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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
10
Exper|ment No. 3
&$/,%5$7,212)9(1785,0(7(5

A|m:
Ic finc Ihe CcefficienI cf Di:chcrge fcr Ihe given VenIurimeIer & hence Ic cc|iLrcIe iI.

Apporotus kequ|red:

1. Sump Icnk :Icring wcIer fcr ccn:IcnI :upp|y.
2. Mec:uring Icnk wiIh FiezcmeIer Ic mec:ure wcIer |eve|.
3. / mcnc L|cck pump wiIh c vc|ve in ci:chcrge pipe Ic ccnIrc| ci:chcrge.
4. Ihe ci:chcrge pipe frcm pump geI: civicec inIc Iwc pipe: cne hc|cing c VenIurimeIer &
cncIher hc|cing cn Crifice meIer. Vc|ve: cre prcvicec cI Ihe enc: Ic :Icp cr c||cw
ci:chcrge.
5. / cifferenIic| mcncmeIer Ic mec:ure pre::ure cifference LeIween Iwc pcinI:.
. SIcp WcIch Ic mec:ure Iime.

Iheory:

/ Ventur|meter i: c cevice which i: u:ec fcr mec:uring Ihe rcIe cf f|cw cf f|uic Ihrcugh pipe
|ine. Ihe pre::ure cifference cue Ic recucec crc::-:ecIicnc| crec i: prcpcrIicnc| Ic WcIer Di:chcrge.
Sc, if we kncw Ihe CcefficienI cf Di:chcrge we ccn ceIermine Ihe WcIer Di:chcrge ju:I Ly mec:uring
Ihe pre::ure cifference in Ihe IhrccI & ln|eI.

/ VenIurimeIer ccn:i:I: cf,
1. /n ln|eI SecIicn fc||cwec Ly c CcnvergenI Ccne,
2. / Cy|incricc| IhrccI cnc
3. / grccuc||y DivergenI Ccne.



IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge ccn Le cc|cu|cIec u:ing Ihe fc||cwing fcrmu|c:



/Sec m
c c
2gH c c
C
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
Ih

ZKHUH,
c1 - crec cf pipe cr in|eI :ecIicn cf VenIurimeIer
c2 - crec cf IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer
g - ccce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy, {.81 m/:
2
)
H - Ihe hecc cifference LeIween in|eI & IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer.

Cc - efficienI cf Di:chcrge i: Ihe rcIic cf /cIuc| ci:chcrge Ic Ihe IhecreIicc| ci:chcrge c: given
Ly Ihe eucIicn:


Ih
c
c
C
C
ci:chcrge | IhecreIicc
ci:chcrge /cIuc|
C

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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
11
Observot|on Iob|e:

S Nc
McncmeIer Feccing Iime fcr h=__ cm wcIer
ci:chcrge I {Sec) h1 h2 h = h1 - h2
1

2

3

4

5




Formu|oe:

1) McncmeIric Hecc

h 1 -
S
S
H
w
Hg
u

Where h i: in meIer:
2) IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge:


/Sec m
c c
2gH c c
C
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
Ih

ZKHUH,
c1 - crec cf in|eI :ecIicn cf VenIurimeIer = {D
2
/ 4) m
2
D - DicmeIer cf pipe = ___________ mm
c2 - crec cf IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer = {c
2
/ 4) m
2
c - DicmeIer cf Ihe IhrccI = ____________ mm
g - ccce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy, {.81 m/:
2
)
H - Ihe hecc cifference LeIween in|eI & IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer.
SuL:IiIuIing Ihe vc|ue: cf c1, c2 & g, Ihe fcrmu|c recuce: Ic:
CIh = 2.84 x 10
-
x +

3) /cIuc| Di:chcrge:

I
x /
C
Icnk
c

where,
[ - HeighI cf wcIer ccn:icerec
I - Iime Icken fcr Ihe [ heighI cf wcIer ci:chcrge

4) Cc - efficienI cf Di:chcrge:



Ih
c
c
C
C
Di:chcrge | IhecreIicc
Di:chcrge /cIuc|
C


Co|cu|ot|on Iob|e:

S Nc H Cc CIh Cc {Cc/CIh)
1

2

3

4

5




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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
12
Frocedure:

1. Mcke :ure Ihe wcIer in :ump Icnk i: free cf cny ci| ccnIenI.
2. Cpen c|| Ihe cuI|eI vc|ve: & :IcrI Ihe pump.
3. Cpen Ihe cuI|eI vc|ve cf Ihe VenIurimeIer & c|c:e Ihe vc|ve cf crifice meIer.
4. Femcve c|| Ihe cir LuLL|e: frcm mcncmeIer & ccnnecIing pipe:.
5. /cju:I Ihe f|cw cI :uiIcL|e rcIe.
. NcIe ccwn Ihe mcncmeIric reccing:.
7. C|c:e Ihe gcIe vc|ve cf mec:uring Icnk & ceIermine Ihe Iime'I fcr heighI 'x cm cf wcIer
cc||ecIicn in mec:uring Icnk.
8. Chcnge Ihe f|cw rcIe & Icke :imi|cr reccing:.

