MB0040 Assignment set 1 Q1. Define Statistics. What are the functions of Statistics?

Distinguish between Primary data and Secondary data.

Ans :- Functions of Statistics Statistics is used for various purposes. It is used to simplify mass data and to make comparisons easier. It is also used to bring out trends and tendencies in the data as well as the hidden relations between variables. All this helps to make decision making much easier. Let us look at each function of Statistics in detail. 1. Statistics simplifies mass data The use of statistical concepts helps in simplification of complex data. Using statistical concepts, the managers can make decisions more easily. The statistical methods help in reducing the complexity of the data and consequently in the understanding of any huge mass of data. 2. Statistics makes comparison easier Without using statistical methods and concepts, collection of data and comparison cannot be done easily. Statistics helps us to compare data collected from different sources. Grand totals, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, graphs and diagrams, coefficient of correlation all provide ample scopes for comparison. 3. Statistics brings out trends and tendencies in the data After data is collected, it is easy to analyse the trend and tendencies in the data by using the various concepts of Statistics. 4. Statistics brings out the hidden relations between variables Statistical analysis helps in drawing inferences on data. Statistical analysis brings out the hidden relations between variables. 5. Decision making power becomes easier With the proper application of Statistics and statistical software packages on the collected data, managers can take effective decisions, which can increase the profits in a business.
Primary Data Primary data are the fresh data collected directly from the field. They are first-hand data. Since primary data are collected specially for a particular purpose, extra care is taken to collect all the required data with required degree of accuracy. Primary data are reliable, complete and fresh. Primary data are costly. Their collection consumes more time and labour than the collection secondary data, especially when the population is vast.

If an investigator collects information regarding births and deaths directly from the people, the data are primary data. Important methods of collecting primary data are: 1. Direct personal interview. 2. Indirect personal interview. 3. Information through correspondents. 4. Method of Questionnaire. 5. Method of Schedule. Secondary Data Secondary data are the data which the investigator does not collect directly from the field. They are the data which he borrows from others who have collected them for some other purpose. Since Secondary data are primarily collected for some other purpose, they may not contain all the required information. The degree of accuracy may be different. They, generally, are not as dependable as primary data. Secondary data are cheap. Specially, when the population is vast and funds available is meager, secondary data are preferred. Collection of secondary data consumes less time and labor than collection of primary data. If an investigator collects the required data of births and deaths from the city corporation office records, the data are secondary data. At the time of collection of secondary data, reliability of the source and validity of the data should be verified. The data should contain all the necessary information with required degree of accuracy. Important sources of secondary data are a) Published sources: 1. Reports and publications of Central and State Government departments. 2. Reports and publications of International bodies such as U.N.O., I.M.F., etc. 3. Publications of Banks, Research institutions, Administrative Offices, etc. 4. Magazines and News papers. b) Unpublished sources: 1. Records maintained at Government offices, Municipal offices, Panchayat offices, etc. 2. Records maintained by Research Institutions, Research scholars, etc.

Q2. Draw a histogram for the following distribution: Take table from paper

Ans :- Below figure displays the histogram for the distribution of age data.
Take figure form paper I draw in a paper Figure: Histogram for the distribution of age We join the upper left corner of highest rectangle to the right adjacent rectangles left corner and right upper corner of highest rectangle to left adjacent rectangles right corner. From the intersecting point of these lines we draw a perpendicular to the X-axis. The X-reading at that point gives the mode of the distribution. If the widths of the rectangles are not equal then we make areas of rectangles proportional and draw the histogram.

Q3. Find the (i) arithmetic mean and (ii) the median value of the following set of values: 40, 32, 24, 36, 42, 18, 10.
Ans :-

Q4. Calculate the standard deviation of the following data: Marks 78-80 80-82 15 82-84 26 84-86 23 86-88 9 88-90 4

No. of 3 students

Ans :- Below table represents the frequency distribution of data required for calculating the standard deviation.
Table: Frequency distribution of data ClassInterval 78-80 80-82 82-84 84-86 86-88 88-90 Midvalue X 79 81 83 85 87 89 Frequencyf 3 15 26 23 9 4 80 d = x-832 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Fd -6 0 23 18 12 32 fd
2

12 0 23 36 36 122

-15 15

Q5. Explain the following terms with respect to Statistics: (i) Sample, (ii) Variable, (iii) Population.
i) Sample Sample Sample is a finite subset of a population. A sample is drawn from a population to estimate the characteristics of the population. Sampling is a tool which enables us to draw conclusions about the characteristics of the population. The figure 7.3 illustrates the population and sample.

(ii) Variable A variable in the mathematical sense, i.e. a quantity which may take any one of specified set of values. It is convenient to apply the same word to denote non-measurable characteristics, e.g., sex is a variable in this sense since any human individual may take one of two values, male or female. It is useful, but far from being the general practice, to distinguish between a variable as so defined and a random variable (The International Statistical Institute, The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, edited by Yadolah Dodge, Oxford University Press, 2003). (iii) Population Universe or Population Statistical survey or enquiries deal with studying various characteristics of unit belonging to a group. The group consisting of all the units is called Universe or Population. The figure 7.1 illustrates the population.

Q6. An unbiased coin is tossed six times. What is the probability that the tosses will result in: (i) at least four heads, and (ii) exactly two heads
Ans :- Let A be the event of getting head. Given that:

(i) The probability that the tosses will result in exactly two heads is given by:

Therefore, the probability that the tosses will result in exactly two heads is 15/64.

(ii) The probability that the tosses will result in at least five heads is given by:

Therefore, the probability that the tosses will result in at least five heads is 7/64.