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GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System): l h thng cc v tinh cung cp kh nng t ng xc nh v tr trong khng gian a l.

trn phm vi ton cu. Vi cc tn hiu v tuyn mang thng tin thi gian c truyn theo hng nhn thng t v tinh, h thng cho php cc my thu in t nh gn xc nh c v tr ca n (kinh , v , cao) vi chnh xc c vi mt. C th phn chia GNSS theo chc nng thnh h thng li v h thng tng cng. Cc h thng li: bao gm NAVSTAR GPS (U.S.): Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System; - Kin trc h thng: + phn h khng gian: Chm 24 v tinh, b tr trn 6 mt phng qu o, 4 v tinh mi mt phng. + phn h ngi s dng: Vi my thu thich hp, h thng cung cp dch v xc nh v tr v vn tc chnh xc, lin tc cho s lng ngi dng khng gii hn trn phm vi ton cu. + phn h iu khin: Mng li cc trm gim st v iu khin phn b quanh tri t.

- Chc nng: + H thng GPS p dng khi nim o khong cch bng o thi gian n TOA(time of arrival) ca tn hiu c truyn mt chiu t v tinh. +L h thng tng cng, cung cp thng tin v ta ca cc vt th cng nh con ngi trn tri t

Global Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) : Omnistar , StarFire. Regional SBAS: WAAS (U.S.), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan) and GAGAN (India). Regional Satellite Navigation Systems : China's Beidou, India's yet-to-beoperational IRNSS, and Japan's proposed QZSS. Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS): the Australian GRAS, the US Department of Transportation National Differential GPS (DGPS) (continental scale ). Regional scale GBAS: CORS networks. Local GBAS: a single GPS reference station operating Real Time Kinematic (RTK) corrections. - Nguyn tc hot ng: Vic truyn tn hiu ca v tinh c iu khin bi h thng ng h ng b v chnh xc cao. Nh m my thu c th xc nh chnh xc khong thi gian tn hiu lan truyn t mi v tinh ti my thu. - Cc c trng k thut: Cc v tinh pht qung b m o khong cch s liu nh v trn 2 tn s L1(1575,42 MHz) v L2(1227,6 MHz) s dng k thut CDMA.

Cc v tinh pht tn hiu cng tn s nhng mi v tinh c m khc nhau. Mi v tinh s dng 1 m ngn (m C/A) v 1 m di (m P(Y)). S liu nh v cung cp cho ngi dng v tr ca v tinh vo thi im tn hiu c truyn i, trong khi m o khong cch cho php ngi dng xc nh thi gian tn hiu lan truyn t v tinh ti my thu. H thng GPS cung cp 2 loi dch v + Dch v nh v tiu chun SPS (Standard Positioning Service) dnh cho khch hng dn s. +Dch v nh v chnh xc PPS (Precise Positioning Service) dnh cho qun s v cc t chc c y quyn. - nh gi hiu nng: M C/A c th b gy nhiu c ch bng k thut SA (Selective Availability) l gim chnh xc nh v. chnh xc vi m C/A l ~20-30m (SA Off) chnh xc theo ch tiu ca PPS (50% SEP) l ~ 15m, thng thng t c ~10m.

M P(Y) c mt m ha nhm trnh ph b nhiu hoc tn hiu GPS gi mo pht qung b. - Kt lun: Tn hiu GPS rt yu, lun thp hn nn nhiu. Khng b che chn, ti ng-ten b thu GPS, mc tn hiu vo khong 160 dBW hay 1 10-16 watts. So snh vi in thoi di ng, mc tn hiu vo khong 60 dBW or 1 10-6 watts tc l mnh hn 10 t ln tn hiu GPS. GLONASS (Russia): Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Global Navigation Satellite System);

- Kin trc h thng: Phn h khng gian bao gm: Thit k ban u gm 24 v tinh, phn b u trn 3 mt phng qu o, khc nhau 120 trn mt phng xch o; cao qu o 19130Km, dn n chu k qu o l 11:15:14; - Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn tc hot ng ca H thng Glonass rt ging vi GPS: truyn C/A-code trn L1, P-code trn L1 v L2, o code v o phase, thng tin c truyn trong bn tin nh v.