Note: Whi|e mec:uring Ihe reccing: Ihe reference pcinI {WcIer cr Mercury |eve|:), ccnIinucu:
viLrcIicn: mcy cccur cue Ic vc|Icge chcnge:, vc|ve: eIc. in :uch cc:e:, cvercge reccing: mcy Le
Icken.)

Frecout|ons:

1. Dc ncI :IcrI Ihe pump if Ihe vc|Icge i: |e:: Ihcn 180 V.
2. Ihe |cwer enc cf SucIicn Fipe mu:I c|wcy: Le :uLmergec uncer wcIer in Ihe Sump Icnk.
3. Dc ncI fcrgeI Ic give e|ecIricc| neuIrc| & ecrIh ccnnecIicn: ccrrecI|y.
4. FreuenI|y {cI |ec:I cnce in Ihree mcnIh:) grec:e / ci| Ihe rcIcIing pcrI:.
5. lniIic||y, puI c|ecn wcIer free frcm fcreign mcIeric|, & chcnge cnce in Ihree mcnIh:.
. /I |ec:I every week, cpercIe Ihe uniI fcr five minuIe: Ic prevenI c|cgging cf Ihe mcving pcrI:.

Grophs:
Drcw c grcph cf /cIuc| Di:chcrge V: IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge & Finc Ihe S|cpe cf Ihe re:u|IcnI
:IrcighI |ine, which repre:enI: Ihe CcefficienI cf Di:chcrge.

kesu|t:

1. Ihe cvercge cc-efficienI cf ci:chcrge wc: cc|cu|cIec & fcunc cuI Ic Le _______.
2. Ihe S|cpe cf Ihe SIrcighI |ine in Ihe curve i: fcunc Ic Le __________.

App||cot|ons:

VenIurimeIer i: u:ec Ic mec:ure F|cw rcIe in pipe|ine: ccrrying cifferenI f|uic: uncer pre::ure
where iI i: ncI pc::iL|e Ic mcke u:e cf c cc||ecIing Icnk & :Icp wcIch. Excmp|e:: FeIrc|eum pipe|ine:,
WcIer Fipe|ine: eIc.
ln p|cce: |ike Dcm: Fre::ure neec: Ic Le reIcinec fcr ccnver:icn Ic Mechcnicc| Fcwer &
hence c VenIurimeIer i: c Le:I rep|ccemenI fcr Cc||ecIing Icnk.
/: Ihe :eI up cc:I cf c VenIurimeIer i: high, iI i: cn|y u:ec where Ihe |c::e: hcve Ic Le
mcinIcinec minimum, & cc:I i: ncI c prcL|em.


Quest|ons:

1. WhcI i: Ihe mcin /im cf Ihe ExperimenI
2. WhcI cre Ihe /pp|iccIicn: fcr VenIurimeIer
3. WhcI i: Ihe Wcrking Frincip|e cf c VenIurimeIer
4. WhcI cre Ihe vcricu: SecIicn: cf c VenIurimeIer
5. WhcI cre Ihe Lc::e: cn ccccunI cf F|cw Ihrcugh c VenIurimeIer
. WhcI i: Ihe Ncrmc| Fcnge cf CcefficienI cf Di:chcrge fcr c VenIurimeIer:
7. WhcI cre Ihe FreccuIicn: Ic Le Icken whi|e perfcrming Ihe ExperimenI
8. Exp|cin 8erncu||i: eucIicn, CcnIinuiIy EucIicn, Feync|c: NumLer
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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
14
Exper|ment No: 4

&$/,%5$7,212)25,),&(0(7(5
A|m:
Ic finc ccefficienI cf Di:chcrge & hence Cc|iLrcIe Crifice meIer.

