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
4
4
8 1
5 -3
13 -2 6
3 3
16 1
4
20
Ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn c dng
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 3 4
0 0 0 0
4 0
1 1 2 1 2 3
1! 2! 3! 4!
y y y y
N t y t t t t t t t t t t
^ ^ ^ ^
=
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 1 1
4 4 1 1 2 1 2 3
2 2 4
t t t t t t t t t t = .
a thc ni suy cui bng (dng li): Gi s
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < v
1 i i
x x h
= vi mi
0, 1 i n = . Ta tm a thc ni suy
( )
n
L x dng
36
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1 2 1
1 1
...
...
n n n n
n n n
L x a a x x a x x x x
a x x x x x x
=

Cho x ln lt bng
1 0
, ,...,
n n
x x x
v ch rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = ta thu c
cc h thc
1 0
0 1
, ,..., ,...,
! !
i n
n n i
n i n i n
y y y
a y a a a
h i h n h

^ ^ ^
= = = = . T ta thu c:
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
0
1 1
...
2!
...
!
n n
n n n n n
n
n n n
y y
L x y x x x x x x
h h
y
x x x x x x
n h

^ ^
=
^

Nu ta i bin
0
x x th = th
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
0
0
1 ...
1! 2!
1 ... 1
!
n n
n n n
n
y y
N t L x th y t t t
y
t t t n
n

^ ^
= =
^

V d 3.3.6: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
4 8 13 16 20
Hy tm a thc ni suy Newton cui bng ca hm s cho bi bng trn.
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn
y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
4
4
8 1
5 -3
13 -2 6
3 3
16 1
4
20
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 3 4
3 2 1 0
4
1 1 2 1 2 3
1! 2! 3! 3!
n
y y y y
N t y t t t t t t t t t t
^ ^ ^ ^
=
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 1
20 4 1 1 2 1 2 3
2 2
t t t t t t t t t t = .

37
Bi 4. PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT

Gi s chng ta c hai i lng x v y vi cc gi tr thc nghim (do quan st hoc lm th
nghim) thu c di dng bng nh sau

x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Chng ta mun xy dng cng thc cho hm s ( ) y f x = da trn gi tr thc nghim ny.
R rng, ta c th s dng a thc ni suy Lagrange hoc Newton. iu ny xem ra khng phi lc
no cng hp l, t nht l do hai nguyn nhn sau. Nguyn nhn th nht l, khi cc mc ni suy kh
ln, cc im nt li qu st nhau (y l mt c trng tiu biu cho cc bng s nhn c bng
cch php o lp li nhiu ln) th vic s dng a thc bc cao hoc bc nh ni suy tng khc
cng tr nn rt phc tp, s lng tnh ton rt ln cho vic ng dng thc t, nht l cc ng dng
mang tnh cht tng hp.
Nguyn nhn th hai, quan trng hn, nm ch cc s liu cho trong bng s khng phi lc
no cng chnh xc, c bit trong trng hp o c trong phng th nghim hay quan trc ngoi
hin trng. Chng hn khi ta o c m ca khng kh ti mt a im c nh no theo thi
gian trong nm tm ra qui lut bin ng ca m theo thng hay theo ma th cc s o khng
phi tuyt i chnh xc, nht l chng khng phi nh nhau trong cc nm khc nhau. Ngoi ra,
trong nhiu php o, khng ch yu t ph thuc c sai s m yu t c lp (bin s) cng chu sai
s. Chng hn khi o nht ca mt cht lng cng nhit nhng di p sut khc nhau th
khng ch ring g nht c sai s m c nhit ln p sut u c sai s. Do , yu cu hm xp
x phi nhn ng gi tr cho ti cc mc ni suy tr nn v ngha
khc phc kh khn trn, ngi ta a ra khi nim xp x bnh phng b nht. Phng
php bnh phng b nht khc vi phng php ni suy truyn thng ch phng php bnh
phng b nht khng yu cu hm xp x (thng l a thc) phi i qua cc mc ni suy mt cch
chnh xc v hm m n dng xp x l mt v ch mt cho c min cn xp x, cho d min c
ln n u chng na.
Ni dung phng php
Trong mt phng Oxy xt tp hp cc im ( )
1,
;
i i i
i n
A x y
=
vi ,
i i
x y c cho trong bng gi
tr trn. Thay v xy dng mt hm i qua cc im cho, chng ta s tm mt hm ( ) f x cng
n gin cng tt sao cho n th hin tt nht dng iu ca tp hp im ( )
1,
;
i i i
i n
A x y
=
m khng
nht thit i qua cc im . C nhiu phng php gii quyt vn ny, v mt trong nhng
38
1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
( ) y f x =
phng php nh vy l phng php bnh phng b nht. Ni dung ca phng php l tm cc
tiu phim hm
( ) ( )
2
1
mi n
n
i i
i
H f f x y
=
l
=
l
_

Hnh 3.4.1

Cc dng hm s ( ) f x thng gp trong thc t l
1. y ax b =
2.
2
y ax bx c =
3.
bx
y ae =
4.
b
y ax =
3.4.1. Trng hp y ax b =
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
x y trong bng l do thc nghim m c, do vy chng hon ton khng xc
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh y ax b = .
Sai s ti ( ) ;
i i
x y l
i i i
y ax b = .
Do vy, ( )
2
2
1 1
n n
i i i
i i
S y ax b
= =
= =
_ _
l tng bnh phng cc sai s.
Vn t ra l ta c gng lm cho S nh n mc c th. R rng, S l mt hm s theo hai
bin , a b. Chng ta s tm , a b cc tiu hm S. Nh vy, , a b cn phi tha h phng trnh
( )
( )
1
1
2 0
2 0
n
i i i
i
n
i i
i
S
y b ax x
a
S
y b ax
b
=
=
'0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
1
!
10
1
= =
1
1
0
1+
_
_

h trn tng ng vi
39
2
1 1 1
1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
n n
i i
i i
x a x b x y
x a nb y
= = =
= =
' 1 1
1
1
=
1

1
( ) ( )
1
1
!
1
1
1

1 =
1

( ) 1
1+
_ _ _
_ _

Ta s chng t rng h phng trnh trn lun lun c nghim duy nht. Tht vy, ta c:
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
1
0
n n
i i
n n n
i i
i i i j
n
i i i j
i
i
x x
D n x x x x
x n
= =
= = <
=
1 1

1 1 ( ) ( )

= = =

1 ( ) ( )

( )
_ _
_ _ _
_

Vy h phng trnh trn lun c nghim duy nht.

Hnh 3.4.2
V d 3.4.1: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h y ax b = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 1 3 4 7
9 12
y
0 2 5 10 12 16
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 10 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng sau:
x
y
2
x
xy
1 0 1 0
3 2 9 6
4 5 16 20
7 10 49 70
9 12 81 108
12 16 144 192
36 =
_

45 300 396
1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

n
A
1 n
A

y ax b =
40
T h bng trn ta c h phng trnh sau:
300 36 396
36 6 45
a b
a b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii h ta c
1, 5
1, 5
a
b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng 1, 5 1, 5 y x =
Khi ta nhn c ( ) 10 1, 5.10 1, 5 13, 5 y = = .
3.4.2. Trng hp ( ) 0
bx
y ae a =
Bng cch logarit hai v ca ng thc
bx
y ae = ta c
( ) l n ln ln ln ln
bx bx
y ae a e a bx = = =
t ln , Y y A b = = v ln B a = th ng thc trn c th vit di dng Y Ax B =
Vy bi ton xc nh cc h s , a b ca hm s
bx
y ae = c chuyn v bi ton xc nh
cc h s , A B ca hm s Y Ax B = .
Cho , x y c quan h
bx
y ae = vi bng gi tr
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Ta lp bng mi
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
ln Y y =
1
lny
2
l ny
.
l n
n
y

T bng trn, bng phng php trong mc 3.5.1, ta tm c A v B . T , ta xc nh
c a v b da vo ng thc
B
a e = v b A = .

