Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on behalf of
Taylor Wimpey UK Ltd
and
West Raynham Developments Ltd
geophysical survey
report 2907
May 2012
Contents
1. Summary 1
2. Project background 2
3. Historical and archaeological background 2
4. Landuse, topography and geology 3
5. Geophysical survey 3
6. Conclusions and recommendations 6
7. Sources 7
Figures
Figure 1: Site location
Figure 2: Geophysical survey overview
Figure 3: Geophysical survey
Figure 4: Geophysical interpretation
Figure 5: Archaeological interpretation
Figure 6: Trace plots of geomagnetic data
1. Summary
The project
1.1 This report presents the results of geophysical surveys conducted in advance of
proposed development at Urlay View, Stockton‐on‐Tees. The works comprised the
geomagnetic survey of 7ha of farm land.
1.2 The works were commissioned by Taylor Wimpey UK Ltd and West Raynham
Developments Ltd and conducted by Archaeological Services Durham University.
Results
1.3 Probable soil‐filled ditches forming a small rectangular enclosure were detected in
Area 2. The remains of possible further ditched features were detected immediately
north of the enclosure. These appear to be bounded on the north by a longer ditch,
however, this may not be contemporary and could be a former field boundary.
1.4 Further weak anomalies possibly reflecting the remains of truncated ditches were
detected across Areas 2 and 3.
1.5 Traces of former ridge and furrow cultivation were identified in all three survey
areas.
1.6 A structure shown on early Ordnance Survey maps was detected in the north‐
western corner of Area 3.
1.7 Modern services were recorded in Areas 1 and 3. A possible pipe trench has been
tentatively identified in Areas 1 and 2, associated with an existing inspection cover.
Recommendations
1.8 The probable remains of a small enclosure and other soil‐filled features might be of
local or regional archaeological significance and it is likely that the planning authority
will require further investigation of a sample of these features to try to establish
their preservation state, function, date and significance.
1.9 It is likely that such investigation would comprise a limited number of targeted trial
trenches.
2. Project background
Location (Figure 1)
2.1 The proposed development area was located north of the A67 road at Urlay View,
Stockton‐on‐Tees (NGR centre: NZ 40819 14360). Three surveys totalling 7ha were
conducted in three land parcels. To the west is agricultural land, to the east a
modern housing estate and to the north is the B1273, with the Stockton to
Darlington railway line immediately beyond.
Development proposal
2.2 The proposal is for residential development.
Objective
2.3 The principal aim of the surveys was to assess the nature and extent of any sub‐
surface features of potential archaeological significance within the proposed
development area, so that an informed decision may be made regarding the nature
and scope of any further scheme of archaeological works that may be required in
relation to the development.
Methods statement
2.4 The surveys have been undertaken in accordance with instructions from the client
and in line with national standards and guidelines (par. 5.1 below)
Dates
2.5 Fieldwork was undertaken on 23rd and 24th April 2012. This report was prepared for
15th May 2012.
Personnel
2.6 Fieldwork was conducted by Matt Claydon, Andy Platell and Natalie Swann
(Supervisor). The geophysical data were processed by Natalie Swann. This report was
prepared by Natalie Swann with illustrations by David Graham and edited by Duncan
Hale, the Project Manager.
Archive/OASIS
2.7 The site code is SUV12, for Stockton‐on‐Tees Urlay View 2012. The survey archive
will be supplied on CD to the client for deposition with the project archive in due
course. Archaeological Services Durham University is registered with the Online
AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS project (OASIS). The OASIS ID
number for this project is archaeol3‐125252.
3. Historical and archaeological background
Previous archaeological works
3.1 An archaeological desk‐based assessment has previously been undertaken for the
site (Archaeological Services 2011). The results of that assessment are summarised
below.
The prehistoric period (up to AD 70)
3.2 There is no direct evidence for prehistoric activity in the proposed development
area, however, there is evidence that the surrounding area was exploited in
prehistory. There is a significant scatter of flints across the Tees Valley which is
indicative of Mesolithic activity. A Neolithic axe and cremations and settlement
dating to the Bronze Age have been excavated at Ingleby Barwick 3km east of the
proposed development area (PDA).
The Roman period (AD 70 to 5th century)
3.3 A Roman villa was excavated at Ingleby Barwick east of the PDA and there have been
stray Roman finds at other sites. However, there is no direct evidence of Roman
activity within the PDA.
The medieval and post‐medieval periods (5th century to 1899)
3.4 It is unlikely there was settlement on the site during the medieval period. It is
probable that the area was exploited for agricultural purposes during the medieval
and post‐medieval periods. Evidence for this in the form of ridge and furrow
cultivation and former field boundaries has the potential to exist.
3.5 The Stockton to Darlington railway was constructed in 1825 and passes just to the
north of the PDA.
The modern period (1900 to present)
3.6 The field layout remains unchanged from earlier periods and no development is
known to have taken place within the PDA during the modern period. The only major
change in the vicinity of the site was the construction of the A67 in the latter half of
the 20th century.
4. Landuse, topography and geology
4.1 At the time of survey the proposed development area comprised two fields under
cultivation and a strip of grassland in the south used as a footpath.