khc bit ng ch . nht l Glonass dng k thut FDMA: tt c cc v tinh truyn cng m. C/A v m. P nhng tn s khc nhau cht t. - c trng k thut: Cc tn s danh nh ca Glonass nh sau:

Vi n l s knh tn s (1 n 24), L1 bao trm di tn t 1602.5625MHz to 1615.5MHz. - nh gi hiu nng: Glonass km chnh xc so vi GPS l bi: cc v tinh mi: h thng mt t c; thiu vng quan st i vi v tinh; h thng ng h cn c hin i ha;

Compass (China): BeiDou (Compass) Navigation Satellite System - Kin trc h thng: bao gm 5 v tinh a tnh (GEO) 30 v tinh tn trung (MEO) - Chc nng: Compass - mt h thng v tinh nh v - ging nh mt trm nh v radio trong v tr - kt hp cc yu t thun li ca nh v trn khng truyn thng v cc h thng nh v radio di mt t. N c th mang

li nhng li nhun khng l v kinh t, nhng ch mt s quc gia trn th gii hin c kh nng pht trin h thng nh v ring trong nc. T nm 2000, Trung Quc a 4 v tinh Compass th nghim vo v tr hnh thnh nn mt h thng nh v kim tra. H thng ny c kh nng cung cp thi gian v thng tin v h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) cho Trung Quc cng mt s nc lng ging. N ng mt vai tr to ln trong thm d, vin thng, bo v ngun nc, giao thng v nhiu lnh vc khc. - Nguyn tc hot ng: H thng v tinh "Compass" cung cp cc dch v thng tin nh v cho giao thng vn ti, kh tng thy vn, thm d du kh, theo di chy rng, d bo thin tai, vin thng v an ninh cng cng... V tinh ny c th gip khch hng xc nh v tr ca h vo bt k thi gian v a im no vi cc d liu chnh xc v kinh , v . - c trng k thut: H thng Compass hin nay mi ch cung cp dch v nh v Trung Quc v nhng khu vc ln cn. S dng phng php CDMA Tn s hot ng: 1.560198 GHz (B1) 1.589742 GHz (B1-2) 1.20714 GHz (B2) 1.26852 GHz (B3)

Galileo (EU): Galileo Positioning System

- Kin trc h thng: Phn h khng gian: 30 v tinh (27 v tinh hot ng chnh v 3 v tinh d phng) cao qu o: 23.222 km (qu o tm trung) Phn b trn 3 mt chnh, gc nghing 56 Tui th thit k ca v tinh: > 12 nm Trng lng v tinh: 675 kg Kch thc v tinh: 2,7 m 1,2 m 1,1 m Nng lng t pin mt tri: 1500 W (ti thi im tui th thit k) Phn h mt t: bao gm khong 12-15 trm tham kho, 5 trm up-link v hai trung tm kim sot.Phn h mt t cng s bao gm 16-20 trm gim st, ba trm up-link cho ton vn d liu v hai trm trung tm tnh ton ton vn Phn h ngi s dng: Phn h ngi s dng bao gm cc loi khc nhau ca my thu ca ngi s dng, vi cc kh nng khc nhau lin quan n cc tn hiu khc nhau GALILEO thc hin cc dch v khc nhau GALILEO

- Chc nng, nguyn tc hot ng: H thng Galileo c thit k hon ton tng thch vi h thng GPS, cc o c c th dng chung cho c GPS v Galileo. - c trng k thut: Number of satellites: 2 test bed satellites in orbits 2 operational satellites budgeted

Frequency: 1.164-1.215 GHz (E5a and E5b) 1.260-1.300 GHz (E6) 1.559-1.592 GHz (E2-L1-E11) - nh gi hiu nng: H thng hon chnh s cung cp 5 mc dch v: Dch v m: min ph cho ngi dng trc tip; Dch v thng mi: nh v chnh xc cao v c gi tr gia tng; Dch v an ton sinh mng (Safety-of-life); Dch v cng: dnh cho c quan chnh ph vi mc bo v cao nht (chng ph nhiu) H tr tm kim cu nn;

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