Hinh 3.4.3
1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
bx
y ae =
41
V d 3.4.2: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
bx
y ae = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau:
x
1,1 3, 2 5, 1 7, 7 9, 6 12, 2
y
3,1 29, 9 65, 7 100, 4 195, 7 300, 4
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 10, 2 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
l n Y y =
2
x xY
1,1 3,1 1,1314 1,21 1,2445
3,2 29,9 3,3978 10,24 10,8730
5,1 65,7 4,1851 26,01 21,3440
7,7 100,4 4,6092 59,29 35,4908
9,6 195,7 5,2766 92,16 50,6554
12,2 300,4 5,7051 148,84 69,6022
38, 9 =
_

24,3052 337,75 189,2099

T bng trn ta c h phng trnh
337, 75 38, 9 189, 2099
38, 9 6 24,3052
A B
A B
' =
1
11
!
1 =
1
1+

Gii h ta c
0, 3697 0, 3697
5.2268 1, 6538
b A
a B
' ' = =
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng
0,3697
5.2268
x
y e =
Ta tnh c ( )
0,3697.10,2
10, 2 5.2268 226, 6569 y e = =
3.4.3. Trng hp ( ) 0
b
y ax a =
Logarit hai v ca ng thc
b
y ax = ta c:
( ) l n ln l n ln ln l n
b b
y ax a x a b x = = =
t ln , ln , Y y X x A b = = = v ln B a = th ng thc trn c th vit di dng
Y AX B =
Vy bi ton xc nh h s , a b ca hm s
b
y ax = c th chuyn v bi ton xc nh h s
, A B ca hm s Y AX B =
Cho , x y c quan h
b
y ax = vi bng gi tr:
42
1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
b
y ax =
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Ta lp bng:

T bng trn, ta tm c A v B . T , ta xc nh c a v b da vo ng thc
B
a e =
v b A = .

Hnh 3.4.4
b
y ax = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau
x
1,1 3, 2 5, 1 7, 7 9, 6 12, 2
y
3,1 29, 9 65, 7 100, 4 195, 7 300, 4
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 11, 4 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
ln X x =
l n Y y =
2
X XY
1,1 3,1 0,0953 1,1314 0,0091 0,1078
3,2 29,9 1,1632 3,3979 1,3530 3,9524
5,1 65,7 1,6292 4,1851 2,6543 6,8184
7,7 100,4 2,0412 4,6092 4,1665 9,4083
9,6 195,7 2,2618 5,2766 5,1157 11,9346
12,2 300,4 2,5014 5,7051 6,2570 14,2707
9,6921 24,3053 19,5556 46,4922

ln X x =
1
l nx
2
l nx
.
l n
n
x
ln Y y =
1
l ny
2
l ny
.
l n
n
y
43
19, 5556 9, 6921 46, 4922
9, 6921 6 24, 3053
A B
A B
' =
1
11
!
1 =
1
1+

Gii h phng trnh ta c
1, 854262 1, 854262
2, 873699 1, 055600
b A
a B
' ' = =
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

1,854262
2, 873699 y x =
T h thc trn ta tnh c ( ) 11, 4 261, 950831 f ~ .
3.4.4. Trng hp
2
y ax bx c =
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh
2
y ax bx c = .
Sai s ti mi im ( ) ;
i i
x y l
2
i i i i
y c bx ax = .
Do vy, tng bnh phng cc sai s l
( )
2
2 2
1 1
n n
i i i i
i i
S y c bx cx
= =
= =
_ _
.
Vn t ra l ta c gng lm cho S nh n mc c th. R rng, S l mt hm s theo ba
bin , , a b c. Chng ta s tm , , a b c cc tiu hm S. Nh vy, , , a b c cn phi tha h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2 0
2 0
2 0
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i
i
S
y c bx ax x
a
S
y c bx ax x
b
S
y c bx ax
c
=
=
=
'
0 1
1
= =
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
= =
!
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
+
_
_
_

H phng trnh trn tng ng vi
4 3 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 1
n n n n
i i i i i
i i i i
n n n n
i i i i i
i i i i
n n n
i i i
i i i
x a x b x c x y
x a x b x c x y
x a x b nc y
= = = =
= = = =
= = =
' 1 1 1
1
1
=
1

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1

=
!

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1

=

( ) ( )
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta s tm c , , a b c

44
1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
2
y ax bx c =

Hnh 3.4.5
2
y ax bx c = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 1 2 4 8 11 13
y
0 2 11 13 30 50

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 12 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
2
x
3
x
4
x
xy
2
x y
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 4 8 16 2 4
4 11 16 64 256 44 176
8 13 64 512 4096 104 832
11 30 121 1331 14641 330 3630
13 50 169 2197 28561 650 8450
39 =
_

105 375 4113 47571 1130 13092


Gii h ta c
47571 4113 375 13092
4113 375 39 1130
375 39 6 105
a b c
a b c
a b c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
45
0, 348607
1,124207
3, 019404
a
b
c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

2
0, 348607 1,124207 3, 019404 y x x =
Ta tnh c ( ) 12 39, 728328 y = .
Nhn xt 3.4.1: Ta c th m rng ln trng hp
1
1 1 0
...
m m
m m
y a x a x a x a
= vi
m n << . Cch lm hon ton tng t, xin nhng cho bn c.
Sau y ta xt mt s hm s dng khc cng hay gp trong bi ton bnh phng b nht tuy
t ph bin hn cc dng trn
3.4.5. Trng hp cos sin y a b x c x =
Sai s ti mi im ( ) ;
i i
x y l cos si n
i i i i
y a b x c x = .
Do vy, tng bnh phng cc sai s l ( )
2
2
1 1
cos sin
n n
i i i i
i i
S y a b x c x
= =
= =
_ _
.
Ta thy S l mt hm s theo ba bin , , a b c. Chng ta s tm , , a b c cc tiu hm S. Nh
vy, , , a b c cn phi tha h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
2 cos sin 0
2 cos sin cos 0
2 cos sin si n 0
n
i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
S
y a b x c x
a
S
y a b x c x x
b
S
y a b x c x x
c
=
=
=
'
0 1
1
= =
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
= =
!
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
+
_
_
_

H phng trnh trn tng ng vi
1 1 1
2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
cos sin
cos cos cos sin cos
si n cos sin sin
n n n
i i i
i i i
n n n n
i i i i i i
i i i i
n n
i i i i
i i
na x b x c y
x a x b x x c y x
x a x x b x
= = =
= = = =
= =
1 1

=

( ) ( )
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1

( ) ( )
_ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _
1 1
sin
n n
i i
i i
c y x
= =
'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1

1
( )
1
+
_ _

Gii h phng trnh trn ta s tm c , , a b c.

46
cos sin y a b x c x =

Hnh 3.4.6
V d 3.4.5: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h cos sin y a b x c x = v bng s
liu thc nghim sau:
x 1 2 4 8 11 13
y
0 2 5 4 6 2

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht.
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
cosx si nx
2
cos x
2
si n x cos si n x x
cos y x
si n y x
1 0 0,5403 0,8415 0,2919 0,7081 0,4547 0 0
2 2 -0,4161 0,9093 0,1732 0,8268 -0,3783 -0,8322 1,8186
4 5 0,6536 0,7568 0,4272 0,5728 0,4946 3,2680 3,7840
8 4 -0,1455 0,9894 0,0212 0,9788 -0,1440 0,5820 3,9576
10 6 -0,8391 -0,5440 0,7041 0,2959 0,4565 -5,0346 -3,2640
13 2 0,9074 0,4202 0,8234 0,1766 0,3813 1,8148 0,8404
_

19 1,5328 3,3732 2,4410 3,5590 1,2648 -0,2022 7,1366

T bng trn ta c h
6 1, 5328 3, 3732 19
1, 5328 2, 4410 1, 2648 -0,2022
3,3732 1,2648 3,5590 7,1366
a b c
a b c
a b c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c
47
4, 621716
2,150223
1, 611062
a
b
c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng 4, 621716 2,150223cos 1, 611062sin y x x =
3.4.6. Trng hp ( ) ( ) y ag x bh x = vi ( ) ( ) , g x h x l cc hm s lin tc cho trc.
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) y ag x bh x = .
Sai s ti ( ) ;
i i
x y l ( ) ( )
i i i i
y ag x bh x = .
Do vy, ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
n
i i i
i
S y ag x bh x
=
=
_
l tng bnh phng cc sai s.
Ta thy S l mt hm s theo hai bin , a b. Chng ta s tm , a b cc tiu hm S. Nh vy,
, a b cn phi tha h phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
2 0
2 0
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
S
y ag x bh x g x
a
S
y ag x bh x h x
b
=
=
'0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
1
!
10
1
= =
1
1
0
1+
_
_