4.2 The proposed development area sloped gently from 30m OD in the north to 25m OD
in the south. South of the A67 is Nelly Burdon’s Beck which feeds into the River Tees
at Yarm.
4.3 The solid geology of the site comprises sandstone of the Sherwood Sandstone
Group, which is overlain by Devensian till deposits.
5. Geophysical survey
Standards
5.1 The surveys and reporting were conducted in accordance with English Heritage
guidelines, Geophysical survey in archaeological field evaluation (David, Linford &
Linford 2008); the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) Standard and Guidance for
archaeological geophysical survey (2011); the IfA Technical Paper No.6, The use of
geophysical techniques in archaeological evaluations (Gaffney, Gater & Ovenden
2002); and the Archaeology Data Service Guide to Good Practice: Geophysical Data in
Archaeology (Schmidt & Ernenwein 2011).
Technique selection
5.2 Geophysical survey enables the relatively rapid and non‐invasive identification of
sub‐surface features of potential archaeological significance and can involve a suite
of complementary techniques such as magnetometry, earth electrical resistance,
ground‐penetrating radar, electromagnetic survey and topsoil magnetic
susceptibility survey. Some techniques are more suitable than others in particular
situations, depending on site‐specific factors including the nature of likely targets;
depth of likely targets; ground conditions; proximity of buildings, fences or services
and the local geology and drift.
5.3 In this instance, based on the archaeological desk‐based assessment, it was
considered possible that cut features such as ditches and pits might be present on
the site, and that other types of feature such as trackways, wall foundations and
fired structures (for example kilns and hearths) could also be present.
5.4 Given the anticipated shallowness of targets and the non‐igneous geological
environment of the study area a geomagnetic technique, fluxgate gradiometry, was
considered appropriate for detecting the types of feature mentioned above. This
technique involves the use of hand‐held magnetometers to detect and record
anomalies in the vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic field caused by
variations in soil magnetic susceptibility or permanent magnetisation; such
anomalies can reflect archaeological features.
Field methods
5.5 A 30m grid was established across each survey area and related to known, mapped
Ordnance Survey points using a Leica GS15 global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
with real‐time kinematic (RTK) corrections typically providing 10mm accuracy.
5.6 Measurements of vertical geomagnetic field gradient were determined using
Bartington Grad601‐2 dual fluxgate gradiometers. A zig‐zag traverse scheme was
employed and data were logged in 30m grid units. The instrument sensitivity was
nominally 0.03nT, the sample interval was 0.25m and the traverse interval was 1m,
thus providing 3,600 sample measurements per 30m grid unit.
5.7 Data were downloaded on site into a laptop computer for initial processing and
storage and subsequently transferred to a desktop computer for processing,
interpretation and archiving.
Data processing
5.8 Geoplot v.3 software was used to process the geophysical data and to produce both
continuous tone greyscale images and trace plots of the raw (minimally processed)
data. The greyscale images and interpretations are presented in Figures 2‐5; the
trace plots are provided in Figure 6. In the greyscale images, positive magnetic
anomalies are displayed as dark grey and negative magnetic anomalies as light grey.
A palette bar relates the greyscale intensities to anomaly values in nanoTesla.
5.9 The following basic processing functions have been applied to the geomagnetic data:
clip clips data to specified maximum or minimum values; to
eliminate large noise spikes; also generally makes statistical
calculations more realistic
zero mean traverse sets the background mean of each traverse within a grid to
zero; for removing striping effects in the traverse direction
and removing grid edge discontinuities
destagger corrects for displacement of geomagnetic anomalies caused
by alternate zig‐zag traverses
interpolate increases the number of data points in a survey to match
sample and traverse intervals; in this instance the data have
been interpolated to 0.25m x 0.25m intervals
Interpretation: anomaly types
5.10 A colour‐coded geophysical interpretation plan is provided. Two types of
geomagnetic anomaly have been distinguished in the data:
positive magnetic regions of anomalously high or positive magnetic field
gradient, which may be associated with high magnetic
susceptibility soil‐filled structures such as pits and ditches
dipolar magnetic paired positive‐negative magnetic anomalies, which typically
reflect ferrous or fired materials (including fences and service
pipes) and/or fired structures such as kilns or hearths
Interpretation: features
General comments
5.11 A colour‐coded archaeological interpretation plan is provided.
5.12 A series of slightly arcuate, parallel positive magnetic anomalies has been detected
across the whole study area aligned approximately north‐south. These anomalies
almost certainly reflect traces of former ridge and furrow cultivation.
5.13 Small, discrete dipolar magnetic anomalies have been detected in each survey area.
These almost certainly reflect items of near‐surface ferrous and/or fired debris, such
as horseshoes and brick fragments, and in most cases have little or no archaeological
significance. A sample of these is shown on the geophysical interpretation plan,
however, they have been omitted from the archaeological interpretation plan and
the following discussion.
Area 1
5.14 A chain of intense dipolar magnetic anomalies which was detected in the western
part of this survey area almost certainly reflects a service pipe. A positive magnetic
anomaly in the east of this area could possibly reflect a service trench rather than a
former furrow in the ridge and furrow system.