Apporotus kequ|red:
1. Sump Icnk :Icring wcIer fcr ccn:IcnI :upp|y.
2. Mec:uring Icnk wiIh FiezcmeIer Ic mec:ure wcIer |eve|.
3. / mcnc L|cck pump wiIh c vc|ve in ci:chcrge pipe Ic ccnIrc| ci:chcrge.
4. Ihe ci:chcrge pipe frcm pump geI: civicec inIc Iwc pipe: cne hc|cing c VenIurimeIer &
cncIher hc|cing cn Crifice meIer. Vc|ve: cre prcvicec cI Ihe enc: Ic :Icp cr c||cw
ci:chcrge.
5. / cifferenIic| mcncmeIer Ic mec:ure pre::ure cifference LeIween Iwc pcinI:.
. SIcp WcIch Ic mec:ure Iime.


Iheory:
/n CFlFlCE MEIEF i: cncIher :imp|e cevice u:ec fcr mec:uring Ihe ci:chcrge Ihrcugh pipe:.
Crifice meIer c|:c wcrk: cn Ihe :cme princip|e c: IhcI cf VenIurimeIer i.e., Ly recucing Ihe crc::-
:ecIicnc| crec cf Ihe f|cw pc::cge, c pre::ure cifference LeIween Ihe Iwc :ecIicn: Lefcre & cfIer
crifice i: cLIcinec & Ihe mec:uremenI cf Ihe pre::ure cifference encL|e: Ihe ceIermincIicn cf Ihe
ci:chcrge Ihrcugh Ihe pipe. Hcwever, cn crifice meIer i: c checper crrcngemenI fcr ci:chcrge
mec:uremenI Ihrcugh pipe: & iI: in:Ic||cIicn reuire: c :mc||er |engIh c: ccmpcrec wiIh VenIurimeIer.
/: :uch where Ihe :pcce i: |imiIec, Ihe crifice meIer mcy Le u:ec fcr Ihe mec:uremenI cf ci:chcrge
Ihrcugh pipe:.

/n Crifice meIer ccn:i:I: cf,
1. /n in|eI :ecIicn
fc||cwec Ly c
Succen
CcnIrccIicn,
2. / :uccen en|crgemenI
Ic Ihe :cme
cicmeIer c: in|eI.



IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge
ccn Le cc|cu|cIec u:ing Ihe
fc||cwing fcrmu|c:




/Sec m
c c
2gH c c
C
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
Ih

ZKHUH,
c1 - crec cf in|eI :ecIicn cf VenIurimeIer
c2 - crec cf IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer
g - ccce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy, {.81 m/:
2
)
H - Ihe hecc cifference LeIween Ihe pcinI ju:I Lefcre crifice & cI Venc CcnIrccIc.

Cc - efficienI cf Di:chcrge i: Ihe rcIic cf /cIuc| ci:chcrge Ic Ihe IhecreIicc| ci:chcrge c: given
Ly Ihe eucIicn:



Ih
c
c
C
C
ci:chcrge | IhecreIicc
ci:chcrge /cIuc|
C

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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
15
Observot|on Iob|e:

S Nc
McncmeIer Feccing
Iime fcr h=____ cm wcIer
ci:chcrge I {Sec)
h1 h2 h = h1 - h2
1

2

3

4

5




Formu|oe:
1) McncmeIric Hecc

h 1 -
S
S
H
w
Hg

|
|

\
|
=

Where h i: in meIer:

2) IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge:

( )
/Sec m
c c
2gH c c
C
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
Ih

=

ZKHUH,
c1 - crec cf in|eI :ecIicn cf VenIurimeIer =________{D
2
/ 4) m
2
D - DicmeIer cf pipe
c2 - crec cf IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer =_______{c
2
/ 4) m
2
c - DicmeIer cf Ihe IhrccI
g - ccce|ercIicn cue Ic grcviIy, {.81 m/:
2
)
H - Ihe hecc cifference LeIween in|eI & IhrccI cf VenIurimeIer.
SuL:IiIuIing Ihe vc|ue: cf c1, c2 & g, Ihe fcrmu|c recuce: Ic:
CIh = _________ x +

3) /cIuc| Di:chcrge:

I
x /
C
Icnk
c
=

where,
[ - HeighI cf wcIer ccn:icerec
I - Iime Icken fcr Ihe [ heighI cf wcIer ci:chcrge

4) Cc - efficienI cf Di:chcrge:



Ih
c
c
C
C
ci:chcrge | IhecreIicc
ci:chcrge /cIuc|
C


Co|cu|ot|on Iob|e:

S Nc H Cc CIh Cc {Cc/CIh)
1

2

3

4

5



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810447 ZZZFUHDWLYHPHFKVLQ
1
Frocedure:
1. Mcke :ure Ihe wcIer in :ump Icnk i: free cf cny ci| ccnIenI.
2. Cpen c|| Ihe cuI|eI vc|ve: & :IcrI Ihe pump.
3. Cpen Ihe cuI|eI vc|ve cf Ihe crifice meIer & c|c:e Ihe vc|ve cf VenIurimeIer.
4. Femcve c|| Ihe cir LuLL|e: frcm mcncmeIer & ccnnecIing pipe:.
5. /cju:I Ihe f|cw cI :uiIcL|e rcIe.
. NcIe ccwn Ihe mcncmeIric reccing:.
7. C|c:e Ihe gcIe vc|ve cf mec:uring Icnk & ceIermine Ihe Iime'I fcr heighI 'x cm cf wcIer
cc||ecIicn in mec:uring Icnk.
8. Chcnge Ihe f|cw rcIe & Icke :imi|cr reccing:.
. FepecI Ihe prccecure fcr cIher pipe:.

Note: Whi|e mec:uring Ihe reccing: Ihe reference pcinI {WcIer cr Mercury |eve|:), ccnIinucu:
viLrcIicn: mcy cccur cue Ic vc|Icge chcnge:, vc|ve: eIc. in :uch cc:e:, cvercge reccing: mcy Le
Icken.)

Frecout|ons:

1. Dc ncI :IcrI Ihe pump if Ihe vc|Icge i: |e:: Ihcn 180 V.
2. Dc ncI fcrgeI Ic give e|ecIricc| neuIrc| & ecrIh ccnnecIicn: ccrrecI|y.
3. Ihere i: nc ccnger cf wcIer Leing ncI Ihere in Ihe :ump Icnk, :ince Ihe mec:uring Icnk i: fiIIec
wiIh cverf|cw pipe.
4. FreuenI|y {cI |ec:I cnce in Ihree mcnIh:) grec:e / ci| Ihe rcIcIing pcrI:.
5. lniIic||y, puI c|ecn wcIer free frcm fcreign mcIeric|, & chcnge cnce in Ihree mcnIh:.
. /I |ec:I every week, cpercIe Ihe uniI fcr five minuIe: Ic prevenI c|cgging cf Ihe mcving pcrI:.

Grophs:
Drcw c grcph cf /cIuc| Di:chcrge V: IhecreIicc| Di:chcrge & Finc Ihe S|cp cf Ihe re:u|IcnI
:IrcighI |ine.

kesu|t:

1. Ihe cvercge cc-efficienI cf ci:chcrge wc: cc|cu|cIec & fcunc cuI Ic Le _______.
2. Ihe S|cpe cf Ihe SIrcighI |ine in Ihe curve i: fcunc Ic Le __________.

App||cot|ons:

CrificemeIer i: u:ec Ic mec:ure F|cw rcIe in pipe|ine: ccrrying cifferenI f|uic: uncer pre::ure
where iI i: ncI pc::iL|e Ic mcke u:e cf c cc||ecIing Icnk & :Icp wcIch. Excmp|e:: FeIrc|eum pipe|ine:,
WcIer Fipe|ine: eIc.
ln p|cce: |ike Dcm: Fre::ure neec: Ic Le reIcinec fcr ccnver:icn Ic Mechcnicc| Fcwer &
hence c CrificemeIer i: c LeIIer rep|ccemenI fcr Cc||ecIing Icnk.
Ihe Spcce & cc:I cf :eIIing up cn CrificemeIer i: ccn:icercL|y |e:: ccmpcrec Ic VenIurimeIer
LuI iI: ccefficienI cf ci:chcrge i: |e::, :c iI i: u:ec cI p|cce: where |cw cc:I i: preferrec & Fcwer |c:: i:
ncI c prcL|em.


Quest|ons:

1. WhcI i: Ihe mcin cim cf Ihe experimenI
2. WhcI i: Ihe wcrking princip|e cf cn crificemeIer
3. WhcI cre Ihe :ecIicn: cf cn crificemeIer
4. WhcI cre Ihe |c::e: cn ccccunI cf f|cw Ihrcugh cn crificemeIer
5. WhcI i: Ihe ncrmc| cc-efficienI cf ci:chcrge in cn crificemeIer
. WhcI cre Ihe preccuIicn: Ic Le Icken whi|e perfcrming Ihe experimenI
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