H trn tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i i
i i i
n n n
i i i i i
i i i
g x a g x h x b g x y
g x h x a h x b h x y
= = =
= = =
'
1 1
1
1
=
1

1
( ) ( )
1
1
!
1 1 1
1

1 =

1

( ) ( ) 1
1+
_ _ _
_ _ _

Gii h trn ta tm c cc h s ; a b.
V d 3.4.6: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( ) 1 l n 1
x
y a e b x = v bng
s liu thc nghim sau:
x
1, 1 1, 3 1, 5 1, 7 1, 9
y
0 2 4 6 8

Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht.
Gii
t ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; ln 1
x
g x e h x x = =
Ta lp bng

48
x
y ( ) g x ( ) h x ( )
2
g x ( )
2
h x
( ) ( ) g x h x
( ) g x y ( ) h x y
1,1 0 2,004 0,742 4,017 0,550 1,487 0,000 0,000
1,3 2 2,669 0,833 7,125 0,694 2,223 5,338 1,666
1,5 4 3,482 0,916 12,122 0,840 3,190 13,928 3,664
1,7 6 4,474 0,993 20,016 0,987 4,444 26,844 5,958
1,9 8 5,686 1,065 32,329 1,134 6,054 45,488 8,520
75,609 4,205 17,398 91,598 19,808


75, 609 17, 398 91, 598
17, 398 4, 205 19, 808
a b
a b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c

2, 660
6, 294
a
b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng ( ) ( ) 2, 66 1 6, 294ln 1
x
y e x =

49
Chng 4. TNH GN NG TCH PHN

Bi 1. CNG THC NEWTON COTES

Rt nhiu vn v khoa hc, k thut dn n vic tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
vi ( ) f x l mt
hm phc tp hoc ( ) f x l mt hm m nguyn hm ca n khng th biu din qua cc hm n
gin bit (chng hn
4
3 1
1 0 1
sin
, , ,...
e
x x
x
dx e dx x dx
x
] ] ]
) hoc hm ( ) f x ch c cho bng bng. V
th vn tnh gn ng tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
c t ra l t nhin.
Mt trong nhng phng php thng c s dng tnh gn ng tch phn
( )
b
a
f x dx
]
l
s dng cng thc Newton Cotes.
Ni dung ca phng php Newton Cotes l xp x hm ( ) f x trn on [ [ ; a b bi a thc
ni suy Lagrange. Xt mt php phn hoch u trn on [ [ ; a b bi cc mc , 0,
i
x i n = . Khi ta
c cc kt qu sau

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
,
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x i h i n
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ( )
n
L x . Ta xp x hm s
( ) f x bng a thc
( )
n
L x trn on [ [ ; a b . Khi
( ) ( )
*
b b
n
a a
I f x dx I L x dx = ~ =
] ]
.

Hnh 4.1.1
( ) y f x =
( )
n
y L x =
50
Dng php i bin
0
x x th = ta thu c
( )
( )
0
*
b
n
n i i
i
a
I L x dx b a H y
=
= =
_
]
(*)
vi ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = v
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 1 ...
, 0,
. !
n n i i
n
i
C t t t n
H dt i n
n n t i

= =
]

Cng thc (*) c gi l cng thc Newton Cotes, cc h s
i
H c gi l cc h s
Cotes. Cc h s Cotes khng ph thuc vo hm s ( ) y f x = hoc di bc h , v vy thng
c tnh sn. Di y l bng h s Cotes, ng vi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 n = .
n
0
H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
H
5
H
6
H
1 0, 5000 0, 5000
2 0,1667 0, 6667 0,1667
3 0,1250 0, 3750 0, 3750 0,1250
4 0, 0778 0, 3556 0,1333 0, 3556 0, 0778
5 0, 0660 0, 2604 0,1736 0,1736 0, 2604 0, 0660
6 0, 0488 0, 2571 0, 0321 0, 3238 0, 0321 0, 2571 0, 0488

V d 4.1.1: Tnh tch phn
1
3
0
1
1
I dx
x
=
]
theo cng thc Newton Cotes vi 4 n = .
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,00 1,000 0, 0778 0, 0778
1 0,25 0, 9846 0, 3556 0, 3501
2 0,50 0, 8889 0,1333 0,1185
3 0,75 0, 7033 0, 3556 0, 2501
4 1,00 0, 500 0, 0778 0, 0389

p dng (*) ta c
( )
1
4
3
0
0
1
1 0 0, 8354
1
i i
i
I dx y H
x
=
= ~ =
_
]
.
1,5
2 1
2
0,3
x
e x
I dx
x x
]
bng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 6 n = .
51
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,3 13,4693 0,0488 0,6573
1 0,5 10,5187 0,2571 2,7044
2 0,7 9,8514 0,0321 0,3162
3 0,9 10,1431 0,3238 3,2843
4 1,1 11,0963 0,0321 0,3562
5 1,3 12,6750 0,2571 3,2587
6 1,5 14,9595 0,0488 0,7300

Khi ta c
( )
6
0
1, 5 0, 3 13, 5685
i i
i
I y H
=
~ =
_

c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes
Cho hm s ( ) f x thuc lp
[ [
( ) 1
;
n
a b
C

(lp cc hm s c o hm cp 1 n lin tc trn [ [ ; a b ).
Theo kt qu chng 3 ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) [ [
0 1
... , ;
1 ! 1 !
n n
M M
f x L x x x x x x x x x a b
n n
_ = \

vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x
=
T bt ng thc trn ta suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1
...
1 !
b b
n n
a a
M
f x L x dx x x x x x x dx
n
_
] ]

Ta bit
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) *
b b
n n
a a
f x L x dx f x L x dx I I _ =
] ]

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
0 1
0
... 1 2 ...
b n
n
n
a
x x x x x x dx h t t t t n dt
=
] ]

T y, ta c nh gi

( )
( ) ( )
2
0
* 1 ...
1 !
n
n
Mh
I I t t t n dt
n
]
.
52
1,2
3
0,2
1
x
I dx
x
=
]
bng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 5 n = .
nh gi sai s kt qu .
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,2 0,0067 0,0660 0,0004
1 0,4 0,0457 0,2604 0,0119
2 0,6 0,1350 0,1736 0,0234
3 0,8 0,2844 0,1736 0,0494
4 1,0 0,5000 0,2604 0,1302
5 1,2 0,7855 0,0660 0,0518

S dng kt qu ca bng trn ta c
( )
5
0
1, 2 0, 2 0, 2671
i i
i
I y H
=
~ =
_

c lng sai s
( )( )( )( )( )
5
7
0
* 1 2 3 4 5
6!
Mh
I I t t t t t t dt _
]

Trong ,
[ [
( )
6
7
0,2;1,2
6!
0, 2; max 200, 9388
1, 2
x
h M f x
= = = = v
( )( )( )( )( )
5
0
2459
1 2 3 4 5
84
t t t t t t dt =
]

T y ta suy ra
* 0, 000105 I I _
Sau y l mt s trng hp c bit ca cng thc Newton Cotes

53
Bi 2. CNG THC HNH THANG

4.2.1. Cng thc hnh thang
Xt tch phn ( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
. p dng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 1 n = ta c
( )
( ) ( )( )
1
0 1
0 0 1 1
0
2
b
i i
i
a
y y
I f x dx b a y H b a y H y H h
=
= ~ = =
_
]
(4.2.1)
Cng thc (4.2.1) c gi cng thc hnh thang

Hnh 4.2.1
c lng sai s
T cng thc c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes ta suy ra
( )
1
3 3
0
* 1
2 12
Mh Mh
I I t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
;
max
x a b
M f x
=
( )
1,6
2
3 2
1,3
ln 1
x
x x
I dx
e x

=
]
bng cng thc hnh thang (khng nh
gi sai s)
Gii
t ( )
( )
2
3 2
ln 1
x
x x
f x
e x

=
v 0, 3 h b a = = . p dng cng thc hnh thang ta c

( ) ( )
0 1
1, 3 1, 6 0, 049379 0, 028335
0, 3 0, 3 0, 011657
2 2 2
f f y y
I h

~ = = = .
( ) y f x =
0
A
1
A
h
54
Nhn xt 4.2.1: Trong thc t cng thc (4.2.1) t khi c s dng trc tip v sai s kh ln.
y ngi ta thng chia on [ [ ; a b thnh cc on nh, sau p dng cng thc hnh thang trn
mi on nh . Phng php tnh tch phn nh th c gi l phng php hnh thang m
rng.
4.2.2. Cng thc hnh thang m rng
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh n on bng nhau bi cc im chia:
0 1 2 1
...
n n
a x x x x x b
= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
,
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x i h i n
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
0 1 1
0 0
2 ...
2 2
i
i
x
b
n n
i i
n n
i i
a x
y y h
I f x dx f x dx h y y y y
= =
l
= = ~ =
l
_ _
] ]