Area 2
5.15 A rectilinear positive magnetic anomaly, which was detected in the south‐western
corner of this survey area, may reflect a soil‐filled feature such as a ditch, and
appears to form a small rectangular enclosure approximately 12m by 18m in size.
5.16 Immediately north of this enclosure four linear and curvilinear positive magnetic
anomalies have been detected, which could possibly reflect the remains of further
soil‐filled features such as small enclosures and ring‐ditches. These features appear
to be bounded by a linear positive magnetic anomaly, which could reflect another
ditch or former field boundary.
5.17 Further positive magnetic anomalies were detected across this survey area, which
could reflect the remains of further soil‐filled features, possibly truncated by the
ridge and furrow cultivation.
5.18 The intense dipolar magnetic anomaly in the south‐east corner of this survey area
reflects an inspection cover. There appears to be no ferrous pipe associated with the
cover, however, a plastic pipe could be present. The course of a possible pipe trench
has been included on the interpretation Figure 5.
Area 3
5.19 A few, weak curvilinear and rectilinear positive magnetic anomalies have been
detected across this survey area, which could reflect the remains of truncated soil‐
filled features.
5.20 A concentration of dipolar magnetic anomalies in the north‐western corner of this
area corresponds to an unlabelled structure shown on early Ordnance Survey maps.
5.21 An intense chain of dipolar magnetic anomalies detected along the north‐western
edge of this survey area almost certainly reflect a service pipe.
5.22 The intense dipolar magnetic anomaly in the south‐eastern corner of this area
reflects an adjacent lamp post.
6. Conclusions and recommendations
6.1 7ha of geomagnetic survey was undertaken at Urlay View, Stockton‐on‐Tees, prior to
proposed development.
6.2 Probable soil‐filled ditches forming a small rectangular enclosure were detected in
Area 2. The remains of possible further ditched features were detected immediately
north of the enclosure. These appear to be bounded on the north by a longer ditch,
however, this may not be contemporary and could be a former field boundary.
6.3 Further weak anomalies possibly reflecting the remains of truncated ditches were
detected across Areas 2 and 3.
6.4 Traces of former ridge and furrow cultivation were identified in all three survey
areas.
6.5 A structure shown on early Ordnance Survey maps was detected in the north‐
western corner of Area 3.
6.6 Modern services were recorded in Areas 1 and 3. A possible pipe trench has been
tentatively identified in Areas 1 and 2, associated with an existing inspection cover.
6.7 The probable remains of a small enclosure and other soil‐filled features might be of
local or regional archaeological significance and it is likely that the planning authority
will require further investigation of a sample of these features to try to establish
their preservation state, function, date and significance.
6.8 It is likely that such investigation would comprise a limited number of targeted trial
trenches.
7. Sources
Archaeological Services 2011 Land at Urlay View, Stockton‐on‐Tees: archaeological
desk‐based assessment. Unpublished Report 2739 Archaeological Services
Durham University
David, A, Linford, N, & Linford, P, 2008 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field
Evaluation. English Heritage
Gaffney, C, Gater, J, & Ovenden, S, 2002 The use of geophysical techniques in
archaeological evaluations. Technical Paper 6, Institute of Field
Archaeologists
IfA 2011 Standard and Guidance for archaeological geophysical survey. Institute for
Archaeologists
Schmidt, A, & Ernenwein, E, 2011 Guide to Good Practice: Geophysical Data in
Archaeology. Archaeology Data Service
16
15
14
13
12
39 40 41 42
0 1km
survey location
scale 1:25 000 for A4 plot
magnetic survey
-5 nT 5
B1
27
3
145
Area 3
144
Area 2
143
Area 1
142
A 67
141
UK Ltd 0 75m
geophysical survey
and scale 1:1500 for A3 plot
report 2907
West Raynham
Developments Ltd Figure 2: Geophysical survey overview
146
Reproduction in whole or in part is
prohibited without the prior permission
of Taylor Wimpey UK Ltd
B1
2 73
145
Area 3
144
Area 2
143
Area 1
magnetic survey
142 -3 nT 3
A67 0 50m
scale 1:1000 for A2 plot
on behalf of
Taylor Wimpey
141 UK Ltd
and
West Raynham
Developments Ltd
geophysical survey
report 2907
B1
2 73
145
Area 3
144
Area 2
143
Area 1
magnetic survey
142
positive magnetic anomaly
A67 0 50m
scale 1:1000 for A2 plot
on behalf of
Taylor Wimpey
141 UK Ltd
and
West Raynham
Developments Ltd
geophysical survey
report 2907
B1
2 73
145
Area 3
144
Area 2
143
magnetic survey
inspection cover
structural remains
service pipe
142
pipe trench
A67 0 50m
scale 1:1000 for A2 plot
on behalf of
Taylor Wimpey
141 UK Ltd
and
West Raynham
Developments Ltd
geophysical survey
report 2907
20.00nT
Area 2
12.00nT
Area 3
16.00nT
0 50m
scale 1:1000
geophysical survey
report 2907