Cng thc trn c gi l cng thc hnh thang m rng

Hnh 4.2.2

1,2
2
2
0,2
1
sin 1
x
I dx
x
]
bng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi
10 n = .
Gii
0
A
1
A
1 n
A

n
A
h
( ) y f x =
55
t ( )
2
2
1
si n 1
x
f x
x
v 0,1 h = . Ta lp bng

i x
( ) y f x =
0 0,2 1,000510
1 0,3 1,002454
2 0,4 1,007253
3 0,5 1,016385
4 0,6 1,031224
5 0,7 1,052991
6 0,8 1,082794
7 0,9 1,121715
8 1,0 1,170910
9 1,1 1,231712
10 1,2 1,305723

p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng ta c
( )
0 10 1 2 9
2 ... 1, 087055
2
h
I y y y y y
l
~ =
l
.
V d 4.2.3: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc v c bng gi tr sau
x
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
( ) f x 1,2345 1,4578 1,6717 1,8009 1,6789 1,4767 1,3223 1,2347

Tnh gn ng tch phn ( )
0,7
0
I f x dx =
]

Gii
Ta s p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi 7 n = tnh I . Ta c
( )
( )
0,7
0 1 6 7
0
2 ... 1, 064290
2
h
I f x dx y y y y
l
= ~ =
l ]

c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
* 1
0 1 1
2 ... ; , 0, 1
2 2
i i
ht n n i
y y h
I y y y y I h i n
l
= = =
l

Nhn thy rng
1
*
0
n
ht i
i
I I
=
=
_

Khi ta c
56
( )
1
1
*
0
i
i
x
n
ht i
i
x
I I f x dx I
=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc hnh thang ta c

( )
1
3
*
, 0, 1
12
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i n
_ \ =
]
vi ( )
1
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x
l
l
=
Ta suy ra
( )
2 3 3 1
0
12 12 12
n
i
ht
i
b a Mh M h nMh
I I
_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
;
max
x a b
M f x
=
Nhn xt 4.2.2: Da vo cng thc nh gi sai s ta c th tm ra s on cn phi chia
khi p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng sai s khng vt qu s cho trc. Tht vy, ta cho

( )
( )
2
3
12
12
ht
b a Mh
I I
b a M
n
_ _
l
l
= _
l
l
l

V d 4.2.4: Xt tch phn
2
2
1
x
I e dx =
]

a. Tnh gn ng I bng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi 8 n = (nh gi sai s)
b. Phi chia on [ [ 1; 3 thnh t nht bao nhiu on bng nhau khi dng cng thc hnh
thang m rng sai s khng vt qu
6
10
.
Gii
a. t ( )
2
x
f x e = v
2 1
0,125
8
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,000 2,718282
1 1,125 3,545308
2 1,250 4,770733
3 1,375 6,623507
4 1,500 9,487736
5 1,625 14,021965
6 1,750 21,380943
7 1,875 33,636944
8 2,000 54,598150

p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng ta c
57
( )
0 1 7 8
2 ... 15, 265669
2
h
I y y y y
l
~ =
l

Tip theo ta nh gi sai s ca kt qu va tm c. Ta c

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 4 2 1 2
x
x x x
f x xe
f x e x e e x
= =

Ta suy ra
[ [
( ) ( )
1;2
max 2 982, 767
x
M f x f
= = = . Do

( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 .982, 767.0, 125
1, 279645
12 12
ht
b a Mh
I I

_ = =
b. Gi n l s on t nht cn phi chia. Theo cng thc c lng sai s ta c

( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 1 .982, 767.
81, 897250
12 12
ht
b a Mh h
I I h

_ = =
Ta cho
2 6
6
2
6
81, 897250 10
1 10
81, 897250
81, 897250
9050
10
h
n
n
_
= _
l
l
= _ =
l
l

Ta ly 9050 n = th yu cu bi c tha.

58
Bi 3. CNG THC SIMSON MT PHN BA

4.3.1. Cng thc Simson mt phn ba
Xt tch phn
( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
( ) ( )( )
2
0 0 1 1 2 2
0
i i
i
I b a y H b a y H y H y H
=
~ =
_

Ta bit
0 2 1
1 2
;
6 3
H H H = = = v
2
b a
h

= . Ta suy ra
( )
0 1 2
* 4
3
h
I I y y y ~ = (4.3.1)
Cng thc (4.3.1) c gi l cng thc Simson mt phn ba

Hnh 4.3.1
( )
1,5 2 2
2
1
si n 2
t an 3
x x
I dx
x
]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba.
Gii
Ta t ( )
( )
2 2
2
sin 2
t an 3
x x
f x
x
v 0, 25
2
b a
h

= = .
p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c
( ) ( )
0 1 2
0, 25
4 0, 351911 4.0,130963 0, 006304 0, 073506
3 3
h
I y y y ~ = =
c lng sai s
0
A
1
A
2
A
h
59
( )( )
2
4 4
0
* 1 2
6 12
Mh Mh
I I t t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
( )
3
;
max
x a b
M f x
= (4.3.2)
Trong thc t nh gi sai s ca cng thc Simson mt phn ba, ngi ta dng cng thc
sau y do nh ton hc Simson tm ra

5
*
90
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x
= (4.3.3)
Cng thc (4.3.3) nh gi sai s tt hn cng thc (4.3.2) rt nhiu.
1
2
0,6
1
x
I dx
x
=
]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (c nh gi
sai s).
Gii
Ta t ( )
2
1
x
f x
x
=
v
1 0, 6
0, 2
2
h

= = .
p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c
( ) ( )
0 1 2
0, 2
4 0, 225 4.0, 355556 0, 5 0,143148
3 3
h
I y y y ~ = =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn.

5
*
90
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
0,6;1
0, 2; max 2, 289
x
h M f x
= = =
Ta suy ra

( )
5 5
2, 289. 0, 2
* 0, 000008
90 90
Mh
I I _ = = .
4.3.2. Cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh 2 n m = on bng nhau bi cc im
chia
0 1 2 2 1 2
...
m m
a x x x x x b
= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0 2
1 0 2 1 2 2 1
0
,
...
2
, 0, 2
m
m m
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
m
x x i h i m
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1
2 2 1 2 2
0 0
0 2 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2
4
3
2 ... 4 ...
3
i
i
x
b
m m
i i i
i i
a x
m m m
h
I f x dx f x dx y y y
h
y y y y y y y y

= =

= = ~
l
=
l
_ _
] ]
(4.3.4)
60
Cng thc (4.3.4) c gi l cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng

Hnh 4.3.2
c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
1 0 0 1 2
3
2 4
3
m
h
I y y o o = vi
1 1
0 2 1 2 1
0 0
;
m m
i i
i i
x x o o

= =
= =
_ _

Nhn thy rng
1
*
1
0 3
m
i
i
I I
=
=
_
vi ( )
*
2 2 1 2 2
4 , 0, 1
3
i i i i
h
I y y y i m

= \ =
Khi ta c

( )
2 2
2
1
*
1
0 3
i
i
x
m
i
i
x
I I f x dx I
=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c

( )
2 2
2
5
*
, 0, 1
90
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i m
_ \ =
]
vi
( )
( )
2 2 2
4
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x
l
l
=
Ta suy ra
( )
4 5 5 1
1
0 3
90 90 180
m
i
i
b a Mh M h mMh
I I
_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x
=
V d 4.3.3: Tnh tch phn ( )
2
1
ln 2 1 I x dx =
]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba m
rng vi 10 n = , c nh gi sai s.
Gii
t ( ) ( ) l n 2 1 f x x = v 0,1
b a
h
n
= = . Ta lp bng
1
A
1
A
0
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
1
A
61
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,0 1,098612
1 1,1 1,163151
2 1,2 1,223775
3 1,3 1,280934
4 1,4 1,335001
5 1,5 1,386294
6 1,6 1,435085
7 1,7 1,481605
8 1,8 1,526056
9 1,9 1,568616
10 2,0 1,609438

p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng ta c
( )
0 0 1 10
2 4 1, 375676
3
h
I y y o o ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn

( )
4
1
3
180
b a Mh
I I

_ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
1;2
1; 0,1; max 1, 580247
x
b a h M f x
= = = =
Ta suy ra

( )
4
6
1
3
10
180
b a Mh
I I

_ =

62
Bi 4. CNG THC SIMSON BA PHN TM

4.4.1. Cng thc Simson mt ba phn tm
Xt tch phn
( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
( ) ( )( )
3
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
0
i i
i
I b a y H b a y H y H y H y H
=
~ =
_

Ta bit
0 3 1 2
1 3
;
8 8
H H H H = = = = v
3
b a
h

= . Ta suy ra
( )
0 1 2 3
3
* 3 3
8
h
I I y y y y ~ = (4.4.1)
Cng thc (4.4.1) c gi l cng thc Simson ba phn tm

Hnh 4.4.1
0,6
2
0,3
1
x
x
e x
I dx
e
]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm
Gii
t
( )
2
1
x
x
e x
f x
e
v
0, 6 0, 3
0,1
3
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 0,3 0,584617
1 0,4 0,586514
2 0,5 0,577880
3 0,6 0,560660
0
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
h

63

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c
( )
0 1 2 3
3
3 3 0,173942
8
h
I y y y y ~ =
c lng sai s
( )( )( )
3
5 5
0
49
* 1 2 3
24 720
Mh Mh
I I t t t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x
=
Trong thc t nh gi sai s ca cng thc Simson ba phn tm ngi ta dng cng thc
sau (nh gi tt hn cng thc trn)

5
3
*
80
Mh
I I _
1,8
1,2
1
3 2
x
I dx
x
]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm, c nh
gi sai s.
Gii
t
( )
1
3 2
x
f x
x
v 0, 2 h = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,2 0,392857
1 1,4 0,387097
2 1,6 0,382353
3 1,8 0,378378

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c
( )
0 1 2 3
3
3 3 0, 230969
8
h
I y y y y ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s. Ta c

5
3
*
80
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
1,2;1,8
0, 2; max 0,117662
x
h M f x
= = =
Ta suy ra

6
* 10 I I

_
4.4.2. Cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng
64
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh 3 n m = on bng nhau bi cc im
chia
0 1 2 3 1 3
...
m m
a x x x x x b
= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0 3
1 0 2 1 3 3 1
0
,
...
3
, 0, 3
m
m m
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
m
x x i h i m
'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c

( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 3
3
1 1
3 3 1 3 2 3 3
0 0
0 0 1 3
3
3 3
8
3
2 3
8
i
i
x b
m m
i i i i
i i
a x
m
h
I f x dx f x dx y y y y
h
y y o o

= =
= = ~
=
_ _
] ]
(4.4.2)
vi ( )
1 1
0 3 1 3 1 3 2
1 0
;
m m
i i i
i i
y y y o o

= =
= =
_ _

Cng thc (4.4.2) c gi l cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng

Hnh 4.4.2
c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
3 0 0 1 3
8
3
2 3
8
m
h
I y y o o = vi ( )
1 1
0 3 1 3 1 3 2
1 0
;
m m
i i i
i i
x x x o o

= =
= =
_ _

Nhn thy rng
1
*
3
0 8
m
i
i
I I
=
=
_
vi ( )
*
3 3 1 3 2 3 3
3
3 3 , 0, 1
8
i i i i i
h
I y y y y i m

= \ =
0
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
3 n
A

2 n
A

n
A
1 n
A

h
65
Khi ta c
( )
3 3
3
1
*
3
0 8
i
i
x
m
i
i
x
I I f x dx I
=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c

( )
3 3
3
5
*
3
, 0, 1
80
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i m
_ \ =
]
vi
( )
( )
3 3 3
4
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x
l
l
=
Ta suy ra
( )
4 5 5 1
3
0 8
3 3
80 80 80
m
i
i
b a Mh M h m Mh
I I
_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x
=
2,2
2
1
2 3
3 2
x
I dx
x x
=

]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm m
rng vi 6 n = , c nh gi sai s
Gii
t
( )
2
2 3
3 2
x
f x
x x
=

v
2, 2 1
0, 2
6
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,0 0,833333
1 1,2 0,767045
2 1,4 0,710784
3 1,6 0,662393
4 1,8 0,620301
5 2,0 0,583333
6 2,2 0,550595

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng ta c
( )
0 0 1 6
3
2 3 0, 806830
8
h
I y y o o ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s

( )
4
3
8
80
b a Mh
I I

_ vi 1, 2; 0, 2; 0, 849 b a h M = = =
Ta suy ra

3
8
0, 000020 I I _

66
Chng 5. GII GN NG PHNG TRNH VI PHN THNG

Bi 1. M U

Trong khoa hc, k thut chng ta gp rt nhiu bi ton lin quan n phng trnh vi phn
thng (chng hn nh bi ton tnh vn tc ca mt vt th khi bit di qung ng trong nhng
khong thi gian khc nhau, bi ton tnh ton cng dng in theo in lng). C nhiu trng
hp nghim ng ca phng trnh vi phn khng th tm ra c.
Bi vy tm nghim ca chng phi p dng cc phng php gn ng khc nhau.
Cc phng php c th chia lm hai nhm: Nhm th nht c gi l phng php gii tch,
nhm th hai c gi l phng php s.
Cc phng php gii tch cho php tm nghim gn ng di dng mt biu thc gii tch
Cc phng php s cho php tm nghim di dng bng.
Di y, ta ch gii thiu mt phng php gii tch thng dng gi l phng php lp
n, v mt s phng php s (bao gm phng php Euler, Euler ci tin, Rung - Kutta).

67
Bi 1. PHNG PHP LP N

Xt bi ton gi tr ban u sau y:
( )
( )
0 0
,
dy
y f x y
dx
y x y
= =
=
(*)
Gi s ( ) , f x y l hm lin tc trn [ [ [ [
0 0 0 0
, , D x a x a y b y b =
Khi bi ton gi tr ban u trn tng ng vi phng trnh tch phn
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
,
x
x
y x y f s y s ds =
]

Ta thit lp dy
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0 0
1 0
, , 0
x
k k
x
y x y
y x y f s y s ds k
= '
1
1
1
1
!
= \ _ 1
1
1
1+
]
(**)
Sau y, ta xem xt mt s iu kin dy trn hi t n nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
vi phn (*)
nh l 5.1.1: Gi s hm s ( ) , f x y lin tc trong D v trn tha mn iu kin Lipschitz
theo bin th hai, tc l
( ) ( ) [ [ [ [
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0
, , , , , , , f x y f x y L y y y y y b y b x x a x a _ \ \
ngoi ra, gi s
( )
( )
,
max , , mi n ,
x y D
b
M f x y h a
M
1

= =

( )
.
Khi dy cc xp x (**) s hi t ti nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (*) trn
[ [
0 0
, x h x h .
Tc hi t c xc nh bi cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
1
* 0
, 0
1 !
k
k
k
x x
y x y x L M k
k
_ \ _

vi ( )
*
y x l nghim ng ca (*)
V d 5.1.1:
Gii phng trnh vi phn
4
y x y = bng phng php lp n vi ( ) 0 0 y = .
Gii
Hm ( )
4
, f x y x y = lin tc trn ton mt phng nn , a b c th chn ty .
Chn ( )
0
0 y x = th xp x u tin xc nh
68
( ) ( )
( )
5
4
1 0 0
0 0
,
5
x x
x
y x y f s y s ds s ds = = =
] ]

Tng t
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
5 5 6
4
2 0 1
0 0
5 6 5 6 7
4
3 0 2
0 0
5 6 7 5 6 7 8
4
4 0 3
0 0
,
5 5 30
,
5 30 5 30 210
,
5 30 210 5 30 210 1680
x x
x x
x x
s x x
y x y f s y s ds s ds
s s x x x
s s s x x x x
1

= = =

( )
1

= = =

( )
1

= = =

( )
] ]
] ]
] ]

Chng ta s c lng sai s ca ( )
4
y x
Chn 0, 5 a b = = . Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
, ,
'
,
max , max 0, 5625
max , 1
0, 5
min , mi n 0, 5, 0, 5
0, 5625
x y G x y G
y
x y G
M f x y x y
L f x y
b
h a
M

= = =
= =
1
1

= = =

( )
( )

vi [ [ [ [ 0, 5; 0, 5 0, 5; 0, 5 G =
Do vy trn on [ [ 0, 5; 0, 5 ta c
( ) ( )
5 5
*
4
0 0, 5
0, 5625. 0, 000146
5! 5!
n
x
y x y x L M

_ = = .

69
Bi 2. PHNG PHP EULER V EULER CI TIN

5.2.1. Phng php Euler
Xt bi ton gi tr ban u sau y:
( )
( )
0 0
,
dy
y f x y
dx
y x y
'
1
1 = =
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
(*)
Gi s hm s hai bin ( ) , f x y c o hm ring bc m lin tc theo hai bin , x y trn
[ [ [ [
0 0 0 0
, , ; ; , 0 D x x a y b y b m a b = N .
Ly o hm (*) theo bin x ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
, ,
, 2 , , ,
x y
xx xy yy y
y x f x y f x y y x
y x f x y f x y y x f x y y x f x y y x

=
=
.

Thay
0 0
, x x y y = = ta nhn c dy ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
, , ,... y x y x y x

Vi x gn
0
x chng ta c th tnh gi tr gn ng ca nghim bi ton (*) theo cng thc:
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
!
i
m
i
i
y x
y x x x
i
=
~
_

Trong trng hp x xa
0
x , chng ta chia on [ [
0 0
, x x a thnh n on bng nhau
1
, , 0, 1
j j
x x j n
l
=
l
. Ta d dng suy ra
1
, 0,
j j
x x h j n
= = vi
a
h
n
= .
Gi s ta tnh c ( )
j j
y x y ~
Ta t
( ) ( )
( )
|
j
i i
j j j y y
y y x
=
=
S dng cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
!
i
m
i
j
j j
i
y
y x z x x x
i
=
~ =
_
(**)
vi
1
,
j j
x x x

l
l
, th
1 j
y

s c tnh bi ( )
1 1 j j j
y z x

=
Chn 1 m = th (**) s tr thnh

( )
1
1
,
, 0, 1
j j j j
j j
y y hf x y
h x x j n
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
= =
1
1+
(***)
Phng php s tnh nghim gn ng ca (*) theo cng thc (***) gi l phng php Euler.
By gi ta xt sai s ca phng php Euler.
70
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
0
h
y x h y x y x s ds
=
]
(1)
Dng khai trin Taylor ta thy rng ( ) ( )
( )
2
0
h
y x s ds hy x O h

=
]
thay vo (1) ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
,
y x h y x hy x O h
y x hf x y O h
=
=

T y ta suy ra
( )
2
1 j j
y y O h
=
5.2.2. Phng php Euler ci tin:
c c phng php s gii (*) vi chnh xc cao hn phng php Euler, chng ta
cn xp x tch phn v phi ca (1) tt hn. T (1) s dng cng thc hnh thang ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
0
2
h
h
y x s ds y x y x h O h

=
]

T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
0
2
h
h
y x h y x y x s ds y x y x y x h O h = =
]

Thay
1
,
j j
x x x h x

= = ta c
( ) ( )
1 1 1
, ,
2
j j j j j j
h
y y f x y f x y

l
~
l
l
(****)
Cng thc (****) chnh xc hn cng thc (***). Tuy nhin v v phi ca (****) c cha
1 j
y

do vy tnh c
1 j
y

th gii phng trnh (****). Vic ny kh kh khn. gii quyt vic
, ngi ta thay
1 j
y

v phi ca (****) bng biu thc
( )
1
,
j j j j
y y hf x y
=
V dn n vic tnh
1 j
y

theo cc bc lp
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
1
1 1 1
, 2
, , 3
2
0, 1; 1, 2,...
j j j j
m m
j i j j j j
y y hf x y
h
y y f x y f x y
j n m

'
1 =
1
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

Nh vy tnh
1 i
y

u tin ta tnh
1 i
y

theo cng thc (2) sau hiu chnh theo cng thc
(3). Qu trnh lp trong (3) s dng li khi hai gi tr
( )
1
k
j
y

v
( ) 1
1
k
j
y

gn nhau n mc cn thit, ngha

l
( ) ( ) 1
1 1
k k
j j
y y

_
71
Cc cng thc (2) v (3) c gi l cc cng thc Euler ci tin.
V d 5.2.1:
Cho phng trnh vi phn
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 25 y vi sai s khng qu
3
10
.
Gii
Vi 0, 25 h = ta c:
1 0
0, 25 x x h = =
p dng cng thc Euler ci tin ta c

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
1 0 0 0
1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
3 2
1 0 0 0 1 1
, 1 0, 25 0 1 1, 250000
, , 1, 312500
2
, , 1, 320313
2
, , 1, 321289
2
y y hf x y
h
y y f x y f x y
h
y y f x y f x y
h
y y f x y f x y
'
1 = = =
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
1
1
!
1
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
1+

Ta thy
( ) ( ) 3 2 4 3
1 1
9, 76.10 10 y y

= <
Chnh v th, ta ly
( ) 3
1 1
1, 321289 y y ~ = .

72
Bi 3. PHNG PHP RUNG-KUTTA

Ni dung c bn ca phng php Rung-Kutta l tng chnh xc ca
1 j
y

ta cn thm
cc im trung gian gia
j
x v
1 j
x

. Rung v Kutta t vn nh sau ( tin cho vic vit, ta
cho 0 j = )
t
1 0 0
y y y = ^ v biu din phn s gia dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 2 2
...
r r
y c k h c k h c k h ^ =
vi
i
c l cc hng s (s xc nh sau), ( )
i
k h l cc hm s c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) 0 0 1 1 1 1
, ; ; ... , 1,
i i i i i i i i i i
k h hf x h y k k i r j c j , ,

= = = =
trong
i
c v
i j
, l cc hng s xc nh sau. Tip theo, ta lp hm s biu din sai s a phng
dang:
( ) ( ) ( )
* *
0 1 0 0 0 r
h y x h y y x h y y , = = ^
By gi ta yu cu sai s a phng c bc l 1 s , ngha l ta cn c:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
0 0 ... 0 0; 0 0
s s
r r r r
, , , ,

= = = = = (*)
T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 s s
r
h O h ,

=
Vn t ra l tm cc s , ,
i i i j
c c , c s cng ln cng tt. H phng trnh xc nh
cc h s c thu nhn t iu kin (*). Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
*
1
0 0 0
r
m m m
r i i
i
y ck ,
=
=
_

T y v t (*) ta nhn c h cc ng thc:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
0 0 ... 0 0
0 0 ... 0 0
0 0 ... 0 0
r r
r r
s s s s
r r
c k c k c k
c k c k c k y
c k c k c k y
' =
1
1
1
1
1

= 1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
(**)
C tt c
2
3 2
2
r r
n s gm cc s , ,
i i i j
c c , . Ta hy xem (**) to c bao nhiu
phng trnh. Dng th nht ca (**) l mt ng thc nn hin nhin n khng to ra phng trnh
no. Dng th hai, khi ly 0 h = , c hai v ch cha i lng ( )
0 0
, f x y nn n to ra c mt
phng trnh. Dng th ba, vi 0 h = , hai v u cha i lng ( )
0 0
,
x
f x y
v ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
, ,
y
f x y f x y

nn n to ra c hai phng trnh. Tng t, ta c th thy dng th ( ) 1 1 m m s _ _ ca (**)
73
c 1 m phng trnh. Do , s phng trnh xc nh h s trn c tt c l
( ) 1
2
s s
. So snh s
n v s phng trnh, nu ta ly s r th s phng trnh nhiu hn s n v khi phng trnh
c th v nghim. Do mong mun s cng ln cng tt nn khi c nh r , ta c th ly ti a
s r = . Khi s n s nhiu hn s phng trnh l 1 r . V th, h phng trnh (*) ni chung l
c nghim, v khng ch mt nghim.
5.3.1. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc hai:
Xt trng hp 2 r = , ta c:
( )
( )
1 0 0
2 0 2 0 21 1
0 1 1 2 2
,
,
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
y c k c k
c ,
=
=
^ =

Ta c bn h s cn xc nh l
1 2 2 21
, , , c c c , . Ta c mt s kt qu nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 0 0 1
2 0 0
2 2 0 0 21 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 , ; 0 0
0 ,
0 2 , 2 , ,
x y
k k
k f x y k
k f x y
k f x y f x y f x y c ,
= =
= =

=

T (**) v cc kt qu c tnh bn trn ta c h phng trnh

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 , 2 , ,
2 , 2 , , , , ,
x y x y
c f x y c f x y f x y
c f x y c f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y c ,
'
= 1
1
1
!
1

= 1
1+

Rt gn h trn ta nhn c

1 2
2 2
2 21
1
2 1
2 1
c c
c
c
c
,
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ba phng trnh dng xc nh bn h s nn c nhiu hn mt b li gii. Nu ta ly
1
0 c = th ta s c
2 2 21
1
1,
2
c c , = = = . Khi s Rung-Kutta tng ng nh sau:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3
1 0 1 2
,
,
1
2
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
y y k k O h
'
1
1
1 =
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1+

5.3.2. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc ba:
74
Bng cch tng t nh trn, ta c s Rung Kutta bc ba

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 2
4
1 0 1 2 3
,
1 1
,
2 2
, 2
1
4
6
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k k
y y k k k O h
'
= 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 =
1

( ) 1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1+

5.3.3. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc bn:
C nhiu s Rung Kutta bc bn, nhng s sau y thng c dng nht

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 0 2
4 0 0 3
5
1 0 1 2 3 4
,
1 1
,
2 2
1 1
,
2 2
,
1
2 2
6
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k
y y k k k k O h
'
= 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 =
1

( ) 1
1
1
1
1
1
=
!

( ) 1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
+

V d 5.3.1:
Cho phng trnh vi phn
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 25 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
1 0 0
, 0, 25 0 1 0, 25 k hf x y = = =

2 0 0 1
1 1 0, 25 1
, 0, 25 0 1 0, 25 0, 3125
2 2 2 2
k hf x h y k
1 1
= = =

( ) ( )

3 0 0 2
1 1 0, 25 0, 3125
, 0, 25 1 0, 320312
2 2 2 2
k hf x h y k
1 1
= = =

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
4 0 0 3
, 0, 25 0, 25 1 0, 320312 0, 392578 k hf x h y k = = =
( )
( )
1 0 1 2 3 4
1
2 2
6
1
1 0, 25 2 0, 3125 2 0, 320312 0, 392578 1, 318037
6
y y k k k k =
= =

75
BI TP PHNG PHP TNH

Chng 1. PHNG TRNH I S V SIU VIT
1. Gii cc phng trnh sau bng phng php lp vi sai s khng qu
4
10

a.
4 2
3 3 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 5; 2, 5 .
b.
3
1 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
c.
2
3 2 0
x
e x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 0, 2; 0, 5 .
d.
2
cos 2 3 1 0 x x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 2;1, 8 .
e.
( ) ( )
( )
6
4
1 1
6
1
x x x
x

=
c on li nghim [ [ 1; 2 .
f.
3
arct an 3 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
g. ( )
2 3
l n 1 cos 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1;1, 2 .
h.
2
2
1
2 0
1
x x
x
=
c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
2. Gii cc phng trnh sau bng phng php Newton vi sai s khng qu
4
10

a. 2 2cos 6 0
x x
e x
= c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
b. ( ) ( ) l n 1 cos 1 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 3; 2 .
c. ( )
2
2 ln 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 v [ [ 2, 8; 4 .
d. sin 0
x
x e
= c on li nghim l [ [ [ [ 0;1 , 3, 4 v [ [ 6; 7 .
e.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5
1 1 1 1 x x x x
=

c on li nghim l [ [ 0;1 .
f.
5 2
2 3 4 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
g. ( )
3
ln 2 3 2 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 5;2 .
h.
5
5 0 x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 , t suy ra gi tr gn ng ca
5
5 .
j.
2 3
arct an 1 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 2; 2, 5
3. Cho phng trnh
3
2 6 0 x x = c on li nghim [ [ 2; 3
a. Gii phng trnh trn bng phng php lp (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc 3)
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
10
10
.
4. Cho phng trnh
3 2
3 2cos 10 x x x = c khong li nghim l [ [ 1, 3; 2 .
a. Gii phng trnh trn bng phng php Newton (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc 3)
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht chc chn nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
10
10
.
Chng 2. GII GN NG H PHNG TRNH
76
1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp n (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc
3)
a.
5 2 5
3 8 8
3 10 10
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
b.
10 10
2 20 21
3 16 18
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

c.
0, 5 0, 01 0, 2 0, 4
0, 2 0, 8 0, 1 0, 98
0, 2 2 3, 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
d.
1, 2 0, 2 0, 3 2,1
4 2,1 2, 2
0, 2 0, 3 1, 6 1, 8
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

e.
10 2 3
2 30 5 4
4 20 19
5 3 25 24
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
= 1
1
+
f.
1, 5 0 0, 1 0,1 1, 5
1 4, 5 0, 2 0, 3 4, 5
0, 4 0, 5 6 2 6
0 2, 5 1 8 8
x
y
z
t
1 1
1

=

( )

( ) ( )

g.
8 2 3
2 7 2
3 4 10
90
82
120
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
h.
9 2 3
2 15 3
2 4 21 8
3 2 10
149
590
908
1002
x y z t
x y zt
x y z t
xy z t

'
= 1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

2. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp Seidel (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s
bc 3)
a.
10 2 15
10 28
10 10
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
b.
20 10
5 25 2 41
2 3 20 35
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

c.
1, 5 0,1 0, 3 1, 2
0, 02 0,15 3, 5
0, 1 0, 3 2 4,1
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
d.
4 0, 2 0, 3 4, 2
8 2,1 6, 2
1, 2 0, 3 6 3, 7
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

e.
20 2 8
2 10 5 9
2 4 20 21
3 3 20 14
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
= 1
1
+
f.
15 0 5 0,1 10
2 25 2 3, 2 10
0, 4 5 16 2 8
0 2, 5 1 8 8
x
y
z
t
1 1
1

=

( )

( ) ( )

77
g.
20 2 6
8 25 2
2 16
190
882
320
x y z
x y z
xy z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
h.
9 2 3
2 15 3
2 4 21 8
3 2 10
149
590
908
1002
x y z t
x y zt
x y z t
xy z t

'
= 1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

3. Cho h phng trnh

10 18
20 21
2 4 20 28
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

a. Gii h trn bng phng php lp n vi sai s khng qu
3
10
.
b. Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10
.
4. Cho h phng trnh

25 1 2 5 1 24
1 10 1 3 1 8
1 1 10 1 2 10
5 3 1 20 3 7
1 1 2 3 16 4
x
y
z
t
u
1 1
1

( )

( ) ( )

Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10
.
5. Cho h phng trnh

20 1 2 3 1
2 25 1 2 3
1 4 20 1 19
1 2 1 10 11
x
y
z
t
1 1
1

=

( )

( ) ( )

a. Gii h trn bng phng php lp Seidel vi sai s khng qu
3
10
.
b. Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10
.
Chng 3. A THC NI SUY V PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT
1. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng sau
a.
x
1 4 5 7
y
3 5 10 15
Tnh ( ) 6 f
b.
x
0 2 6 8
78

Tnh ( ) 3 f
c.

Tnh ( ) 3, 5 f
d.

Tnh gn ng ( ) 1, 5 y
e.

Tnh ( ) 5, 5 f
f.

2. Xy dng a thc ni suy Newton (u bng v cui bng) ca cc hm s cho bi bng:
a.
x 0 2 4 6
y
1 8 12 16

Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 y

b.
x 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,9
y
2,2 8,1 12,2 17,4

y
2 7 11 20
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
1 5 10 16 20
x 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
y
2 5 7 11 16
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
y
-2 3 8 15 20 30
x
2,1 2,5 2,9 3,3 3,7 4
y
1 4 9 15 25 35
79
Tnh gn ng ( ) 1, 4 f
c.

x
0 3 6 9 12
y
-1 2 8 17 42

Tnh gn ng ( ) 12, 5 y
d.

Tnh gn ng ( ) 2, 8 y
e.
x
-0,1 0,2 0,5 0,8 1,1 1,4
y
0,1 1,12 1,74 1,91 2,1 2,91

Tnh gn ng ( ) 0, 4 f
f.

Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 f
4. Tm , a b hm s y ax b = l xp x tt nht ca cc bng s liu sau
a.
x 1
2 3 6 7 10
y
0
1 2 4 8 12

b.

c.

5. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
bx
y ae = v bng s liu thc nghim sau:
x
2,0 2,3 2,6 2,9 3,2
y
2 7 15 20 37
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
y
1,3 2,6 3,8 4,9 5,7 7,2
x
1 3 4 6 8 9 11
y
3 4 6 8 9 11 13
x
1,1 3,2 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,4 9,4
y
2,1 4,1 6,4 8,3 9,5 11,5 13,5
80
x 1
2 3 6 7 10
y
2,1 4,8 21,1 112,1 400,1 1000,12

Xc nh , a b t hy tnh ( ) 9, 2 y .
Nu thay bng quan h
2
bx
y ae = th , a b c xc nh nh th no ?
b
y ax = v bng s liu thc nghim sau:
x
3,1 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 4,0
y
9,1 12,4 17,3 21,1 25,1 32,6

Xc nh , a b t hy tnh ( ) 3, 92 y .
Nu thay bng quan h ( )
2
1
b
y a x = th , a b c xc nh nh th no
2
y ax bx c = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau:
x 1
2 3 6 7 8
y
2,9 1,2 0,145 7,3 16,1 19,1

Xc nh , , a b c t hy tnh ( ) 7, 2 y .
9. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h cos sin y a b x c x = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x
0 1 2 4 5 6
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 5, 5 y .
10. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ln 1 sin y a x b x = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y .
( ) ( )
2 2
ln 1 1
x
y a x b e = v bng s liu
thc nghim sau:
x
0 1 2 4 5 6
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

81
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
12. Hy xy dng h phng trnh m t xc nh c cc h s , , a b c hm s
( ) ( ) y af x bg x c = l xp x tt nht bng s liu cho
p dng
Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
4 2 y a x b x c = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
13. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
x x
y a xe b xe c = v bng s liu
thc nghim sau:
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
14. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
cos cos y a x x b x x c = v bng s
liu thc nghim sau:
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y .
Chng 4. TCH GN NG TCH PHN
1. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc hnh thang suy rng (khng nh gi sai
s)
a.
( )
( )
1,2 2 3
0,2
ln 5
ln 2 1
x x
dx
x x

]
vi 8 n = b.
1,4
4
2
0,4
1
4 5
x x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
c. ( )
2
3
0,4
1
l n 2
1
x x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 8 n = d.
( )
2,3
2
1,3
2
l n 1
x
x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 10 n =
e.
2
2,2
2 3
1,4
x x
e dx

]
vi 8 n = f.
2
2
1
x
x dx
]
vi 10 n =
2. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc hnh thang suy rng (c nh gi sai s)
82
a.
1
4
0
x dx
]
vi 10 n = b.
3,1
3
2,1
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 8 n =
c.
2
1
0
x
e dx
]
vi 10 n = d.
3
2
1
1
x
x
e
dx
e
]
vi 10 n =
e.
4
1
2
x
dx
]
vi 10 n = f.
( ) ( )
( )
4 6
4
3
1 1
1
x x x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
g.
2
1
sin2x
dx
x
]
vi 8 n = h.
2,5
2
3 1
3
x
dx
x
]
vi 10 n =
3. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (khng nh gi sai s)
a.
( )
( )
1,2 2 2
2
0,2
sin 5
3
x x
dx
x x

]
vi 8 n = b.
( )
1,4
3
0,4
t an 3 4
4
x x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
c.
3
2,4
3
0,4
1
x
x
xe dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 8 n = d.
( )
2,3
2
3
1,3
2, 3
ln 1
x
x
x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 10 n =
e.
( )
2,2
2
3
1,4
sin 5 x x x
dx
x x
]
vi 8 n = f. ( )
( )
2
sin
1
2
x
x dx
]
vi 10 n =
4. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (c nh gi sai s)
a.
2
1
4
0
x
e dx
]
vi 10 n = . b.
4
1
2
0
x
e dx
]
vi 10 n = .
c.
4
1
1
dx
x x
]
vi 10 n = d.
4
1
lnxdx
]
vi 10 n =
e.
1
ln
1
e
x
dx
x
]
vi 12 n = f.
4
1
l n
e
x xdx
]
vi 10 n =
g.
2
2
0
sin xdx
]
vi 10 n = . h.
2,4
4
1,4
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 10 n =
5. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm (c nh gi sai s)
a.
1,8
0
x
e dx
]
vi 9 n = . b.
3
0,9
0
x
e dx
]
vi 9 n = .
c.
4,5
2
1
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 9 n = d.
2
1
ln
e
xdx
]
vi 9 n =
e.
1
l n
1
e
x
dx
x
]
vi 9 n = f.
2
2
0
cos xdx
]
vi 9 n = .
83
6. Xt tch phn
2
2
1
4 1
2 1
x
I dx
x
]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc hnh thang vi 10 n = v nh gi sai s kt qu trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 1; 2 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc hnh thang trn s
on th sai s khng qu
10
10
.
7. Xt tch phn
3
3
2
1
x x
I dx
x
]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba vi 10 n = v nh gi sai s kt
qu trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 2; 3 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc Simson mt phn
ba trn s on th sai s khng qu
10
10
.
8. Xt tch phn
3,4
4
2,2
1
x x
I dx
x
]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm vi 12 n = v nh gi sai s kt qu
trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 2, 2; 3, 4 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc Simson mt
phn ba trn s on th sai s khng qu
10
10
.
Chng V. GII GN NG PHNG TRNH VI PHN

1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau bng phng php Euler ci tin
a.
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x ,
trong bc 0, 25 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10
.
b.
( )
2
1
0 1
y x xy y
y
'
1

=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x ,
5
10
.
c.
( )
( )
2 2
l n 2 1
0, 5 1
y x x y
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0, 5; 0, 9 x ,
5
10
.
d.
( )
2
2
1
0 1
x y
y
xy
y
'
1
1
=
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 2 x ,
84
trong bc 0,1 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10
.
e.
( )
( )
2 2
cos
0, 1 1
y xy x y
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1; 0, 3 x ,
trong bc 0,1 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10
.
f.
( )
2
1
0 1
x
y
y
y
'
1
1 =
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0;1 x ,
trong bc 0, 5 h = vi sai s khng qu
5
10
.
2. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn
a.
( )
2
5
0 1
y
y x
y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x v 0, 25 h =
b.
( )
( )
2
ln 2 1
0, 3 1
x y
y
x
y
'
1
1
=
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0, 3; 0, 9 x v 0, 3 h =
c.
( )
4
2
1
0 1
x xy
y
xy
y
'
1
1

=
1
1
!
1
1
= 1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 3 x v 0, 15 h =
3. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
2
0, 5 1
y
y xy
x
y
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
vi [ [ 0, 5;1 x
( )
( )
sin 2
0 1
y x x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1 x
( )
( )
cos 2
0 1
y x x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1 x
Tnh ( ) 0, 08 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn.
( )
( )
ln 2 1
0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Euler ci tin vi sai s
4
10

= .
85
( )
( )
2
5ln 2 1
0 1
y x y
y
'
= 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn.
( )
( )
2
ln 2 2
0 1
y x yx
y
'
= 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Euler ci tin vi sai s
4
10

= .
( )
( )
2
ln 2 1
0 1
y x y x
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn.
( ) ( )
( )
ln
0 1
y x y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .

86
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Minh Chng, Gii tch s, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2009.
2. Don Tam He, Ton hc tnh ton, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2008.
3. L Thi Thanh, L Ngc Lng, Nguyn Quc Ln, Gio trnh Phng php tnh, nh xut
bn i hc quc gia TP.HCM, 2003.
4. Trn Vn Trn, Phng php s thc hnh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v Cng Ngh, 2009.
5. BULIRSCH, STOER, Introduction to numerical analysis, Third Edition, Springer 2002.

Phuong Phap Tinh

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Phuong Phap Tinh

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1

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

= th * x chnh l nghim ng ca phng trnh

= \ _ hi t n nghim * x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c

< _ _ (vi trng hp ( )

_ _ < ta lm tng t). .

bit khong li nghim l

= . C nhiu phng php tm cc gi tr ny, y ta dng phng php th vi s

= l hm n iu gim. Bc tip theo ta lm ging nh cch trn.

, bit khong li nghim l ( ) 2; 3 .

_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

v 0, 3 h b a = = . p dng cng thc hnh thang ta c

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

gn nhau n mc cn thit, ngha

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